β-Endorphins are not responsible for delayed gastric emptying of digestible solids after exercise in professional cyclists. A preliminary study

Horner, 2015, Acute exercise and gastric emptying: a meta-analysis and implications for appetite control, Sports Med., 45, 659, 10.1007/s40279-014-0285-4 Mattin, 2018, The effect of exercise intensity on gastric emptying rate, appetite and gut derived hormones responses after consuming a standardized semi-solid meal in healthy males, Nutrients, 10, 787, 10.3390/nu10060787 Leiper, 2001, Effect of intermittent high-intensity exercise on gastric emptying in man, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 33, 1270, 10.1097/00005768-200108000-00005 Carrio, 1989, Gastric emptying in marathon runners, Gut, 30, 152, 10.1136/gut.30.2.152 Moore, 1990, Exercise increases solid meal gastric emptying rates in men, Dig. Dis. Sci., 35, 428, 10.1007/BF01536914 Cammack, 1982, Effect of prolonged exercise on the passage of a solid meal through the stomach and small intestine, Gut, 23, 957, 10.1136/gut.23.11.957 Laurens, 1994, The effects of physical effort on gastric emptying, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 59, 778S, 10.1093/ajcn/59.3.778S Strid, 2011, Effect of heavy exercise on gastrointestinal transit in endurance athletes, Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 46, 673, 10.3109/00365521.2011.558110 Van Nieuwenhoven, 1999, The effect of physical exercise on parameters of gastrointestinal function, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 11, 431, 10.1046/j.1365-2982.1999.00169.x Evans, 2016, Effect of exercise intensity of subsequent gastric emptying rate in humans, IJSNEM, 26, 128, 10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0110 Caballero-Mateos, 2021, Changes in gastric emptying to digestible solids in professional cyclists: relationship with exercise intensity, Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig., 113, 304 Goyal, 2019, Advances in the physiology of gastric emptying, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 31, e13456, 10.1111/nmo.13546 Mittal, 1986, Effects of morphine and naloxone on esophageal motility and gastric emptying in man, Dig. Dis. Sci., 31, 936, 10.1007/BF01303214 Champion, 1982, Naloxone and morphine inhibit gastric emptying of solids, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 60, 732, 10.1139/y82-100 Geeraerts, 2008, Role of endogenous opioids in the control of gastric sensorimotor function, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 20, 1094, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01144.x Stanghellini, 1984, Effect of opiate and adrenergic blockers on the gut motor response to centrally acting stimuli, Gastroenterology, 87, 1104, 10.1016/S0016-5085(84)80070-0 Camilleri, 1986, Dose-related effects of synthetic human beta-endorphin and naloxone on fed gastrointestinal motility, Am. J. Physiol., 251, G147 Camilleri, 2020, Opiates, the pylorus and gastroparesis, Gastroenterology, 159, 414, 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.072 Caballero-Plasencia, 1999, Altered gastric emptying in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Eur J Nucl Med., 26, 404, 10.1007/s002590050404 Goldfarb, 1997, β-Endorphin response to exercise: an update, Sports Med., 24, 8, 10.2165/00007256-199724010-00002 Reber, 2002, Influence of naloxone on gastric emptying of solid meals, myoelectrical gastric activity and blood hormone levels in young healthy volunteers, Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 14, 487, 10.1046/j.1365-2982.2002.00349.x Welch IMcL, 1987, Effect of naloxone, domperidone and idazoxan on the delay in gastric emptying induced by ileal lipid, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 1, 425, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1987.tb00643.x Narducci, 1986, Functional dyspepsia and chronic idiopathic gastric stasis. Role of endogenous opiates, Arch. Intern. Med., 146, 716, 10.1001/archinte.1986.00360160140019 Todd, 1983, Effect of premedication on drug absorption and gastric emptying, Br. J. Anaesth., 55, 189, 10.1093/bja/55.12.1189 Schubert, 2014, Acute exercise and hormones related to appetite regulation: a meta-analysis, Sports Med., 44, 387, 10.1007/s40279-013-0120-3 Schmidt, 2005, A role for pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of gastric emptying and short-term metabolic control, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 90, 5241, 10.1210/jc.2004-2089 Qamar, 1987, Effects of exercise on mesenteric blood flow in man, Gut, 28, 583, 10.1136/gut.28.5.583 Mentlein, 2009, Mechanisms underlying the rapid degradation and elimination of the incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 23, 443, 10.1016/j.beem.2009.03.005 Browning, 2014, Central nervous system control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and modulation of gastrointestinal functions, Compr Physiol, 4, 1339, 10.1002/cphy.c130055 Min, 2016, Nitrergic pathway is the main contributing mechanism in the human gastric fundus relaxation: an in vitro study, PLOS ONE, 11, e0162146, 10.1371/journal.pone.0162146