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The present study aimed to determine the dietary crude protein (CP) level to promote maximum zootechnical performance for pirarucu fingerlings and as their resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila, as well as evaluate their hematological parameters. Pirarucu fingerlings (2.4 ± 0.08 g, 6.8 ± 0.52 cm) were distributed in 18 tanks (140 L, 40 fish per tank, n = 3) and fed six experimental diets consisting of increasing levels of CP: 300, 400, 450, 500, 550 and 650 g kg−1 in a completely randomized design. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA (p \u003C 0.05) and the ideal CP level for weight gain was determined using polynomial regression analysis. The dietary CP levels were evaluated using a quadratic polynomial regression and the level of 595 g kg−1 was determined for the best weight gain. The hematocrit of fish fed 300 g kg−1 was higher than in the other groups. No mortalities were observed after the 15-day bacterial challenge; however, number of pirarucu with bacterial damage on the pirarucu caudal fin was higher in the group that was fed the diet with 300 g kg−1. A dietary protein level of 618 g kg−1 is therefore recommended for providing maximum weight gain and immunological resistance in pirarucu fingerlings weighing 2.4–112.5 g.",{"EN":244,"VI":245},"Growth performance, hematology parameters and Aeromonas hydrophila challenge of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) in response to dietary protein levels","Hiệu suất sinh trưởng, các chỉ số huyết học và thử thách gây nhiễm Aeromonas hydrophila ở cá hải tượng long (Arapaima gigas) đáp ứng với các mức protein trong khẩu phần",{"VOID":247},"Abdel-Tawwab, M., Khattab, Y.A.E., Ahmad, M.H., Shalaby, A.M.E., 2006. Compensatory growth, feed utilization, whole body composition and hematological changes in starved juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Journal of Appllied Aquacuture, 18, 17-36.\nAbdel-Tawwab, M., Ahmad, M.H., Khattab, Y.A.E., Shalaby, A.M.E., 2010. Effect of dietary protein level, initial body weight, and their interaction on the growth, feed utilization, and physiological alterations of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture, 298, 267-274. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.aquaculture.2009.10.027\nAlcântara, A.M., Fonseca, F.A.L., Araújo-Dairiki, T.B., Faccioli, C.K., Vicentini, C.A., Conceição, L.E.C., Gonçalves, L.U., 2018. Ontogeny of the digestive tract of Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae) larvae. World Aquaculture Society, 1,11. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fjwas.12545\nAOAC, 2010. Official methods of analysis of the Association Analytical Chemists, (Gaithersburg, Maryland)\nArantes, C.C., Castello, L., Cetra, M., Schilling, A., 2010. Environmental influences on the distribution of Arapaima in Amazon floodplains. Environmental Biology of Fish, 10, 1257-1267. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10641-011-9917-9\nBaruah, K., Pal, A.K., Sahu, N.P., Debnath, D., Yengkokpam, S., Norouzitallab, P., Sorgeloos, P., 2009. Dietary crude protein, citric acid and microbial phytase interacts to influence the hemato-immunological Parameters of rohu, Labeo rohita, juveniles. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 40, 824-831. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1749-7345.2009.00304.x\nBoyd, C.E., Tucker, C.S., 1992. Water quality and pond soil analyses for aquaculture, (Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn)\nBrown, B.A., 1976. Hematology: principles and procedures, (Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia)\nCastello, L., 2008. Nesting habitat of Arapaima gigas (Schinz) in Amazonian floodplains. Journal of Fish Biology, 72, 1520-1528. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1095-8649.2007.01778.x\nCavero, B.A.S., Pereira-Filho, M., Bordinhon, A.M., Fonseca, F.A.L., Ituassú, D.R., Roubach, R., Ono, E.A., 2004. Tolerância de juvenis de pirarucu ao aumento da concentração de amônia em ambiente confinado. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 39, p. 513-516.\nChu-Koo, F., Mendez, C.F., Alfaro, C.R., Darias, M.J., Dávila, C.G., Váquez, A.G., Martin, S.T., Baca, L.C., Alvan-Aguilar, M., Rengifo, J.A., Renno, J.F., Ortíz, H.A., Llerena, L.A., 2017. El cultivo del paiche biología, procesos productivos, tecnologías y estadísticas. Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana – IIAP 1, 107. http:\u002F\u002Frepositorio.iiap.gob.pe\u002Fhandle\u002FIIAP\u002F267. Accessed 16 Sept 2021\nConceição, L.E.C., Aragão, C., Rønnestad, I., 2011. Proteins. In: J. Holt (ed), Larval Fish Nutrition, (Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken), 83–116. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002F9780470959862.ch3\nCornélio, F.H.G., Cunha, D.A., Silveira, J., Alexandre, D., Silva, C.P., Fracalossi, D.M., 2014. Dietary protein requirement of juvenile cachara catfish, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 45, 45-54. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fjwas.12090\nCortegano, C.A.A., Godoy, L.C., Petenucci, M.E., Visentainer, J.V., Affonso, E.G., Gonçalves, L.U., 2017. Nutritional and lipid profiles of the dorsal and ventral muscles of wild pirarucu. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 52, 271-276. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1590\u002Fs0100-204x2017000400007\nDinesh, B., Ramesh, M., Poopal, R.K., 2012. Effect of ammonia on the electrolyte status of an Indian major carp (Catla catla). Aquaculture Research, 1, 1-8. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1365-2109.2012.03172.x\nDrumond, G.V.F., Caixeiro, A.P.A., Tavares-Dias, M., Marcon, J.L., Affonso, E.G., 2010. Características bioquímicas e hematológicas do pirarucu Arapaima gigas Schinz, 1822 (Arapaimidae) de cultivo semi-intensivo na Amazônia. Acta Amazônica, 40, 591-596. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1590\u002FS0044-59672010000300020\nFan, Z., Ding, X.Y., He, F., Xu, Y.B., Xue, H.L., Zhang, J.R., 2013. The dietary protein requirement of a new Japanese strain of juvenile Chinese soft-shell turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis. Aquaculture, 413, 74-80. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.aquaculture.2013.07.018\nFernández-Mendez, C., Darias, M.J., 2022. Arapaima gigas (paiche) Perú. In: Álvarez-González, C.A., Martínez, C.R., Martínez-García, R., Darias, M.J. Vissio, P., Peña-Marin, E.S., Tovar-Ramírez, D., Oliva-Arriagada, M., Hernández, M., Gisbert, E., (Eds), Carta Acuícola Iberoamericana, (Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Tabasco), 160–166.\nFogaça, F.H.S., Oliveira, E.G., Carvalho, S.E.Q., Santos, F.J.S., 2011. Yield an composition of pirarucu fillet in different weight class. Acta Scientiarium Animal Science, 33, 5-99. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.4025\u002Factascianimsci.v33i1.10843\nFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2016. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture: contributing to food security and nutrition for all, (FAO, Rome)\nGoldenfarb, P.B., Bowyer, F.P., Hall, E., 1971. Reproducibility in the hematology laboratory: the microhematocrit determination. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 56, 35-39\nGonçalves, L.U., Alcantara, A.L., Fonseca, F.A.L., 2022. Arapaima gigas (pirarucu) Brasil. In: Álvarez-González, C.A., Martínez, C.R., Martínez-García, R., Darias, M.J. Vissio, P., Peña-Marin, E.S., Tovar-Ramírez, D., Oliva-Arriagada, M., Hernández, M., Gisbert, E., (Eds), Carta Acuícola Iberoamericana, (Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Tabasco), 153–159.\nHabte-Tsion, H.M., Liu, B., Ge, X., Pan, L., Chen, R., 2013. Effects of dietary protein level on growth performance, muscle composition, blood composition, and digestive enzyme activity of wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fry. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 65, 1-9\nHemre, G.I., Deng, D.F., (2015). Carbohydrates. In: Lee, C.S. Lim, C.D.M. Gatlin, III, Webster, C.D. (Eds), Dietary nutrients, additives, and fish health, (Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken), 95–110\nHrubec, T.C., Smith, S.A., 1998. Hematology of fish. In D. J. Weiss & K. J. Wardrop (Eds.), Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology (5th ed.). (Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken), 1120–1125\nItuassú, D.R., Pereira-Filho, M., Roubach, R., Crescêncio, R., Cavero, B.A.S., Gandra, A.L., 2005. Níveis de proteína bruta para juvenis de pirarucu. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 40, 255-259. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1590\u002FS0100-204X2005000300009\nJauncey, K., 1982. The effect of varying dietary protein level on the growth, food conversion, protein utilization and body composition of juvenile tilapia (Tilapia mossambicus). Aquaculture, 27, 43–54\nJayant, M., Muralidhar, A.P., Sahu, N.P., Jain, K.K., Pal, A.K., Srivastava, P.P., 2018. Protein requirement of juvenile striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Aquaculture International, 26, 375-389. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10499-017-0216-0\nJiang, W.D., Xu, J., Zhou, X.Q., Wu, P., Liu, Y., Jiang, J., Kuang, S.Y., Tang, L., Tang, W.N., Zhang, Y.A., Feng, L., 2017. Dietary protein levels regulated antibacterial activity, inflammatory response and structural integrity in the head kidney, spleen and skin of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) after challenged with (Aeromonas hydrophila). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 68, 154-172. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.fsi.2017.07.019\nKampen, E.J., Zijlstra, W.G., 1964. Erythrocytometric methods and their standardization. Clinica Chimica. Acta, Amsterdam 6:538-542\nKojima, J.T., Leitão, N.J., Menossi, O.C.C., Freitas, T.M., Dal-Pai, Silva, M., Portella, M.C., 2015. Short periods of food restriction do not affect growth, survival or muscle development on pacu larvae. Aquaculture, 436, 137-142. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.aquaculture.2014.11.004\nLawson, L.L. Jr., Tuckett, Q.M., Lawson, K.M., Watson, C.A., Hill, J.E., 2015. Lower lethal temperature for Arapaima (Arapaima gigas): potential implications for culture and establishment in Florida. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 77, 496-501. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F15222055.2015.1066471\nLi, P., Mai, K., Trushenski, J., Wu, G., 2009. New developments in fish amino acid nutrition: towards functional and environmentally oriented aquafeeds. Amino Acids, 37, 43–53. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00726-008-0171-1\nLima, A.F., 2015. Pirarucu culture in the Brazilian Amazon: fledgling industry faces technological issues. In: Global Aquaculture Advocate. http:\u002F\u002Fadvocate.gaalliance.org\u002Fpirarucu-culture-in-the-brazilian-amazon\u002F. Accessed 16 Sept 2021\nLima, F.L., 2020. Effect of size grading on the growth of pirarucu Arapaima gigas reared in earthen ponds. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 48, 38–46. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3856\u002Fvol48-issue1-fulltext-2334\nLima, A.F., Rodrigues, A.P.O., Lima, L.K.F., Maciel, P.O., Rezende, F.P., Freitas, L.E.L., Tavares-Dias, M., Bezerra, T.A., 2017. Alevinagem, recria e engorda de pirarucu, (Embrapa, Brasília)\nMohseni, M., Saltanat, N.L., Rastravan, M.E., Golalipour, Y., 2021. Effects of betaine supplementation in plant-protein-based diets on growth performance, haemato-immunological parameters, antioxidant status and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile Caspian trout (Salmo trutta, Kessler, 1877). Aquaculture Nutrition, 27, 2132-2141. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fanu.13348\nMoutou, K.A., Mccarthy, I.D., Houlihan, D.F., 1998. The effect of ration level and social rank on the development of fin damage in juvenile rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology, 52, 756–770. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1095-8649.1998.tb00818.x\nNational Research Council, 2011. Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. (The National Academies Press, Washington). https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.17226\u002F13039\nOeda-Rodrigues, A.P., Silva, M.C.N., Beretta, E.S., Fonseca, F.A.L., Parisi, G., Conceição, L.E.C., Gonçalves, L.U., 2020. Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on the growth and blood physiological parameters of juvenile pirarucu. Acta Amazonica, 50, 289-294. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1590\u002F1809-4392201904361\nOliva-Teles, A., Couto, A., Enes, P., Peres, H., 2020. Dietary protein requirements of fish – a meta-analysis. Reviews in Aquaculture, 12, 1445-1477. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fraq.12391\nOliva-Teles, A., Enes, P., Peres, H., 2015. Replacing fishmeal and fish oil in industrial aquafeeds for carnivorous fish. In Davis, D. A., (Ed). Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture. 203–233. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FB978-0-08-100506-4.00008-8\nPohlenz, C., Gatlin III, D.M., 2014. Interrelations between fish nutrition and health. Aquaculture, 431, 111-117. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.aquaculture.2014.02.008\nQiang, J., Yang, H., Wang, H., Kpundeh, M.D., Xu, P., 2013. Interacting effects of water temperature and dietary protein level on hematological parameters in Nile tilapia juveniles, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and mortality under Streptococcus iniae infection. Fish Shellfish Immunology, 34, 8-16. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.fsi.2012.09.003\nRebaza, M., Rebaza, C., Deza, S., 2010. Densidad de siembra para cultivos de Paiche en jaulas flotantes. Aquavisión, 6, 26–27.\nRosenfeld, G., 1947. Corante pancrômico para hematologia e citologia clínica. Nova combinação dos componentes do may-grunwald e do giemsa num só corante de emprego rápido. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 20, 329-335\nSantana, T.M., Elias, A.H., Fonseca, F.A.L., Freitas, O.R., Kojima, J.T., Gonçalves, L.U., 2020. Stocking density for arapaima larviculture. Aquaculture, 528, 735565. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.aquaculture.2020.735565\nShin, K.W., Kim, S.H., Kim, J.H., Hwang, S.D., Kang, J.C., 2016. Toxic effects of ammonia exposure on growth performance, hematological parameters, and plasma components in rockfish, (Sebastes schlegelii), during thermal stress. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 19, 1-8. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs41240-016-0044-6\nSoares, E.C., 2008. Cultivo intensivo de espécies carnívoras. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia de Pesca, 3, 100-1005.\nSouza-Bastos, L.R., Val, A.L., Wood, C.M., 2015. Are Amazonian fish more sensitive to ammonia? Toxicity of ammonia to eleven native species. Hydrobiologia, 789, 143-155. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10750-015-2623-4.\nTeixeira, B., Machado, C.C., Fracalossi, D.M., 2010. Dietary protein requirement of dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) fingerlings. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences, 1, 33-38. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.4025\u002Factascianimsci.v32i1.738\nVerdouw, H., Van Echteld, C.J.A., Dekkers, E.M.J., 1978. Ammonia determination based on indophenol formation with sodium salicylate. Water Research, 12, 399-402. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0043-1354(78)90107-0\nWebster, C.D., Thompson, K.R., 2015. Protein, Amino Acids, and Ingredients. In: Lee, C.S., Lim, C., Gatlin III, D.M., Webster, C.D., (Ed). Dietary Nutrients, Additives, and Fish Healt. Wiley-Blackwell 25–45. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002F9781119005568.ch2\nXia, S., Li, Y., Wang, W., Rajkumar, M., Vasagam, K.P.K., Wang, H., 2010. Influence of dietary protein levels on growth, digestibility, digestive enzyme activity and stress tolerance in white-leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (boone, 1931), reared in highdensity tank trials. Aquaculture Research, 41, 1845-1854. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1365-2109.2010.02585.x\nXu, G.F., Wang, Y.Y., Han, Y., Liu, Y., Yang, Y.H., Yu, S.L., Mou, Z.B., 2015. Growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile Manchurian trout, Brachymystax lenok (Pallas) fed different dietary protein and lipid levels. Aquaculture Nutrition, 21, 332-340. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fanu.12165.\nYang, M., Wang, J., Han, T., Yang, Y., Li, X., Jiang, Y., 2016. Dietary protein requirement of juvenile bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Aquaculture, 459, 191-197. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.aquaculture.2016.03.044\nZhang, G., Gong, S., Yuan, Y., Chu, Z., Yuan, H., 2009. Dietary protein requirement for juvenile Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus). 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total of 398 serum samples from free-range indigenous chickens originating from four villages in Southern Mozambique were tested for the presence of avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) and Pasteurella multocida (PM) antibodies through commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. AEV and PM antibodies were detected in all villages surveyed. The proportion of positive samples was very high: 59.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 51.7–67.7%) for AEV and 71.5% (95% CI 67.7–77.3%) for PM. Our findings revealed that these pathogens are widespread among free-range indigenous chickens in the studied villages and may represent a threat in the transmission of AEV and PM to wild, broiler or layer chickens in the region. Further research is warranted on epidemiology of circulating strains and impact of infection on the poultry industry.",{"EN":444,"VI":445},"Serological evidence of avian encephalomyelitis virus and Pasteurella multocida infections in free-range indigenous chickens in Southern Mozambique","Bằng chứng huyết thanh học về việc nhiễm virus viêm não tủy gia cầm và Pasteurella multocida ở gà bản địa nuôi thả vườn tại miền nam Mozambique",{"VOID":447},"Bakhshesh M., Groppelli, E., Willcocks, M.M., Royall, E., Belsham, G.J., and Roberts, L.O., 2008. The picornavirus avian encephalomyelitis virus possesses a hepatitis C virus-like internal ribosome entry site element. Journal of Virology, 82, 1993–2003.\nBerger, R.G., 1982. An in vitro assay for quantifying the virus of avian encephalomyelitis. Avian Diseases, 26, 534–541.\nBouzoubaa, K., Lemainguer, K. and Bell, J.G., 1992. Village chickens as a reservoir of Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum in Morocco. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 12, 95–100.\nChaka, H., Goutard, F., Bisschop, S.P.R. and Thompson, P.N. 2012. Seroprevalence of Newcastle disease and other infectious diseases in backyard chickens at markets in Eastern Shewa zone, Ethiopia. Poultry Science, 91, 862–869.\nChristensen, J.P., Bisgaard, M., 2000. Fowl cholera. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 19, 626–637.\nFrechaut, E., Muchanga, E., Taunde, P., Nhambirre, O., Pondja, A. and Bila, C.G., 2015. Evaluation of serum antibodies titers against Newcastle Disease in Maputo and Matola Regions, Mozambique. International Journal of Poultry Sciences, 14, 622–624.\nHassan, M.K., Afify, M.A. and Aliy M.M., 2004. Genetic resistance of Egyptian chicken to infectious bursal disease and Newcastle disease. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 36, 1–9.\nJúnior, A.M., Taunde, P., Zandamela, A.F., Júnior, A.P., Chilundo, A., Costa, R.. and Bila, C.G., 2017. Serological Screening Suggests Extensive Presence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in Backyard Chickens in Southern Mozambique. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2743187.\nKelly, P.J., Chitauro, D., Rohde, C., Rukwava, J., Majok, A., Davelaar, F. and Mason P.R., 1994. Diseases and management of backyard chicken flocks in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. Avian Diseases, 38, 626–629.\nMbuthia, P.G., L.W. Njagi, P.N. Nyaga, L.C. Bebora, U. Minga, Kamundia, J. and Olsen, J.E., 2008. Pasteurella multocida in scavenging family chickens and ducks: Carrier status, age susceptibility and transmission between species. Avian Pathology, 37, 51–57.\nMeroz, M., Elkin, N., Hadash, D., and Abrams, M., 1990. Egg drop associated with avian encephalomyelitis virus. Veterinary Record, 127, 532.\nMuchanga, E., Frechaut, E., Taunde, P., Nhambirre, O., Pondja, A. and Bila, C.G., 2015. Vaccination against Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) in Mozambique: Are we doing enough? International Journal of Poultry Sciences, 14, 644–646.\nMuhairwa, A. P., M.M.A. Mtamboa, J.P. Christensen and Bisgaard M.P., 2001. Occurrence of Pasteurella multocidaand related species in village free–ranging chickens and their animal contacts in Tanzania. Veterinary Microbiology, 78, 139–153.\nOIE; 2008. Fowl Cholera. In: Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals 2016. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.oie.int\u002Finternational–standard–setting\u002Fterrestrial–manual\u002Faccess–online. Accessed 15 Apr 2016.\nRhoades, K.R. and Rimler, R.J.B., 1990. Virulence and toxicology of capsular serogroups D Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from avian hosts. Avian Diseases, 34, 384–388.\nRimler, R.B. and Glisson J.R., 1997. Fowl cholera. In: Calnek, B.W., Barnes, H.J., Beard, C.W., McDougald, L.R. and Saif, Y.M. (eds). Poultry Diseases (Mosby–Wolfe, London).\nSmith, A.J., 1992. Integration of poultry production into the agricultural systems. In: The tropical agriculturist: poultry, (The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development). Macmillan, London: 179–191.\nTannock, G.A. and Shafren, D.R., 1985. A rapid procedure for the purification of avian encephalomyelitis viruses. Avian Diseases, 29, 312–321.\nThrufield, M.V., 2007. Survey. In: Veterinary Epidemiology. Blackwell, pp. 228–246.\nToplu, N. and Alcigir, G., 2004. Avian encephalomyelitis in naturally infected pigeons in Turkey. Avian Pathology, 33, 381–386.\nWelchman, B., Cox, W.J., Gough, R.E., Wood, A.M., Smyth, V.J., Todd, D., and Spackman, D., 2009. Avian encephalomyelitis virus in reared pheasants: a case study. 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{"abstract":624,"title":626,"references":629,"doi":631},{"EN":625},"\n                        Staphylococcus (S.) aureus is one of the most important pathogens causing bovine mastitis. The aim of the present work was to follow in three herds and during the 3 years the clonality of S. aureus isolated from California Mastitis Test (CMT)-positive cows at the experimental station of Toukounous (Niger) by (i) comparing their pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) fingerprints, (ii) identifying their virulotypes by PCR amplification and (iii) assessing the production of capsule and the formation of biofilm. The 88 S. aureus isolates belonged to 14 different pulsotypes, 3 of them being predominant: A (30 %), D (27 %), B (15 %). A and B pulsotypes had the highest profile similarity coefficient (94 %), while others had similarity coefficients under 60 %. Seventy-five S. aureus isolates were further studied for their virulotypes, capsular antigens and biofilm production. Most surface factor-, leukocidin- and haemolysin-, but not the enterotoxin-encoding genes were detected in the majority (>75 %) of the isolates and were evenly distributed between the A, B and D pulsotype isolates. The majority of the 72 S. aureus positive with the cap5H or cap8H PCR produced the CP5 (82 %) or the CP8 (88 %) capsular antigen, respectively. Biofilm production by the 57 icaA-positive isolates was strong for 8 isolates, moderate for 31 isolates but weak for 18 isolates, implying that the icaA gene may not be expressed in vitro by one third of the positive isolates. Similar to other studies, those results confirm that a restricted number of S. aureus clones circulate within the three herds at Toukounous and that their specific virulence-associated properties must still be further studied.",{"EN":627,"VI":628},"A 3-year long study of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from subclinical mastitis in three Azawak zebu herds at the Sahelian experimental farm of Toukounous, Niger","Nghiên cứu kéo dài 3 năm về các chủng phân lập Staphylococcus aureus từ viêm vú cận lâm sàng ở ba đàn bò u Azawak tại trang trại thực nghiệm Sahelian ở Toukounous, Niger",{"VOID":630},"Aires-de-Sousa, M., Parente, C.E.S., Vieira-da-Motta, O., Bonna, I.C.F., Silva, D.A. and Lencastre, H., 2007. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from buffalo, bovine, ovine, and caprine milk samples collected in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 3845–3849.\nAnderson, K.L., Lyman, R., Moury, K., Ray, D., Watson, D.W. and Correa, M.T., 2012. Molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy heifers, Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 4921–4930.\nBada-Alambedji, R., Kane, Y., Issa Ibrahim, A., Vias, F.G. and Akakpo, A.J., 2005. Bactéries associées aux mammites subcliniques dans les élevages bovins laitiers urbains et périurbains de Niamey (Niger), Revue Africaine de Santé et de Productions Animales, 3, 119–124.\nBardiau M., Yamazaki K., Duprez J.N., Taminiau B., Mainil J. and Ote I., 2013. Genotypic and phenotypic characterisation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from milk of bovine mastitis, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 57, 181–186.\nBardiau, M., Detilleux, J., Farnir, F., Mainil, J.G. and Ote, I., 2014. Associations between properties linked with persistence in a collection of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis, Veterinary Microbiology, 169, 74–79.\nCamussone, C., Rejf, P., Pujato, N., Schwab, A., Marcipar, I. and Calvinho, L., 2012. Genotypic and phenotypic detection of capsular polysaccharides in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine intramammary infections in Argentina, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 43, 1010–1014.\nCastelani, L., Santos, A.F., Dos Santos, M.M., Zafalon, L.F., Pozzi, C.R. and Arcaro, J.R., 2013. Molecular typing of mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from heifers and cows, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14, 4326–4333.\nCastelani, L., Pilon, L.E., Martins, T., Pozzi, C.R. and Arcaro, J.R., 2015. Investigation of biofilm production and icaA and icaD genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from heifers and cows with mastitis, Animal Science Journal, 86, 340–344.\nChavhan, S.K., Kalorey, D.R., Nagdive, A.A., Purohit, H.J., Barbuddhe, S.B. and Kurkure, N.V., 2012. Molecular characterization of intercellular adhesion gene in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitic milk, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44, 247–252.\nCocchiaro, J.L., Gomez, M.I., Risley, A., Solinga, R., Sordelli, D.O. and Lee, J.C., 2006. Molecular characterization of the capsule locus from non-typeable Staphylococcus aureus, Molecular Microbiology, 59, 948–960.\nDarwish, S.F. and Asfour, H.A., 2013. Investigation of biofilm forming ability in staphylococci causing bovine mastitis using phenotypic and genotypic assays, The Scientific World Journal, http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1155\u002F2013\u002F378492 (9 pages).\nDe Vliegher, S., Fox, L.K., Piepers, S., McDougall, S. and Barkema, H.W., 2012. Mastitis in dairy heifers: nature of the disease, potential impact, prevention and control, Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 1025–1040.\nDinges, M.M., Orwi, P.M. and Schlievert, P.M., 2000. Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus, Clinical Microbiological Reviews, 13, 16–34.\nFoster, T.J. and Höök, M., 1998. Surface protein adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus, Trends in Microbiology, 6, 484–488.\nFueyo, J.M., Mendoza, M.C., Rodicio, M.R., Muniz, J., Alvarez, M.A. and Martin, M.C., 2005. Cytotoxin and pyrogenic toxin superantigen profiles of Staphylococcus aureus associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy cows and relationships with macrorestriction genomic profiles, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43, 1278–1284.\nGogoi-Tiwari, J., Waryah, C.B., Eto, K.Y., Tau, M., Wells, K., Costantino, P., Tiwari, H.K., Isloor, S., Hegde, N. and Mukkur, T., 2015. Relative distribution of virulence-associated factors among Australian bovine Staphylococcus aureus isolates: Potential relevance to development of an effective bovine mastitis vaccine, Virulence, 6, 419–423.\nHallin, M., Deplano, A., Denis, O., De Mendonca, R., De Ryck, R. and Struelens, M.J., 2007. Validation of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and spa typing for long-term, nationwide epidemiological surveillance studies of Staphylococcus aureus infections, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45, 127–133.\nHarouna, A., Zecchini, M., Locatelli, C., Scaccabarozzi, L., Cattaneo, C., Amadou, A., Bronzo, V., Marichatou, H., Boettcher, P.J., Zanoni, M.G., Alborali, L. and Moroni, P., 2009. Milk hygiene and udder health in the periurban area of Hamdallaye, Niger, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41, 705–710.\nHata, E., Katsuda, K., Kobayashi, H., Ogawa, T., Endo, T. and Eguchi, M., 2006. Characteristics and epidemiologic genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis milk in Hokkaido, Japan, The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 68, 165–170.\nHaveri, M., Roslöf, A., Rantala, L. and Pyörälä, S., 2007. Virulence genes of bovine Staphylococcus aureus from persistent and non-persistent intramammary infections with different clinical characteristics, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103, 993–1000.\nHerbert, S., Newell, S.W., Lee, C., Wieland, K.P., Dassy, B., Fournier, J.M., Wolz, C. and Doring, G., 2001. Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus type 5 and type 8 capsular polysaccharides by CO2, Journal of Bacteriology, 183, 4609–4613.\nIkawaty, R., Brouwer, E.C., Van Duijkeren, E., Mevius, D., Verhoef, J. and Fluit, A.C., 2010. Virulence factors of genotyped bovine mastitis Staphylococcus aureus isolates in The Netherlands, International Journal of Dairy Science, 5, 60–70.\nIssa, I.A., Bada-Alambedji R., Duprez, J.-N., Djika, M., Moula, N., Ote, I., Bardiau, M. and Mainil, J.G., 2013. Bacterial mastitis in the Azawak zebu breed at the Sahelian experimental station in Toukounous (Niger): Identification and typing of Staphylococcus aureus, International Research Journal of Microbiology, 4, 168–178.\nIssa, I.A., Bada-Alambedji, R. and Mainil, J.G., 2014. Le Zébu Azawak dans l’élevage bovin au Sahel, Revue Africaine de Santé et de Productions Animales, 12, 71–77.\nKadja, M., Kane, Y., Tchassou, K., Kaboret, Y., Mainil, J. and Taminiau, B., 2010. Typing of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from milk cows with subclinical mastitis in Dakar, Senegal, Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 58, 195–205.\nKarahan, M., Acik, M.N. and Cetinkaya, B., 2009. Investigation of toxin genes by polymerase chain reaction in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis in Turkey, Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 6, 1029–1035.\nKeefe, G., 2012. Update on control of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae for management of mastitis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 28, 203–216.\nMiddleton, J., Fox, L., Gay, J., Tyler, J. and Besser, T., 2002. Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for detecting differences in Staphylococcus aureus strain populations between dairy herds with different cattle importation practices, Epidemiology and Infection, 129, 387–395.\nMitra, S.D., Velu, D., Bhuvana, M., Krithiga, N., Banerjee, A., Shome, R., Rahman, H., Ghosh, S.K. and Shome, B.R., 2013. Staphylococcus aureus spa type t267, clonal ancestor of bovine subclinical mastitis in India, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 114, 1604–1615.\nNishifuji, K., Sugai, M. and Amagai, M., 2008. Staphylococcal exfoliative toxins: \"molecular scissors\" of bacteria that attack the cutaneous defense barrier in mammals, Journal of Dermatological Science, 49, 21–31.\nO'Riordan, K. and Lee, J.C., 2004. Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides, Clinical Microbiological Reviews, 17, 218–234.\nOte, I., Taminiau, B., Duprez, J-N., Dizier, I. and Mainil, J.G., 2011. Genotypic characterization by polymerase chain reaction of Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with bovine mastitis, Veterinary Microbiology, 153, 285–292.\nPoutrel, B., Gilbert, F.B. and Lebrun, M., 1995. Effects of culture conditions on production of type 5 capsular polysaccharide by human and bovine Staphylococcus aureus strains, Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 2, 166–171.\nRabello, R.F., Moreira, B.M., Lopes, R.M.M., Teixeira, L.M., Riley, L.W. and Castro, A.C.D., 2007. Multilocus sequence typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from cows with mastitis in Brazilian dairy herds, Journal of Medical Microbiology 56, 1505–1511.\nRadostits, O.R., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff, K.W. and Constable, P.D., 2010. Veterinary medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and goats, (Saunders Elsevier: London), 697–702.\nRainard, P., Corrales, J.C., Barrio, M.B., Cochard, T. and Poutrel, B., 2003. Leucotoxic activities of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cows, ewes, and goats with mastitis: importance of LukM\u002FLukF'-PV leukotoxin, Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 10, 272–277.\nShallcross, L.J., Fragaszy, E., Johnson, A.M. and Hayward, A.C., 2013. The role of the Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin in staphylococcal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13, 43–54.\nSommerhauser, J., Kloppert, B., Wolter, W., Zschock, M., Sobiraj, A. and Failing, K., 2003. The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infections from subclinical mastitis in dairy cows during a control programme, Veterinary Microbiology, 96, 91–102.\nSpa Server Database. Ridom GmbH. http:\u002F\u002Fspa.ridom.de\u002Findex.shtml. Accessed 24 Febuary 2015.\nSrinivasan, V., Sawant, A.A., Gillespie, B.E., Headrick, S.J., Ceasaris, L. and Oliver, S.P., 2006. Prevalence of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of cows with mastitis, Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 3, 274–283.\nZadoks, R.N., Middleton, J.R., McDougall, S., Katholm, J. and Schukken, Y.H., 2011. Molecular epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to humans, Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 16, 357–372.",{"VOID":632},"10.1007\u002Fs11250-015-0955-8","2024-12-29T11:53:48.357+00:00",[255],"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11250-015-0955-8",[637,661,674,689,704,717],{"id":638,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":639,"affiliations":640,"properties":658,"displayName":660,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"9b32535b-2207-4e3a-8816-2d8309aad0ee",[261],[641,649],{"id":642,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":643,"properties":18},"87a6689b-09d3-4c1a-a362-61aaeed05d3d",{"id":642,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":644,"slug":18,"properties":645,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":648,"statistic":18},[],{"title":646},{"VI":647},"Department of Infectious Diseases (Bacteriology), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animal Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium",[],{"id":650,"sortIndex":273,"affiliation":651,"properties":657},"7aae92d6-68ea-48cd-b414-bb63b4e59f2a",{"id":650,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":652,"slug":18,"properties":653,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":656,"statistic":18},[],{"title":654},{"VI":655},"Department of Diagnosis, Epidemiological Investigations and Applied Research, Laboratoire Central d’Elevage (LABOCEL), Niamey, Niger",[],{},{"title":659},{"VI":660},"Abdoulkarim Ibrahim Issa",{"id":662,"sortIndex":273,"researcher":18,"roles":663,"affiliations":664,"properties":671,"displayName":673,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"4fa8098c-10d2-402e-94d3-751ed83f17a2",[261],[665],{"id":642,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":666,"properties":18},{"id":642,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":667,"slug":18,"properties":668,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":670,"statistic":18},[],{"title":669},{"VI":647},[],{"title":672},{"VI":673},"Jean-Noël 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I. (1971).Research in Veterinary Science,12, 338–341.",{},{"id":18,"text":1051,"url":18,"identifiers":1052},"FAO (1984).Tick and tick-borne disease control, a practical field manual. Volume II, FAO, Rome. p 362.",{},{"id":18,"text":1054,"url":18,"identifiers":1055},"Hafez, M., El-Refall, A. H. &Michael, S. A. (1981).Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology,II, 287.",{},{"id":18,"text":1057,"url":18,"identifiers":1058},"Hooshmand-Rad, P. &Hawa, N. J. (1973a).Tropical Animal Health and Production,5, 97–102.",{},{"id":18,"text":1060,"url":18,"identifiers":1061},"Hooshmand-Rad, P. &Hawa, N. J. (1973b).Tropical Animal Health and Production,5, 103–109.",{},{"id":18,"text":1063,"url":18,"identifiers":1064},"Majaro, O. M. &Dipeolu, O. O. (1986).Revue d'Elevage et de Médicine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux,39, 189–191.",{},{"id":18,"text":1066,"url":18,"identifiers":1067},"Munyua, W. K., Mugera, G. M., Bitakaramire, P. &Nderito, P. 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(1985).Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases,6, 165.",{},{"id":1078,"createTime":1079,"updateTime":1080,"relativeEntities":1081,"slug":1082,"properties":1083,"entityType":250,"verifyStatus":251,"verifyTime":1092,"verifyNote":253,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":1093,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":1094,"publicationType":378,"publisherRelationship":1140,"citationCount":1191,"citationInfo":1192,"publishDate":1195,"publishYear":1193,"citationAnalyzeStatus":908,"lastCitationAnalyze":1196,"indexDatabases":1197,"openAccess":18,"references":1198,"isForceReanalyzing":433},"c878ae37-bea3-45b4-8034-9c9cf4e55183","2024-01-09T19:50:58.286+00:00","2026-08-15T19:24:45.170+00:00",[],"Trypanosomosis-and-reproduction-I-effect-ofTrypanosoma-vivax-infection-on-the-oestrous-cycle-and-fertility-in-the-ewe",{"abstract":1084,"title":1086,"gsPaper":1088,"doi":1090},{"EN":1085},"Ten West African Dwarf ewes were inoculated withTrypanosoma vivax and, at varying intervals, treated subcuratively with diminazene aceturate to maintain the infection. Soon after infection all ewes and anoestrus for 40 to 96 days and 5 died by day 110 post infection. Compared to control animals, infected ewes had prolonged low levels of plasma progesterone until recovery or death. However, no gross or histological lesions were detected in the endocrine or reproductive organs. 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E., Swerdloff, R., Tulchinsky, D. &Odell, W. D. (1971). Radioimmunoassay of plasma progesterone.Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,32, 619–624.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F0022473172900180",{"doi":1204},"10.1016\u002F0022-4731(72)90018-0",{"id":1206,"text":1207,"url":1208,"identifiers":1209},"4c68646b-0035-4279-8000-0006b275d4fa","Adeyemo, O. &Heath, E. (1980). Plasma progesterone concentration inBos taurus andBos indicus heifers.Theriogenology,14, 411–419.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10440-022-00541-7",{"doi":1210},"10.1007\u002Fs10440-022-00541-7",{"id":1206,"text":1212,"url":1208,"identifiers":1213},"Akpavie, S. C., Ikede, B. O. &Egbunike, G. N. (1986). Ejaculate characteristics of sheep infected withTrypanosoma brucei andT. vivax changes caused by treatment with diminazene aceturate.Research in Veterinary Science,42, 1–6.",{"doi":1210},{"id":1206,"text":1215,"url":1208,"identifiers":1216},"Anosa, V. O. &Isoun, T. T. (1980). Further observations on the testicular pathology inTrypanosoma vivax infection of sheep and goats.Research in Veterinary Science,28, 151–160.",{"doi":1210},{"id":18,"text":1218,"url":18,"identifiers":1219},"Brinley, J. B., Morgan, W. J. B., Mackinnon, D. J., Gill, K. P. W., Gower, S. G. M. &Norris, P. I. N. (1981). Brucellosis Diagnosis—Standard Laboratory Techniques. Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Survey. U.K. Booklet 2084, pp 1–53.",{},{"id":18,"text":1221,"url":18,"identifiers":1222},"Ige, K. &Amodu, A. A. (1975).Studies on the pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis for Ndama cattle. ISTRC Dakar, Senegal, pp 151–156.",{},{"id":1206,"text":1224,"url":1208,"identifiers":1225},"Ikede, B. O., Elhassan, E. O. &Akpavie, S. O. (1988). Reproductive disorders in African trypanosomiasis: A review.Acta Tropica,45, 5–10.",{"doi":1210},{"id":1206,"text":1227,"url":1208,"identifiers":1228},"Llewelyn, C. A., Luckins, A. G., Munro, C. D. &Perrie, J. (1987). The effect ofTrypanosoma congolense infection on the oestrous cycle of the goat.British Veterinary Journal,143, 423–431.",{"doi":1210},{"id":1206,"text":1230,"url":1208,"identifiers":1231},"Llewelyn, C. A., Munro, C. D., Luckins, A. G., Jordt, T., Murray, M. &Lorenzini, E. (1988). The effects ofTrypanosoma congolense infection on the oestrous cycle of the Boran cow.British Veterinary Journal,144, 379–387.",{"doi":1210},{"id":1206,"text":1233,"url":1208,"identifiers":1234},"McNeilly, A. S., Morag-Hunter, R. B. & Fraser, H. M. (1981). Inadequate corpus luteum function after the induction of ovulation in anoestrus ewe by LH-RH agonist.Journal of Reproduction and Fertility,63, 137–144.",{"doi":1210},{"id":18,"text":1236,"url":18,"identifiers":1237},"Muller, H. E. &Saathoff, M. (1972). The pathogenic role ofTrichomonas foetus neuraminidase.Zentralblatt fur Hygiene,222, 275–279.",{},{"id":18,"text":1239,"url":18,"identifiers":1240},"Murray, M., Trail, J. C. M., Turner, D. A. &Wissocq, Y. (1983). Training network Publication. ILCA, pp 6–8.",{},{"id":1242,"text":1243,"url":1244,"identifiers":1245},"d69298e5-827c-4567-af4b-7da03ad37840","Nanda, A. S., Ward, W. R. &Dobson, H. (1990). Naloxone antagonizes the morphine suppression of the oestradiol-induced surge of luteinising hormone in dairy cows.Animal Production Science,22, 289–296.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F0378432090900217",{"doi":1246},"10.1016\u002F0378-4320(90)90021-7",{"id":18,"text":1248,"url":18,"identifiers":1249},"Ogwu, D., Njoku, C. O., Osori, D. I. K., Ezeokoli, C. D. &Kumi-Diaka, J. (1984). Effects of experimentalTrypanosoma vivax on fertility of heifers.Theriogenology,22, 625–633.",{},{"id":1206,"text":1251,"url":1208,"identifiers":1252},"Reeves, J. J., Arimura, A. &Schally, A. V. (1971). Pituitary responsiveness to purified luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) at various stages of the oestrous cycle in sheep.Journal of Animal Science,32, 124–126.",{"doi":1210},{"id":1254,"createTime":1255,"updateTime":1256,"relativeEntities":1257,"slug":1258,"properties":1259,"entityType":250,"verifyStatus":251,"verifyTime":1270,"verifyNote":253,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":1271,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":1272,"publicationType":378,"publisherRelationship":1405,"citationCount":19,"citationInfo":1456,"publishDate":1459,"publishYear":1457,"citationAnalyzeStatus":908,"lastCitationAnalyze":1460,"indexDatabases":1461,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":433},"a2eee060-eb1f-40e0-810d-bc1188a94347","2024-02-20T11:09:47.617+00:00","2026-08-14T14:24:40.913+00:00",[],"Tick-infestations-on-livestock-in-the-yemen-arab-republic-and-their-potential-as-vectors-of-livestock-diseases",{"abstract":1260,"title":1262,"gsPaper":1264,"references":1266,"doi":1268},{"EN":1261},"A survey of ticks on cattle, camels, sheep, goats and donkeys in four different geographical locations of the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) was carried out to provide more information on the possible risk of tick-borne diseases to imported exotic cattle included in the YAR's plans for livestock development. The most abundant ticks wereHyalomma spp. particularly on camels. Ticks found on cattle includedHyalomma spp.,Amblyomma variegatum, Boophilus annulatus andRhipicephalus spp. In general with the exception of camels tick burdens on all species of domestic livestock were very low. Two hundred and ninety eight serum samples from miscellaneous adult cattle throughout the country were negative to a test forAnaplasma marginale antibodies. It is speculated that tick burdens in the YAR are too low for significant disease transmission and the implications of the findings are discussed.",{"EN":1263},"Tick infestations on livestock in the yemen arab republic and their potential as vectors of livestock diseases",{"VOID":1265},"[\"8756148403097750286\"]",{"VOID":1267},"Al-Shaddebi, A. M. (1978). Ticks and tick-borne diseases in the ruminant in the UK and the Yemen Arab Republic, M.Sc. Thesis, University College of North Wales, Bangor.\nAmerault, T. E. &Roby, T. O. (1968).Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,153, 1828–1834.\nBarnett, S. F. (1977).Parasitic Protozoa, Vol. IV (Ed. J. P. Kreier), New York Academic Press, p. 77.\nBoid, R., Jones, T. W. &Luckins, A. G. (1985).British Veterinary Journal,141, 87–105.\nDequin, H. (1973).World Atlas of Agriculture, Volume 2,Asia and Oceania, Instituto Geografico de Agostini-Novara, pp. 552–557.\nDorman, A. E. (1975). Phase 1 Report, British Veterinary Team, Ministry of Agriculture, Yemen Arab Republic. Published by ODA, London.\nHoogstraal, H. &Kaiser, M. N. (1959).Fieldiana Zoologica,39, 297–322.\nHoogstraal, H., Wassef, H. Y. &Buttiker, W. (1981).Fauna of Saudi Arabia, Vol. 3, Basle, 479 pp.\nHunter, A. G. &Heath, P. J. (1982).Tropical Animal Health and Production,14, 191–200.\nHunter, A. G. &Heath, P. J. (1984).Tropical Animal Health and Production,16, 95–106.\nKaiser, M. N., Sutherst, R. W. &Bourne, A. S. (1982).Tropical Animal Health and Production,14, 63–74.\nMahoney, D. F. (1980). Ticks and tick-borne diseases. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the 56th Annual Conference of the Australian Veterinary Association, Townsville, Australia, May 1979 (Eds L. A. Y. Johnston and M. G. Cooper), Australian Veterinary Association, Sydney, pp. 9–11.\nPegram, R. G. (1976).Bulletin of Entomological Research,66, 345–363.\nPegram, R. G. (1984). Biosystematic Studies on the genusRhipicephalus: theR. sanguineus andR. simus groups (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Brunel.\nPegram, R. G., Hoogstraal, H. &Wassef, H. Y. (1981).Bulletin of Entomological Research,71, 339–359.\nPegram, R. G., Hoogstraal, H. &Wassef, H. Y. (1982a).Bulletin of Entomological Research,72, 215–227.\nPegram, R. G., Hoogstraal, H. &Wassef, H. Y. (1982b).Journal of Parasitology,68, 150–156.\nPegram, R. G. &Tareke, F. (1981).Ethiopian Veterinary Journal,5, 11–15.\nPegram, R. G., Walker, J. B., Keirans, J. E. &Clifford, C. M. (1987).Journal of Medical Entomology. (In press).\nUilenberg, G. (1981).Advances in the control of theileriosis. (Eds. A. D. Irvin, M. P. Cuningham and A. S. Young) Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, pp. 4–37.\nYemen Arab Republic Veterinary Services Project (1976–1979). Quarterly Reports, Sana'a, YAR.\nYeoman, G. H. &Walker, J. B. (1967). The ixodid ticks of Tanzania: a study of the zoogeography of the Ixodidae of an East African country. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London.",{"VOID":1269},"10.1007\u002FBF02250841","2024-06-24T17:58:24.724+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF02250841",[1273,1315,1351,1378],{"id":1274,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":1275,"affiliations":1276,"properties":1312,"displayName":1314,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"30bacad4-dddf-44ea-8bec-6ded11f5eb9b",[261],[1277,1285,1294,1303],{"id":1278,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1279,"properties":18},"81f3166a-9b61-4fcd-8fec-079b28433cb8",{"id":1278,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1280,"slug":18,"properties":1281,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1284,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1282},{"VI":1283},"Central Veterinary Laboratory, Dept. of Animal Health, Sana'a, Yemen Arab Republic",[],{"id":1286,"sortIndex":273,"affiliation":1287,"properties":1293},"69463f57-f409-4f11-a1e2-7cf309f0b460",{"id":1286,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1288,"slug":18,"properties":1289,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1292,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1290},{"VI":1291},"School of Biological Science, Brunel University, Uxbridge, England",[],{},{"id":1295,"sortIndex":301,"affiliation":1296,"properties":1302},"439b1518-b4a2-4890-a598-0937ab26f928",{"id":1295,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1297,"slug":18,"properties":1298,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1301,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1299},{"VI":1300},"Long Pocket Laboratories, P.M.B. 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Responses to Intermediate Strain IBD Vaccine at Different Levels of Maternal Antibody in Broiler Chickens",{"VOID":1575},"[]",{"VOID":1577},"Coletti, M., Asdrubali, G., Tocconi, G. and Franciosini, M.P., 1994. Studies of a vaccine strain of infectious bursal disease virus with residual pathogenicity in the fowl: serological studies. Rivista di Avicoltura, 63, 37–39\nCullen, G.A. and Wyeth, P.J., 1975. Quantitation of antibodies to infectious bursal disease. Veterinary Record, 97, 315\nGoddard, R.D., Wyeth, P.J. and Varney, W.C., 1994. Vaccination of commercial layer chicks against infectious bursal disease with maternally derived antibodies.Veterinary Record, 135, 273–274\nGordon, R.F. and Jordan, F.T.W., 1982. The avian immune system. In: Poultry Diseases, 2nd edn, (English Language Book Society and Baillière Tindall, London), 328–341\nJeurissen, S.H.M., Janse, E.M., Lehrabach, P.R., Haddad, E.E., Avakian, A. and Whitfill, C.E., 1998. The working mechanism of an immune complex vaccine that protects chickens against infectious bursal disease. Immunology, 95, 494–500\nKumar, S., 1999. Immune response of invasive intermediate strain infectious bursal disease virus vaccine in broiler chickens, (MVSc thesis submitted to Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar, Pusa, Samastipur, India)\nMazariegos, L.A., Lukert, P.D. and Brown, J., 1990. Pathogenicity and immunosuppressive properties of infectious bursal disease `intermediate' strains. Avian Disease, 34, 203–208\nNaqi, S.A., Marquez, B. and Sahin, N., 1982. Maternal antibody and its e¡ect on infectious bursal disease immunization. Avian Disease, 27, 623–631\nSkeeles, J.K., Lukert, P.D., Fletcher, O.J. and Leonard, J.D., 1979. Immunisation studies with a cell culture adapted infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Disease, 23, 456–465\nSnedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G., 1967. StatisticalMethods, 6th edn, (Oxford University Press and IBN, Calcutta)\nTizard, I.R., 1996.Veterinary Immunology, 5th edn, (W.B. Saunders, London)\nWyeth, P.J. and Chettle, N.J., 1990. Use of infectious bursal disease vaccines in chicks with maternally derived antibodies. Veterinary Record, 126, 577–578",{"VOID":1579},"10.1023\u002FA:1005225501513","2024-09-13T09:03:22.972+00:00","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1023\u002FA:1005225501513",[1583,1598,1611],{"id":1584,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":1585,"affiliations":1586,"properties":1595,"displayName":1597,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"4a48309e-8b16-43a1-95cf-f68ab4202627",[261],[1587],{"id":1588,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1589,"properties":18},"2632bf48-930f-42d2-adf2-89f0b3b1a1ee",{"id":1588,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1590,"slug":18,"properties":1591,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1594,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1592},{"VI":1593},"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, India",[],{"title":1596},{"VI":1597},"K. 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rus-BVDV-in-Holstein-dairy-cows",{"abstract":1686,"title":1688,"gsPaper":1690,"references":1692,"doi":1694},{"EN":1687},"The aim of this study was to investigate the persistent infection (PI) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) along with its coexistence between BVDV antibody titer and BVD virus in blood of Holstein dairy cows. Only large commercial farms (each contained \u003C 1000–3000 unvaccinated cows) were included. There were 11 dairy cattle herds. They included nearly 20,000 dairy cows. Totally, 140 cows, > 3 months to almost 10 years old, were randomly sampled. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect BVDV antibody and virus, respectively. The percent positivity (PP) \u003C 14 and ≥ 14 values are interpreted negative and positive, respectively. Simultaneously, whole blood samples pooled in groups of 10 animals were used for molecular detection of BVDV. The results revealed that 138 (98.56%) out of 140 cows were positive for BVDV antibody, while the BVDV antigen was detected only in 2 (1.42%) cows, which were negative for BVDV antibody and so were considered as persistent infection (PI) cows. They were also retested 3 weeks apart. Since the results showed the strong coexistence between seropositivity and BVD virus, in the infected dairy cattle herds, the combination of simple ELISA and pooled whole blood RT-PCR strategy could be an achievable approach to detect PI animals.",{"EN":1689},"Investigation of persistent infection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in Holstein dairy cows",{"VOID":1691},"[\"16466496339566562338\"]",{"VOID":1693},"Alenius, S., Jacobsen, S.-O., Cafaro, E., 1986. Frequency of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infections in Sweden among heifers selected for artificial insemination. In World Congress on Diseases in Cattle: Conference proceedings. 14, 204–207.\nAlenius, S., Lindberg, A., Larsson, B., 1997. A national approach to the control of bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Proceeding of the third ESVV symposium on the control of pestivirus infections. Lelystad, The Netherlands, 1996, 162–169.\nBarber, D.M.L., Nettleton, P. F., 1993. Investigation into Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in a dairy herd. Veterinary Record. 133: 549–550.\nBrownlie, J., Clarke, MC., Howard, CJ., 1989. Experimental infection of cattle in early pregnancy with a cytopathic strain of bovine virus diarrhoea virus. Research in Veterinary Science; 46: 307–311.\nConstable, P. D., Hinchcliff, K. W., Done S. H., Grunberg, W., 2017. Veterinary medicine. Elsevier publication. China. 11th Edition. Volume 1. Pages. 578–597.\nCoria, M. F., McClurkin, A. W., 1978. Specific immune tolerance in an apparently healthy bull persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association. 172, 449–451.\nDenise Goens, S., 2002. The evolution of bovine viral diarrhea: a review. Canadian Veterinary Journal. 43:946–954.\nGraham, D.A., Lynch, M., Coughlan, S., Doherty, M.L., O'Neill, R., Sammin, D., O’Flaherty, J. 2014. Development and review of the voluntary phase of a national BVD eradication programme in Ireland. Veterinary Record. 174, 67.\nGrooms, DL., 2004. Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Veterinary Clinic of North America Food Animal Practice. 20(1):5–19.\nHarkness, JW., 1987. The control of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection. Annales de Recherches Vétérinaires. 18: 167–174.\nHoue, H., 1992, Age distribution of animals persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhea virus in twenty-two Danish dairy herds. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research. 56, 194–198.\nHoue, H., (1995). Epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Veterinary Clinic of North America Food Animal Practice. 11, 521–548.\nHoue, H., 1999. Epidemiological features and economical importance of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections. Veterinary Microbiology. 64. 89–107.\nHoue, H., Meyling, A., 1991. Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) in 19 Danish herds and estimation of incidence of infection in early pregnancy. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 11: 9–16.\nKennedy, J.A., Mortimer, R.G., Powers, B., 2006. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on pooled samples to detect bovine viral diarrhea virus by using fresh ear-notch-sample supernatants. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 18, 89–93.\nLindberg, A., Houe, H., 2005. Characteristics in the epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) of relevance to control. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 72, 55–73.\nMcClurkin, AW., Coria, MF., Cutlip, RC., 1979. Reproductive performance of apparently healthy cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 174: 1116–1119.\nMcClurkin, AW., Littledike, ET., Cutlip, RC., Frank, GH., Coria, MF., Bolin, SR., 1984. Production of cattle immunotolerant to bovine viral diarrhea virus. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine. 48: 156–161.\nMoennig, V., Houe, H., Lindberg, A., 2005. BVD control in Europe: current status and perspectives. Animal Health Research Reviews. 6, 63–74.\nMoerman, A., Straver, P.J., Dejong, M.C.M., Quak, J., Baanvinger, T., van Oirschot, J.T., 1993. A long term epidemiological study of Bovine Viral Diarrhea infections in a large herd of dairy cattle. Veterinary Record.132:622–626.\nMunoz-Zanzi, C.A., Hietala, S.K., Thumond, M.C., Johnson, W.O., 2003.Quantification, risk factors, and health impact of natural congenital infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 64, 358–365.\nNiskanen, R., Lindberg, A., 2003. Transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus by unhygienic vaccination procedures, ambient air, and from contaminated pens. Veterinary Journal. 165(2):125–30.\nNiza-Ribeiro, J., Pereira, A., 2004. Epidemiological aspects of the infection and persistency of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in dairy farms. In Revista Portuguesa de Ciências Veterinárias. 549: 41–51.\nObando, R. C., Hidalgo, M., Merza, M., Montoya, A., Klingeborn, B., and Moreno-Lopez, J., 1999. Seoprevalence to bovine diarrhoea virus and other viruses of the bovine respiratory complex in Venezuela (Apure state). Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 41, 271–78.\nPresi, P., Heim, D., 2010. BVD eradication in Switzerland—a new approach. Veterinary Microbiology. 142, 137–142.\nPresi, P., Struchen, R., Knight-Jones, T., Scholl, S., Heim, D., 2011. Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) eradication in Switzerland—experiences of the first two years. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 99, 112–121.\nRogan, W.J., and Gladen, B., 1978. Estimating prevalence from the results of a screening test. American Journal of Epidemiology.107, 71–76.\nSayers, RG., Byrne, N, O’Doherty, E., Arkins, S., 2015. Prevalence of exposure to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) in Irish dairy herds. Research in Veterinary Science; 100: 21–30.\nStahl, K., Alenius, S. 2012. BVDV control and eradication in Europe—an update. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research. 60, S31–S39.\nTalebkhan Garoussi, M., 2007. The Effects of Cytopathic and Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus with Sperm Cells on In Vitro Fertilization of Bovine Oocytes. Veterinary Research Communication. 31, 365–370.\nTalebkhan Garoussi, M., Mehrzad, J., 2011. Effect of bovine viral diarrhoea virus biotypes on adherence of sperm to oocytes during in-vitro fertilization in cattle. Theriogenology. 75. 1067–1075.\nTalebkhan Garoussi, M., Bassami, MR., Afshari, SE., 2007. Detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in bulk milk samples by the use of a nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay in Mashhad suburb of-Iran. Iranian journal of Biotechnology. 5. 1. 51–55.\nTalebkhan Garoussi, M., Haghparast, AR., Estajee, H. 2008. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus antibodies in bulk tank milk of industrial dairy cattle herds in suburb of Mashhad-Iran. 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