13C MRS studies of neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling in humans
Tóm tắt
In the last 25 years, 13 C MRS has been established as the only noninvasive method for the measurement of glutamate neurotransmission and cell‐specific neuroenergetics. Although technically and experimentally challenging, 13 C MRS has already provided important new information on the relationship between neuroenergetics and neuronal function, the energy cost of brain function, the high neuronal activity in the resting brain state and how neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling are altered in neurological and psychiatric disease. In this article, the current state of 13 C MRS as it is applied to the study of neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling in humans is reviewed. The focus is predominantly on recent findings in humans regarding metabolic pathways, applications to clinical research and the technical status of the method. Results from
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Shephard GM, 1994, The Synaptic Organization of the Brain
Hertz L, 2007, Dienel GA, Energy metabolism in astrocytes: high rate of oxidative metabolism and spatiotemporal dependence on glycolysis/glycogenolysis. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 27, 219
Van den Berg CJ, 1969, Compartmentation of glutamate metabolism in brain, Evidence for the existence of two different tricarboxylic acid cycles in brain. Biochem. J., 113, 281
Hertz L., 1979, Functional interactions between neurons and astrocytes I, Turnover and metabolism of putative amino acid transmitters. Prog. Neurobiol., 13, 277
Kanamori K, 2003, 13C enrichment of extracellular neurotransmitter glutamate in rat brain – combined mass spectrometry and NMR studies of neurotransmitter turnover and uptake into glia in vivo, Cell Mol. Biol. (Noisy‐le‐grand), 49, 819
Gruetter R, 2001, Seaquist ER, Ugurbil K. A mathematical model of compartmentalized neurotransmitter metabolism in the human brain. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 281, E100
Siesjo BK, 1978, Brain Energy Metabolism
Serres S, 2008, Franconi J‐M, Merle M. Close coupling between astrocytic and neuronal metabolisms to fulfill anaplerotic and energy needs in the rat brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 28, 712
Gruetter R, 1998, Seaquist ER, Steady‐state cerebral glucose concentrations and transport in the human brain. J. Neurochem., 70, 397
Cerdán S, 1990, Cerebral metabolism of [1,2‐13C2]acetate as detected by in vivo and in vitro 13C NMR, J. Biol. Chem., 265, 12 916, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)38247-X
Waniewski RA, 1998, Preferential utilization of acetate by astrocytes is attributable to transport, J. Neurosci., 18, 5225, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-14-05225.1998
Petroff OA, 2000, Proton MRS: GABA and glutamate, Adv. Neurol, 83, 261
Petroff OA, 1992, Spectroscopic imaging of stroke in humans, histopathology correlates of spectral changes. Neurology, 42, 1349
Terpstra M, 1998, Lactate turnover in rat glioma measured by in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Cancer Res., 58, 5083
Cryer PE, 1994, Banting Lecture, Hypoglycemia: the limiting factor in the management of IDDM. Diabetes, 43, 1378