‘Technology is Everywhere, we have the Opportunity to Learn it in the Valley’: The Appropriation of a Socio-Technical Enabling Infrastructure in the Moroccan High Atlas

Aal, Konstantin; Maximilian Krüger; Markus Rohde; Borislav Tadic; and Volker Wulf (2019). Social Media and ICT Usage in Conflicts Areas. In Information Technology for Peace and Security, ed. Christian Reuter. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, pp. 383–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25652-4_18. Aal Konstantin; Marios Mouratidis; Anne Weibert; and Volker Wulf (2016). Challenges of CI Initiatives in a Political Unstable Situation - Case Study of a Computer Club in a Refugee Camp. In GROUP '16: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Supporting Group Work. New York, NY, USA: ACM, pp. 409–412. https://doi.org/10.1145/2957276.2996281. Aal Konstantin; Thomas von Rekowski; George Yerousis; Volker Wulf; and Anne Weibert (2015). Bridging (Gender-Related) Barriers: A Comparative Study of Intercultural Computer Clubs. In GenderIT ‘15: Proceedings of the Third Conference on GenderIT. New York, NY, USA: ACM, pp. 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1145/2807565.2807708. Aal, Konstantin; Sarah Rüller; Simon Holdermann; Peter Tolmie; Markus Rohde; Martin Zillinger; and Volker Wulf (2018). Challenges of an Educational ICT Intervention: The Establishment of a MediaSpace in the High Atlas. Ed. by Volkmar Pipek and Markus Rohde. International Reports on Socio-Informatics, Bonn: International Institute for Socio-Informatics, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1–20. Aal, Konstantin; Marén Schorch; Esma Ben Hadj Elkilani; and Volker Wulf (2018). Facebook and the Mass Media in Tunisia. Media in Action, vol. 1, pp. 135–167. Aal Konstantin; George Yerousis; Kai Schubert; Dominik Hornung; Oliver Stickel; and Volker Wulf (2014). Come_in@ palestine: adapting a German computer club concept to a Palestinian refugee camp. In CABS '14: Proceedings of the 5th ACM international conference on Collaboration across boundaries: culture, distance & technology, August 2014. New York: ACM, pp. 111–120. Ahmed, Nova; A. M. Masudul Haque; and Luke Doyle (2015). Entering the dream world of computers. InICTD ‘15: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development, Singapore, May 2015. New York: ACM Press, article no. 23, pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737860. Aker, Jenny C.; Christopher Ksoll; and Travis J. Lybbert (2012). Can mobile phones improve learning? Evidence from a field experiment in Niger. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, vol. 4, pp. 94–120. Bamkin, Marianne; Sally Maynard; and Anne Goulding (2016). Grounded theory and ethnography combined: A methodology to study children’s interactions on children’s mobile libraries. Journal of Documentation, vol. 72, pp. 214–231. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-01-2015-0007. Baranoff, Jennifer; R. Israel Gonzales; Jay Liu; Heidi Yang; and Jimin Zheng (2015). Lantern: Empowering Refugees Through Community-Generated Guidance Using Near Field Communication. In CHI EA ‘15: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Seoul, April 2015. New York: ACM Press, pp. 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702613.2726950. Baskerville Richard; Jan Pries-Heje; and John Venable (2009). Soft design science methodology. In DESRIST '09: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on design science research in information systems and technology, Philadelphia, Penn, May 2009. New York: ACM Press, Article no. 9, pp. 1–11. Blecker Thorsten; and Guenter Graf (2003). Multi agent systems in internet based production environments-an enabling infrastructure for mass customization. In MCPC '03: Proceedings of the Second Interdisciplinary World Congress on Mass Customization and Personalization. Munich, 6-8 October 2003, pp. 1–27. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.3.8817&rep=rep1&type=pdf Botes, Lucius; and Dingie van Rensburg (2000). Community participation in development: nine plagues and twelve commandments. Community Development Journal, vol. 35 pp. 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/35.1.41. Canada: Immigration and RefugeeBoard of Canada (2000). Morocco: Brief history of the Berbers including theirorigins and geographic location. 16 November 2000, MAR35753.E, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be668.html. Accessed 4 June 2021. Chinapah, Vinayagum; and Jared O Odero (2016). Towards inclusive, quality ICT-based learning for rural transformation. Journal of Education and Research, vol. 5, pp. 107–125. Cohen, Shana (2004). Searching for a different future: the rise of a global middle class in Morocco. Duke University Press. Courbage, Youssef; and Emmanuel Todd (2008). Die unaufhaltsame Revolution: wie die Werte der Moderne die islamische Welt verändern: mit 8 Grafiken und 9 Tafeln sowie einer Karte. München-Zürich: Piper. Crabtree, Andy; and Tom Rodden (2002). Ethnography and design. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on ’Interpretive’Approaches to Information Systems and Computing Research’, London: Association of Information Systems, pp. 70–74. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.180.1386&rep=rep1amp;&type=pdf Crawford, David (2008). Moroccan households in the world economy: labor and inequality in a Berber Village. Baton Rouge, Loisiana: Louisiana State University Press. Crawford, David; and Katherine E. Hoffman (2000). Essentially Amazigh: urban Berbers and the global village. The Arab-African and Islamic Worlds: Interdisciplinary Studies. New York: Peter Lang, pp. 117–133. Dias, M. Bernardine; G. Ayorkor Mills-Tettey; and Joseph Mertz (2005). The TechBridgeWorld initiative: Broadening perspectives in computing technology education and research. In CWIT ‘05: Proceedings of the international symposium on Women and ICT creating global transformation, Baltimore, Maryland, 12- 14 June 2005. New York: ACM Press, pp. 17-es. https://doi.org/10.1145/1117417.1117434. Dodson, Leslie L.; S. Revi Sterling; and John K. Bennett (2013). Minding the gaps: cultural, technical and gender-based barriers to mobile use in oral-language Berber communities in Morocco. In ICTD ‘13: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development, Cape Town, South Africa. Full Papers, vol. 1. New York: ACM Press, pp. 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1145/2516604.2516626. Dourish, Paul (2003). The Appropriation of Interactive Technologies: Some Lessons from Placeless Documents. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), vol. 12, pp. 465–490. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026149119426. Draxler Sebastian; Gunnar Stevens; Martin Stein; Alexander Boden; and David Randall (2012). Supporting the social context of technology appropriation: on a synthesis of sharing tools and tool knowledge. In CHI ‘12: Proceedings of the 2012 ACM annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Austin, Texas, USA, May 2012. New York ACM Press, pp. 2835–2844. https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208687. Easterly, William (2002). The elusive quest for growth: economists’ adventures and misadventures in the tropics. MIT press. Eickelman, Dale F. (1981). Moroccan Islam: Tradition and society in a pilgrimage center. Vol. 1. University of Texas Press. Fisher, Karen E.; Katya Yefimova; and Eiad Yafi. 2016. Future’s Butterflies: Co-Designing ICT Wayfaring Technology with Refugee Syrian Youth. In IDC '16: Proceedings of the The 15th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. Manchester, United Kingdom, June 2016. New York ACM Press, pp. 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1145/2930674.2930701. Geertz, Clifford (1977). The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic books. Gellner, Ernest (1969). Saints of the Atlas. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Gertel, Jörg; and Ralf Hexel (2018). Coping with Uncertainty: Youth in the Middle East and North Africa. London: Saqi Books. Goldkuhl Göran; and Mikael Lind (2010). A multi-grounded design research process. In DESRIST 2010: International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems. St. Gallen, Switzerland, 4-5 June 2010. Springer, 45–60. Hammoudi, Abdellah (1997). Master and disciple: The cultural foundations of Moroccan authoritarianism. University of Chicago Press. Heeks, Richard (2008). ICT4D 2.0: The Next Phase of Applying ICT for International Development. Computer, vol. 41, pp. 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2008.192. Hoffman, Katherine E. (2008). We share walls: Language, land, and gender in Berber Morocco. John Wiley & Sons. Holdermann, Simon; and Konstantin Aal. 2019. Wie dekolonial kann Kooperation sein? TATuP Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis, vol. 28, pp. 17–22. Irani, Lilly; Janet Vertesi; Paul Dourish; Kavita Philip; and Rebecca E. Grinter (2010). Postcolonial computing: a lens on design and development. In CHI ‘10: Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems. Atlanta, Georgia, USA, April 2010. New York: ACM Press, pp. 1311–1320. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753522. Johanson, B.; and A. Fox (2002). The Event Heap: a coordination infrastructure for interactive workspaces. In Proceedings Fourth IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. Callicoon, NY, USA, 20-21 June 2002. IEEE Comput. Soc., pp. 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSA.2002.1017488. Kafai, Yasmin B.; Kylie A. Peppler; and Robbin N. Chapman, ed. (2009). The Computer Clubhouse: constructionism and creativity in youth communities. Technology, Education--Connections : The TEC Series. New York: Teachers College Press. Kemmis, Stephen; and Robin McTaggart (2005). Participatory Action Research: Communicative Action and the Public Sphere. Sage Publications Ltd. Kingdom of Morocco (2008). DigitalMorocco 2013: The National Strategy for Information Society and Digital Economy2009-2013. Ministry of Industry, Trade and New Technologies, Rabat. https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/lessons-learned/mar/the-national-strategy-for-information-society-and-digital-economy_html/Maroc_CyberSecurity_2013_ENG.pdf. Accessed May 31 2021. Lee, Raymond M. (1993). Doing research on sensitive topics. Sage. Leonard, Dorothy A. (2011). Managing Knowledge Assets, Creativity and Innovation. Singapore etc.: World Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1142/7638. Lichterman, Paul (2017). Interpretive reflexivity in ethnography. Ethnography, vol. 18, pp. 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138115592418. MacLean, Allan; Kathleen Carter; Lennart Lövstrand; and Thomas Moran (1990). User-tailorable systems: pressing the issues with buttons. In CHI ‘90: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Empowering people. Seattle, Washington, United States, March 1990. New York: ACM Press, pp. 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1145/97243.97271. Maloney, John; Mitchel Resnick; Natalie Rusk; Brian Silverman; and Evelyn Eastmond (2010). The Scratch Programming Language and Environment. ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE), vol. 10, article no. 16. Mayring, Philipp (2000). Qualitative Content Analysis. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research 1. Menz, Georg (2010). Political and administrative structures: History and present situation. In Speth, Peter; Michael Christoph; and Bernd Diekkrüger (eds): Impacts of Global Change on the Hydrological Cycle in West and Northwest Africa. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 70–73. Michalchik, Vera; Carlin Llorente; Patrick Lundh; and Julie Remold (2008). A place to be your best: Youth outcomes in the Computer Clubhouse. Prepared for The Computer Clubhouse Network, One Science Park, Boston, MA. Mitleton-Kelly, E.; and M.-C. Papaefthimiou (2000). Co-Evolution and an Enabling Infrastructure: A Solution to Legacy? In Systems Engineering for Business Process Change, ed. Peter Henderson. London: Springer London, pp. 164–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0457-5_14. Morozov, Evgeny (2013) To save everything, click here: the folly of technological solutionism. 1. ed. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. NationMaster (2019). Morocco: Education: Illiteracy rates by sex. http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/Morocco/Education/Illiteracy-rates-by-sex. Accessed August 19. 2019 Ndaiga, Wachira; and Anne Salim (2015). Kids hacker camps in Kenya: hardware hacking effectiveness in skills transfer. In ICTD ‘15: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. Singapore, May 2015. ACM Press, article no. 52, pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737873. OECD (2018). Digital Government Review of Morocco. OECD Digital Government Studies. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264298729-en. Orlikowski, Wanda J. (1992). Learning from Notes: organizational issues in groupware implementation. In CSCW’92: Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 31 October–4 November 1992, Toronto, Canada. New York: ACM Press, pp. 362–369. https://doi.org/10.1145/143457.143549. Papert, Seymour (1980). Mindstorms: children, computers, and powerful ideas. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Pennell, C. Richard (2003). Morocco: from Empire to independence. Oxford: Oneworld. Pfeifer Kristin (2011). “Wir sind keine Araber!”: amazighische Identitätskonstruktion in Marokko; im Spannunsfeld von internationalen Einflüssen und lokalen Ansprüchen. PhD Thesis, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig. Philip, Kavita; Lilly Irani; and Paul Dourish (2012). Postcolonial Computing: A Tactical Survey. Science, Technology, & Human Values, vol. 37, pp. 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243910389594. Pruneau, Diane; Boutaina El Jai; Abdellatif Khattabi; Sara Benbrahim; and Joanne Langis (2018). Using Design Thinking and Facebook to Accompany Women in Solving Water Problems in Morocco. In Handbook of Sustainability Science and Research, ed. Walter Leal Filho. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63007-6_2. Quinones, Pablo-Alejandro (2014). Cultivating practice & shepherding technology use: supporting appropriation among unanticipated users. In CSCW ‘14: Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work & social computing. Baltimore, Maryland, USA, February 2014. New York: ACM Press, pp. 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1145/2531602.2531698. Rabinow, Paul (2007). Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco: with a New Preface by the Author. Univ of California Press. Randall, David (2018). Investigation and Design. In Socio-informatics: a practice-based perspective on the design and use of IT artifacts, ed. Wulf Volker, Volkmar Pipek, David Randall, Markus Rohde, Kjeld Schmidt, and Gunnar Stevens. Oxford University Press, pp. 221–242. Räsänen Minna; and James M. Nyce (2006). A new role for anthropology?: rewriting context and analysis in HCI research. In NordiCHI '06: Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles. Oslo, October 2006. New York: ACM Press, 175–184. Rechberg, Isabel D. W.; and Jawad Syed (2014). Appropriation or participation of the individual in knowledge management. Management Decision, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 426–445. Resnick Mitchel; Natalie Rusk; and Stina Cooke (1998). The computer clubhouse: Technological fluency in the inner city. In D. Schon, B. Sanyal, and W. Mitchell (eds), High Technology and Low-Income Communities, MIT Press, pp. 263–285. Rode Jennifer A.; Andrea Marshall; Anne Weibert; Konstantin Aal; Thomas von Rekowski; Houda El Mimouni; Akshay Sharma; Jordan Jobs; Alexis Schleeter; and Jennifer Booker (2015). From Computational Thinking to Computational Making. In UbiComp/ISWC’15 Adjunct: Adjunct Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. Osaka, September 2015. New York: ACM Press, 401–402. https://doi.org/10.1145/2800835.2800926. Rohde, Markus; Konstantin Aal; Kaoru Misaki; Dave Randall; Anne Weibert; and Volker Wulf (2016). Out of Syria: Mobile Media in Use at the Time of Civil War. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 515–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2016.1177300. Rohde, Markus; Peter Brödner; Gunnar Stevens; Matthias Betz; and Volker Wulf (2016). Grounded Design – a praxeological IS research perspective. Journal of Information Technology, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2016.5. Rüller Sarah, and Konstantin Aal (2020). Interventionistic Participatory Design (IPC). Tech Otherwise. https://doi.org/10.21428/93b2c832.007f3d63. Rüller, Sarah; Konstantin Aal; and Simon Holdermann (2019). Reflections on a Design Case Study - (Educational) ICT Intervention with Imazighen in Morocco. In C&T ‘19: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Communities & Technologies - Transforming Communities. Vienna, Austria, june 2019. New York: ACM Press, pp. 172–177. https://doi.org/10.1145/3328320.3328406. Schreier, Margrit (2014) Qualitative content analysis. The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis: 170–183. Schubert, Kai; Anne Weibert; and Volker Wulf (2011). Locating computer clubs in multicultural neighborhoods: How collaborative project work fosters integration processes. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 69, pp. 669–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2010.12.007. Slawson, Nicola (2016). In Morocco’s Atlas mountains, Berber girls find the way out of rural poverty: an education. The Guardian, 19 June 2016, sec. World news. Stevens, Gunnar; Michael Veith; and Volker Wulf (2005). Bridging among ethnic communities by cross-cultural communities of practice. In C&T 2005: Proceedings of the Second Communities and Technologies Conference, Milano 2005. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 377–396. Stickel, Oliver; Dominik Hornung; Konstantin Aal; Markus Rohde; and Volker Wulf (2015). 3D Printing with Marginalized Children—An Exploration in a Palestinian Refugee Camp. In ECSCW 2015: Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work Oslo, Norway, 19-23 September 2015, ed. Nina Boulus-Rødje, Gunnar Ellingsen, Tone Bratteteig, Margunn Aanestad, and Pernille Bjørn. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 83–102. Tchounikine, Pierren (2017). Designing for Appropriation: A Theoretical Account. Human–Computer Interaction, vol. 32, pp. 155–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2016.1203263. The World Bank (2021a). Morocco- Education Support Program Project (English). Washington, D.C.: World BankGroup. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/908441561140203130/Morocco-Education-Support-Program-Project. Accessed May 31 2021. The World Bank (2021b).MA-National Initiative for Human Development 2. P116201. Text/HTML. Washington, D.C.: World BankGroup. https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P116201. Accessed May 31 2021 The World Bank (2019). Individuals using the Internet (% of population) | Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=MA. Accessed 1 August 2019. Tongia, Rahul; and Eswaran Subrahmanian. 2006. Information and Communications Technology for Development (ICT4D) — A Design Challenge? In 2006 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. Berkeley, CA, USA, 25-26 May 2006: IEEE, pp. 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTD.2006.301862. Toyama, Kentaro (2015). Geek heresy: Rescuing social change from the cult of technology. New York: PublicAffairs. Unbehaun, David; Konstantin Aal; Daryoush Daniel Vaziri; Rainer Wieching; Peter Tolmie; and Volker Wulf. 2018. Facilitating Collaboration and Social Experiences with Videogames in Dementia: Results and Implications from a Participatory Design Study. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 2, issue CSCW, November 2018, article no. 175, pp. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274444. Vandenberg, Helen E. R.; and Wendy A. Hall (2011). Critical ethnography: extending attention to bias and reinforcement of dominant power relations. Nurse Researcher, vol. 18, pp. 25–30. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2011.04.18.3.25.c8460. Weibert, Anne; Konstantin Aal; Thomas von Rekowski; and Volker Wulf. 2015. “Hey, can we make that, please?”: Upon Craft as a Means for Cross-cultural Community-Building. The Journal of Community Informatics, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1–9. Weibert, Anne; Andrea Marshall; Konstantin Aal; Kai Schubert; and Jennifer Rode (2014). Sewing interest in E-textiles: analyzing making from a gendered perspective. In DIS 2014: Proceedings of the 2014 conference on Designing interactive systems, Vancouver, June 2014. New York: ACM Press, pp. 15–24. Winschiers-Theophilus, Heike; Shilumbe Chivuno-Kuria; Gereon Koch Kapuire; Nicola J. Bidwell; and Edwin Blake (2010). Being participated: a community approach. In PDC ‘10: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Participatory Design Conference. Sydney, Australia, November 2010. New York: ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/1900441.1900443. World Bank Group (2018). Kingdom of Morocco: Governing Towards Efficiency, Equity, Education and Endurance. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/29929 Wulf, Volker; Konstantin Aal; Ibrahim Abu Kteish; Meryem Atam; Kai Schubert; Markus Rohde; George P Yerousis; and David Randall (2013). Fighting against the wall: Social media use by political activists in a Palestinian village. In CHI 2013: Proceedings of the The 31st Annual CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Paris, 27 April - 2 May 2013. New York: ACM Press, pp. 1979–1988. Wulf, Volker; Kaoru Misaki; Meryem Atam; David Randall; and Markus Rohde (2013). ‘On the ground’in Sidi Bouzid: investigating social media use during the Tunisian revolution. In CSCW 2013: Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work, San Antonio, Texas, February 2013. New York: ACM Press, pp. 1409–1418.. Wulf, Volker; Volkmar Pipek; Dave Randall; Markus Rohde; Kjeld Schmidt; and Gunnar Stevens (eds) (2018). Socio-informatics: a practice-based perspective on the design and use of IT artifacts. First edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wulf, Volker; Markus Rohde; Volkmar Pipek; and Gunnar Stevens (2011). Engaging with practices: design case studies as a research framework in CSCW. In CSCW 2011: Proceedings of the ACM 2011 conference on Computer supported cooperative work, Hangzhou, China, March 2011, New York: ACM Press, pp. 505–512. Xu, Ying; Carleen Maitland; and Brian Tomaszewski (2015). Promoting participatory community building in refugee camps with mapping technology. In ICTD ‘15: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development, Singapore, May 2015. New York: ACM Press, article no. 67. https://doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737883. Yerousis, George; Konstantin Aal; Thomas von Rekowski; David W. Randall; Markus Rohde; and Volker Wulf (2015). Computer-Enabled Project Spaces: Connecting with Palestinian Refugees Across Camp Boundaries. In CHI ‘15: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seoul, April 2015. New York: ACM Press, pp. 3749–3758. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702283. Zegura, Ellen W.; and Rebecca E. Grinter (2013). Community building for capacity building: case study of Liberia’s iLab. In ICTD '13: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information and Communications Technologies and Development. Cape Town, December 2013, Notes - Volume 2. New York: ACM Press, pp. 171–174. https://doi.org/10.1145/2517899.2517936.