“Antivirals” in the Treatment of Adult T Cell Leukaemia– Lymphoma (ATLL)
Tóm tắt
Adult T cell leukaemia / lymphoma (ATLL) is a mature (post thymic) T cell lymphoma caused by the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Overall survival in the aggressive subtypes (Acute Leukaemia and Lymphomatous) remains poor in part due to chemotherapy resistance. To improve treatment outcome for de novo disease, better induction therapies are required and since the pathogenic agent is known it would seem sensible to target the virus. In a recent meta-analysis the use of zidovudine and interferon alpha (ZDV/IFN) has been associated with improved response rates and prolonged overall survival in leukemic subtypes of ATLL (both acute and Chronic) confirmed in a multivariate analysis. In a more recent UK study the overall response rate for patients with aggressive ATLL treated with chemotherapy alone was 49 % compared to 81 % with combined first line therapy (chemotherapy with concurrent or sequential ZDV/IFN). Combined first line therapy prolonged median OS in acute (p = 0.0081) and lymphomatous ATLL (p = 0.001).These data support the use of low dose ZDV/IFN with chemotherapy as first line treatment for patients with newly diagnosed aggressive ATLL. Although the mechanisms of action are incompletely understood, some possible explanations for their efficacy will be discussed.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Mier JW, Gallo RC. Purification and some characteristics of human T-cell growth factor from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte-conditioned media. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1980;77(10):6134–8.
Poiesz BJ, et al. Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1980;77(12):7415–9.
Yoshida M, Miyoshi I, Hinuma Y. Isolation and characterization of retrovirus from cell lines of human adult T-cell leukemia and its implication in the disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1982;79(6):2031–5.
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Human immunodeficiency viruses and human T cell lymphotropic viruses. Lyon: IARC; 1996.
Murphy EL, et al. Modelling the risk of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in persons infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type I. Int J Cancer. 1989;43(2):250–3.
Bazarbachi A, et al. New therapeutic approaches for adult T-cell leukaemia. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5(11):664–72.
Kondo T, et al. Age- and sex-specific cumulative rate and risk of ATLL for HTLV-I carriers. Int J Cancer. 1989;43(6):1061–4.
• Shimoyama M. Diagnostic criteria and classification of clinical subtypes of adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma. A report from the Lymphoma Study Group (1984–87). Br J Haematol. 1991;79(3):428–37. Original description of ATLL into disease subtypes.
Amano M, et al. New entity, definition and diagnostic criteria of cutaneous adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 proviral DNA load can distinguish between cutaneous and smoldering types. J Dermatol. 2008;35(5):270–5.
Okayama A. Natural history of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Rinsho Byori. 2005;53(9):837–44.
Iwanaga M, et al. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) proviral load and disease progression in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers: a nationwide prospective study in Japan. Blood. 2010;116(8):1211–9.
Hodson et al. Pre Morbid Human T Lymphotropic virus type I proviral load, rather than percentage of abnormal lymphmocytes, is associated with an increased risk of Agressive T cell Leukamia/Lymphoma. In press Haematolgica; 2012.
Matsuoka M, Jeang KT. Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infectivity and cellular transformation. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7(4):270–80.
Afonso PV, et al. Centrosome and retroviruses: the dangerous liaisons. Retrovirology. 2007;4:27.
Mariner JM, et al. Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax activates IL-15R alpha gene expression through an NF-kappa B site. J Immunol. 2001;166(4):2602–9.
• Zhao T, Matsuoka M. HBZ and its roles in HTLV-1 oncogenesis. Front Microbiol. 2012;3:247. Importance of HBZ in the pathogenesis of ATLL.
Okamoto T, et al. Multi-step carcinogenesis model for adult T-cell leukemia. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1989;80(3):191–5.
Moriyama K, et al. Immunodeficiency in preclinical smoldering adult T-cell leukemia. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1988;18(4):363–9.
Gabet AS, et al. High circulating proviral load with oligoclonal expansion of HTLV-1 bearing T cells in HTLV-1 carriers with strongyloidiasis. Oncogene. 2000;19(43):4954–60.
Sugata K, et al. HTLV-1 bZIP factor impairs cell-mediated immunity by suppressing production of Th1 cytokines. Blood. 2012;119(2):434–44.
Taylor GP, Matsuoka M. Natural history of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and approaches to therapy. Oncogene. 2005;24(39):6047–57.
Yamada Y, et al. A new G-CSF-supported combination chemotherapy, LSG15, for adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study 9303. Br J Haematol. 2001;113(2):375–82.
Tsukasaki K, et al. VCAP-AMP-VECP compared with biweekly CHOP for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG9801. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(34):5458–64.
Lewis JA, Mengheri E, Esteban M. Induction of an antiviral response by interferon requires thymidine kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1983;80(1):26–30.
• Shibata D, et al. Human T Cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1)-associated adult T Cell lymphoma in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus type −1(HIV-1). Ann Intern Med. 1989;111(11):871–5. First description of efficacy of AVT in ATLL.
• Gill PS, et al. Treatment of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma with a combination of interferon alfa and zidovudine. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(26):1744–8. First reports of efficacy in AVT in ATLL patients.
• Hermine O, et al. Treatment of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma with a combination of interferon alfa and zidovudine. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(26):1749–51. First reports of efficacy in AVT in ATLL patients.
Matutes E, et al. Interferon alpha and zidovudine therapy in adult T-cell leukaemia lymphoma: response and outcome in 15 patients. Br J Haematol. 2001;113(3):779–84.
Hermine O, et al. A prospective phase II clinical trial with the use of zidovudine and interferon-alpha in the acute and lymphoma forms of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Hematol J. 2002;3(6):276–82.
• Bazarbachi A, et al. Meta-analysis on the use of zidovudine and interferon-alfa in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma showing improved survival in the leukemic subtypes. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(27):4177–83. Worldwide analysis of large series of patients confirming of AVT in Leukaemic forms of ATLL.
• Hodson A, et al. Use of zidovudine and interferon alfa with chemotherapy improves survival in both acute and lymphoma subtypes of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(35):4696–701. Further large series of patients confirming benefit of AVT in ATLL.
Ishitsuka K, et al. Interferon-alpha and zidovudine for relapsed/refractory adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma: case reports of Japanese patients. Int J Hematol. 2010;92(5):762–4.
Takasaki Y, et al. Long-term study of indolent adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. Blood. 2010;115(22):4337–43.
Goodbourn S, Didcock L, Randall RE. Interferons: cell signalling, immune modulation, antiviral response and virus countermeasures. J Gen Virol. 2000;81(Pt 10):2341–64.
Oliere S, et al. HTLV-1 evades type I interferon antiviral signaling by inducing the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1). PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(11):e1001177.
Feng X, Heyden NV, Ratner L. Alpha interferon inhibits human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 assembly by preventing Gag interaction with rafts. J Virol. 2003;77(24):13389–95.
Isono T, Ogawa K, Seto A. Antiviral effect of zidovudine in the experimental model of adult T cell leukemia in rabbits. Leuk Res. 1990;14(10):841–7.
Taylor GP, et al. Effect of lamivudine on human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) DNA copy number, T-cell phenotype, and anti-tax cytotoxic T-cell frequency in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. J Virol. 1999;73(12):10289–95.
Macchi B, et al. Susceptibility of primary HTLV-1 isolates from patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy to reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Viruses. 2011;3(5):469–83.
Afonso PV, et al. Highly active antiretroviral treatment against STLV-1 infection combining reverse transcriptase and HDAC inhibitors. Blood. 2010;116(19):3802–8.
Datta A, Nicot C. Telomere attrition induces a DNA double-strand break damage signal that reactivates TP53 transcription in HTLV-I leukemic cells. Oncogene. 2008;27(8):1135–41.
• Datta A, et al. Persistent inhibition of telomerase reprograms adult T-cell leukemia to TP53-dependent senescence. Blood. 2006;108(3):1021–9. Mechanism of AZT in ATLL and requirement for wild type TP53 status.
Tawara M, et al. Impact of TP53 aberration on the progression of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. Cancer Lett. 2006;234(2):249–55.
• Ramos JC, et al. IRF-4 and c-Rel expression in antiviral-resistant adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Blood. 2007;109(7):3060–8. Disease resistance to AVT by recogntion of overexpression of IRF-4.
Alizadeh AA, et al. Expression profiles of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma and associations with clinical responses to zidovudine and interferon alpha. Leuk Lymphoma. 2010;51(7):1200–16.
Hermine O, et al. Phase II trial of arsenic trioxide and alpha interferon in patients with relapsed/refractory adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Hematol J. 2004;5(2):130–4.
Kchour G, et al. Phase 2 study of the efficacy and safety of the combination of arsenic trioxide, interferon alpha, and zidovudine in newly diagnosed chronic adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Blood. 2009;113(26):6528–32.
El Hajj H, et al. Therapy-induced selective loss of leukemia-initiating activity in murine adult T cell leukemia. J Exp Med. 2010;207(13):2785–92.
• Ishida T, et al. Defucosylated anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody(KW-0761) for relapsed adult T cell leukaemia -lymphhoma: a multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:837–42. This paper decribes a phase II study of anti CCR4 antibody in relapsed ATLL patients reporting an overall response rate of 50 %.