“What if I make a mistake?”: Examining uncertainty-related distress when decisions may harm oneself vs. others

Abramowitz, 2010, Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the dimensional obsessive-compulsive scale, Psychological Assessment, 22, 180, 10.1037/a0018260 Abramowitz, 2014, The relevance of analogue studies for understanding obsessions and compulsions, Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 206, 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.004 Abramowitz, 2007, Treating doubting and checking concerns, 169 Antony, 1998, Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample, Psychological Assessment, 10, 176, 10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176 Arntz, 2007, Responsibility and obsessive-compulsive disorder: An experimental test, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 425, 10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.016 Berenbaum, 2008, Intolerance of uncertainty: Exploring its dimensionality and associations with need for cognitive closure, psychopathology, and personality, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 117, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.01.004 Berman, 2012, The “Arnold Schwarzenegger effect”: Is strength of the “victim” related to misinterpretations of harm intrusions?, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 761, 10.1016/j.brat.2012.09.002 Birrell, 2011, Toward a definition of intolerance of uncertainty: A review of factor analytical studies of the intolerance of uncertainty scale, Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1198, 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.009 Boschen, 2007, Deteriorating memory confidence, responsibility perceptions and repeated checking: Comparisons in OCD and control samples, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2098, 10.1016/j.brat.2007.03.009 Buhr, 2002, The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 931, 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00092-4 Calleo, 2010, Obsessions and worry beliefs in an inpatient OCD population, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 903, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.015 Carleton, 2012, The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: Theoretical and practical perspectives, Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 12, 937, 10.1586/ern.12.82 Carleton, 2016, Self-reported intolerance of uncertainty and behavioural decisions, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 51, 58, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.12.004 Carleton, 2010, The intolerance of uncertainty index: Replication and extension with an English sample, Psychological Assessment, 22, 396, 10.1037/a0019230 Carleton, 2012, Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 468, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.011 Carleton, 2007, Fearing the unknown: A short version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 105, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014 Carleton, 2012, Assessing the latent structure of the intolerance of uncertainty construct: An initial taxometric analysis, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 150, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.006 Cavedini, 2006, Understanding obsessive-compulsive disorder: Focus on decision making, Neuropsychology Review, 16, 3, 10.1007/s11065-006-9001-y Deckersbach, 2000, The relationship between semantic organization and memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 69, 101, 10.1159/000012373 Dugas, 2004, Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and depression, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 835, 10.1007/s10608-004-0669-0 Fear, 1997, Probabilistic reasoning in obsessive-compulsive and delusional disorders, Psychological Medicine, 27, 199, 10.1017/S0033291796004175 Fitch, 2013, An evaluation of obsessive beliefs as predictors of performance on in vivo assessments of obsessive–compulsive symptoms, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 207, 10.1007/s10608-012-9457-4 Franklin, 2010, The functions of nonsuicidal self-injury: Support for cognitive–affective regulation and opponent processes from a novel psychophysiological paradigm, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 850, 10.1037/a0020896 Grassi, 2015, Think twice: Impulsivity and decision making in obsessive–compulsive disorder, Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4, 263, 10.1556/2006.4.2015.039 Helsen, 2013, Confirmatory factor analysis of the Dutch intolerance of uncertainty scale: Comparison of the full and short version, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 21, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.07.004 Huq, 1988, Probabilistic judgments in deluded and non-deluded subjects, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 40, 801, 10.1080/14640748808402300 Jacoby, 2014, How is the Beads Task related to intolerance of uncertainty in anxiety disorders?, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 495, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.05.005 Jacoby, 2016, Enhancing the ecological validity of the Beads Task as a behavioral measure of intolerance of uncertainty, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 43, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.003 Jacoby, 2013, Just to be certain: Confirming the factor structure of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 535, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.07.008 Jensen, 2014, Intolerance of uncertainty and immediate decision-making in high-risk situations, Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 5, 178, 10.5127/jep.035113 Khawaja, 2010, A comparison of the 27-item and 12-item intolerance of uncertainty scales, Clinical Psychologist, 14, 97, 10.1080/13284207.2010.502542 Klatzkin, 2007, Race and histories of mood disorders modulate experimental pain tolerance in women, The Journal of Pain, 8, 861, 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.06.001 Ladouceur, 1997, Behavioral expressions of intolerance of uncertainty in worry, Behavior Modification, 21, 355, 10.1177/01454455970213006 Leykin, 2010, Decision-making styles and depressive symptomatology: Development of the decision styles questionnaire, Judgment and Decision Making, 5, 506, 10.1017/S1930297500001674 Lovibond, 1995 Luhmann, 2011, Intolerance of uncertainty and decisions about delayed, probabilistic rewards, Behavior Therapy, 42, 378, 10.1016/j.beth.2010.09.002 Mahoney, 2012, A transdiagnostic examination of intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depressive disorders, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 212, 10.1080/16506073.2011.622130 McEvoy, 2011, Achieving certainty about the structure of intolerance of uncertainty in a treatment-seeking sample with anxiety and depression, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 112, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.010 Mechlin, 2007, The relationship of allopregnanolone immunoreactivity and HPA-axis measures to experimental pain sensitivity: Evidence for ethnic differences, Pain, 131, 142, 10.1016/j.pain.2006.12.027 Neal, 2015, An experimental investigation of contamination-related reassurance seeking: Familiar versus unfamiliar others, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 49, 188, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.03.014 Nelson, 2011, Does intolerance of uncertainty predict anticipatory startle responses to uncertain threat?, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 81, 107, 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.05.003 Norton, 2005, A psychometric analysis of the intolerance of uncertainty scale among four racial groups, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 699, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.08.002 Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, 1997, Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 667, 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00017-X Olley, 2007, Memory and executive functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A selective review, Journal of Affective Disorders, 104, 15, 10.1016/j.jad.2007.02.023 Parrish, 2006, An experimental investigation of responsibility and reassurance: Relationships with compulsive checking, International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 2, 174, 10.1037/h0100775 Phillips, 1966, Conservatism in a simple probability inference task, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 346, 10.1037/h0023653 Rachman, 1998, A cognitive theory of obsessions: Elaborations, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 385, 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10041-9 Rachman, 2002, A cognitive theory of compulsive checking, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 624, 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00028-6 Radomsky, 2014, Part 1—You can run but you can’t hide: Intrusive thoughts on six continents, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3, 269, 10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.09.002 Reuman, 2015, Uncertainty as an anxiety cue at high and low levels of threat, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 47, 111, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.12.002 Russ, 1992, Pain perception in self-injurious patients with borderline personality disorder, Biological Psychiatry, 32, 501, 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90218-O Salkovskis, 1985, Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 571, 10.1016/0005-7967(85)90105-6 Salkovskis, 2000, Responsibility attitudes and interpretations are characteristic of obsessive compulsive disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 347, 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00071-6 Sternheim, 2011, An experimental exploration of behavioral and cognitive-emotional aspects of intolerance of uncertainty in eating disorder patients, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 806, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.020 Tabachnick, 2013 Tolin, 2001, Memory and memory confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 913, 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00064-4 Tolin, 2003, Intolerance of uncertainty in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17, 233, 10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00182-2 Tolin, 2008, Obsessional beliefs and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a clinical sample, Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 30, 31, 10.1007/s10862-007-9076-7 Vandenbroucke, 2012, The decision-making process in obsessive compulsive disorder, Tijdschrift Voor Psychiatrie, 54, 39 Volans, 1976, Styles of decision-making and probability appraisal in selected obsessional and phobic patients, British Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 15, 305, 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1976.tb00038.x Webster, 1994, Individual differences in need for cognitive closure, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1049, 10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1049