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Revue Juridique et Economique du Sport 90:75–85\nBarry M, Skinner J, Engelberg T (2016) Research handbook of employment relations in sport. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham\nChalmers D, Davies G, Monti G (2014) European Union law. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 412\nDuval A, Van Maren O (2017) The labour status of professional football players in the European Union. Eur Labour Law J 8(3):258–278\nDuval A, Van Rompuy B (2015) The compatibility of forced CAS arbitration with EU competition law: Pechstein reloaded. SSRN: http:\u002F\u002Fssrn.com\u002Fabstract=2621983 or http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.2139\u002Fssrn.2621983\nDuval A, Van Rompuy B (2016) The legacy of Bosman, revisiting the relationship between EU law and sport. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague\nEvju S (2001) Collective agreements and competition law. The Albany puzzle, and van der Woude. Int J Comparative Labour Law Ind Relat 17(2):165–184\nGarcia B (2011) The 2001 informal agreement on the international transfer system. Eur Sports Law Policy Bullet I-2011 17–29\nGarcia B, Meier H (2012) Limits of interest empowerment in the European Union: the case of football. J Eur Integr 34(4):360\nGarcia B, Weatherill S (2012) Engaging with the EU in order to minimise its impact: sport and negotiation of the Treaty of Lisbon. J Eur Public Policy 19(2):238–256\nGeeraert A (2015) The European sectoral social dialogue committee in professional football: power relations, legitimacy and control. Soccer Soc 16:1\nJeanrenaud C, Késenne S (2006) The economics of sport and the media. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham\nKEA\u002FCDES (2013) Study on the economic and legal aspects of transfers of players\nKeller B, Weller S (2011) Sectoral social dialogue at EU level: problems and prospects of implementation. Eur J Ind Relat 17(3):227–243\nLewis A, Taylor J (2014) Sport: law and practice. Bloomsbury Professional, Haywards Heath\nO’Leary L (2017) Employment and labour relations law in the premier league, NBA and International Rugby Union, ASSER, International Sports Law Series. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague\nParrish R (2011) Social dialogue in European Professional Football. Eur Law J 17(2):213–229\nParrish A (2016) The European Social Dialogue: a new mode of Governance for European Football. In: Duval A, Van Rompuy B (eds) The Legacy of Bosman, revisiting the relationship between EU law and sport. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, p 200\nPijetlovic K (2015) EU sports law and breakaway leagues in football, ASSER International Sports Law Series. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague\nRoss SF (2003) Competition law as a constraint on monopolistic exploitation by sport leagues and clubs. Oxf Rev Econ Policy 19(4):569–584\nSzyszcak E (2007) Competition and sport. Eur Law Rev 32:95\nT.M.C. Asser Institute, Edge Hill University and the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (2008) Study into the identification of themes and issues which can be dealt with in a Social Dialogue in the European Professional Football Sector, Report for the European Commission (May 2008)",{"EN":118},"EU Social Dialogue is an institutionalised set of procedural arrangements that can be used to establish a supranational governance in a broad range of policy fields. Sectoral Social Dialogue constitutes a platform for European representatives on the side of employers and employees to discuss matters of common interest. Arrangements concluded in this forum may be ratified by the EU institutions and translated into binding agreements. Where these would constitute collective bargaining agreements, they would escape the application of competition law, in light of the social policy that they pursue. The supranational nature of the EU Social Dialogue makes it particularly suitable in the sporting sector. Sport is an industry regulated at transnational level, and the differences within labour disciplines in Member States prevent greater integration. In a system where private regulators set rules that have to be applied and enforced within Member States, Social Dialogue is the best possible instrument to guarantee greater representation of athletes in the governance of the system. A sectoral Social Dialogue in football has been already put in place, but, so far, it has only produced arrangement player contract minimum requirements. This paper submits that a greater use of Social Dialogue in the sporting sector would enhance the participation of stakeholders in the setting of rules that regulate their conducts. In turn, these could find greater legitimacy if agreed in the forum and this would entail greater compliance with them and a reduction of challenges under EU competition law.",{"EN":120},"Social Dialogue and the regulatory power of governing bodies",{"VOID":122},"10.1007\u002Fs40318-018-0122-2","PUBLICATION","VERIFIED","Auto Verify","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs40318-018-0122-2",[128],{"id":129,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":130,"affiliations":132,"properties":141},"469cd71f-8ced-4718-b07b-517452b50359",[131],"AUTHOR",[133],{"id":20,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":134,"properties":20},{"id":135,"createTime":136,"updateTime":136,"relativeEntities":137,"slug":20,"properties":138,"entityType":41,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21},"522d09a1-71c9-4a9b-b16e-faebf1c1f975","2023-12-12T19:06:42.903+00:00",[],{"title":139},{"VI":140},"Lecturer in Law, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK",{"title":142},{"VI":143},"Andrea Cattaneo","ARTICLE",{"url":126,"publisher":146,"properties":174},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":147,"slug":10,"properties":148,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":152,"manageAffiliations":153,"indexDatabases":154,"url":95,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":169,"gsStatistic":20,"type":103,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":149,"eissn":150,"title":151},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"EN":17},[],[],[155,162],{"id":58,"indexDatabase":156,"url":73,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":161,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":60,"createTime":61,"updateTime":62,"relativeEntities":157,"label":158,"description":159,"key":69,"publicationTags":160,"standard":20},[],{"EN":65,"VI":65},{"VI":67,"EN":68},[71,72],[75],{"id":77,"indexDatabase":163,"url":90,"indexYears":91,"academicFieldIds":168,"indexDatabaseRanking":94},{"id":79,"createTime":80,"updateTime":81,"relativeEntities":164,"label":165,"description":166,"key":87,"publicationTags":167,"standard":20},[],{"EN":84,"VI":84},{"EN":84,"VI":86},[89],[93],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":170,"i10Index":21,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":98,"totalPublicationByYear":171,"totalCitation":21,"totalCitationByYear":172,"totalCitationPerPublication":21,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":173,"hindexLast5Year":21,"hindex":21},{},{"2014":100,"2017":100,"2022":100},{},{},{"volume":175,"pages":177},{"VOID":176},"17",{"VOID":178},"119-127","2018-05-24",2018,false,{"id":183,"createTime":184,"updateTime":185,"relativeEntities":186,"slug":187,"properties":188,"entityType":123,"verifyStatus":124,"verifyTime":185,"verifyNote":125,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":197,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":198,"publicationType":144,"publisherRelationship":231,"citationCount":20,"citationInfo":20,"publishDate":265,"publishYear":266,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":20,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":181},"9dbed935-1391-417f-a4fe-0dcd32e8e4b4","2023-12-31T09:38:04.559+00:00","2025-01-30T23:54:37.692+00:00",[],"The-interaction-of-criminal-and-disciplinary-law-in-doping-related-cases",{"references":189,"abstract":191,"title":193,"doi":195},{"VOID":190},"Costa J-P (2013) Legal opinion regarding the draft World Anti-Doping Code. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.wada-ama.org\u002Fen\u002FWorld-Anti-Doping-Program\u002FSports-and-Anti-Doping-Organizations\u002FThe-Code\u002FCode-Review\u002FLegal-Opinion-on-draft-2015-WADC\u002F. Accessed 28 February 2014\nCourt of Arbitration for Sport (1996) 95\u002F150 Volker v. FINA. http:\u002F\u002Fjurisprudence.tas-cas.org\u002Fsites\u002FCaseLaw\u002FShared%20Documents\u002F150.pdf. Accessed 25 February 2014\nCourt of Arbitration for Sport (2004) 2004\u002FA\u002F651 French v. Australian Sports Commission and Cycling Australia. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.asada.gov.au\u002Fpublications\u002Frules_and_violations\u002FCAS\u002FCAS_French.pdf. Accessed 20 February 2014\nCourt of Arbitration for Sport (2008) 2008\u002FA\u002F1583 Sport Lisboa e Benfica Futebol SAD v. UEFA & FC Porto Futebol SAD & CAS 2008\u002FA\u002F1584 Vitória Sport Clube de Guimarães v. UEFA & FC Porto Futebol SAD. http:\u002F\u002Fjurisprudence.tas-cas.org\u002Fsites\u002FCaseLaw\u002FShared%20Documents\u002F1583,%201584.pdf. Accessed 18 February 2014\nCourt of Arbitration for Sport (2011) AS 2011\u002FO\u002F2422 United States Olympic Committee v. International Olympic Committee. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tas-cas.org\u002Fd2wfiles\u002Fdocument\u002F5314\u002F5048\u002F0\u002FFinal20award202422.pdf. Accessed 26 February 2014\nCourt of Arbitration for Sport (2011) 2011\u002FA\u002F2426 Amos Adamu v. FIFA. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tas-cas.org\u002Fd2wfiles\u002Fdocument\u002F5790\u002F5048\u002F0\u002FAward20242620_FINAL_.pdf. Accessed 21 February 2014\nDressler J (2006) Understanding criminal law, 4th edn. Lexis Nexis, USA\nEuropean Court of Human Rights (1997), Teixeira de Castro v. Portugal, application number 44\u002F1997\u002F828\u002F1034. http:\u002F\u002Fhudoc.echr.coe.int\u002Fsites\u002Feng\u002Fpages\u002Fsearch.aspx?i=001-58193. Accessed 26 February 2014\nEuropean Court of Human Rights (2009) Zolotukhin v. Russia, application 14939\u002F03. http:\u002F\u002Fhudoc.echr.coe.int\u002Fsites\u002Feng\u002Fpages\u002Fsearch.aspx?i=001-91222. Accessed 27 February 2014\nFinal Draft of 2015 World Anti-Doping Code. http:\u002F\u002Fwada2013.org\u002Fimages\u002Fdocuments\u002Fconference\u002F2015-WADC-final-draft-EN.PDF. Accessed 25 February 2014\nGardocki L (1990) The aspects of theory of criminalization. PWN, Warsaw\nGrano JD, Abramson LW (2004) Problems in criminal procedure, 4th edn. WEST Thomson Business, USA\nHouben J (2007) Proportionality in the World Anti-Doping Code: is there enough room for flexibility. Int Sports Law J 1–2:10–17\nHoulihan B, Garcia B (2012) The use of legislation in relation to controlling the production, movement, importation, distribution and supply of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sport (PEDS). Institute of Sport and Leisure Policy, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.wada-ama.org\u002FDocuments\u002FWorld_Anti-Doping_Program\u002FWADP-Legal_Library\u002FNational_Legislation\u002FUNESCO-Legislative-Research-Report-FINAL.pdf. Accessed 28 February 2014\nInternational Convention Against Doping in Sport (2005) http:\u002F\u002Fportal.unesco.org\u002Fen\u002Fev.php-URL_ID=31037&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. Accessed 19 February 2014\nIoannidis G (2010) The application of criminal law on doping infractions and the ‘Wherabouts Information’ Rule: state regulation v self-regulation. Int Sports Law J 1–2:14–25\nKaufman-Kohler G, Malinverni G (2003) Legal opinion on the conformity of certain provisions of the draft world anti-doping code with commonly accepted principles of international law. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.wada-ama.org\u002FDocuments\u002FWorld_Anti-Doping_Program\u002FWADPLegal_Library\u002FAdvisory_and_Legal_Opinions\u002Fkaufmann-kohler-full.pdf. Accessed 28 February 2014\nLukomski J (2012) John Terry’s case: an overlap of criminal and disciplinary proceedings. Int Sports Law J 3–4:63\nMomsen C (2011) Sport and doping. The analysis of an antagonistic symbiosis. In: Emrich E, Pitsch W (eds) Criminal penalties in the fight against doping? Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, p 199\nMurphy J (2013) Where in the world is doping a crime? http:\u002F\u002Fparliamentflagpost.blogspot.com\u002F2013\u002F04\u002Fwhere-in-world-is-doping-crime-doping.html. Accessed 28 February 2014\nPfister B (2008) Die Rechtsprechnung des Tribunal Arbitral du Sport (TAS) 2001–2003. SpuRT 15:93–97\nRoach K (2003) Criminal process. In: Cane P, Tushnet M (eds) The Oxford handbook of legal studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 778–783\nSenkel K (2011) “Strict liability”, presumption of guilt and reciprocity in anti-doping measures initiated by sports associations. In: Emrich E, Pitsch W (eds) Sport and doping. The analysis of an antagonistic symbiosis. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien pp 178–179\nSoek J (2002) The legal nature of doping law. Int Sports Law J 2:2–7\nSoek J (2006) The strict liability principle and the human rights of athletes in doping cases. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague\nStewart B, Smith A (2008) C.T. Drug use in sport: Implications for public policy. J Sport Social Issues 32: 278–298, http:\u002F\u002Fjss.sagepub.com\u002Fcgi\u002Fcontent\u002Fabstract\u002F32\u002F3\u002F278. Accessed 10 March 2014\nTarasti L (2007) Interplay between doping sanctions imposed by a criminal court and by a sport organization. Int Sports Law J 3–4:15–18\nTennis anticorruption program. Part F investigations, http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tennisintegrityunit.com\u002FTACP-2014.pdf. Accessed 25 February 2014\nUnited States Anti-Doping Agency v. Lance Armstrong, Reasoned decision of the United States Anti-doping Agency on disqualification and ineligibility. http:\u002F\u002Fd3epuodzu3wuis.cloudfront.net\u002FReasonedDecision.pdf. Accessed 24 February 2014\nVan Bockel W B (2009) The ne bis in idem principle in EU law. A conceptual and jurisprudential analysis. https:\u002F\u002Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F1887\u002F13844\u002Ffront.pdf?sequence=3. Accessed 27 February 2014\nVan Rompuy B (2013) Effective sanctioning of match-fixing: the need for a two-track approach. ICSS J 1(3):68–72\nWADA Code review interview with David Howman, Director General of the WADA, http:\u002F\u002Flawinsport.com\u002Ffeatures\u002Fpodcast\u002Fitem\u002Fwada-code-review-interview-with-david-howman-director-general-of-the-world-anti-doping-agency-wada?highlight=YToxOntpOjA7czo2OiJob3dtYW4iO30=. Accessed 26 February 2014\nWorld Anti-Doping Code (2003) http:\u002F\u002Fwww.wada-ama.org\u002FDocuments\u002FWorld_Anti-Doping_Program\u002FWADP-The-Code\u002FCode_Review\u002F1st_Consultation\u002FWADA_Code_2003_EN.pdf. Accessed 20 February 2014\nWorld Anti-Doping Code (2009) http:\u002F\u002Fwww.wada-ama.org\u002FDocuments\u002FWorld_Anti-Doping_Program\u002FWADP-The-Code\u002FWADA_Anti-Doping_CODE_2009_EN.pdf. Accessed 20 February 2014",{"EN":192},"In this article doping-related offenses entrenched in Art. 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 of current World Anti-Doping Code are investigated within the terms of standards and methods of proving as well as the comprehensive system of sanctioning. The subtleties as well as innovations of such research are inter alia related to the application of the certain principles of human rights\u002Fdue process of law\u002Fnatural justice. The methods of proving said violations and the sanctions entrenched for them are close to the methods and sanctions those of criminal justice. Consequently, it is stated that the more serious allegation is made, the stricter sanction is entrenched, the stricter proving standard is to be applied. From the theoretical point of view it is conveyed that disciplinary sanctions undoubtedly inflict suffering and are both deterrent as well as retributive. CAS jurisprudence stipulates that harsh penalties within the World Anti-Doping Code could be consistent with human rights\u002Fdue process of law\u002Fnatural justice as long as there are clauses dealing with the problem of fault\u002Fintent and allowing for the elimination or reduction of the ineligibility periods. Such clauses pave the way for judicial discretion and, therefore, it is still an open question whether the anti-doping policy will turn itself into punitive one or, vice versa, to the policy which carefully takes into consideration each separate case with its own peculiarities.",{"EN":194},"The interaction of criminal and disciplinary law in doping-related 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World Rugby integrates smart mouthguard technology to the head injury assessment as part of new phase of global player welfare measures. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.world.rugby\u002Fnews\u002F875212\u002Fworld-rugby-integrates-smart-mouthguard-technology-to-the-head-injury-assessment-as-part-of-new-phase-of-global-player-welfare-measures. Accessed 10 Oct 2023\nWright DK et al (2021) Diffusion imaging reveals sex differences in the white matter following sports-related concussion. Cereb Cortex 31(10):4411–4419. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fcercor\u002Fbhab095\nZivadinov R et al (2018) Multimodal imaging of retired professional contact sport athletes does not provide evidence of structural and functional brain damage. J Head Trauma Rehabil 33(5):E24–E32. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002FHTR.0000000000000422",{"EN":868},"",{"EN":870},"295 rugby players have begun legal proceedings against World Rugby, the Rugby Football Union and the Welsh Rugby Union. The claimants report they are suffering from chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Among the allegations against the defendants is that the player safety regulations (i.e. the Pitch Side Concussion Assessment and Return to Play protocols) in place at the time of injury were done without proper medical foresight and increased the risks of concussion to players. World Rugby’s safety regulations are informed by the work of the Concussion in Sport Group which maintains that the link between collisions and concussion is unclear. However, recent studies report an unprecedented confidence that sports-related concussion causes brain disease. In 2022, the Concussion in Sport Groups lead author resigned due to 10 counts of plagiarism. This saga risks damaging public respect for both the safety regulations and the science underpinning it. This article examines the state of the scientific literature and considers the challenges in proving (1) the governing bodies breached their duty of care and; (2) the causal link between collisions and brain injury. This article argues that 2022 marked the year that defendants can no longer deny the dangers of sports-related concussion, however, defining the moment when the risks ought to be known remains onerous. On causation, this article examines the principles of material contribution, doubling of the risk, and the material increase in risk. The article concludes with policy considerations inviting an extension of the material increase in risk principle to sports settings.",{"EN":872},"‘The highest confidence that repetitive head collisions causes chronic traumatic encephalopathy’? Analysing the scientific knowledge in the Rugby Union concussion litigation of England and Wales",{"VOID":874},"10.1007\u002Fs40318-024-00257-w","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs40318-024-00257-w",[877],{"id":878,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":879,"affiliations":880,"properties":890},"7cc8df44-43ad-43ca-b467-43cad189ded4",[131],[881],{"id":20,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":882,"properties":20},{"id":883,"createTime":884,"updateTime":884,"relativeEntities":885,"slug":886,"properties":887,"entityType":41,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21},"c31e888c-8488-4a49-bc71-5670d2c163cb","2024-04-06T17:33:18.988+00:00",[],"School-of-Law-BPP-University-London-UK",{"title":888},{"VI":889},"School of Law, BPP University, London, UK",{"title":891},{"VI":892},"Jonathan Kilgallon",{"url":20,"publisher":894,"properties":20},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":895,"slug":10,"properties":896,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":900,"manageAffiliations":901,"indexDatabases":902,"url":95,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":917,"gsStatistic":20,"type":103,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":897,"eissn":898,"title":899},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"EN":17},[],[],[903,910],{"id":58,"indexDatabase":904,"url":73,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":909,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":60,"createTime":61,"updateTime":62,"relativeEntities":905,"label":906,"description":907,"key":69,"publicationTags":908,"standard":20},[],{"EN":65,"VI":65},{"VI":67,"EN":68},[71,72],[75],{"id":77,"indexDatabase":911,"url":90,"indexYears":91,"academicFieldIds":916,"indexDatabaseRanking":94},{"id":79,"createTime":80,"updateTime":81,"relativeEntities":912,"label":913,"description":914,"key":87,"publicationTags":915,"standard":20},[],{"EN":84,"VI":84},{"EN":84,"VI":86},[89],[93],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":918,"i10Index":21,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":98,"totalPublicationByYear":919,"totalCitation":21,"totalCitationByYear":920,"totalCitationPerPublication":21,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":921,"hindexLast5Year":21,"hindex":21},{},{"2014":100,"2017":100,"2022":100},{},{},"2024-03-10",2024,{"id":925,"createTime":926,"updateTime":927,"relativeEntities":928,"slug":929,"properties":930,"entityType":123,"verifyStatus":124,"verifyTime":927,"verifyNote":125,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":939,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":940,"publicationType":144,"publisherRelationship":970,"citationCount":20,"citationInfo":20,"publishDate":1004,"publishYear":346,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":20,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":181},"5aba51f3-14d4-49a1-9a61-6e21a52b156f","2024-01-03T04:28:54.209+00:00","2025-01-12T23:38:46.210+00:00",[],"The-potential-exploitation-of-non-English-speaking-players-in-UK-professional-football-contracts",{"references":931,"abstract":933,"title":935,"doi":937},{"VOID":932},"Angelelli CV (2006) Revisiting the interpreter’s role: a study of conference, court, and medical interpreters in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia\nBaines R (2013) Translation, globalization and the elite migrant athlete. Translator 19:207–228\nBarsky RF (1996) The interpreter as intercultural agent in convention refugee hearings. Translator 2:45–63\nBarry M et al (2016) Research handbook of employment relations in sport. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham\nBrown A (2015) Principles of stakes fairness in sport. Polit Philos Econ 14:152–186\nBurrows A (2011) Law of restitution, 3rd edn. Butterworths, London\nBurrows A (2016) A casebook on contract law, 5th edn. Hart, Oxford\nCarr AZ (1968) Is business bluffing ethical? Harv Bus Rev 143:159\nChen-Wishart M (2014) The nature of vitiating factors in contract law. In: Klass G et al (eds) Philosophical foundations of contract law. Oxford University Press, Oxford\nCorlett JA (2013) Economic exploitation in intercollegiate athletics. Sport Ethics Philos 7:295–312\nDownie J (2016) Being a successful interpreter. Routledge, London\nEdwards R, Alexander C, Temple B (2006) Interpreting trust: abstract and personal trust for people who need interpreters to access services. Sociol Res Online 11. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.socresonline.org.uk\u002F11\u002F1\u002Fedwards.html. Accessed 20 Oct 2017\nFeinberg J (1986) Harm to self. Oxford University Press, Oxford\nFried C (1981) Contract as promise. Harvard University Press, Cambridge\nFried C (2014) The ambitions of contract as promise. In: Klass G et al (eds) Philosophical foundations of contract law. Oxford University Press, Oxford\nHale S (2007) Community interpreting. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke\nInghilleri M (2011) Interpreting justice: ethics, politics and language. Routledge, London and New York\nKennedy P, Kennedy D (2016) Football in neo-liberal times: a marxist perspective on the European Football Industry. Routledge, Abingdon\nLavric E, Steiner J (2012) Football: le défi de la diversité linguistique. Bulletin suisse de linguistique appliquée 95:15–33\nLee B (2017) Knocked unconscionable: college football scholarships and traumatic brain injury. George Wash Law Rev 85:613–644\nLoland S (2015) Fair Play. In: McNamee M, Morgan WJ (eds) Routledge handbook of the philosophy of sport. Routledge, London\nMikkelson H (1996) The professionalization of community interpreting. In: Jérôme-O’Keeffe A (eds) Global vision: proceedings of the 37th annual conference of the american translators association. American Translators Association, Virginia\nOzolins U (2014) Descriptions of interpreting and their ethical consequences. FITISPos Int J 1:23–41\nO’Leary L (2017) Employment and labour relations law in the Premier League, NBA and International Rugby Union. T.MC. Asser Press, The Hague\nPérez-González L, Susam-Saraeva S (2012) Non-professionals translating and interpreting: participatory and engaged perspectives. Translator 18:149–165\nPym A (1992) Translation and text transfer: an essay on the principles of intercultural communication. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main\nMcNamee M (2010) The ethics of sport: a reader. Routledge, London\nRaz J (1982) Promises in morality and law. Harv Law Rev 95:916–938\nRosca V (2011) Corporate social responsibility in English football: history and present. Manag Mark 6:327–366\nRudvin M (2007) Professionalism and ethics in community interpreting: the impact of individualist versus collective group identity. Interpreting 9:47–69\nSandrelli A (2012) Interpreting Football Press Conferences: The FOOTIE Corpus. In: Kellett Bidoli CJ (ed) Interpreting across Genres: Multiple Research Perspectives. EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, Trieste, pp 78–101\nSchouten B, Ross J, Zendedel R, Meeuwesen L (2012) Informal interpreters in medical settings. Translator 18:331–338\nSchubert S, Lopez Frias F (2017) Walk the talk: financial fairness in European club football. Sport Ethics Philos. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F17511321.2017.137170 (online first)\nSetton R, Prunč E (2015) Ethics. In: Pöchhacker F (ed) Routledge encyclopedia of interpreting studies. Routledge, London and New York, pp 144–148\nSlayton P (1976) The Unequal bargain doctrine: lord denning in Lloyds Bank v. Bundy. McGill Law J 22:94–109\nStraniero Sergio F (2003) Norms and quality in media interpreting: the case of formula one press conferences. Interpret Newslett 12:135–165\nTakimoto M (2006) Interpreters’ role perceptions in business dialogue interpreting situations. Monash Univ Linguist Pap 5:47–57\nWertheimer A (1996) Exploitation. Princeton University Press, Princeton\nFootball Agent 1 (interviewed 27\u002F07\u002F2015)\nFootball Agent 2 (interviewed 06\u002F07\u002F2017)\nFootball Agent 3 (interviewed 17\u002F11\u002F2017)\nFormer Migrant Player 2 (interviewed 11\u002F10\u002F2017)\nPlayer Liaison Officer 3 (interviewed 30\u002F10\u002F2017)\nPlayer Liaison Officer 7 (interviewed 14\u002F11\u002F2017)",{"EN":934},"The article asks whether English professional football clubs have the potential to exploit non-English-speaking players during contract negotiations and signing meetings. We draw on evidence we gathered from a series of semi-structured interviews with football agents, former migrant players, and player liaison\u002Fwelfare officers who currently work or have previously worked in English professional leagues. We also draw on normative insights from legal, moral, and applied ethical thought to develop a new, bespoke account of what should shock the conscience of the court. We argue that because of language barriers, non-English-speaking players could end up signing unconscionable contracts, if not based on procedural or substantive unfairness, then potentially based on violations of their autonomy through deceptiveness. We also show that the current practice of players’ agents acting as ad hoc translators\u002Finterpreters raises serious ethical issues, not least lack of competency and impartiality. Following on from all this, we make a number of practical recommendations about how players’ representatives and clubs should conduct themselves, and what responsibilities they have to provide language support to non-English-speaking players in contract negotiations and signing meetings.\n",{"EN":936},"The potential exploitation of non-English-speaking players in UK professional football contracts",{"VOID":938},"10.1007\u002Fs40318-019-00142-x","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs40318-019-00142-x",[941,958],{"id":942,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":943,"affiliations":944,"properties":955},"7673fe6e-5b68-446b-8f44-d69caa2681f1",[131],[945],{"id":20,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":946,"properties":20},{"id":947,"createTime":948,"updateTime":949,"relativeEntities":950,"slug":951,"properties":952,"entityType":41,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21},"194cfea1-2a76-47c6-afe5-ff9eb4e5fc03","2023-12-08T10:12:57.461+00:00","2024-11-26T18:06:41.591+00:00",[],"University-of-East-Anglia-Norwich-UK",{"title":953},{"VI":954},"University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK",{"title":956},{"VI":957},"Alexander Brown",{"id":959,"sortIndex":100,"researcher":20,"roles":960,"affiliations":961,"properties":967},"3db08b02-914d-46d5-8dc0-35d0e8317960",[131],[962],{"id":20,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":963,"properties":20},{"id":947,"createTime":948,"updateTime":949,"relativeEntities":964,"slug":951,"properties":965,"entityType":41,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21},[],{"title":966},{"VI":954},{"title":968},{"VI":969},"Roger Baines",{"url":939,"publisher":971,"properties":999},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":972,"slug":10,"properties":973,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":977,"manageAffiliations":978,"indexDatabases":979,"url":95,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":994,"gsStatistic":20,"type":103,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":974,"eissn":975,"title":976},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"EN":17},[],[],[980,987],{"id":58,"indexDatabase":981,"url":73,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":986,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":60,"createTime":61,"updateTime":62,"relativeEntities":982,"label":983,"description":984,"key":69,"publicationTags":985,"standard":20},[],{"EN":65,"VI":65},{"VI":67,"EN":68},[71,72],[75],{"id":77,"indexDatabase":988,"url":90,"indexYears":91,"academicFieldIds":993,"indexDatabaseRanking":94},{"id":79,"createTime":80,"updateTime":81,"relativeEntities":989,"label":990,"description":991,"key":87,"publicationTags":992,"standard":20},[],{"EN":84,"VI":84},{"EN":84,"VI":86},[89],[93],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":995,"i10Index":21,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":98,"totalPublicationByYear":996,"totalCitation":21,"totalCitationByYear":997,"totalCitationPerPublication":21,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":998,"hindexLast5Year":21,"hindex":21},{},{"2014":100,"2017":100,"2022":100},{},{},{"volume":1000,"pages":1002},{"VOID":1001},"19",{"VOID":1003},"205-221","2019-01-15",{"id":1006,"createTime":1007,"updateTime":1007,"relativeEntities":1008,"slug":20,"properties":1009,"entityType":123,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":1018,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":1019,"publicationType":144,"publisherRelationship":1037,"citationCount":20,"citationInfo":20,"publishDate":1070,"publishYear":266,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":20,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":181},"b00ed36a-b5b6-4d8a-bade-2b9884518ec9","2024-01-28T23:31:24.975+00:00",[],{"references":1010,"abstract":1012,"title":1014,"doi":1016},{"VOID":1011},"Amara M, Theodoraki E (2010) Transnational network formation through sports related regional development projects in the Arabian Peninsula’. Int J Sport Policy Politics 135\nBach T (2013) Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympics Ideal (Olympic 2013). http:\u002F\u002Fwww.olympic.org\u002FDocuments\u002FIOC_President\u002F2013-11-6_Speech_IOC_President_Bach-Olympic_Truce_adoption_Speech_4_November.pdf. Accessed 20 Dec 2013\nBalderstone S (2009) Olympic values: dead, under threat or under cover. Olympic Congress 171\nBiccum A (2002) Interrupting the discourse and development: on a collision course with postcolonial theory. Culture Theory Critique 33\nChenyshecko D (2014) The Olympic games impact- summary report’ (Sochi 2014 2013). http:\u002F\u002Fsochi2014.blob.core.windows.net\u002Fstorage\u002Fgames\u002Fstrategy\u002FOGI%20Digest_Eng_fin.pdf. Accessed 3 Jan 2014\nCoe S (2009) Why the World needs the Olympic and Paralympic Games more than ever. Olympic Congress 141\nCollins H (2005a) Law as politics: progressive American perspectives. In: Schiff P, Nobles (eds) Jurisprudence and legal theory: commentary and materials, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 289\nCollins H (2005b) Law as politics: progressive American perspectives. In: Schiff P, Nobles (eds) Jurisprudence and legal theory: commentary and materials, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 303\nCooper D, Herman D (1991) Getting “The Family Right”: Legislating Heterosexuality in Britain 1986–1991, Can J Fam Law 10:41–78\nCotterrell R (2002) Subverting orthodoxy, making law central: a view of sociolegal studies. J Law Soc 632\nDavies M (2005) The Ethos of Pluralism. Syd Law Rev 87:89–103\nDe Sousa Santos B (1995) Toward a new common sense: law, science and politics in the paradigmatic transition, 1st edn. Routledge, London, p 399\nDigel H (2009) The politics of the Olympic Games. Olympic Congress 269\nEeklaar J (2014) Perceptions of equality: the road to same-sex marriage in England and Wales. Int J Law Policy Family 1\nESPN (2013) Thomas Bach elected IOC President (ESPN 2013). http:\u002F\u002Fespn.go.com\u002Folympics\u002Fstory\u002F_\u002Fid\u002F9658153\u002Fgermany-thomas-bach-elected-international-olympic-committee-president. Accessed 5 Jan 2014\nGauthier R (2013) Major event legislation: lessons from London and looking forward. Int Sports Law J 1\nGibson O (2013) IOC gives Sochi seal of approval for Russia’s Winter Olympics. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fsport\u002F2013\u002Fsep\u002F26\u002Fioc-sochi-russia-winter-olympics. Accessed 26 Nov 2013\nGibson O, Walker (2014) Olympians urge Russia to reconsider ‘gay propaganda’ laws’ (The Guardian 2014). http:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fsport\u002F2014\u002Fjan\u002F30\u002Folympic-athletes-russia-repeal-anti-gay-laws. Accessed 20 April 2014\nGiulianatti R, Robertson R (2004) The Globalizatioj of football: a study in the glocalization of the ‘serious life’. Br J Sociol 545\nGrekov I (2013) Russia’s Anti-Gay Law, spelled out in Putin English (Policy Mic 2013). http:\u002F\u002Fwww.policymic.com\u002Farticles\u002F58649\u002Frussia-s-anti-gay-law-spelled-out-in-plain-english. Accessed 5 Jan 2014\nHarvey D (2005) A brief history of neoliberalism, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford\nHerod A (2009) Geographies of globalization, 1st edn. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford\nInternational Olympic Committee (2013) The Olympic Charter, 1st edn. DidWeDo S.a.r.l, Lausanne\nInternational Olympic Committee (2014) Attention turns to Sochi 2014 legacies (IOC 2014). http:\u002F\u002Fwww.olympic.org\u002Fnews\u002Fattention-turns-to-sochi-2014-legacies\u002F226396. Accessed 20 March 2014\nJohanson M (2014) Sochi 2014 Olympics unsafe for LGBT community under Russia’s anti-gay law activists warn (International Business Times 2013). http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ibtimes.com\u002Fsochi-2014-olympics-unsafe-lgbt-community-under-russias-anti-gay-law-activists-warn-1334223. Accessed 3 Jan 2014\nJones I (2014) IOC President Says Thank you to Sochi (IOC 2014). http:\u002F\u002Fwww.olympic.org\u002Fnews\u002Fioc-president-says-thank-you-to-sochi\u002F226246. Accessed 20 March 2014\nKelman M (1987) A guide to critical legal studies, 1st edn. Harvard University Press, London\nKinsey A-D (2008) Globalisation and National Sovereignty: From Migration to Trafficking. In: Cameron S, Newman E (eds) Trafficking in Humans: Social, Cultural and Political dimensions, 1st edn. UN University Press, New York, p 63\nKleinhaus M, MacDonald R (1997) What is critical legal pluralism. Can J Law Soc 25:30–32\nLacey N (1996) Normative reconstruction in socio-legal theory. Soc Legal Stud 131\nLocal Government Act (1988) s. 28. Repealed by the Local Government Act 2003, s. 122\nMecro Press (2012) Mecro Press, FIFA tells Brazil beer must be sold at the 2014 World Cup matches (Mecro Press 2012). http:\u002F\u002Fen.mercopress.com\u002F2012\u002F01\u002F19\u002Ffifa-tells-brazil-beer-must-be-sold-at-the-2014-world-cup-matches. Accessed 8 Jan 2014\nMills L (2013) IOC says it’s ‘fully satisfied’ that Russia’s anti-gay law doesn’t violate the Olympic Charter (Huffington Post 2013). http:\u002F\u002Fwww.huffingtonpost.com\u002F2013\u002F09\u002F26\u002Fioc-sochi-olympics-russia-anti-gay-law_n_3994761.html. Accessed 4 Jan 2014\nMonk D (1998) Beyond Sect. 28: Law, governance and sex education. In: Moran L, Monk D, Beresford S (eds) Legal Queeries. Cassell, London, pp 96–112\nMoon B (2009) Keynote Speech at the Olympic Congress, Copenhagen, 2009, available at, Ban Ki Moon, ‘Keynote Speech at the Olympic Congress’ (Olympic 2009). http:\u002F\u002Fwww.olympic.org\u002FAssets\u002FXIII%20OLYMPIC%20CONGRESS\u002FPDF\u002FACTES_OUVERTURE\u002FKI-MOON_BAN_ENG.pdf. Accessed 20 Dec 2013\nOlympic (2012) Building a legacy through sport, IOC final report 2009–2012 (Olympic 2012)\nOstapenko N (2010) Nation branding though the Sochi Olympic Games 2014. J Manage Policy Pract 60\nPendlebury A, Semens A (2011) Sport governing bodies and leveraging power: what is the appropriate governance model. Int J Sports Law 135\nPenner J, Schiff D, Nobles R (2005) Approaches to jurisprudence, legal theory and the philosophy of law. In: Penner J, Schiff D, Nobles R (eds) Jurisprudence and legal theory: commentary and materials, 1st edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford\nPound R (2009) Eurocentricity within the Olympic movement. Olympic Congress 244\nProkopets M, Zhubrin D (2012) legal regulation of organization and holding the Olympic Games in the Russian Federation’. Int Sports Law J 37\nSky News Online (2014) Sochi: Google Doodle Tackles Anti- Gay Law (Sky News 2014). http:\u002F\u002Fnews.sky.com\u002Fstory\u002F1207915\u002Fsochi-google-doodle-tackles-anti-gay-law. Accessed 20 March 2014\nSmith L (2013) Why Russia’s Sochi Olympics are now a battleground for gay right (CNN 2013). http:\u002F\u002Fedition.cnn.com\u002F2013\u002F08\u002F10\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Frussia-gay-rights-controversy\u002F. Accessed 4 Jan 2014\nSochi Candidate Book (2006) Legal aspects (Olympic 2006). http:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20071025092713\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fsochi2014.com\u002Fsochidwnld\u002Fbid_book\u002FBook%201\u002FTheme%203\u002FTheme%203%20sprds.pdf. Accessed 2 Jan 2014\nTamanaha B (2008) Understanding legal pluralisn: past to present, local to global. Syd Law Rev 375:396\nTerlep S (2014) At Sochi, Athletes’ Criticism of Russia’s Antigay Laws Grew Quieter (Wall Street Journal 2014). http:\u002F\u002Fonline.wsj.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002FSB10001424052702303880604579400691299231818. Accessed 20 March 2014\nTravers M (2009) Understanding law and society, 1st edn. Routledge, Oxon\nTravers M (2010) Understanding law and society, 1st edn. Routledge, Oxon, pp 72, 75\nTushnet M (1991a) Critical legal studies: a political history. Yale Law J 1515, 1532\nTushnet M (1991b) Critical legal studies: a political history. Yale Law J 5, 137, 138\nTyagachev L (2009) Russian Olympic Committee—Cooperation between the Olympic movement and state bodies: the working Russian Model. Olympic Congress 292\nVan Luijk N, Frisby W (2012) (Re)Framing of protest at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games. Int J Sport Policy Politics 343\nVolstrikova E (2012) Norms adopted by international sport organizations as a special type of international custom. Int J Sports Law 104\nWolff A (2014) Anti- gay demonstration reveals double-standard in Sochi (Sports Illustrated 2014). http:\u002F\u002Folympics.si.com\u002Folympics\u002F2014\u002F02\u002F07\u002Fanti-gay-demonstration-sochi-olympics-protest. Accessed 20 March 2014\nWorden M (2013) Russia’s Anti-gay law threatens the Olympics character (Human Rights Watch 2013). http:\u002F\u002Fwww.hrw.org\u002Fnews\u002F2013\u002F11\u002F23\u002Frussia-s-anti-gay-laws-threaten-olympics-character. Accessed 3 Jan 2014",{"EN":1013},"The Sochi Winter Olympics were a triumph in the eyes of Russia and the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Yet, a controversy around the introduction of anti-propaganda laws in Russia that had been criticised for being discriminatory marred the efforts of the IOC to fulfil its self-proclaimed aspiration of ‘encouraging the harmonious development of man’. This article discusses the controversy utilising a legally pluralist approach to sports governance, and providing a critical reading of the practices of neoliberal globalisation that marked the issue of sexuality at the Sochi games. The paper argues that the legal influence of the IOC on domestic and international legal norms is contradictory and inconsistent. This, when considered alongside the aspirations of the IOC is significantly problematic and demonstrates the importance of investigating the underlying power structures of this influential international governing body.",{"EN":1015},"Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics and the controversy of the Russian Propaganda Laws: is the IOC buckling under the pressure of its own incoherence in thought?",{"VOID":1017},"10.1007\u002Fs40318-014-0059-z","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs40318-014-0059-z",[1020],{"id":1021,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":1022,"affiliations":1023,"properties":1034},"78f56769-29b0-41f7-8864-099b8d578424",[131],[1024],{"id":20,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1025,"properties":20},{"id":1026,"createTime":1027,"updateTime":1028,"relativeEntities":1029,"slug":1030,"properties":1031,"entityType":41,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21},"15d83b36-d14d-472e-8343-8371f2b0599f","2023-12-25T23:30:12.441+00:00","2025-02-05T17:39:37.551+00:00",[],"University-of-Birmingham-Birmingham-UK",{"title":1032},{"VI":1033},"University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK",{"title":1035},{"VI":1036},"Verity Postlethwaite",{"url":1018,"publisher":1038,"properties":1066},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":1039,"slug":10,"properties":1040,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":1044,"manageAffiliations":1045,"indexDatabases":1046,"url":95,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":1061,"gsStatistic":20,"type":103,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":1041,"eissn":1042,"title":1043},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"EN":17},[],[],[1047,1054],{"id":58,"indexDatabase":1048,"url":73,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":1053,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":60,"createTime":61,"updateTime":62,"relativeEntities":1049,"label":1050,"description":1051,"key":69,"publicationTags":1052,"standard":20},[],{"EN":65,"VI":65},{"VI":67,"EN":68},[71,72],[75],{"id":77,"indexDatabase":1055,"url":90,"indexYears":91,"academicFieldIds":1060,"indexDatabaseRanking":94},{"id":79,"createTime":80,"updateTime":81,"relativeEntities":1056,"label":1057,"description":1058,"key":87,"publicationTags":1059,"standard":20},[],{"EN":84,"VI":84},{"EN":84,"VI":86},[89],[93],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":1062,"i10Index":21,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":98,"totalPublicationByYear":1063,"totalCitation":21,"totalCitationByYear":1064,"totalCitationPerPublication":21,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":1065,"hindexLast5Year":21,"hindex":21},{},{"2014":100,"2017":100,"2022":100},{},{},{"volume":1067,"pages":1068},{"VOID":262},{"VOID":1069},"264-274","2014-10-02",{"id":1072,"createTime":1073,"updateTime":1074,"relativeEntities":1075,"slug":1076,"properties":1077,"entityType":123,"verifyStatus":124,"verifyTime":1074,"verifyNote":125,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":1086,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":1087,"publicationType":144,"publisherRelationship":1105,"citationCount":20,"citationInfo":20,"publishDate":1138,"publishYear":266,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":20,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":181},"328bb395-5fd1-4fd9-a500-293671aebaa8","2024-01-27T03:03:41.182+00:00","2025-01-30T23:25:53.965+00:00",[],"British-football-club-insolvency-regulatory-reform-inevitable-",{"references":1078,"abstract":1080,"title":1082,"doi":1084},{"VOID":1079},"Akerlof G (1976) The economics of caste and the rat race and other woeful tales. Q J Econ 90:599–617\nCollett M (2012) Platini wins EC backing for Financial Fair Play regulations. The Independent\nConn D (2014) Why Championship Clubs are crying foul over Financial Fair Play. The Guardian\nCulture, Media and Sport Committee (2011) Seventh Report Football Governance. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.parliament.uk\nCulture, Media and Sport Committee (2013) Fourth Report Football Governance Follow up. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.parliament.uk\nFranck E (2010) Private firm, public corporation or member’s association governance structures in European football. Int J Sport Financ 5:108–127\nMuller J, Lammert J, Hovemann G (2012) The Financial Fair Play regulations of UEFA: an adequate concept to ensure the long-term viability and sustainability of European club football? Int J Sport Financ 7:117–140\nPeters T, Szymanski S (2012) Vertical restraints in soccer: Financial Fair Play and the English Premier League. University of Antwerp Department of Economics\nRoberts D (2012) HMRC and the Football creditors Rule-An own goal? Olswang\nWindsor J, Sidle P (2012) Pari passu rule on insolvency clarified and limited Linklaters",{"EN":1081},"The article documents the high incidence of insolvencies occurring in recent years among professional British football clubs which has led to a select committee of the House of Commons to call for a change in insolvency law to make illegal the so-called “football creditors rule”. The rule has been cited as a major cause of financial mismanagement (and the high level of insolvencies) in professional English football. The article considers the 2012 High Court decision in HMRC v The Football League which represented an unsuccessful attempt by Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs to obtain a declaration from the High Court that the football creditors rule contravenes the basic principles of insolvency law, the pari passu rule and the anti-deprivation principle which are described in detail. The article also analyses the governance of English football and considers whether self-regulation should give way to legislation to prevent the insolvency malaise that afflicts the professional game in England. 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While debates on doping regulation typically target the contours of the prohibition and the sanctioning regime, much less attention has been given to how anti-doping detection impacts the level playing field, \u003Cjats:italic>i.e\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. whether equality is realised in the manner in which the substances and methods are detected in athletes’ samples, or whether athletes are all equal when it comes to the analytical cut-offs that the regulations set. This article seeks to fill this gap and explores the implications of differentiation—or non-differentiation—in anti-doping detection for principles of equality and non-discrimination. After discussing notions related to equality in anti-doping detection, the article presents case studies from current anti-doping analytics, to make differentiation in that context tangible. Based on case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Swiss Supreme Court and the Court of Arbitration for Sport, we submit that anti-doping authorities should resort to an operational ‘discrimination test’ when drafting technical regulation for anti-doping, in order to incorporate these principles ‘by design’ into the detection system. The article also demonstrates that—apparently—technical rules are not value-neutral, but that scientific data and policy choices are entwined in a way that warrants debate on the political scene, and creates duties of transparency and justification on part of the decision-makers.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1403},"Creating equality through differentiation in doping 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