[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"_public_publisher_byId_6cee6f73-24ab-4b7d-aa9c-96d4b75e4e0a":3,"_public_publication_all{\"sortAscending\":false,\"sortField\":\"updateTime\",\"page\":0,\"size\":10,\"facet\":true,\"searchKey\":\"publisherId:6cee6f73-24ab-4b7d-aa9c-96d4b75e4e0a,\"}":63},{"code":4,"data":5,"meta":20},"SUCCESS",{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":9,"slug":10,"properties":11,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":22,"manageAffiliations":23,"indexDatabases":24,"url":20,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":25,"gsStatistic":20,"type":20,"analyzePriority":20},"6cee6f73-24ab-4b7d-aa9c-96d4b75e4e0a","2024-08-09T03:53:08.276+00:00","2025-02-09T20:38:23.022+00:00",[],"The-Royal-Society",{"issn":12,"title":14,"eissn":16},{"VOID":13},"0080-4649",{"EN":15},"The Royal Society",{"VOID":17},"2053-9193","PUBLISHER","PENDING",null,0,[],[],[],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":26,"i10Index":27,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":27,"totalPublicationByYear":28,"totalCitation":33,"totalCitationByYear":34,"totalCitationPerPublication":53,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":54,"hindexLast5Year":62,"hindex":62},{},29,{"1957":29,"1958":29,"1960":29,"1964":29,"1968":30,"1969":29,"1971":30,"1972":30,"1977":29,"1979":29,"1980":30,"1981":29,"1982":29,"1984":30,"1985":29,"1986":31,"1987":29,"1988":29,"1989":32},1,2,4,3,22581,{"1957":35,"1958":36,"1960":37,"1964":38,"1968":39,"1969":40,"1971":41,"1972":40,"1977":42,"1979":43,"1980":44,"1981":45,"1982":46,"1984":47,"1985":48,"1986":49,"1987":50,"1988":51,"1989":52},3245,61,538,1436,291,84,2063,2543,845,6214,187,1006,2030,43,174,196,1201,340,778.66,{"1957":35,"1958":36,"1960":37,"1964":38,"1968":55,"1969":40,"1971":56,"1972":57,"1977":42,"1979":43,"1980":58,"1981":45,"1982":46,"1984":59,"1985":48,"1986":60,"1987":50,"1988":51,"1989":61},145.5,1031.5,42,3107,1015,43.5,113.33,27,{"meta":64,"data":66},{"total":65},"54",[67,213,355,583,660,811,965,1113,1224,1372],{"id":68,"createTime":69,"updateTime":70,"relativeEntities":71,"slug":72,"properties":73,"entityType":86,"verifyStatus":87,"verifyTime":69,"verifyNote":88,"languages":89,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":91,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":92,"publicationType":110,"publisherRelationship":111,"citationCount":21,"citationInfo":133,"publishDate":136,"publishYear":134,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":137,"indexDatabases":138,"openAccess":20,"references":139,"isForceReanalyzing":212},"22353fd6-3bdc-46cd-8078-b0e9a4f14aee","2024-09-26T11:21:10.256+00:00","2026-05-18T05:53:35.043+00:00",[],"The-Croonian-Lecture-The-transmission-of-impulses-from-nerve-to-muscle-and-the-subcellular-unit-of-synaptic-action",{"openalex":74,"mag":76,"abstract":78,"title":80,"gsPaper":82,"doi":84},{"VOID":75},"W2121244830",{"VOID":77},"2121244830",{"EN":79},"\u003Cjats:p>The original intention of the founders of this Lectureship was to encourage the study of the physiological mechanism of ‘local motion’. To choose the neuromuscular junction as the subject of this lecture seemed therefore fitting enough. My purpose, however, is not to discuss the processes involved in the initiation of muscular movement, but rather to look at the properties of the junction as an example of a synapse, that is of a functional contact between two excitable cells. Now at first sight, the junction between motor nerve and the fast skeletal muscles of vertebrate animals could hardly be singled out as a worthy example of a synapse which deserves our special attention. Unlike its counterparts in arthropod muscle and unlike most synapses in our nerve centres, the skeletal nerve-muscle junction does not contribute to the integration of converging nerve messages. It merely serves as a point of passage in a non-stop process of signalling which takes its origin in the spinal cord and ends with immediate contraction of a large group of muscle fibres which are connected to the terminal branches of the axon. This unfailing type of response had made many physiologists inclined to believe that there was nothing to distinguish the operation of the neuromuscular junction from the mechanism by which the action potential wave travels down the nerve axon and then continues along the muscle fibre where it activates the contractile process. And yet, the object of this lecture is to show that not only is there a special mechanism of chemical mediation interposed between the two cells, but that the neuromuscular junction possesses, in a somewhat concealed form, the specific synaptic properties which are essential for the integration of converging and con­flicting signals in our nerve centres. Conduction of impulses along nerve or muscle fibres depends on two main factors: on the continuity of the cable structure of the cell, and on an automatic mechanism of amplification which is built into the surface membrane and which serves to make up for the imperfections of the cable structure. The cable property is due to the presence of a thin cylindrical cell membrane of very low electric con­ductivity and can be represented by a circuit diagram as in figure 1. By itself, this property does not enable the fibres to conduct an electric signal over any length. A brief voltage pulse fed into the line at one point would lose most of its amplitude within a few millimetres. In fact, the insulation of the membrane and the conductance of the fibre core are not good enough to serve for long-distance communication. But when the potential across the membrane is displaced by a certain critical amount, the so-called threshold, the membrane potential becomes unstable. Electric energy is suddenly released and produces a large transient amplification of the initial potential change. The amplified signal is passed on by cable linkage to the next region of the fibre where it again triggers off the release of energy and boosts itself as soon as the threshold level is exceeded. In this way, the all-or-none response of nerve and muscle comes about and travels rapidly towards the end of the fibre without diminishing in amplitude.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":81},"The Croonian Lecture - The transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle, and the subcellular unit of synaptic action",{"VOID":83},"[\"4787496568664689911\"]",{"VOID":85},"10.1098\u002Frspb.1962.0012","PUBLICATION","VERIFIED","Auto Verify",[90],"EN","https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.1962.0012",[93],{"id":94,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":95,"affiliations":96,"properties":105,"displayName":107,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"3d22db60-cfb9-4de8-9834-6c28099ceeb8",[],[97],{"id":98,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":99,"properties":20},"81022949-265b-4b6f-a540-92b206a6de5e",{"id":98,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":100,"slug":20,"properties":101,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":104,"statistic":20},[],{"title":102},{"EN":103},"Dept. of Biophysics, University College London",[],{"title":106,"openalex":108},{"EN":107},"Bernard Katz",{"VOID":109},"A5050060407","ARTICLE",{"url":20,"publisher":112,"properties":126},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":113,"slug":10,"properties":114,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":118,"manageAffiliations":119,"indexDatabases":120,"url":20,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":121,"gsStatistic":20,"type":20,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":115,"title":116,"eissn":117},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},{"VOID":17},[],[],[],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":122,"i10Index":27,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":27,"totalPublicationByYear":123,"totalCitation":33,"totalCitationByYear":124,"totalCitationPerPublication":53,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":125,"hindexLast5Year":62,"hindex":62},{},{"1957":29,"1958":29,"1960":29,"1964":29,"1968":30,"1969":29,"1971":30,"1972":30,"1977":29,"1979":29,"1980":30,"1981":29,"1982":29,"1984":30,"1985":29,"1986":31,"1987":29,"1988":29,"1989":32},{"1957":35,"1958":36,"1960":37,"1964":38,"1968":39,"1969":40,"1971":41,"1972":40,"1977":42,"1979":43,"1980":44,"1981":45,"1982":46,"1984":47,"1985":48,"1986":49,"1987":50,"1988":51,"1989":52},{"1957":35,"1958":36,"1960":37,"1964":38,"1968":55,"1969":40,"1971":56,"1972":57,"1977":42,"1979":43,"1980":58,"1981":45,"1982":46,"1984":59,"1985":48,"1986":60,"1987":50,"1988":51,"1989":61},{"issue":127,"pages":129,"volume":131},{"VOID":128},"961",{"VOID":130},"455-477",{"VOID":132},"155",{"total":21,"publishYear":134,"statisticByYear":135},1962,{},"1962-04-10","2026-05-18T05:53:35.042+00:00",[],[140,143,146,149,153,156,159,162,165,168,171,174,177,180,183,187,190,193,196,199,202,205,209],{"id":20,"text":141,"url":20,"identifiers":142},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1959.sp006233",{"doi":141},{"id":20,"text":144,"url":20,"identifiers":145},"i B irks R . H uxley H . E . & K atz B. i 960 The fine stru ctu re of th e neurom uscular junction of th e frog. J .Physiol. 150 134r-144.",{},{"id":20,"text":147,"url":20,"identifiers":148},"Miledi R ., 1959, D issociation of th e `surface m em brane com plex' in atrophic m uscle fibres, Nature. Lond., 184, 1507",{},{"id":20,"text":150,"url":20,"identifiers":151},"L B irks R . K a tz B . & Miledi R . i 960 Physiological an d stru ctu ral changes a t th e am phibian m yoneural ju n ctio n in th e course of nerve degeneration. J . Physiol. 150 145-168.",{"doi":152},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1960.sp006379",{"id":20,"text":154,"url":20,"identifiers":155},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1956.sp005502",{"doi":154},{"id":20,"text":157,"url":20,"identifiers":158},"1956, 6 The end-plate p o tential in m am m alian muscle. J, Physiol., 132, 74",{},{"id":20,"text":160,"url":20,"identifiers":161},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1956.sp005642",{"doi":160},{"id":20,"text":163,"url":20,"identifiers":164},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1936.sp003414",{"doi":163},{"id":20,"text":166,"url":20,"identifiers":167},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1949.sp004364",{"doi":166},{"id":20,"text":169,"url":20,"identifiers":170},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1953.sp004910",{"doi":169},{"id":20,"text":172,"url":20,"identifiers":173},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1957.sp005726",{"doi":172},{"id":20,"text":175,"url":20,"identifiers":176},"1955, Localization of cholinesterases a t neurom uscular junctions. In t, Rev. Gytol., 4, 335",{},{"id":20,"text":178,"url":20,"identifiers":179},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1961.sp006679",{"doi":178},{"id":20,"text":181,"url":20,"identifiers":182},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1936.sp003371",{"doi":181},{"id":20,"text":184,"url":20,"identifiers":185},"» del Castillo J . & E ngbaek L. 1954 The n a tu re of th e neurom uscular block produced by m agnesium . J .Physiol. 124 370-384.",{"doi":186},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1954.sp005114",{"id":20,"text":188,"url":20,"identifiers":189},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1954.sp005129",{"doi":188},{"id":20,"text":191,"url":20,"identifiers":192},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1954.sp005131",{"doi":191},{"id":20,"text":194,"url":20,"identifiers":195},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1954.sp005180",{"doi":194},{"id":20,"text":197,"url":20,"identifiers":198},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1955.sp005297",{"doi":197},{"id":20,"text":200,"url":20,"identifiers":201},"del Castillo J . & K a tz B. 19556 Local activ ity a t a depolarized nerve-muscle junction.",{},{"id":20,"text":203,"url":20,"identifiers":204},"10.1038\u002F1751035a0",{"doi":203},{"id":20,"text":206,"url":20,"identifiers":207},"del Castillo J . & K atz B. 1956a Biophysical aspects of neurom uscular transm ission. Progr.",{"doi":208},"10.1016\u002FS0096-4174(18)30106-9",{"id":20,"text":210,"url":20,"identifiers":211},"JI!#I Biophys.6 121-170. 1 del Castillo J . & K atz B. 19566 Localization of active spots w ithin the neurom uscular",{},false,{"id":214,"createTime":215,"updateTime":216,"relativeEntities":217,"slug":218,"properties":219,"entityType":86,"verifyStatus":87,"verifyTime":215,"verifyNote":88,"languages":234,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":235,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":236,"publicationType":110,"publisherRelationship":271,"citationCount":21,"citationInfo":293,"publishDate":296,"publishYear":294,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":297,"indexDatabases":298,"openAccess":20,"references":299,"isForceReanalyzing":212},"e8dba8d5-d81a-4a63-804c-fbbefc5e2f2c","2024-10-14T01:46:45.135+00:00","2026-04-25T12:35:50.313+00:00",[],"Neural-events-underlying-learning-in-insects-changes-in-pacemaker",{"mag":220,"gsPaper":222,"openalex":224,"abstract":226,"title":228,"pm":230,"doi":232},{"VOID":221},"2108750493",{"VOID":223},"[\"4481870042301378436\"]",{"VOID":225},"W2108750493",{"EN":227},"\u003Cjats:p>\n            Computer-controlled operant-conditioning training procedures were used to raise (up-learning) or lower (down-learning) the mean frequency of discharge of the anterior adductor coxa motoneurone of the locust\n            \u003Cjats:italic>Schistocerca gregaria\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            . Intracellular recordings were made from the soma of the motoneurone during training. The neurone appeared capable of spontaneous discharge in the absence of synaptic input since its mean pacemaker rate was measured after blocking synaptic inputs by infusing high Mg\n            \u003Cjats:sup>2+\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>\n            \u002Fzero Ca\n            \u003Cjats:sup>2+\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>\n            saline into the neuropile associated with the neurone. Rates were determined before and after the training procedure was applied. It was found that a stable increase in the mean frequency of the pacemaker occurred during up-learning and a decrease during down-learning. The pacemaker shift accounted for a little over half the overall learning change. The remainder was attributed to changes in the activities of interneurones that directly, or indirectly, affect the motoneurone pacemaker. Conventional synaptic potentials that could have accounted for the remainder were not conspicuous in the soma recordings.\n          \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":229},"Neural events underlying learning in insects: changes in pacemaker",{"VOID":231},"13404",{"VOID":233},"10.1098\u002Frspb.1977.0017",[90],"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.1977.0017",[237,256],{"id":238,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":239,"affiliations":240,"properties":249,"displayName":253,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"44fcd0d2-7570-4024-aee9-a9f65fb8ad05",[],[241],{"id":242,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":243,"properties":20},"b368a2bb-ff25-4770-a346-05109b9b67f2",{"id":242,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":244,"slug":20,"properties":245,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":248,"statistic":20},[],{"title":246},{"VI":247},"Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, U.S.A.",[],{"orcid":250,"title":252,"openalex":254},{"VOID":251},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0001-9297-3325",{"EN":253},"Marjorie H. Woollacott",{"VOID":255},"A5021294183",{"id":257,"sortIndex":29,"researcher":20,"roles":258,"affiliations":259,"properties":266,"displayName":268,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"dc862608-0fa5-4213-906c-f027becbfabc",[],[260],{"id":242,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":261,"properties":20},{"id":242,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":262,"slug":20,"properties":263,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":265,"statistic":20},[],{"title":264},{"VI":247},[],{"title":267,"openalex":269},{"EN":268},"Graham Hoyle",{"VOID":270},"A5023570890",{"url":20,"publisher":272,"properties":286},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":273,"slug":10,"properties":274,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":278,"manageAffiliations":279,"indexDatabases":280,"url":20,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":281,"gsStatistic":20,"type":20,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":275,"title":276,"eissn":277},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},{"VOID":17},[],[],[],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":282,"i10Index":27,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":27,"totalPublicationByYear":283,"totalCitation":33,"totalCitationByYear":284,"totalCitationPerPublication":53,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":285,"hindexLast5Year":62,"hindex":62},{},{"1957":29,"1958":29,"1960":29,"1964":29,"1968":30,"1969":29,"1971":30,"1972":30,"1977":29,"1979":29,"1980":30,"1981":29,"1982":29,"1984":30,"1985":29,"1986":31,"1987":29,"1988":29,"1989":32},{"1957":35,"1958":36,"1960":37,"1964":38,"1968":39,"1969":40,"1971":41,"1972":40,"1977":42,"1979":43,"1980":44,"1981":45,"1982":46,"1984":47,"1985":48,"1986":49,"1987":50,"1988":51,"1989":52},{"1957":35,"1958":36,"1960":37,"1964":38,"1968":55,"1969":40,"1971":56,"1972":57,"1977":42,"1979":43,"1980":58,"1981":45,"1982":46,"1984":59,"1985":48,"1986":60,"1987":50,"1988":51,"1989":61},{"issue":287,"pages":289,"volume":291},{"VOID":288},"1120",{"VOID":290},"395-415",{"VOID":292},"195",{"total":21,"publishYear":294,"statisticByYear":295},1977,{},"1977-01-14","2026-04-25T12:35:50.312+00:00",[],[300,303,306,309,312,315,318,321,324,327,330,333,337,340,343,346,349,352],{"id":20,"text":301,"url":20,"identifiers":302},"10.1146\u002Fannurev.en.17.010172.000355",{"doi":301},{"id":20,"text":304,"url":20,"identifiers":305},"Burrows M. & H o y le G. 1973 N eural m echanism s underlying behavior in the locust Schistocercagregaria. II I . Topography o f lim b m otorneurons in the m etathoracic",{},{"id":20,"text":307,"url":20,"identifiers":308},"ganglion J . Neurobiol. 4 167-186.",{},{"id":20,"text":310,"url":20,"identifiers":311},"Siegler M. U ., 1976, T ransm ission w ith o u t spikes betw een locust in terneurones and m otoneurones, Nature. Lond., 262, 222",{},{"id":20,"text":313,"url":20,"identifiers":314},"Castellucci V . Pinsker H . K upferm ann I. & K andel E . R . 1970 N eural m echanism s o f h abituation and d ishab ituation o f th e gill-w ithdraw al reflex in Science N .Y . 1 6 7 1 7 4 4 -1 7 4 8 .",{},{"id":20,"text":316,"url":20,"identifiers":317},"10.1016\u002FS0065-2806(08)60276-3",{"doi":316},{"id":20,"text":319,"url":20,"identifiers":320},"1962, Learning leg position b y the ventral nerve cord in headless insects. Proc. R, Soc. Lond. B, 157, 35",{},{"id":20,"text":322,"url":20,"identifiers":323},"1953, P otassiu m ions and in sect nerve m uscle. J . exp, Biol., 30, 121",{},{"id":20,"text":325,"url":20,"identifiers":326},"H o yle G. 1965 N europhysiological studies on `learning' in headless insects. In The physiology of the insect central nervous system (eds. J. E . Treherne & J . W . L. Beam ent) pp. 203-232. N ew Y ork and London: A cadem ic Press.",{},{"id":20,"text":328,"url":20,"identifiers":329},"1966, Ani solated in sect gan glion -n erve-m u scle preparation. J . exp, Biol., 44, 413",{},{"id":20,"text":331,"url":20,"identifiers":332},"1970, Cellular m echanism s u nderlying behaviour - neu roeth ology, Insect Physiol., 7, 349",{},{"id":20,"text":334,"url":20,"identifiers":335},"H o y le G. & Burrows M. 1973 N eural m echanism s und erlyin g b eh avior in th e locust cerca gregaria. I. P h y sio lo g y o f identified m otorneurons in th e m etath oracic ganglion J .Neurohiol. 4 3 -4 1 .",{"doi":336},"10.1002\u002Fneu.480040104",{"id":20,"text":338,"url":20,"identifiers":339},"1974, D orsal unpaired m edian in sect neurons m ake neurosecretory endings on sk eletal m uscle, J . exp, Zool., 187, 159",{},{"id":20,"text":341,"url":20,"identifiers":342},"1965, H e te ro sy n a p tic fa cilita tio n in neurones o f th e ab dom inal ganglion o f A plysia depilans.J . Physiol, Lond., 181, 1",{},{"id":20,"text":344,"url":20,"identifiers":345},"1965, 6 M echanism o f h eterosyn ap tic fa cilita tio n in th e g ia n t cell o f the abdom inal ganglion o f A p Iysia depilans. J . Physiol, Lond., 181, 8",{},{"id":20,"text":347,"url":20,"identifiers":348},"10.1152\u002Fjn.1975.38.1.33",{"doi":347},{"id":20,"text":350,"url":20,"identifiers":351},"T osney T. & H oyle G. 1977 C om puter-controlled learning in a sim ple sy stem . Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 195. 3 6 5 -3 9 3 .",{},{"id":20,"text":353,"url":20,"identifiers":354},"1966, Central n ervous m echan ism s for th e gen eration o f rh yth m ic b eh avior in arthropods. Sym p. Soc. exp, Biol., 20, 199",{},{"id":356,"createTime":357,"updateTime":357,"relativeEntities":358,"slug":359,"properties":360,"entityType":86,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":357,"verifyNote":373,"languages":374,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":375,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":376,"publicationType":110,"publisherRelationship":386,"citationCount":408,"citationInfo":409,"publishDate":413,"publishYear":410,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":414,"openAccess":20,"references":415,"isForceReanalyzing":212},"bf917bc4-eece-4fc4-902f-c9987d184597","2025-02-09T20:38:23.017+00:00",[],"Breeding-habits-of-Windermere-charr-i-Salvelinus-willughbii-i-G%C3%BCnther-and-their-bearing-on-speciation-of-these-fish",{"openalex":361,"mag":363,"abstract":365,"title":367,"pm":369,"doi":371},{"VOID":362},"W2151389583",{"VOID":364},"2151389583",{"EN":366},"\u003Cjats:p>\n            In Windermere charr, Salvelinus willughbii, are either (1) autumn spawners, main breeding period November, most spawning on the lake shore, in shallow water, some in the main inflowing stream; or (2) spring spawners, main breeding period February-March, spawning in the lake only and in deep water. The comparison of these two is mainly based on the autumn spawners netted on the lake spawning grounds at Low Wray Bay and Bed Nab, and on a river spawning ground in Brathay, at Purdom’s Dub, and on the spring spawners netted on the spawning ground at Holbeck Point. Information on their breeding habits was obtained by rearing fish in hatchery ponds and on their spawning behaviour by observation in the field and in aquaria. This paper, which deals with the breeding habits of the two types of spawners and the implications arising from them, is divided into two parts, with the Discussion in between. Part I describes the breeding habits of the autumn and spring spawners and shows how these separate the two types from each other. It is concerned with the question of whether these autumn and spring spawners so isolated represent distinct populations. (There is a note on the charr from other English Lake District waters.) The Discussion comes at the end of Part I. Part II gives further details of breeding habits of autumn and spring spawners and describes early stages in the life history of the charr. Aspects of the reproductive life of autumn and spring spawners are compared between themselves and also with other Salmonidae. Some of the information given expands that mentioned in Part I. Part I The difference in spawning times of autumn and spring spawners cannot be explained by reference to the light penetration and temperature conditions during the spawning periods, but day-length may be a factor associated with spawning time. Although the spawning places of autumn and spring spawners differ markedly in depth, both are characterized by a stony substratum, an essential feature of the breeding site. Autumn and spring spawners tagged on their breeding grounds were all recovered in subsequent seasons on their previous breeding grounds. Furthermore among autumn spawners the consistent return to a\n            \u003Cjats:italic>particular\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            spawning place (tested by displacement experiments) further emphasizes the constancy of the spawning habits of individual Windermere charr. Thus Windermere charr ‘home' in the sense of repeatedly returning to the same place to spawn and to this extent autumn and spring spawners keep separate. There is some indirect evidence, from experimental planting of eggs and fry, that spawners home in the sense of returning to spawn in their natal stream. Of characteristics in which autumn and spring spawners differ two are of particular significance: the pattern of early scale growth and the mean number of gill rakers. The difference in the pattern of scale growth and in the number of gill rakers may be associated with environmental conditions but they are good evidence that autumn spawners breed autumn spawners and spring spawners breed spring spawners. Thus it is highly probable that there are two distinct self-perpetuating populations of charr in Windermere: the distinction may be imposed on each generation or be genetical. Evidence from rearing experiments in hatchery ponds shows that the time of spawning is not genetically fixed and there is no barrier to cross-fertilization. Experiments on homing (return of the adult to spawn in the natal stream) suggest that the difference in spawning sites of autumn and spring spawners is not genetic but that without genetical aid the two spawning populations can be kept separate. The difference in depth of autumn and spring-spawning sites is explained by the selective effect of temperature on the developing eggs. Although the possibility of some genetical difference cannot be ruled out, the evidence so far suggests that imposition and imprinting are sufficient to explain the division of Winder-mere charr into autumn and spring breeding populations. The Discussion considers other examples of situations comparable to that in Windermere in Europe and in the British Isles in view of which the taxonomic status of the Windermere charr is discussed. Theories are suggested of the possible origin of the autumn and spring-populations. It is noted that in none of the other Lake District waters have two populations been found. Part II Comparative information is given on frequency of return of spawners to the breeding ground, time spent there, proportions of the sexes, estimated number of spawners and estimated survival rates. The spawning behaviour (based on observations in field and aquaria) is briefly described. Comparison of the female’s weaving (undulating) and cutting actions with similar activities in the genus Salmo leads to the suggestion that in\n            \u003Cjats:italic>Salvelinus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            weaving is replacing the cutting-to-cover activity of\n            \u003Cjats:italic>Salmo\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            and that cutting of any kind is becoming vestigial in\n            \u003Cjats:italic>Salvelinus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            . On the evidence from rearing and field observation, the eggs of autumn spawners hatch about the first week in March and those of spring spawners about the first week in May. Therefore the former have 2 months longer growing time which may account for their being larger than the spring-spawned fish at the end of their first year of life. It also seems likely that there is an association between the hatching of eggs in May and the habit of spawning-in deep water. Observations on alevins and fry indicate that the latter are not territorial. Predation, which is on both adult charr and their eggs, is much greater on the autumn than on the spring spawners.\n          \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":368},"Breeding habits of Windermere charr,\n            \u003Ci>Salvelinus willughbii\u003C\u002Fi>\n            (Günther), and their bearing on speciation of these fish",{"VOID":370},"4378483",{"VOID":372},"10.1098\u002Frspb.1965.0070","Author affiliation is blank",[90],"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.1965.0070",[377],{"id":378,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":379,"affiliations":380,"properties":381,"displayName":383,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"e4c3a62c-67b6-4623-9fe4-3404056cef52",[],[],{"title":382,"openalex":384},{"EN":383},"W E Frost",{"VOID":385},"A5040386792",{"url":20,"publisher":387,"properties":401},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":388,"slug":10,"properties":389,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":393,"manageAffiliations":394,"indexDatabases":395,"url":20,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":396,"gsStatistic":20,"type":20,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":390,"title":391,"eissn":392},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},{"VOID":17},[],[],[],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":397,"i10Index":27,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":27,"totalPublicationByYear":398,"totalCitation":33,"totalCitationByYear":399,"totalCitationPerPublication":53,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":400,"hindexLast5Year":62,"hindex":62},{},{"1957":29,"1958":29,"1960":29,"1964":29,"1968":30,"1969":29,"1971":30,"1972":30,"1977":29,"1979":29,"1980":30,"1981":29,"1982":29,"1984":30,"1985":29,"1986":31,"1987":29,"1988":29,"1989":32},{"1957":35,"1958":36,"1960":37,"1964":38,"1968":39,"1969":40,"1971":41,"1972":40,"1977":42,"1979":43,"1980":44,"1981":45,"1982":46,"1984":47,"1985":48,"1986":49,"1987":50,"1988":51,"1989":52},{"1957":35,"1958":36,"1960":37,"1964":38,"1968":55,"1969":40,"1971":56,"1972":57,"1977":42,"1979":43,"1980":58,"1981":45,"1982":46,"1984":59,"1985":48,"1986":60,"1987":50,"1988":51,"1989":61},{"issue":402,"pages":404,"volume":406},{"VOID":403},"991",{"VOID":405},"232-284",{"VOID":407},"163",117,{"total":408,"publishYear":410,"statisticByYear":411},1965,{"2012":412,"2013":31,"2014":32,"2015":30,"2016":30,"2017":29,"2018":30,"2019":31,"2022":30,"2023":29,"2024":30},7,"1965-10-12",[],[416,419,422,425,428,431,434,437,440,444,447,451,454,458,462,466,470,474,478,482,486,489,493,496,500,503,507,511,514,518,521,524,527,530,533,536,540,544,547,551,554,557,560,563,566,569,572,576,580],{"id":20,"text":417,"url":20,"identifiers":418},"Aim G. 1951 The tagging of char ( F r e s h w . R e s . D r o t t n i n g h o l m 32 17-31. Salmoalpinus Linne) in Lake Vattern. R e p . I n s t .",{},{"id":20,"text":420,"url":20,"identifiers":421},"Andre E. 1922 Les omblieres du Leman. B u l l . S o c . v a u d . S e i. n a t . 54 273-284.",{},{"id":20,"text":423,"url":20,"identifiers":424},"Blaxter J. H . S. 1958 Racial problem in herring from the viewpoint of recent physiological evolutionary and genetical theory. R a p p . C o n s . M e r 143 (2) 10-19.",{},{"id":20,"text":426,"url":20,"identifiers":427},"Fabricius E. 1950 Heterogeneous stimulus summation in the release of spawning activities in fish. R e p . I n s t . F r e s h w . R e s . D r o t t n i n g h o l m 31 57-99.",{},{"id":20,"text":429,"url":20,"identifiers":430},"Fabricius E. 1953 Aquarium observations on the spawning behaviour of the char S a Im o a l p i n u s . R e p . I n s t . F r e s h w . R e s . D r o t t n i n g h o l m 34 14-48.",{},{"id":20,"text":432,"url":20,"identifiers":433},"Fabricius E. & Gustafson K .-J. 1954 Further aquarium observations on the spawning behaviour of the char S a Im o a l p i n u s L. R e p . I n s t . F r e s h w . R e s . D r o t t n i n g h o l m 35 58-104.",{},{"id":20,"text":435,"url":20,"identifiers":436},"Fleming D. 1671 A d e s c r i p t i o n o f W e s t m o r e l a n d . Edited by Sir G. F. Duckett in 1882 for Cumbs and Westland Antiq. and Archaeological Soc. from the original MSS. in the Bodleian Library. London: Quaritch.",{},{"id":20,"text":438,"url":20,"identifiers":439},"Fridriksson A. 1939 Um mortuna i pingvallavatni med hlihsjon of odrum silung i vatninu. (On the murta in Thingvellir lake in relation to the char and trout in that lake.) N d t t u r u - f r o s d i n g u r i n n 1939 p. 36.",{},{"id":20,"text":441,"url":20,"identifiers":442},"Frost W. E. 1951 Some observations on the biology of the char S a IV e l in u s w i l l u g h b i i Gunther of Windermere. V e r h . i n t . V e r . L i m n o l . 9 105-110.",{"doi":443},"10.1080\u002F03680770.1950.11895216",{"id":20,"text":445,"url":20,"identifiers":446},"Frost W. E. 1952 Predators on the eggs of char in Windermere. S a Im . T r o u t M a g . 136 193-197.",{},{"id":20,"text":448,"url":20,"identifiers":449},"Frost W. E. 1954 The food of pike E s o x l u c i u s L. in Windermere. A n i m . E c o l . 23 339-360.",{"doi":450},"10.2307\u002F1985",{"id":20,"text":452,"url":20,"identifiers":453},"Frost W. E. 1955 An historical account of the char in Windermere. S a Im . T r o u t M a g . 143 15-24.",{},{"id":20,"text":455,"url":20,"identifiers":456},"Frost W. E. 1963 The homing behaviour of the charr S a IV e l in u s w i l l u g h b i i (Gunther) in Windermere. A n i m . B e h a v . 11 74-82.",{"doi":457},"10.1016\u002F0003-3472(63)90013-7",{"id":20,"text":459,"url":20,"identifiers":460},"Greeley J. R. 1932 The spawning habits of brook- brown- and rainbow trout and the problem of egg predators. T r a n s . A m e r . F i s h . S o c . 62 239-248.",{"doi":461},"10.1577\u002F1548-8659(1932)62[239:TSHOBB]2.0.CO;2",{"id":20,"text":463,"url":20,"identifiers":464},"Gunther A. 1862 Contribution to the knowledge of the British charrs. pp. 37-54.",{"doi":465},"10.1111\u002Fj.1469-7998.1862.tb06457.x",{"id":20,"text":467,"url":20,"identifiers":468},"Haempel O. 1924 Studien au seesaibling mehrerer osterreichischer Alpenseen. V e r h . i n t . V e r . L i m n o l . 2 129-134.",{"doi":469},"10.1080\u002F03680770.1924.11898302",{"id":20,"text":471,"url":20,"identifiers":472},"Hazzard A. S. 1932 Some phases of the life history of the Eastern Brook Trout S a IV e l in u s f o n t i n a l i s Mitchill. T r a n s . A m e r . F i s h . S o c . 62 344-350.",{"doi":473},"10.1577\u002F1548-8659(1932)62[344:SPOTLH]2.0.CO;2",{"id":20,"text":475,"url":20,"identifiers":476},"Hoover E. E. & Hubbard H. E. 1937 Modification of the sexual cycle in trout by control of light. C o p e ia pp. 206-210.",{"doi":477},"10.2307\u002F1436255",{"id":20,"text":479,"url":20,"identifiers":480},"Jones J. W. & Ball J. N. 1954 The spawning behaviour of brown trout and salmon. B r i t . J . A n i m . B e h a v . 2 103-114.",{"doi":481},"10.1016\u002FS0950-5601(54)80046-3",{"id":20,"text":483,"url":20,"identifiers":484},"Le Cren E. D. 1954 A subcutaneous tag for fish. J . C o n s . i n t . E x p l o r . M e r 20 72-82.",{"doi":485},"10.1093\u002Ficesjms\u002F20.1.72",{"id":20,"text":487,"url":20,"identifiers":488},"Le Cren E. D. & Kipling C. 1963 Some marking experiments on spawning populations of char. I n t . C o m m . N A V . A t l a n t i c F i s h . Special publ. no. 4 130-139.",{},{"id":20,"text":490,"url":20,"identifiers":491},"Loftus K. H. 1958 Studies on river-spawning populations of lake trout in Eastern Lake Superior. T r a n s . A m e r . F i s h . S o c . 87 259-277.",{"doi":492},"10.1577\u002F1548-8659(1957)87[259:SORPOL]2.0.CO;2",{"id":20,"text":494,"url":20,"identifiers":495},"Miiar A. 1949 Fertility of char ( R e p . I n s t . F r e s h w . R e s . D r o t t n i n g h o l m 29 57-70. S a l m o a l p i n u s L.) in the Faxalven water system Sweden.",{},{"id":20,"text":497,"url":20,"identifiers":498},"Martin N. V. 1957 Reproduction of lake trout in Algonquin Park Ontario. T r a n s . A m e r . F i s h . S o c . 86 231-244. 1956.",{"doi":499},"10.1577\u002F1548-8659(1956)86[231:ROLTIA]2.0.CO;2",{"id":20,"text":501,"url":20,"identifiers":502},"Mayr E. 1942 S y s t e m a t ic s a n d th e o r i g i n o f s p e c ie s . New York: Columbia University Press.",{},{"id":20,"text":504,"url":20,"identifiers":505},"Merlo S. 1954 Esame biometrico comparativo del S a Im o a riproduzione estiva e invernale. B o l l . Z o o l. 21 fasc. 2.",{"doi":506},"10.1080\u002F11250005409438167",{"id":20,"text":508,"url":20,"identifiers":509},"Merlo S. 1955 Accrescimento e ciclo vitale del S a Im o c a r p io del Garda. B o l l . Z o o l. 22 fase. 2.",{"doi":510},"10.1080\u002F11250005509439205",{"id":20,"text":512,"url":20,"identifiers":513},"Needham P. R. 1961 Observations on the natural spawning of eastern brook trout. C a l i f . F i s h G a m e 47 27-40.",{},{"id":20,"text":515,"url":20,"identifiers":516},"Needham P. R. & Vaughan T. M. 1952 Spawning of the Dolly Varden S a l v e l i n u s m a Im a in Twin Creek Idaho. C o p e ia no. 3 197-199.",{"doi":517},"10.2307\u002F1439724",{"id":20,"text":519,"url":20,"identifiers":520},"Neresheimer E. 1937 Die Lachsartigen (Salmonidae). I. Teil. H a n d b . B i n n e n f i s c h . e u r o p . 3 lief 5 219-370.",{},{"id":20,"text":522,"url":20,"identifiers":523},"Pennant T. 1769 B r i t i s h z o o lo g y . 3. Chester.",{},{"id":20,"text":525,"url":20,"identifiers":526},"Regan C. T. 1911 T h e f r e s h w a t e r f is h e s o f th e B r i t i s h I s le s . London: Methuen.",{},{"id":20,"text":528,"url":20,"identifiers":529},"Regan C. T. 1932 G u id e to th e f r e s h w a t e r f is h e s e x h ib it e d i n th e d e p a r t m e n t o f z o o lo g y B r i t i s h M u s e u m ( N a t u r a l H i s t o r y ) 2nd ed. pp. 1-40. London: Brit. Museum N at. History.",{},{"id":20,"text":531,"url":20,"identifiers":532},"Royce W. F., 1951, Breeding habits of the lake trout in New York. F i s h . B u l l . U, S ., 59, 59",{},{"id":20,"text":534,"url":20,"identifiers":535},"Schindler O. 1957 F r e s h w a t e r f is h e s . London: Thames and Hudson. Open air guides. (Translated from original German edition `Unsere susswasserfische'.)",{},{"id":20,"text":537,"url":20,"identifiers":538},"Smith O. R. 1941 The spawning habits of cutthroat and eastern brook trouts. J . W i l d l i f e M g m t 5 461-471.",{"doi":539},"10.2307\u002F3795692",{"id":20,"text":541,"url":20,"identifiers":542},"Stankovic S. 1955 Sur la speciation dans le lac D 'Ohrid. V e r h . i n t . V e r . L i m n o l . 12 478-506.",{"doi":543},"10.1080\u002F03680770.1950.11895323",{"id":20,"text":545,"url":20,"identifiers":546},"Steinbock O. 1949a Der Schwarzsee ob Solden im Otzal. V e r o j f . M u s . F e r d i n a n d . 26\u002F29 117-146.",{},{"id":20,"text":548,"url":20,"identifiers":549},"Steinbock O. 1949 b Der Schwarzsee m.u.M. ob Solden Otzal der hochste fischsee der Alpen. V e r h . i n t . V e r . L i m n o l . 10 442-450.",{"doi":550},"10.1080\u002F03680770.1948.11895179",{"id":20,"text":552,"url":20,"identifiers":553},"Svardson G. 1945 Chromosome studies of Salmonidae. M e d d . U n d e r s o k n A n s t . f i s k . S t o c k h . 23 1-151.",{},{"id":20,"text":555,"url":20,"identifiers":556},"Svardson G. 1949 The coregonid problem. I. Some general aspects of the problem. R e p . I n s t . F r e s h w . R e s . D r o t t n i n g h o l m 2 9 89-101.",{},{"id":20,"text":558,"url":20,"identifiers":559},"Svardson G. 1950 The coregonid problem. II. Morphology of two coregonid species in different environments. R e p . I n s t . F r e s h w . R e s . D r o t t n i n g h o l m 31 151-162.",{},{"id":20,"text":561,"url":20,"identifiers":562},"Svardson G. 1951 The coregonid problem. III. Whitefish from the Baltic successfully introduced into freshwaters in the north of Sweden. R e p . I n s t . F r e s h w . R e s . D r o t t n i n g - h o l m 3 2 79-125.",{},{"id":20,"text":564,"url":20,"identifiers":565},"Svardson G. 1952 The coregonid problem. IV. The significance of scales and gill rakers. R e p . I n s t . F r e s h w . R e s . D r o t t n i n g h o l m 33 204-232.",{},{"id":20,"text":567,"url":20,"identifiers":568},"Svardson G. 1953 The coregonid problem. V. Sympatric whitefish species of the lakes Idsjon Storsjon and Hornavan. R e p . I n s t . F r e s h w . R e s . D r o t t n i n g h o l m 34 141-146.",{},{"id":20,"text":570,"url":20,"identifiers":571},"Svardson G. 1957 The coregonid problem. VI. The palearctic species and their intergrades. R e p . I n s t . F r e s h w . R e s . D r o t t n i n g h o l m 38 267-356.",{},{"id":20,"text":573,"url":20,"identifiers":574},"Swift D. R. 1965 Effect of temperature on mortality and rate of development of the eggs of the Windermere char S a IV e l in u s a l p i n u s . J . F i s h . R e s . B d C a n . 2 2 (4) 913-917.",{"doi":575},"10.1139\u002Ff65-086",{"id":20,"text":577,"url":20,"identifiers":578},"Webster D. A. 1962 Artificial spawning facilities for brook trout S a l v e l i T r a n s . A m e r . F i s h . S o c . 91 168-174.",{"doi":579},"10.1577\u002F1548-8659(1962)91[168:ASFFBT]2.0.CO;2",{"id":20,"text":581,"url":20,"identifiers":582},"Willughby F. 1686 D e H i s t o r i a P i s c i u m . Oxford: The Royal Society. E Theatro Sheldoniano.",{},{"id":584,"createTime":585,"updateTime":585,"relativeEntities":586,"slug":587,"properties":588,"entityType":86,"verifyStatus":87,"verifyTime":585,"verifyNote":88,"languages":599,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":600,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":601,"publicationType":110,"publisherRelationship":619,"citationCount":641,"citationInfo":642,"publishDate":645,"publishYear":643,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":646,"openAccess":20,"references":647,"isForceReanalyzing":212},"00e40f4d-ee37-4ac0-b92b-f4e3653906a7","2025-01-27T04:42:20.152+00:00",[],"The-fate-of-haemoglobin-in-i-Rhodnius-prolixus-i-Hemiptera-and-other-blood-sucking-arthropods",{"openalex":589,"mag":591,"abstract":593,"title":595,"doi":597},{"VOID":590},"W2170001572",{"VOID":592},"2170001572",{"EN":594},"\u003Cjats:p>\n            In\n            \u003Cjats:italic>Rhodnius\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            most of the haemoglobin ingested is broken down in the lumen of the gut to protohaematin which is excreted unchanged. But a small amount is absorbed and circulates in the haemolymph as kathaemoglobin (parahaematin). This is taken up by the salivary glands where it appears as a cherry-red pigment with properties similar to haemalbumin. Blood pigment is also transferred to the yolk of the eggs and becomes concentrated in the stomach of the newly hatched nymph as a bright red fluid (parahaematin). In the next few days most of this is digested in the gut to give protohaematin; some is transferred to the salivary glands to give rise to their usual pigment.\n          \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":596},"The fate of haemoglobin in\n            \u003Ci>Rhodnius prolixus\u003C\u002Fi>\n            (Hemiptera) and other blood-sucking arthropods",{"VOID":598},"10.1098\u002Frspb.1943.0010",[90],"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.1943.0010",[602],{"id":603,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":604,"affiliations":605,"properties":614,"displayName":616,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"a5e1dc16-d212-485d-83b3-fb729e269b42",[],[606],{"id":607,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":608,"properties":20},"0f0cce4a-22fe-4b26-b8c1-71747422561c",{"id":607,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":609,"slug":20,"properties":610,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":613,"statistic":20},[],{"title":611},{"EN":612},"Google Scholar  Find this author on PubMed",[],{"title":615,"openalex":617},{"EN":616},"V. B. 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A. 1941 Quart.",{},{"id":20,"text":652,"url":20,"identifiers":653},"B arkan G. & Schales O. 1938 H oppe-Seyl.",{},{"id":20,"text":655,"url":20,"identifiers":656},"B rindley M. D. H . 1929 Trans. E n t. Soc. Lond. p. 5.",{},{"id":20,"text":658,"url":20,"identifiers":659},"1910, A n n . Sci. N a t. ( J . M icr, Sci., 82, 91",{},{"id":661,"createTime":662,"updateTime":662,"relativeEntities":663,"slug":664,"properties":665,"entityType":86,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":662,"verifyNote":373,"languages":678,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":679,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":680,"publicationType":110,"publisherRelationship":720,"citationCount":742,"citationInfo":743,"publishDate":746,"publishYear":744,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":747,"openAccess":20,"references":748,"isForceReanalyzing":212},"2cd5e741-dba4-4fcd-964a-b1c602f70ccf","2025-01-05T09:07:31.611+00:00",[],"Fatty-acid-modifies-Ca-sup-2-sup-dependent-potassium-channel-activity-in-smooth-muscle-cells-from-the-human-aorta",{"openalex":666,"mag":668,"abstract":670,"title":672,"pm":674,"doi":676},{"VOID":667},"W1991264393",{"VOID":669},"1991264393",{"EN":671},"\u003Cjats:p>\n            By using the patch–clamp technique the effect of 2-decenoic acid (DA) on Ca\n            \u003Cjats:sup>2+\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>\n            -activated potassium (K\n            \u003Cjats:sup>+\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>\n            ) channels in the membrane of smooth muscle cells from the human aorta was studied. In the presence of 0.5 μM Ca\n            \u003Cjats:sup>2+\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>\n            and 2 mM Mg\n            \u003Cjats:sup>2+\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>\n            on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, a more than tenfold elevation in the probability of the channels being open (\n            \u003Cjats:italic>p\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            \u003Cjats:sub>o\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>\n            ) was observed under the effect of DA. With divalent cation concentrations of less than 1 nM DA caused a more than twofold elevation in\n            \u003Cjats:italic>p\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            \u003Cjats:sub>o\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>\n            . In the DA-treated membranes Mg\n            \u003Cjats:sup>2+\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>\n            ions, which normally fail to activate the channels, brought about a nearly threefold increase in the channel activity when applied to the inner membrane surface. Channel sensitivity to the activating effect of cytoplasmic Ca\n            \u003Cjats:sup>2+\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>\n            ions did not increase with the application of DA. Single-channel conductance was unchanged by DA exposure. We suggest that DA alters the Ca\n            \u003Cjats:sup>2+\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>\n            -binding mechanism of the channel, increasing its sensitivity to Mg\n            \u003Cjats:sup>2+\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>\n            ions, presumably owing to membrane fluidization.\n          \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":673},"Fatty acid modifies Ca\n            \u003Csup>2+\u003C\u002Fsup>\n            -dependent potassium channel activity in smooth muscle cells from the human aorta",{"VOID":675},"2571153",{"VOID":677},"10.1098\u002Frspb.1989.0048",[90],"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.1989.0048",[681,700,711],{"id":682,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":683,"affiliations":684,"properties":693,"displayName":697,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"9c660050-9d30-4e94-b53e-384b6d00ecb1",[],[685],{"id":686,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":687,"properties":20},"001fe644-1464-4b49-bcb0-3f4b9c4db067",{"id":686,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":688,"slug":20,"properties":689,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":692,"statistic":20},[],{"title":690},{"EN":691},"Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R.",[],{"orcid":694,"title":696,"openalex":698},{"VOID":695},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-2699-7825",{"EN":697},"Pìotr Bregestovski",{"VOID":699},"A5071240109",{"id":701,"sortIndex":29,"researcher":20,"roles":702,"affiliations":703,"properties":704,"displayName":708,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"ab52858c-1280-44ae-ae61-814d9564db81",[],[],{"orcid":705,"title":707,"openalex":709},{"VOID":706},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0001-5862-181X",{"EN":708},"Victoria M. Bolotina",{"VOID":710},"A5012643947",{"id":712,"sortIndex":30,"researcher":20,"roles":713,"affiliations":714,"properties":715,"displayName":717,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"85a3f80e-f010-4811-9e83-96b293441954",[],[],{"title":716,"openalex":718},{"EN":717},"V. N. Serebryakov",{"VOID":719},"A5018963177",{"url":20,"publisher":721,"properties":735},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":722,"slug":10,"properties":723,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":727,"manageAffiliations":728,"indexDatabases":729,"url":20,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":730,"gsStatistic":20,"type":20,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":724,"title":725,"eissn":726},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},{"VOID":17},[],[],[],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":731,"i10Index":27,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":27,"totalPublicationByYear":732,"totalCitation":33,"totalCitationByYear":733,"totalCitationPerPublication":53,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":734,"hindexLast5Year":62,"hindex":62},{},{"1957":29,"1958":29,"1960":29,"1964":29,"1968":30,"1969":29,"1971":30,"1972":30,"1977":29,"1979":29,"1980":30,"1981":29,"1982":29,"1984":30,"1985":29,"1986":31,"1987":29,"1988":29,"1989":32},{"1957":35,"1958":36,"1960":37,"1964":38,"1968":39,"1969":40,"1971":41,"1972":40,"1977":42,"1979":43,"1980":44,"1981":45,"1982":46,"1984":47,"1985":48,"1986":49,"1987":50,"1988":51,"1989":52},{"1957":35,"1958":36,"1960":37,"1964":38,"1968":55,"1969":40,"1971":56,"1972":57,"1977":42,"1979":43,"1980":58,"1981":45,"1982":46,"1984":59,"1985":48,"1986":60,"1987":50,"1988":51,"1989":61},{"issue":736,"pages":738,"volume":740},{"VOID":737},"1288",{"VOID":739},"259-266",{"VOID":741},"237",35,{"total":742,"publishYear":744,"statisticByYear":745},1989,{"2012":29,"2016":29,"2017":29},"1989-08-22",[],[749,752,755,758,761,764,767,770,774,777,780,783,786,789,792,795,798,801,804,807],{"id":20,"text":750,"url":20,"identifiers":751},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1982.sp014370",{"doi":750},{"id":20,"text":753,"url":20,"identifiers":754},"10.1007\u002FBF00581222",{"doi":753},{"id":20,"text":756,"url":20,"identifiers":757},"Bregestovski P. D., 1986, Action of quinine on Ca 2+- activated K+channels in smooth muscle cell membrane of human aorta. (In Russian.), Biol. Membr., 3, 601",{},{"id":20,"text":759,"url":20,"identifiers":760},"Bregestovski P. D., 1985, Calcium-activated potassium channel with high conductance in cultured smooth muscle cells membrane of human aorta. (In Russian.), Biol. Membr., 2, 487",{},{"id":20,"text":762,"url":20,"identifiers":763},"10.1007\u002FBF00220611",{"doi":762},{"id":20,"text":765,"url":20,"identifiers":766},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.78.11.7195",{"doi":765},{"id":20,"text":768,"url":20,"identifiers":769},"10.1007\u002FBF00656997",{"doi":768},{"id":20,"text":771,"url":20,"identifiers":772},"Harris A. R. 1984 Differential effects of membrane perturbants on voltage-activated sodium and calcium channels and calcium-dependent potassium channels. J. 45 132-134.",{"doi":773},"10.1016\u002FS0006-3495(84)84137-5",{"id":20,"text":775,"url":20,"identifiers":776},"10.1021\u002Fbi00333a009",{"doi":775},{"id":20,"text":778,"url":20,"identifiers":779},"10.1007\u002FBF00582558",{"doi":778},{"id":20,"text":781,"url":20,"identifiers":782},"10.1016\u002F0300-9629(87)90007-7",{"doi":781},{"id":20,"text":784,"url":20,"identifiers":785},"10.1038\u002F305228a0",{"doi":784},{"id":20,"text":787,"url":20,"identifiers":788},"Moczydlowski E., 1983, Gating kinetics of Ca 2+-activated K + channels from rat muscle incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. J. gen, Physiol., 82, 511",{},{"id":20,"text":790,"url":20,"identifiers":791},"Pallotta B., 1985, Y-Bromacetamide removes a calcium-dependent component of channel opening from calcium-activated potassium channels in rat skeletal muscle. J. gen, Physiol., 86, 601",{},{"id":20,"text":793,"url":20,"identifiers":794},"10.1083\u002Fjcb.95.1.189",{"doi":793},{"id":20,"text":796,"url":20,"identifiers":797},"Stubbs C. D., 1983, Membrane fluidity: structure and dynamics of membrane lipids, Ess. Biochem., 19, 1",{},{"id":20,"text":799,"url":20,"identifiers":800},"Takenaka T., 1986, The correlation between the lateral motion of membrane lipids and nerve membrane excitability, Biomedical Res., 7, 49",{},{"id":20,"text":802,"url":20,"identifiers":803},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.81.2.611",{"doi":802},{"id":20,"text":805,"url":20,"identifiers":806},"10.1016\u002FS0006-3495(82)84522-0",{"doi":805},{"id":20,"text":808,"url":20,"identifiers":809},"Yguerabide J. & Yguerabide E. 1985 Role of membrane fluidity in the expression of biological functions. In The enzymes of biological membranes (ed. A. N. Martonosi) vol. 4 pp. 393-419. New York and London: Plenum Press.",{"doi":810},"10.1007\u002F978-1-4684-4598-5_12",{"id":812,"createTime":813,"updateTime":813,"relativeEntities":814,"slug":815,"properties":816,"entityType":86,"verifyStatus":87,"verifyTime":813,"verifyNote":88,"languages":829,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":830,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":831,"publicationType":110,"publisherRelationship":868,"citationCount":890,"citationInfo":891,"publishDate":893,"publishYear":744,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":894,"openAccess":20,"references":895,"isForceReanalyzing":212},"8dc8e6f3-f60a-41c6-9b93-87b757d30d5e","2024-12-27T20:54:06.906+00:00",[],"Role-of-excitatory-amino-acid-receptors-in-synaptic-transmission-in-area-CA1-of-rat-hippocampus",{"openalex":817,"mag":819,"abstract":821,"title":823,"pm":825,"doi":827},{"VOID":818},"W2103674001",{"VOID":820},"2103674001",{"EN":822},"\u003Cjats:p>\n            The new antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), which blocks responses to kainate and quisqualate, has been used in conjunction with D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), which blocks selectively responses to\n            \u003Cjats:italic>N\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), to determine the role of excitatory amino acid receptors in synaptic transmission. An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) – inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) sequence was evoked in CA1 neurons by stimulation of the Schaffer collateral–commissural pathway in rat hippocampal slices. CNQX (10 μm) substantially reduced the EPSP without having any effect on input resistance or membrane potential. The IPSP was also reduced provided that the stimulating electrode was place approximately 1 mm from the recording electrode. The EPSP that remained in the presence of CNQX had characteristics of an NMDA receptor-mediated potential; it had a slow timecourse, summated at high frequencies, was blocked reversibly by APV, increased greatly in size in Mg\n            \u003Cjats:sup>2+\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>\n            -free medium. and showed an anomalous voltage dependence in Mg\n            \u003Cjats:sup>2+\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>\n            -containing medium. In the presence of CNQX, an APV-sensitive polysynaptic GABAergic IPSP could be evoked, indicating that NMDA receptors can mediate suprathreshold EPSPS in inhibitory interneurons. It is suggested that either NMDA or non-NMDA receptors can, under different circumstances, mediate the synaptic excitation of pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons in area CA1 of the hippocampus.\n          \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":824},"Role of excitatory amino acid receptors in synaptic transmission in area CA1 of rat hippocampus",{"VOID":826},"2567518",{"VOID":828},"10.1098\u002Frspb.1989.0028",[90],"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.1989.0028",[832,849],{"id":833,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":834,"affiliations":835,"properties":844,"displayName":846,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"1cdeb667-53d9-4d80-ac16-80ff28303793",[],[836],{"id":837,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":838,"properties":20},"87e22ab0-bb82-472f-af56-8369e0aceb26",{"id":837,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":839,"slug":20,"properties":840,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":843,"statistic":20},[],{"title":841},{"EN":842},"Department of Pharmacology, University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, U.K.",[],{"title":845,"openalex":847},{"EN":846},"S.N. Davies",{"VOID":848},"A5109333685",{"id":850,"sortIndex":29,"researcher":20,"roles":851,"affiliations":852,"properties":861,"displayName":865,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"f2f29cde-9f51-4f4b-b9e1-0da2264c9c68",[],[853],{"id":854,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":855,"properties":20},"5bc83c09-8069-436d-a44a-260d130a3550",{"id":854,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":856,"slug":20,"properties":857,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":860,"statistic":20},[],{"title":858},{"EN":859},"Department of Pharmacology, University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD,U.K.",[],{"orcid":862,"title":864,"openalex":866},{"VOID":863},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-9572-5359",{"EN":865},"Graham L. Collingridge",{"VOID":867},"A5011841451",{"url":20,"publisher":869,"properties":883},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":870,"slug":10,"properties":871,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":875,"manageAffiliations":876,"indexDatabases":877,"url":20,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":878,"gsStatistic":20,"type":20,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":872,"title":873,"eissn":874},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},{"VOID":17},[],[],[],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":879,"i10Index":27,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":27,"totalPublicationByYear":880,"totalCitation":33,"totalCitationByYear":881,"totalCitationPerPublication":53,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":882,"hindexLast5Year":62,"hindex":62},{},{"1957":29,"1958":29,"1960":29,"1964":29,"1968":30,"1969":29,"1971":30,"1972":30,"1977":29,"1979":29,"1980":30,"1981":29,"1982":29,"1984":30,"1985":29,"1986":31,"1987":29,"1988":29,"1989":32},{"1957":35,"1958":36,"1960":37,"1964":38,"1968":39,"1969":40,"1971":41,"1972":40,"1977":42,"1979":43,"1980":44,"1981":45,"1982":46,"1984":47,"1985":48,"1986":49,"1987":50,"1988":51,"1989":52},{"1957":35,"1958":36,"1960":37,"1964":38,"1968":55,"1969":40,"1971":56,"1972":57,"1977":42,"1979":43,"1980":58,"1981":45,"1982":46,"1984":59,"1985":48,"1986":60,"1987":50,"1988":51,"1989":61},{"issue":884,"pages":886,"volume":888},{"VOID":885},"1285",{"VOID":887},"373-384",{"VOID":889},"236",113,{"total":890,"publishYear":744,"statisticByYear":892},{"2012":32,"2013":29,"2014":30,"2015":29,"2016":29,"2018":29,"2019":29,"2020":29,"2021":30,"2023":30},"1989-05-22",[],[896,899,902,905,908,911,914,917,920,923,926,929,932,935,938,941,944,947,950,953,956,959,962],{"id":20,"text":897,"url":20,"identifiers":898},"Andreasen M., 1988, Direct demonstration of an NMDA-receptor mediated component of excitatory synaptic transmission in rat hippocampus. Neurosci, Lett., 93, 61",{},{"id":20,"text":900,"url":20,"identifiers":901},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1980.sp013443",{"doi":900},{"id":20,"text":903,"url":20,"identifiers":904},"Blake J. F., 1988, CNQX blocks acidic amino acid induced depolarizations and synaptic components mediated by non-NMDA receptors in rat hippocampal slices. Neurosci, Lett., 89, 182",{},{"id":20,"text":906,"url":20,"identifiers":907},"Collingridge G. L., 1988, a Actions of APV and CNQX on synaptic transmission in the Schaffer-collateral commissural pathway of the rat hippocampus. J . Physiol, Lond., 334, 33",{},{"id":20,"text":909,"url":20,"identifiers":910},"Collingridge G. L. & Davies S. N. 1988 Synaptic transmission following blockade of non-NMDA type excitatory amino acid receptors in rat hippocampus in vitro. J . Physiol. Lond. 406. 9 P.",{},{"id":20,"text":912,"url":20,"identifiers":913},"Collingridge G. L., 1988, a Actions of APV and CNQX on synaptic responses in rat hippocampal slices, Neurol. Neurobiol., 46, 171",{},{"id":20,"text":915,"url":20,"identifiers":916},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1988.sp017080",{"doi":915},{"id":20,"text":918,"url":20,"identifiers":919},"Collingridge G. L., 1988, Frequency-dependent V-methyl-Daspartate receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in rat hippocampus. J . Physiol, Lond., 399, 301",{},{"id":20,"text":921,"url":20,"identifiers":922},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1985.sp015694",{"doi":921},{"id":20,"text":924,"url":20,"identifiers":925},"Davies J., 1981, 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (2APV), a potent and selective antagonist of amino acid-induced and synaptic excitation. Neurosci, Lett., 21, 77",{},{"id":20,"text":927,"url":20,"identifiers":928},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1986.sp016279",{"doi":927},{"id":20,"text":930,"url":20,"identifiers":931},"10.1016\u002F0306-4522(87)90352-6",{"doi":930},{"id":20,"text":933,"url":20,"identifiers":934},"Fletcher E. J., 1988, Quinoxalinediones selectively block quisqualate and kainate receptors and synaptic events in rat neocortex and hippocampus and frog spinal cord in vitro, J ., 95, 585",{},{"id":20,"text":936,"url":20,"identifiers":937},"10.1016\u002F0006-8993(83)91108-3",{"doi":936},{"id":20,"text":939,"url":20,"identifiers":940},"10.1523\u002FJNEUROSCI.06-04-00930.1986",{"doi":939},{"id":20,"text":942,"url":20,"identifiers":943},"Herron C. E., 1985, A selective Y-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist depresses epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices. Neurosci, Lett., 61, 255",{},{"id":20,"text":945,"url":20,"identifiers":946},"10.1126\u002Fscience.2899909",{"doi":945},{"id":20,"text":948,"url":20,"identifiers":949},"10.1113\u002Fjphysiol.1985.sp015633",{"doi":948},{"id":20,"text":951,"url":20,"identifiers":952},"10.1152\u002Fjn.1985.53.2.557",{"doi":951},{"id":20,"text":954,"url":20,"identifiers":955},"Neuman R. S., 1988, Blockade of excitatory synaptic transmission by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) in the hippocampus vitro. Neurosci, Lett., 92, 64",{},{"id":20,"text":957,"url":20,"identifiers":958},"10.1038\u002F307462a0",{"doi":957},{"id":20,"text":960,"url":20,"identifiers":961},"10.1016\u002F0006-8993(78)90776-X",{"doi":960},{"id":20,"text":963,"url":20,"identifiers":964},"Wigstrom H., 1988, Presynaptic and postsynaptic interactions in the control of hippocampal long-term potentiation, Neurol. Neurobiol., 35, 73",{},{"id":966,"createTime":967,"updateTime":967,"relativeEntities":968,"slug":969,"properties":970,"entityType":86,"verifyStatus":87,"verifyTime":981,"verifyNote":88,"languages":982,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":983,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":984,"publicationType":110,"publisherRelationship":1036,"citationCount":1058,"citationInfo":1059,"publishDate":1062,"publishYear":1060,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":1063,"openAccess":20,"references":1064,"isForceReanalyzing":212},"48881c9e-83fc-4999-a60c-6651cc0f48e2","2024-12-10T06:34:06.687+00:00",[],"Four-new-species-of-choanoflagellates-from-Arctic-Canada",{"openalex":971,"mag":973,"abstract":975,"title":977,"doi":979},{"VOID":972},"W1988622771",{"VOID":974},"1988622771",{"EN":976},"\u003Cjats:p>\n            By means of electron microscopy applied to wild material prepared as dry whole mounts, descriptions are given of external morphology, including lorica construction, of four new species of collared flagellates, namely:\n            \u003Cjats:italic>Pleurasiga caudata, Salpingoeca longicaudata, Parvicorbicula serrulata\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            and\n            \u003Cjats:italic>Diaphanoeca aperta\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            . Reasons are given for the choice of generic names although future changes in some generic boundaries are expected. Aspects of the ecology and geographical distributions are discussed in a preliminary way.\n          \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":978},"Four new species of choanoflagellates from Arctic Canada",{"VOID":980},"10.1098\u002Frspb.1975.0037","2024-12-10T06:34:06.686+00:00",[90],"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.1975.0037",[985,1002,1019],{"id":986,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":987,"affiliations":988,"properties":997,"displayName":999,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"af339ae1-2547-4f36-8a34-38805ea62f4d",[],[989],{"id":990,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":991,"properties":20},"71631506-958a-41c9-94a8-d3fe8483ff07",{"id":990,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":992,"slug":20,"properties":993,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":996,"statistic":20},[],{"title":994},{"VI":995},"University of Leeds, England",[],{"title":998,"openalex":1000},{"EN":999},"Irene Manton",{"VOID":1001},"A5108485215",{"id":1003,"sortIndex":29,"researcher":20,"roles":1004,"affiliations":1005,"properties":1014,"displayName":1016,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"7fdda372-3ede-4c57-8cb4-da735c3b6c29",[],[1006],{"id":1007,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1008,"properties":20},"17fd468a-27b8-4528-8a8c-28b8c7ef4d96",{"id":1007,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1009,"slug":20,"properties":1010,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1013,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1011},{"VI":1012},"Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada",[],{"title":1015,"openalex":1017},{"EN":1016},"J. 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N., 1929, Recent Researches on Choanoflagellata (Craspedomonadines) (freshwater and marine) with description of new genera and species. A nn. Soc. r. zool, Belg., 60, 49",{},{"id":20,"text":1078,"url":20,"identifiers":1079},"Hiroshi M., 1967, Ice flora (bottom type): a mechanism of primary production in polar seas and the growth of diatoms in sea ice, Arctic, 20, 114",{},{"id":20,"text":1081,"url":20,"identifiers":1082},"10.1017\u002FS0025315400018580",{"doi":1081},{"id":20,"text":1084,"url":20,"identifiers":1085},"Leadbeater B. S. C. 19726 Ultrastructural observations on some marine choanoflagellates from the Coast of Denmark. Br. phycol.J . 7 195-211.",{"doi":1086},"10.1080\u002F00071617200650211",{"id":20,"text":1088,"url":20,"identifiers":1089},"Leadbeater B. S. C., 1973, External morphology of some marine choanoflagellates from the coast of Jugoslavia, Arch. Protistenk, 115, 234",{},{"id":20,"text":1091,"url":20,"identifiers":1092},"10.1017\u002FS0025315400022153",{"doi":1091},{"id":20,"text":1094,"url":20,"identifiers":1095},"Leadbeater B. S. C. 19746 A microscopical study of the marine choanoflagellate Savillea micropora (Norris) comb.nov. and preliminary observations on lorica development in 8.micropora and Stephanoecadiplocostata. Protoplasma. (In the Press.)",{},{"id":20,"text":1097,"url":20,"identifiers":1098},"Leadbeater B. S. C. & Manton I. 1974 Preliminary observations on the chemistry and biology of the lorica in a collared flagellate (Stephanoeca diplocostata Ellis). J . mar. biol. Ass. U .K . 54 269-276.",{"doi":1099},"10.1017\u002FS0025315400058537",{"id":20,"text":1101,"url":20,"identifiers":1102},"Leadbeater B. S. C. & Morton C. 1974 A light and electron microscope study of the choanoflagellates Acanthoeca spectabilis Ellis and A . brevipoda Ellis. Arch. Microbiol. (In the Press.)",{"doi":1103},"10.1007\u002FBF02451769",{"id":20,"text":1105,"url":20,"identifiers":1106},"10.1080\u002F00785326.1973.10430116",{"doi":1105},{"id":20,"text":1108,"url":20,"identifiers":1109},"Throndsen J., 1969, Flagellates of Norwegian coastal waters. N ytt, Mag. Bot., 16, 161",{},{"id":20,"text":1111,"url":20,"identifiers":1112},"Throndsen J., 1970, Salpingoeca spinifera sp.nov., a new plankton species of the Craspedophyceae recorded in the Arctic. Br. phycol, J ., 5, 589",{},{"id":1114,"createTime":1115,"updateTime":1115,"relativeEntities":1116,"slug":1117,"properties":1118,"entityType":86,"verifyStatus":87,"verifyTime":1129,"verifyNote":88,"languages":1130,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":1131,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":1132,"publicationType":110,"publisherRelationship":1182,"citationCount":27,"citationInfo":1204,"publishDate":1207,"publishYear":1205,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":1208,"openAccess":20,"references":1209,"isForceReanalyzing":212},"6fc2fe4b-61f6-43d4-9287-6ebd417176d2","2024-12-10T06:33:43.199+00:00",[],"Problems-of-structure-and-biology-in-a-large-collared-flagellate-i-Diaphanoeca-grandis-i-Ellis-from-arctic-seas",{"openalex":1119,"mag":1121,"abstract":1123,"title":1125,"doi":1127},{"VOID":1120},"W1998123840",{"VOID":1122},"1998123840",{"EN":1124},"\u003Cjats:p>\n            On the basis of wild material processed into dry who mounts immediately following collection in two arctic localities (Hudson Bay and under sea ice in North Alaska), new insight has been obtained into lorica structure and development in\n            \u003Cjats:italic>Diaphanoeca grandis\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            (Choanoflagellata) by means of scanning electron microscopy supplementing transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy. The more important new findings include demonstration of tectiform replication and of the two-layered nature of the lorica wall, the outer layer being limited throughout to longitudinal costae only. Details of transverse costae and of the fibrillar or membranous components involved in suspension of the protoplast are also described and illustrated. Outstanding problems, notably those involved in nutrient uptake, are discussed and the nature of the observations most needed to resolve them indicated. A revised description of the species replaces a summary.\n          \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1126},"Problems of structure and biology in a large collared flagellate (\n            \u003Ci>Diaphanoeca grandis\u003C\u002Fi>\n            Ellis) from arctic seas",{"VOID":1128},"10.1098\u002Frspb.1981.0050","2024-12-10T06:33:43.198+00:00",[90],"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.1981.0050",[1133,1148,1165],{"id":1134,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":1135,"affiliations":1136,"properties":1145,"displayName":999,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"7d317ab5-82f5-4518-8d95-66812c7ab238",[],[1137],{"id":1138,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1139,"properties":20},"b0f7c19f-6098-4f6d-b264-3fd6e74e7b5c",{"id":1138,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1140,"slug":20,"properties":1141,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1144,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1142},{"EN":1143},"Leeds University, Leeds LS2 9JT, U. 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Bremer",{"VOID":1164},"A5035048221",{"id":1166,"sortIndex":30,"researcher":20,"roles":1167,"affiliations":1168,"properties":1177,"displayName":1179,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"99bd6383-da64-4482-b17c-72c18ce97559",[],[1169],{"id":1170,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1171,"properties":20},"4beaa6bf-492b-4ee1-8b0d-e2efbdfde9b3",{"id":1170,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1172,"slug":20,"properties":1173,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1176,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1174},{"EN":1175},"Department of Biology, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U. K.",[],{"title":1178,"openalex":1180},{"EN":1179},"K. 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I. Systematique. Bull Soc. linn, Normandie, 10, 191",{},{"id":20,"text":1214,"url":20,"identifiers":1215},"Buck K 1980 Morphology and distribution of the Acanthoecidae (Choanoflagellata) from the Weddell Sea during the austral summer 1977. CRREL Rep. no. 80-16. United States Army.",{},{"id":20,"text":1217,"url":20,"identifiers":1218},"Ellis W. N., 1929, 1930 Recent researches on Choanoflagellata (Craspedomonadines) (freshwater and marine) with descriptions of new genera and species. Annls Soc. r. zool, Belg., 60, 49",{},{"id":20,"text":1220,"url":20,"identifiers":1221},"10.1111\u002Fj.1550-7408.1970.tb02358.x",{"doi":1220},{"id":20,"text":1081,"url":20,"identifiers":1223},{"doi":1081},{"id":1225,"createTime":1226,"updateTime":1226,"relativeEntities":1227,"slug":1228,"properties":1229,"entityType":86,"verifyStatus":87,"verifyTime":1226,"verifyNote":88,"languages":1242,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":1243,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":1244,"publicationType":110,"publisherRelationship":1338,"citationCount":1360,"citationInfo":1361,"publishDate":1369,"publishYear":1362,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":1370,"openAccess":20,"references":1371,"isForceReanalyzing":212},"4250aef7-f1a5-414d-bcb1-903ebf31d518","2024-11-26T05:06:00.966+00:00",[],"Crystallographic-studies-of-the-activity-of-hen-egg-white-lysozyme",{"openalex":1230,"mag":1232,"abstract":1234,"title":1236,"pm":1238,"doi":1240},{"VOID":1231},"W2147376478",{"VOID":1233},"2147376478",{"EN":1235},"\u003Cjats:p>\n            The chemical evidence for the enzymic activity of lysozyme will be discussed in detail by other speakers at this meeting, but in order to describe our crystallographic studies of the interactions between the enzyme and its substrates it is necessary to summarize briefly what was known about them at the beginning of our work. Simultaneously with his discovery of lysozyme Fleming (1922) discovered a Gram-positive species of bacteria,\n            \u003Cjats:italic>Micrococcus lysodeikticus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            , which is particularly susceptible to the action of the enzyme. It was not until much later, however, that Salton (1952) demonstrated that the substrate is located entirely within the bacterial cell wall and it is only very recently that its chemical constitution has been established. Valuable early experiments (for example, by Meyer, Palmer, Thomson & Khorazo 1936; Meyer, Hahnel & Steinberg 1946; and by Epstein & Chain 1940) showed that lysozyme releases\n            \u003Cjats:italic>N\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            -acetyl-amino sugars from\n            \u003Cjats:italic>M. lysodeikticus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            , but the first indication of the type of linkage attacked by lysozyme came when Berger & Weiser (1957) showed that lysozyme also degrades chitin, the linear polymer of\n            \u003Cjats:italic>N\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            -acetylghicosamine.\n          \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1237},"Crystallographic studies of the activity of hen egg-white lysozyme",{"VOID":1239},"4382801",{"VOID":1241},"10.1098\u002Frspb.1967.0035",[90],"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.1967.0035",[1245,1262,1277,1292,1307,1322],{"id":1246,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":1247,"affiliations":1248,"properties":1257,"displayName":1259,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"bf09ab5c-9769-43ef-9354-855db02dfb97",[],[1249],{"id":1250,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1251,"properties":20},"70fa2dc2-4eca-4cf9-8591-cb65dc5631b6",{"id":1250,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1252,"slug":20,"properties":1253,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1256,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1254},{"EN":1255},"Formerly at Davy Faraday Research Laboratory, The Royal Institution, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W.1 Now at Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Zoology, Oxford University",[],{"title":1258,"openalex":1260},{"EN":1259},"C. 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It was demonstrated that the oxidations of these substances, which can be used for the detection and estimation of intracellular oxidase, are catalysed not directly by the oxidase but through the co-operation of cytochrome. The only direct function of the oxidase, so far ascertained, is the oxidation of reduced cytochrome, and the enzyme can therefore be considered as cytochrome oxidase (Keilin and Hartree 1938\n            \u003Cjats:italic>a\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\n            ). Several properties which have been previously ascribed to it do not complete cytochrome-oxidase system. 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