Ĉerenkov radiation in large cosmic-ray air showers
Tóm tắt
A synchronized array of fast photomultipliers has been used to reconstruct the image in Ĉerenkov light of individual large cosmicray showers high in the atmosphere. The details of the images are in agreement with simulations based upon conservative models for cascade development. Observation of the fluctuations of the image between showers may enable the mass of the energetic cosmic rays to be determined.
Tài liệu tham khảo
P. A. Ĉerenkov:Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR,2, 451 (1934).
I. M. Frank andI. G. Tamm:Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR,14, 109 (1937).
P. M. S. Blackett:Emission Spectra of the Night Sky and Aurora, Dep. Gassiot Comm. of the Roy. Soc. (1948), p. 34.
R. Ascoli andA. Balzanelli:Nuovo cimento,10, 1345 (1953).
F. R. Barclay andJ. V. Jelley:Nuovo Cimento,2, 27 (1955).
J. V. Jelley andW. Galbraith:Phil. Mag.,44, 619 (1953).
N. M. Nesterova andA. E. Chudakov:Žurn. Ėksp. Teor. Fiz.,28, 384 (1955).
F. I. Boley, J. H. Baum, J. A. Pasledge andJ. H. Pereve:Phys. Rev.,124, 1205 (1961).
A. S. Krieger andH. V. Bradt:Phys. Rev.,185, 1629 (1969).
T. A. Egorov, V. A. Kolosov, D. D. Krasilnikov, V. A. Orlov andH. E. Slepstov:Proceedings of the XII International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Vol.6 (1971), p. 2164.
F. I. Boley:Rev. Mod. Phys.,36, 792 (1964).
N. N. Efimov, D. D. Krasilnikov, G. B. Khristiansen, F. V. Shikalov andA. I. Kuzmin:Proceedings of the XIII International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Vol.4 (Denver, Col., 1973), p. 2378.
V. T. Zatsepin andA. E. Chudakov:Sov. Phys. JETP,15, 1126 (1962).
Y. A. Fomin andG. B. Khristiansen:Yad. Fiz.,14, 654 (1971).
H. E. Dixon, J. C. Earnshaw, J. R. Hook, J. H. Hough, G. J. Smith, W. Stephenson andK. E. Turver:Proc. Roy. Soc. London,339 A, 133 (1974).
T. K. Gaisser, T. J. L. McComb, R. J. Protheroe andK. E. Turver:Rev. Mod. Phys., in press (1978).
B. Rossi andK. Greisen:Rev. Mod. Phys.,13, 240 (1941).
J. G. Butcher andH. Messel:Nucl. Phys.,20 B, 15 (1960).
A. J. Baxter:J. Phys. A,2, 50 (1969).
L. Elterman: Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories Ref. AFC RL-68-0153.
A. M. Hillas andJ. Lapikens:Proceedings of the XV International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Vol.8, (Plovdiv, 1977), p. 460.
D. W. Wellby: Ph. D. Thesis, University of Durham (1978).
O. C. Diminstein, V. A. Kolosov, D. D. Krasilnikov, A. I. Kusmin, V. P. Kulakovskaya, V. A. Orlov, I. Y. Slepstov, N. N. Yefimov andP. A. Yegerov: paper presented to theEuropean Symposium on Air Showers, September 1972 (Paris, 1972).
N. N. Kalmykov, G. B. Khristiansen, Y. A. Nechin, V. V. Prosin, N. W. Efimov andV. M. Gregoriev: paper presented at theEuropean Symposium on Air Showers (Leeds, 1976).
K. J. Orford andK. E. Turver:Nature,264, 727 (1976).
J. V. Jelley:Ĉerenkov Radiation and Its Application (London, 1958).
D. A. Hill andN. A. Porter:Advances in Electronics and Electron Physicc,16, 531 (1962).
H. Tornabene: private communication.
G. Bosia, G. Navarra, O. Saavedra, E. Böhm andA. Cachon:Proceedings of the XIII International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Vol.4 (Denver, Col., 1973), p. 2375.
J. V. Jelley:Prog. Cosmic Ray. Phys.,9, 41 (1968).
J. D. Malos, D. D. Millar andC. S. Wallace:Journ. Phys. Soc. Japan, Suppl., A-III, 114 (1962).
J. White, N. A. Porter andC. D. Long:Journ. Atmos. Terr. Phys.,20, 40 (1961).
V. V. Guzhavin, I. P. Ivanenko, V. V. Makarov andT. M. Roganov:Proceedings of the XIV International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Vol.8 (1975), p. 3029.