Một tổng quan về bệnh lúa mì Fusarium hạt nhỏ ngũ cốc - Fusarium ear blight (scab)
Tóm tắt
Tổng quan này về bệnh Fusarium trên hạt nhỏ ngũ cốc cho thấy có tới 17 loại tác nhân gây bệnh đã được xác định có liên quan đến căn bệnh đang phổ biến ở hầu hết các khu vực trồng ngũ cốc trên thế giới. Các loài phổ biến nhất là Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae), F. culmorum, F. avenaceum (G. avenacea), F. poae và Microdochium nivale (Monographella nivalis). Bệnh được ghi nhận phổ biến nhất trong điều kiện khí hậu nóng ẩm, nơi các thiệt hại năng suất đáng kể và sự tích lũy mycotoxin trong hạt đã được báo cáo. Các nguồn bệnh khả thi được xác định bao gồm tàn dư của cây trồng, các vật chủ thay thế và bệnh thối rễ Fusarium ở giai đoạn mầm. Phương thức truyền bệnh đến tai lúa vẫn chưa rõ ràng, nhưng khả năng do côn trùng bị nhiễm, sự phát triển nấm có hệ thống qua cây trồng, và sự phân tán do gió và mưa đã được đề xuất. Sự nhiễm bệnh lên tai lúa mì xảy ra chủ yếu trong giai đoạn thụ phấn, và đã có bằng chứng cho thấy có thể có các chất kích thích nấm trong nhụy hoa. Dù căn bệnh quan trọng này diễn ra đặc biệt nghiêm trọng trong những năm dịch bệnh, các phương pháp kiểm soát vẫn còn hạn chế. Nhiều nỗ lực đã được tập trung vào việc lai tạo giống lúa mì kháng bệnh và cải thiện hiểu biết về các cơ chế có thể và cơ sở di truyền kháng cự, dù chỉ đạt được thành công ở mức độ vừa phải. Cũng có rất ít báo cáo về sự kiểm soát thành công của bệnh bằng thuốc chống nấm hay thông qua phương pháp sinh học trên thực địa.
Từ khóa
#Fusarium #nấm bệnh #ngũ cốc #bệnh lúa mì #Fusarium graminearum #kiểm soát sinh học #kháng bệnh #mycotoxin #khí hậu nhiệt đớiTài liệu tham khảo
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