(iv) The science of metal-on-metal articulation

Ebied, 2002, Metal-on-metal hip resurfacing, Curr Orthop, 16, 420, 10.1054/cuor.2002.0303 Amstutz, 1996, Metal on metal bearings in hip arthroplasty, Clin Orthop, 329S, 11, 10.1097/00003086-199608001-00003 Tipper, 1999, Quantitative analysis of wear and wear debris for high and low carbon content cobalt chrome alloys used in metal on metal hip replacements, J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 10, 353, 10.1023/A:1026473723777 Firkins, 2001, Quantitative analysis of wear and wear debris from metal-on-metal hip prostheses tested in a physiological hip joint simulator, Bio-med Mater Eng, 11, 143 Medley, 1996, Comparison of alloys and designs in a hip simulator study of metal on metal implants, Clin Orthop, 329S, 148, 10.1097/00003086-199608001-00015 Roter, 2002, Intermittent motion: a clinically significant protocol for metal-metal hip simulator testing, Trans 48th Orthop Res Soc, 100 Williams, 2004, Metal-on-metal bearing wear with different swing phase loads, J Biomed Mater Res, 70B, 233, 10.1002/jbm.b.30052 Bowsher J, Hussain A, Nevelos JE, Shelton JC. The development of severe simulator testing methods for metal-on-metal hip bearings. In: Proceedings of the ImechE—bearing surfaces for artificial hip joints. Leeds, December 2004. Firkins, 2001, Influence of simulator kinematics on the wear of metal-on-metal hip prostheses, Proc Inst Mech Eng, 215H, 119, 10.1243/0954411011533481 Dowson, 2004, A hip joint simulator study of the performance of metal-on-metal joints. Part I: the role of materials, J Arthroplasty, 19, 118, 10.1016/S0883-5403(04)00514-5 Smith, 2001, The effect of femoral head diameter upon lubrication and wear of metal-on-metal total hip replacements, Proc Inst Mech Engr, 215H, 161, 10.1243/0954411011533724 Dowson, 2004, A hip joint simulator study of the performance of metal-on-metal joints. Part II: design, J Arthroplasty, 19, 124 Charnley, 1969, The optimum size of prosthetic heads in relation to the wear of plastic sockets in total replacement of the hip, Med Biol Eng, 7, 31, 10.1007/BF02474667 Farrar, 1997, The effect of diametral clearance on wear between head and cup for metal on metal articulations, Trans 43rd Orthop Res Soc, 71 Jin, 1997, Analysis of fluid film lubrication in artificial hip joint replacements with surfaces of high elastic modulus, Proc Inst Mech Eng, 211H, 247, 10.1243/0954411971534359 Jin, 1999, A full numerical analysis of hydrodynamic lubrication in artificial hip joint replacements constructed from hard materials, Proc Inst Mech Eng, 213C, 355 Barbour, 1999, A hip simulator using simplified loading and motion cycles generating physiological wear paths and rates, Proc Inst Mech Eng, 213H, 455, 10.1243/0954411991535068 Tipper, 2002, Alum–alumina artificial hip joints. Part II: characterisation of the wear debris from in vitro hip joint simulations, Biomaterials, 23, 3441, 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00048-0 Doorn, 1998, Metal wear particle characterisation from metal-on-metal total hip replacements: transmission electron microscopy study of periprosthetic tissues and isolated particles, J Biomed Mater Res, 42, 103, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199810)42:1<103::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-M Langkamer, 1992, Systemic distribution of wear debris after hip replacement: a cause for concern?, J Bone Joint Surg, 74B, 831, 10.1302/0301-620X.74B6.1447243 Case, 1994, Widespread dissemination of metal debris from implants, J Bone Joint Surg, 76B, 701, 10.1302/0301-620X.76B5.8083255 Germain, 2003, Comparison of the cytotoxicity of clinically relevant cobalt-chromium and alumina ceramic wear particles in vitro, Biomaterials, 24, 469, 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00360-5 Jacobs, 1998, Metal release in patients who have had a primary total hip replacement, J Bone Joint Surg, 80A, 1447, 10.2106/00004623-199810000-00006 Daley, 2004, Wear debris from hip and knee replacements causes chromosomal damage in human cells in tissue culture, J Bone Joint Surg, 86B, 598, 10.1302/0301-620X.86B4.14368 Memoli, 1986, Malignant neoplasms associated with metal implant materials in rats, J Orthop Res, 4, 346, 10.1002/jor.1100040311 Visuri, 1996, Cancer risk after metal on metal and polyethylene on metal total hip arthroplasty, Clin Orthop, 329S, 280, 10.1097/00003086-199608001-00025 Hallab, 2001, Metal sensitivity in patients with orthopaedic implants, J Bone Joint Surg, 83A, 428, 10.2106/00004623-200103000-00017 Willert H-G, Buchhorn GH, Fayyazi A. Hypersensitivity around metal/metal hips? In: Procedings of the international conference on metal–metal hip prostheses: past performance and future directions. Montreal, Canada, 2003. Willert H-G, Buchhorn GH, Fayyazi A. Hypersensitivity around metal/metal hips? In: Proceedings of the second international conference on metal–metal hip prostheses: past performance and future directions. Montreal, Canada, 2003. Park, 2005, Early osteolysis following second-generation metal-on-metal hip replacement, J Bone Joint Surg, 87A, 1515, 10.2106/JBJS.D.02641 Hallab, 2000, Hypersensitivity to metallic biomaterials: a review of leukocyte migration inhibition assays, Biomaterials, 21, 1301, 10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00235-5 Hallab, 2000, A triple assay technique for the evaluation of metal-induced, delayed type hypersensitivity responses in patients with or receiving total joint arthroplasty, J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater), 53, 480, 10.1002/1097-4636(200009)53:5<480::AID-JBM6>3.0.CO;2-B