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(2009). International law and the environment (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nCase concerning Land Reclamation by Singapore in and around the Straits of Johor (Malaysia v. Singapore), Provisional Measures, [2003] ITLOS Reports 27.\nCase Concerning the Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) Separate Opinion of Judge ad hoc Dugard 16 December 2015.\nCBD (2010). Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. UNEP\u002FCBD\u002FCOP\u002FDEC\u002FX\u002F2 adopted 29 October 2010.\nCertain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment of 16 December 2015; ICJ Reports 2015, p. 665.\nCertain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Compensation, Judgment of 2 February 2018; ICJ Reports 2018, p. 15.\nConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (22 September 1992; entered into force 25 March 1998) 2354 UNTS 67; reprinted in 32 ILM 1069 (1993) [OSPAR Convention].\nConvention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Danube River 29 June 1994; entered into force 22 October 1998.\nConvention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (21 May 1997; entered into force 17 August 2014) UN Doc A\u002F51\u002F869; reprinted in 36 ILM 700 (1997).\nConvention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea 32 ILM (1993) 1069.\nde Graaf, I. E. M., Gleeson, T., van Beek, L. P. H., Sutanudjaja, E. H., & Bierkens, M. F. P. (2019). Environmental flow limits to global groundwater pumping. Nature, 574(7776), 90–94.\nde La Fayette, L. (1999). The OSPAR convention comes into force: Continuity and progress. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 14(2), 247–298.\nFAO. (2018). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018-meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.\nFinska, L., & Howden, J. G. (2018). Troubled waters—Where is the bridge? Confronting marine plastic pollution from international watercourses. Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law, 27(3), 245–253.\nFitzmaurice, M. (2016). Enhanced marine environmental protection: A case study of the Baltic Sea. In J. Barrett & R. Barnes (Eds.), Law of the sea : UNCLOS as a living treaty (pp. 293–327). London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law.\nGonzález-Laxe, F. (2005). The precautionary principle in fisheries management. Marine Policy, 29(6), 495–505.\nHarrison, J. (2017). Saving the oceans through law : The international legal framework for the protection of the marine environment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nILC, Draft Articles on Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities (2001) UN Doc A\u002F56\u002F10; reprinted in Yearbook of the International Law Commission (2001) Vol II(2) 148 [Transboundary Harm Draft Articles].\nILC, Draft Articles on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses and Commentaries thereto and Resolution on Transboundary Confined Groundwater (1994) UN Doc A\u002F49\u002F10, reprinted in Yearbook of the International Law Commission (1994) vol. II, Part Two, 222 [1994 Draft Articles].\nInternational Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), Advisory Opinion, Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area 1 February 2011.\nIPCC. (2019). IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.\nIUCN. (2019). Unsustainable fishing and hunting for bushmeat driving iconic species to extinction–IUCN Red List https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucn.org\u002Fnews\u002Fspecies\u002F201907\u002Funsustainable-fishing-and-hunting-bushmeat-driving-iconic-species-extinction-iucn-red-list.\nJambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., et al. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768–771.\nJanse, J., Kuiper, J., Weijters, M., Westerbeek, E., Jeuken, M., Bakkenes, M., et al. (2015). GLOBIO-Aquatic, a global model of human impact on the biodiversity of inland aquatic ecosystems. Environmental Science and Policy, 48, 99–114.\nKirk, E. A., & Popattanachai, N. (2018). Marine plastics: Fragmentation, effectiveness and legitimacy in international lawmaking. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 27(3), 222–233.\nMemorandum of Understanding between the International Commission for the Protection of the Black Sea and the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River on Common Strategic Goals (2001).\nMoynihan, R. (2021). Transboundary freshwater ecosystems in international law: The role and impact of the UNECE environmental regime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nOSPAR Recommendation 2014\u002F18 on the Strategy for the Joint Assessment and Monitoring Programme (27 June 2014), which aims to fulfil the obligation under OSPAR regarding monitoring and assessment.\nPermanent Court of Arbitration, Partial Award in the Matter of the Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration (Pakistan v. India) (18 February 2013), PCA Case Nº 2011–01.\nPulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment of 20 April 2010; ICJ Reports 2010, p. 14.\nTanaka, Y. (2016). Regulation of land-based marine pollution. In D. J. Attard, M. Fitzmaurice, N. Martinez, & R. Hamza (Eds.), The IMLI manual on international maritime law (Vol. III, pp. 139–168), Marine Environmental Law and International Maritime Security Law Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nTanaka, Y. (2018). The South China Sea arbitration: environmental obligations under the Law of the Sea Convention. Review of European Comparative International Environmental Law, 27(1), 90–96.\nTanaka, Y. (2019). The international law of the sea (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nThe MOX Plant Case (Ireland v United Kingdom), Request for Provisional Measures, para. 89(1)(b).\nThe Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases (New Zealand v Japan; Australia v Japan), Requests for Provisional Measures (27 August 1999) ITLOS Reports 1999, p 280.\nUN General Assembly, Oceans and the Law of the Sea: Report of the Secretary-General, 18 August 2004, A\u002F59\u002F62\u002FAdd.1.\nUNECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (17 March 1992; entered into force 6 October 1996) reprinted in 31 ILM 1312 (1992) [Water Convention].\nUNESCO (2020). Blueprint for The Future We Want https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unesco.org\u002Fnew\u002Fen\u002Fnatural-sciences\u002Fioc-oceans\u002Ffocus-areas\u002Frio-20-ocean\u002Fblueprint-for-the-future-we-want\u002Fmarine-pollution\u002F.\nUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (10 December 1982; entered into force 16 November 1994) 1833 UNTS 3; reprinted in 21 ILM 1261 (1982).",{"EN":139},"The international legal architecture to manage freshwater and ocean ecosystems does not adequately provide for the interconnected nature of these ecosystems or the transboundary harm flowing between them. Pollution from land-based sources exemplifies this issue where plastic, agricultural run-off, discharge of nutrients and pesticides and untreated sewage accounts for approximately 80% of all marine pollution globally and is not adequately addressed by international law. This paper examines the following question: What role have international freshwater and marine regimes and courts played in clarifying the normative content of the due diligence rule to avoid significant transboundary environmental harm, including harm from land-based sources of pollution? The discussion demonstrates that although international regimes have made a substantial contribution to clarifying the no-harm rule, significant gaps remain. For example, the need for further guidance regarding the obligation to take ‘all appropriate measures’ to avoid transboundary harm or the previous absence of due diligence standards to prevent marine pollution from land-based sources. This paper demonstrates how courts have contributed to a coherent interpretation of the no-harm rule across international freshwater and oceans law. It pinpoints instances where courts have taken a progressive approach, taking account of the latest developments in technology, assessing an acceptable level of risk, considering the interconnected ecosystem impacts of developments and quantifying compensation for environmental harm and also identifies examples where courts have not gone far enough. Finally, this paper discusses how regional seas regimes and recent global soft law developments have taken progressive steps towards addressing harm from land-based sources of pollution.",{"EN":141},"The role of international regimes and courts in clarifying prevention of harm in freshwater and marine environmental protection",{"VOID":143},"10.1007\u002Fs10784-020-09508-1","PUBLICATION","VERIFIED","Auto Verify","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10784-020-09508-1",[149,165],{"id":150,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":151,"affiliations":153,"properties":162},"9a18c83c-49b0-426b-9b94-1ae2f8cbe341",[152],"AUTHOR",[154],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":155,"properties":18},{"id":156,"createTime":157,"updateTime":157,"relativeEntities":158,"slug":18,"properties":159,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"44055aeb-0b24-4e88-ac1e-06aaa6e314be","2023-12-07T11:06:02.869+00:00",[],{"title":160},{"VI":161},"School of Law, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland",{"title":163},{"VI":164},"Ruby Moynihan",{"id":166,"sortIndex":117,"researcher":18,"roles":167,"affiliations":168,"properties":177},"6b9afd6e-6229-4029-81fd-8a74b7f917de",[152],[169],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":170,"properties":18},{"id":171,"createTime":172,"updateTime":172,"relativeEntities":173,"slug":18,"properties":174,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"430eddfd-123c-4be8-89ac-23a111ca5eef","2023-12-24T12:20:34.601+00:00",[],{"title":175},{"VI":176},"Faculty of Law, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand",{"title":178},{"VI":179},"Bjørn-Oliver Magsig","ARTICLE",{"url":147,"publisher":182,"properties":209},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":183,"slug":10,"properties":184,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":187,"manageAffiliations":188,"indexDatabases":189,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":204,"gsStatistic":18,"type":18,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":185,"title":186},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[],[],[190,197],{"id":91,"indexDatabase":191,"url":106,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":196,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":93,"createTime":94,"updateTime":95,"relativeEntities":192,"label":193,"description":194,"key":102,"publicationTags":195,"standard":18},[],{"EN":98,"VI":98},{"VI":100,"EN":101},[104,105],[108,109,110,111],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":198,"url":83,"indexYears":84,"academicFieldIds":203,"indexDatabaseRanking":89},{"id":72,"createTime":73,"updateTime":74,"relativeEntities":199,"label":200,"description":201,"key":80,"publicationTags":202,"standard":18},[],{"EN":77,"VI":77},{"EN":77,"VI":79},[82],[86,87,88],{"impactFactor":19,"impactFactorByYear":205,"i10Index":114,"i10IndexLast5Year":19,"totalPublication":115,"totalPublicationByYear":206,"totalCitation":118,"totalCitationByYear":207,"totalCitationPerPublication":122,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":208,"hindexLast5Year":114,"hindex":114},{},{"2003":117,"2004":114},{"2003":120,"2004":121},{"2003":120,"2004":124},{"volume":210,"pages":212},{"VOID":211},"20",{"VOID":213},"649-666","2020-10-06",2020,false,{"id":218,"createTime":219,"updateTime":219,"relativeEntities":220,"slug":18,"properties":221,"entityType":144,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":230,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":231,"publicationType":180,"publisherRelationship":247,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":280,"publishYear":281,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":216},"ec68b599-7357-4f0d-baaa-b58b0eddd982","2024-01-10T23:58:15.158+00:00",[],{"references":222,"abstract":224,"title":226,"doi":228},{"VOID":223},"Agrawala, S. 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Memo, DuPont.\nKaasa, S. (2005). The commission on sustainable development: A study of institutional design, distribution of capabilities and entrepreneurial leadership. FNI Report 5\u002F2005. Lysaker, Norway: Fridtjof Nansen Institute.\nKaasa, S. (2007). The UN commission on sustainable development: Which mechanisms explains its accomplishments? Global Environmental Politics, 7(3), forthcoming.\nLevy M., Young, O. R., & Zurn, M. (1995). The study of international regimes. European Journal of International Relations, Oxford University Press 1(3), 267–330.\nLinnér, B.-O., & Sellin, H. (2005). The road to Rio: Early efforts on environment and development. In A. C. Kallhauge, G. Sjøstedt, & E. Corell (Eds.), Global challenges furthering the multilateral process for sustainable development (pp. 58–74). Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing Ltd.\nMee, L. (2005). The role of UNEP and UNDP in multilateral environmental agreements. International Environmental Agreements, 5(3), 227–263.\nMeyerson, F. (2003). Burning the bridge to the 21st century: The end of the era of integrated conferences? Environment and Security Report, 9, 6−12.\nMiles, E. L., Underdal, A., Andresen, S., Wettestad, J., Skjærseth, J. B., & Carlin, E. M. (Eds.) (2002). Environmental regime effectiveness: Confronting theory with evidence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.\nNajam, A. (2003). The case against a new international environmental organization. Global Governance, 9(3), 367–384.\nNajam, A. (2005). Developing countries and global environmental governance: From contestation to participation and engagement. International Environmental Agreements, 5(3), 303–321.\nNajam, A., Papa, M., & Taiyab, N. (2006) Global environmental governance: A reform agenda. IISD - International Institute for Sustainable Development.\nNajam, A., Poling, J., Yamagishi, N., Straub, D., Sarno, J., Ritter, S., & Kim, E. (2002). From Rio to Johannesburg: Progress and prospects. Environment, 44(7), 26–38.\nOberthur, S. (2002). Clustering of multilateral environmental agreements: Potentials and limitations. International Environmental Agreements, 2, 317–340.\nRosendal, G. K. (2007). Norway in UN environmental policies: Ambitions and influence. International Environmental Agreements, this issue.\nRosendal, G. K., & Andresen, S. (2003). UNEP’s role in enhancing problem-solving capacity in multilateral environmental agreements: Coordination and assistance in the biodiversity conservation cluster. FNI Report 10\u002F2003. Lysaker, Norway: Fridtjof Nansen Institute.\nRutherford, P. (2003). Talking the talk: Business discourse at the world summit on sustainable development. Environmental Politics, 12(2), 145–150.\nSeyfang, G. (2003). Environmental mega-conferences––from Stockholm to Johannesburg and beyond. Global Environmental Change, 13, 223–228.\nSpeth, J. G. (2003). Perspectives on the Johannesburg summit. Environment, 45(1), 26–29.\nTöpfer, K. (2002). From Rio to earth summit. Foreword. In F. Dodds (Ed.), Earth Summit 2002: A new deal. London: Earthscan.\nUnited Nations (2006). Delivering as one report of the Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel. New York: United Nations.\nUpton, S. (2004). The international framework for action: Is the CSD the best we can do? In T. Bigg (Ed.), Survival for a small planet (pp. 85–101). London: Earthscan.\nVictor, D. (1999). The market of international environmental protection services and the perils of coordination. Background paper presented at the United Nations University Conference on Synergies and Co-ordination between Multilateral Environmental Agreements, Tokyo.\nWagner, L. (2005). A commission will lead them: The UN commission on sustainable development and UNCED follow-up. In A. C. Kallhauge, G. Sjøstedt, & E. Corell (Eds.), Global challenges furthering the multilateral process for sustainable development (pp. 103–123). Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing Ltd.\nWapner, P. (2003). World summit on sustainable development: Toward a post-Jo’burg environmentalism. Global Environmental Politics, 3(1), 1–9.\nWettestad, J. (1999). Designing effective international regimes: The key conditions. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.\nYamin, F. (1998). The CSD reporting process: A quiet step forward for sustainable development. In H. O. Bergesen, G. Parmann, & Ø. B. Thommessen (Eds.), Yearbook of international co-operation on environment and development 1998\u002F1999 (pp. 42–62). London: Earthscan Publications.\nYoung, O. (2007). Designing environmental governance systems––The diagnostic method. IHDP Update, 1, 9–11.",{"EN":225},"This is a study of the effectiveness of key UN institutions focussing on environment and sustainable development: the global conferences on development and the environment, the CSD and UNEP, primarily its co-ordinating functions. According to the indicators used to measure effectiveness here, it is concluded that the overall effectiveness of these institutions is quite low. This particularly applies to the CSD. UNEP has been quite effective in creating new institutions but has been less effective in co-ordinating them. As to the global conferences, their significance has been reduced over time.",{"EN":227},"The effectiveness of UN environmental institutions",{"VOID":229},"10.1007\u002Fs10784-007-9048-0","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10784-007-9048-0",[232],{"id":233,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":234,"affiliations":235,"properties":244},"03c7a6e6-b8fe-4b48-958d-dee032cd6921",[152],[236],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":237,"properties":18},{"id":238,"createTime":239,"updateTime":239,"relativeEntities":240,"slug":18,"properties":241,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"b000f5cf-0987-4a04-b2d6-6064e49b3c9c","2023-12-05T16:39:49.936+00:00",[],{"title":242},{"VI":243},"Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI), Lysaker, Norway",{"title":245},{"VI":246},"Steinar Andresen",{"url":230,"publisher":248,"properties":275},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":249,"slug":10,"properties":250,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":253,"manageAffiliations":254,"indexDatabases":255,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":270,"gsStatistic":18,"type":18,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":251,"title":252},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[],[],[256,263],{"id":91,"indexDatabase":257,"url":106,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":262,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":93,"createTime":94,"updateTime":95,"relativeEntities":258,"label":259,"description":260,"key":102,"publicationTags":261,"standard":18},[],{"EN":98,"VI":98},{"VI":100,"EN":101},[104,105],[108,109,110,111],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":264,"url":83,"indexYears":84,"academicFieldIds":269,"indexDatabaseRanking":89},{"id":72,"createTime":73,"updateTime":74,"relativeEntities":265,"label":266,"description":267,"key":80,"publicationTags":268,"standard":18},[],{"EN":77,"VI":77},{"EN":77,"VI":79},[82],[86,87,88],{"impactFactor":19,"impactFactorByYear":271,"i10Index":114,"i10IndexLast5Year":19,"totalPublication":115,"totalPublicationByYear":272,"totalCitation":118,"totalCitationByYear":273,"totalCitationPerPublication":122,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":274,"hindexLast5Year":114,"hindex":114},{},{"2003":117,"2004":114},{"2003":120,"2004":121},{"2003":120,"2004":124},{"volume":276,"pages":278},{"VOID":277},"7",{"VOID":279},"317-336","2007-09-01",2007,{"id":283,"createTime":284,"updateTime":285,"relativeEntities":286,"slug":287,"properties":288,"entityType":144,"verifyStatus":145,"verifyTime":285,"verifyNote":146,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":297,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":298,"publicationType":180,"publisherRelationship":326,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":359,"publishYear":360,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":216},"8b1c9339-cecd-4b84-993e-e8ba197e6746","2024-02-10T23:08:05.844+00:00","2025-01-10T23:56:27.399+00:00",[],"Impact-assessment-of-a-mandatory-operational-goal-based-short-term-measure-to-reduce-GHG-emissions-from-ships-the-LDC-SIDS-case-study",{"references":289,"abstract":291,"title":293,"doi":295},{"VOID":290},"Adelman, S. (2016). Climate justice, loss and damage and compensation for small island developing states. Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, 7(1), 32–53.\nAPEC. (2019). Analysis of the impacts of slow steaming for distant economies, APEC Transportation Group, APEC Project: TPT 03 2018A, Produced by Starcrest Consulting Group for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat, December.\nBriguglio, L., Cordina, G., Vella, S., & Vigilance, C. (2010). Profiling vulnerability and resilience: A manual for small states. London: Commonwealth Secretariat and the Islands and Small States, Institute University of Malta.\nCE Delft. (2017). Regulating speed: A short term measure to reduce maritime GHG emissions, study by CE Delft for the Clean Shipping Coalition, 18 October.\nChatzinikolaou, S., & Ventikos, N. (2016). Critical analysis of air emissions from ships: lifecycle thinking and results. In H. N. Psaraftis (Ed.), Green transportation logistics: the quest for win–win solutions. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.\nFugazza, M., & Hoffmann, J. (2017). Liner shipping connectivity as determinant of trade. Journal of Shipping and Trade, 2, 1. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs41072-017-0019-5.\nHalim, R. A., Smith, T., & Englert, D. (2019). Understanding the economic impacts of greenhouse gas mitigation policies on shipping: What is the state of the art of current modeling approaches? Policy research paper 8695, World Bank Group, January.\nHoffmann, J., Saeed, N., & Sødal, S. (2019). Liner shipping bilateral connectivity and its impact on South Africa’s bilateral trade flows. Maritime Economics & Logistics. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1057\u002Fs41278-019-00124-8.\nICS. (2018). Reducing CO2 emissions to zero: The ‘Paris Agreement for Shipping’ implementing the initial strategy on reduction of GHG emissions from ships (adopted by the UN International Maritime Organization) emissions to zero: The ‘Paris Agreement for Shipping’ implementing the initial strategy on reduction of GHG emissions from ships (adopted by the UN International Maritime Organization). London, UK: International Chamber of Shipping.\nImb, J., & Mejean, I. (2017). Trade elasticities. Review of International Economics, 25(2), 383–402.\nIMO. (2018). Resolution MEPC.304(72) (adopted on 13 April 2018) Initial IMO Strategy on reduction of GHG emissions from ships, IMO doc. MEPC 72\u002F17\u002FAdd.1, Annex 11.\nIMO. (2020a) Proposal for a mandatory operational goal-based short-term measure, submitted by Denmark, France and Germany, IMO doc. ISWG-GHG 7\u002F2\u002F9.\nIMO. (2020b). Draft amendments to MARPOL Annex VI to incorporate the goal-based energy efficiency improvement measure utilizing Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI), submitted by Greece, Japan, Norway, Panama, United Arab Emirates, ICS, BIMCO and INTERTANKO, IMO doc. ISWG-GHG-7\u002F2\u002F6.\nIMO. (2020c). Detailed impact assessment of the mandatory operational goal-based short-term measure, submitted by Denmark, France and Germany, IMO doc. ISWG-GHG 7\u002F2\u002F20.\nIMO. (2020d). Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020—Final report. IMO doc. MEPC 75\u002F7\u002F15.\nIMO. (2020e). Proposal for a mandatory goal-based technical and operational short-term measure with combination of EEXI, SEEMP, CII and rating mechanism. Submitted by China, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Norway, Singapore, Spain, United Arab Emirates and ICS. IMO doc. ISWG-GHG-7\u002F2\u002F26.\nIMO. (2020f). Review of impact assessments by UNCTAD, note by the Secretariat, IMO doc. ISWG-GHG-7\u002F2\u002F36.\nKrammer, P., & Smith, T. (2017). Impact assessment of IMO greenhouse gas reduction strategies on New Zealand’s economy. London, UK: UCL Energy Institute.\nLagouvardou, S., Psaraftis, H. N., & Zis, T. (2020). A Literature Survey on Market-Based Measures for the Decarbonization of Shipping. Sustainability, 12(10), 3953. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fsu12103953.\nLun, V., & Hoffmann, J. (2016). Connectivity and trade relativity: the case of ASEAN. Journal of Shipping and Trade, 1, 11. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs41072-016-0015-1.\nMills, J., Donnison, A., & Brightwell, G. (2014). Factors affecting microbial spoilage and shelf-life of chilled vacuum-packed lamb transported to distant markets: A review. Meat Science, 98(1), 71–80.\nNZIER. (2018). MARPOL IV and VI: Assessing the economic and environmental impact of international maritime measures on New Zealand. NZIER report to Ministry of Transport, November.\nOECD. (2018). Decarbonising maritime transport. Pathways to zero-carbon shipping by 2035, Report of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, International Transport Forum, Paris, France, March.\nParry, I., Heine, D., Kizzier, K., & Smith, T. (2018) Carbon taxation for international maritime fuels: Assessing the options, IMF working paper WP 18\u002F2013, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC.\nPsaraftis, H. N. (2019). Speed optimization vs speed reduction: Are speed limits better than a bunker levy? Maritime Economics and Logistics. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1057\u002Fs41278-019-00132-8.\nPsaraftis, H. N., & Kontovas, C. A. (2010). Balancing the economic and environmental performance of maritime transportation. Transportation Research Part D, 15(8), 458–462.\nScobie, M. (2013). Climate regulation: Implications for trade competitiveness in Caribbean states. In W. Leal Filho., F. Mannke., R. Mohee., V. Schulte., & D. Surroop (Eds.), Climate-smart technologies. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.\nShi, Y. (2016). Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping: Is it time to consider market-based measures? Marine Policy, 64, 123–134.\nUNCTAD. (2014). Closing the distance: partnerships for sustainable and resilient transport systems in SIDS. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Conference Trade and Development.\nUNCTAD. (2017). Review of maritime transport 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.\nUNFCCC. (2005). Climate change, small island developing states. Issued by the Climate Change Secretariat (UNFCCC), Bonn, Germany.\nWilmsmeier, G., & Hoffmann, J. (2008). Liner shipping connectivity and port infrastructure as determinants of freight rates in the Caribbean. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 10, 130–151.\nZis, T., & Psaraftis, H. N. (2017). The implications of the new sulphur limits on the European Ro-Ro sector. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 52, 185–201.",{"EN":292},"The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact assessment of a mandatory operational goal-based short-term measure to reduce green house gas (GHG) emissions from ships. The specific measure has been proposed by Denmark and other co-sponsors in the context of the relevant discussion at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and in particular the so-called Initial IMO Strategy. The IMO is a specialized United Nations agency that regulates shipping. The Initial IMO Strategy, adopted in 2018, has been the most recent major international environmental agreement on how to reduce GHG emissions from ships at a global level. The central research question in this paper is to ascertain the potential impacts of the aforementioned measure to least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing states (SIDS). There are concerns that such states may be negatively impacted, or even disproportionately negatively impacted, by whatever measure is decided by the IMO. After gaps in the literature and data are identified, our methodology develops a list of potential negative impacts, and looks at a set of factors that may influence these impacts. Then, we discuss how the goal-based measure may impact LDCs\u002FSIDs as regards each of the identified negative impacts. The analysis argues that for LDCs and SIDS a risk for negative and disproportionately negative impacts exists. The only negative impact of which both the probability and the consequence are considered high is the difficulty to finance retrofitting of old ships or investment in new ships. As such, this is likely a disproportionally negative impact. At the same time, the degree of share (or responsibility) of the goal-based measure with respect to such potential negative impacts, vis-à-vis the share of other factors contributing to these impacts, cannot be precisely ascertained, even though we conjecture this share to be low.",{"EN":294},"Impact assessment of a mandatory operational goal-based short-term measure to reduce GHG emissions from ships: the LDC\u002FSIDS case study",{"VOID":296},"10.1007\u002Fs10784-020-09523-2","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10784-020-09523-2",[299,314],{"id":300,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":301,"affiliations":302,"properties":311},"950313fd-f59b-48fc-847a-9fe0b7f55386",[152],[303],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":304,"properties":18},{"id":305,"createTime":306,"updateTime":306,"relativeEntities":307,"slug":18,"properties":308,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"59d674c3-e992-4cb9-918b-3d6c32b27415","2023-12-20T18:18:55.035+00:00",[],{"title":309},{"VI":310},"Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark",{"title":312},{"VI":313},"Harilaos N. Psaraftis",{"id":315,"sortIndex":117,"researcher":18,"roles":316,"affiliations":317,"properties":323},"1181b794-b998-40cb-a72f-a685504abde6",[152],[318],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":319,"properties":18},{"id":305,"createTime":306,"updateTime":306,"relativeEntities":320,"slug":18,"properties":321,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},[],{"title":322},{"VI":310},{"title":324},{"VI":325},"Thalis Zis",{"url":297,"publisher":327,"properties":354},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":328,"slug":10,"properties":329,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":332,"manageAffiliations":333,"indexDatabases":334,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":349,"gsStatistic":18,"type":18,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":330,"title":331},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[],[],[335,342],{"id":91,"indexDatabase":336,"url":106,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":341,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":93,"createTime":94,"updateTime":95,"relativeEntities":337,"label":338,"description":339,"key":102,"publicationTags":340,"standard":18},[],{"EN":98,"VI":98},{"VI":100,"EN":101},[104,105],[108,109,110,111],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":343,"url":83,"indexYears":84,"academicFieldIds":348,"indexDatabaseRanking":89},{"id":72,"createTime":73,"updateTime":74,"relativeEntities":344,"label":345,"description":346,"key":80,"publicationTags":347,"standard":18},[],{"EN":77,"VI":77},{"EN":77,"VI":79},[82],[86,87,88],{"impactFactor":19,"impactFactorByYear":350,"i10Index":114,"i10IndexLast5Year":19,"totalPublication":115,"totalPublicationByYear":351,"totalCitation":118,"totalCitationByYear":352,"totalCitationPerPublication":122,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":353,"hindexLast5Year":114,"hindex":114},{},{"2003":117,"2004":114},{"2003":120,"2004":121},{"2003":120,"2004":124},{"volume":355,"pages":357},{"VOID":356},"21",{"VOID":358},"445-467","2021-01-03",2021,{"id":362,"createTime":363,"updateTime":363,"relativeEntities":364,"slug":18,"properties":365,"entityType":144,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":374,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":375,"publicationType":180,"publisherRelationship":403,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":436,"publishYear":437,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":216},"15f25cb7-04b7-4f53-bde8-fbc73e0d1ff8","2024-01-08T23:55:44.825+00:00",[],{"references":366,"abstract":368,"title":370,"doi":372},{"VOID":367},"Berk, M., C. E. van Daalen and M. Hisschemoller (1998), 'Participative Integrated Assessment and the Utilisation of Knowledge', Milieu – Tijdschrift voor Milieukunde 13(5), 275–285.\nBerry, J. K. and J. C. Gordon, eds. (1993), Environmental Leadership.Developing Effective Skills and Styles. Washington DC: Island Press.\nBlok, K., G. J. M. Phylipsen and J. W. Bode (1997), The Triptych Approach; Burden Differentiation of CO 2 Emission Reduction among European Union Member States, discussion paper for the international workshop for the EU Ad Hoc Group on Climate, Zeist 16–17 January 1997, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, 1997.\nBodansky, D. (1994), 'A Prologue to the Climate Change Convention', in I. M. Mintzer and J. A. Leonard, eds., Negotiating Climate Change.The Inside Story of the Rio Convention (pp. 45–74). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nBorine, D. and J. Ripert (1994), 'Exercising Common but Differentiated Responsibility', in I. M. Mintzer and J.A. 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(2000), Radio-active Waste Disposal at Sea: Public Ideas, Transnational Policy Entrepreneurs and Environmental Regimes. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.\nRowlands, I. H. (1995), The Politics of Global Atmospheric Change. Manchester: Manchester University Press.\nSjostedt, G. and U. Svedin (1993), 'International Environmental Negotiations – Lessons to be Learned', in G. Sjostedt and U. Svedin, eds., International Environmental Negotiations – Processes, Issues and Contexts (pp. 247–265). Stockholm: Swedish Council for Planning and Co-ordination of Research and Swedish Institute of International Affairs.\nUnderdahl, A. (1994), 'Leadership Theory: Rediscovering the Arts of Management', in International Multilateral Negotiating: Approaches to the Management of Complexity (pp. 178–197). San Francisco: IIASA\u002FJossey-Bass.\nVogler, J. (1999), 'The European Union as an Actor in International Environmental Politics', Environmental Politics 8(3), 24–48.\nVROM (1989a), National Environmental Policy Plan. The Hague.\nVROM (1989b), National Environmental Policy Plan Plus. The Hague.\nVROM (1993), National Environmental Policy Plan 2. The Hague.\nVROM (1996), The Second Netherlands' Memorandum on Climate Change. The Hague.\nWettestad, J. (1998), 'Participation in NOx Policy-Making and Implementation in the Netherlands, UK, and Norway: Different Approaches but Similar Results?', in D. G. Victor, K. Raustiala and E. B. Skolnikoff, eds., The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments.Theory and Practice (pp. 381–430). Laxemburg\u002FCambridge, MA: IIASA\u002FMIT.\nWoerdman, E. (1997), 'Internationale onderhandelingen over klimaatbeleid: emissiereductie, joint implementation en verhandelbare emissierechten', Milieu – Tijdschrift voor Milieukunde 12(5) 218-227.\nYoung, O. (1991), 'Political Leadership and Regime Formation: on the Development of Institutions in International Society', International Organization 45, Summer, 281–308.",{"EN":369},"The Netherlands is generally considered as a front running nation in international environmental politics. This article looks at the influence of The Netherlands in international climate change regime formation by analyzing the structural, entrepreneurial, intellectual and environmental leadership qualities exerted by. The Netherlands during the FCCC policy process. In addition, the EU as an enabling and constraining institution for the ambitions of Netherlands in climate change policies is analyzed.",{"EN":371},"The Netherlands in the UNFCCC Process –Leadership between Ambition and Reality",{"VOID":373},"10.1023\u002FA:1015047803422","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1023\u002FA:1015047803422",[376,391],{"id":377,"sortIndex":117,"researcher":18,"roles":378,"affiliations":379,"properties":388},"1319b9d1-cb24-4696-a21d-9e536db20773",[152],[380],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":381,"properties":18},{"id":382,"createTime":383,"updateTime":383,"relativeEntities":384,"slug":18,"properties":385,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"96b1f420-5956-4c6a-ab8e-d7da0f3cdea7","2024-01-08T23:55:44.847+00:00",[],{"title":386},{"VI":387},"Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University, KN Wageningen, The Netherlands(E-mail",{"title":389},{"VI":390},"Arthur P. J. Mol",{"id":392,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":393,"affiliations":394,"properties":400},"c685d785-ed22-435f-9d38-0263714c8251",[152],[395],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":396,"properties":18},{"id":382,"createTime":383,"updateTime":383,"relativeEntities":397,"slug":18,"properties":398,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},[],{"title":399},{"VI":387},{"title":401},{"VI":402},"Magnus Andersson",{"url":374,"publisher":404,"properties":431},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":405,"slug":10,"properties":406,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":409,"manageAffiliations":410,"indexDatabases":411,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":426,"gsStatistic":18,"type":18,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":407,"title":408},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[],[],[412,419],{"id":91,"indexDatabase":413,"url":106,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":418,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":93,"createTime":94,"updateTime":95,"relativeEntities":414,"label":415,"description":416,"key":102,"publicationTags":417,"standard":18},[],{"EN":98,"VI":98},{"VI":100,"EN":101},[104,105],[108,109,110,111],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":420,"url":83,"indexYears":84,"academicFieldIds":425,"indexDatabaseRanking":89},{"id":72,"createTime":73,"updateTime":74,"relativeEntities":421,"label":422,"description":423,"key":80,"publicationTags":424,"standard":18},[],{"EN":77,"VI":77},{"EN":77,"VI":79},[82],[86,87,88],{"impactFactor":19,"impactFactorByYear":427,"i10Index":114,"i10IndexLast5Year":19,"totalPublication":115,"totalPublicationByYear":428,"totalCitation":118,"totalCitationByYear":429,"totalCitationPerPublication":122,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":430,"hindexLast5Year":114,"hindex":114},{},{"2003":117,"2004":114},{"2003":120,"2004":121},{"2003":120,"2004":124},{"volume":432,"pages":434},{"VOID":433},"2",{"VOID":435},"49-68","2002-03-01",2002,{"id":439,"createTime":440,"updateTime":441,"relativeEntities":442,"slug":443,"properties":444,"entityType":144,"verifyStatus":145,"verifyTime":441,"verifyNote":146,"syncStatus":17,"languages":455,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":457,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":458,"publicationType":180,"publisherRelationship":480,"citationCount":515,"citationInfo":516,"publishDate":518,"publishYear":519,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":520,"isForceReanalyzing":216},"9546d1f2-781f-405c-af37-7ec405180304","2024-04-19T15:07:05.379+00:00","2025-02-16T23:50:32.487+00:00",[],"Enforcing-the-Climate-Regime-Game-Theory-and-the-Marrakesh-Accords",{"mag":445,"keywords":447,"openalex":448,"abstract":450,"title":451,"doi":453},{"VOID":446},"2103323594",{},{"VOID":449},"W2103323594",{},{"EN":452},"Enforcing the Climate Regime: Game Theory and the Marrakesh Accords",{"VOID":454},"10.1023\u002Fb:inea.0000019026.02330.da",[456],"EN","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1023\u002FB:INEA.0000019026.02330.da",[459],{"id":460,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":461,"affiliations":462,"properties":473},"93f88cdd-cf5d-4a28-9e7d-13d0e7920dc7",[],[463],{"id":464,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":465,"properties":18},"54008491-7b80-4ac1-b419-da4d178f637a",{"id":466,"createTime":467,"updateTime":467,"relativeEntities":468,"slug":469,"properties":470,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"698f405a-13a1-46da-9287-2c69c755b3c3","2024-04-19T15:07:05.403+00:00",[],"CICERO-and-Department-of-Political-Science-University-of-Oslo-Oslo-Norway",{"title":471},{"EN":472},"CICERO; 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(2015). Duality in climate science. Nature Geoscience. doi:10.1038\u002Fngeo2559.\nAthanasiou, T., Baer, P., & Kartha, S. (2006). Greenhouse development rights: An approach to the global climate regime that takes climate protection seriously while also preserving the right to human development. Berkeley; London: EcoEquity; Christian Aid. http:\u002F\u002Fgdrights.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2009\u002F03\u002Fgdrs_nairobi.pdf.\nAthanasiou, T., Kartha, S., & Baer, P. (2014). National fair shares: The mitigation gap—Domestic action and international support. Berkeley and Somerville: EcoEquity and Stockholm Environment Institute. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecoequity.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2014\u002F11\u002FNational-fair-shares.pdf.\nBaer, P., Athanasiou, T., Kartha, S., & Kemp-Benedict, E. (2008). The greenhouse development rights framework. The right to development in a climate constrained world, second edition. Berlin: Heinrich Böll Foundation, Christian Aid, EcoEquity and the Stockholm Environment Institute. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecoequity.org\u002Fdocs\u002FTheGDRsFramework.pdf.\nCaney, S. (2009). Justice and the distribution of greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Global Ethics. doi:10.1080\u002F17449620903110300.\nCAT. (2016). Global temperatures. Climate Action Tracker. http:\u002F\u002Fclimateactiontracker.org\u002Fglobal.html.\nChung, R. K. (2007). A CER discounting scheme could save climate change regime after 2012. Climate Policy. doi:10.1080\u002F14693062.2007.9685647.\nCSO Review. (2015). Fair shares: A civil society equity review of INDCs. Manilla, London, Cape Town, Washington, et al.: CSO Equity Review Coalition. civilsocietyreview.org\u002Freport.\nCSO Review. (2016). Setting the path towards 1.5 °C: A civil society equity review of pre-2020 ambition. Manilla, London, Cape Town, Washington, et al.: CSO Equity Review Coalition. civilsocietyreview.org\u002Freport2016.\nFaran, T. S., & Olsson, L. (2017). Geoengineering of climate change: Neither ethical, nor economical. Risk-reward nexus analysis of geoengineering. International environmental agreements: Politics, law and economics, special issue: Achieving 1.5 °C and climate justice.\nGupta, J., & Arts, K. (2017). Achieving the 1.5 °C objective: Just implementation through a right to (sustainable) development approach. International environmental agreements: Politics, law and economics, special issue: Achieving 1.5 °C and climate justice.\nHöhne, N., den Elzen, M., & Escalante, D. (2014). Regional GHG reduction targets based on effort sharing: A comparison of studies. Climate Policy. doi:10.1080\u002F14693062.2014.849452.\nHöhne, N., den Elzen, M., & Weiss, M. (2006). Common but differentiated convergence (CDC): A new conceptual approach to long-term climate policy. Climate Policy, 6(2), 181–199. doi:10.1080\u002F14693062.2006.9685594.\nHolz, C. (2014). How can Canada’s contribution to climate action be shared fairly among provinces? Presented at the International Political Economy Network and Centre for International Policy Studies Speaker Series, Ottawa, September 13. http:\u002F\u002Fcips.uottawa.ca\u002Fevent\u002Fequity-in-the-greenhouse-fairly-sharing-canadas-climate-change-mitigation-effort-among-provinces-and-territories.\nHolz, C., Athanasiou, T., & Kartha, S. (2017). Estimates of emissions levels associated with the intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs). Harvard Dataverse. doi:10.7910\u002FDVN\u002FRIBJXF.\nIPCC. (2013). Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. In T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, et al. (Eds.). Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. www.climatechange2013.org\u002Fimages\u002Freport\u002FWG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf.\nIPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of working group III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http:\u002F\u002Fmitigation2014.org\u002Freport\u002Ffinal-draft.\nKartha, S., Athanasiou, T., & Baer, P. (2012). The north–south divide, equity and development—The need for trust-building for emergency mobilisation. In N. Hällström (Ed.), What next volume III: Climate, development and equity (pp. 47–71). Uppsala: The Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dhf.uu.se\u002Fpublications\u002Fdevelopment-dialogue\u002Fdd61\u002F.\nKartha, S., Athanasiou, T., Baer, P., & Kemp-Benedict, E. (2008). A call for leadership. A greenhouse development rights analysis of the EU’s proposed 2020 targets. Somerville and Berkeley: EcoEquity and Stockholm Environment Institute. http:\u002F\u002Fgdrights.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2009\u002F10\u002Fa_call_for_leadership.pdf.\nKartha, S., Athanasiou, T., Caney, S., Cripps, E., Dooley, K., Dubash, N. K., et al. (2017). Response to Robiou du Pont et al on climate equity. Nature Climate Change . https:\u002F\u002Fssrn.com\u002Fabstract=3022357.\nKemp-Benedict, E., Athanasiou, T., Baer, P., & Kartha, S. (2013). Calculations for the greenhouse development rights calculator. Stockholm Environmental Institute; EcoEquity.\nKemp-Benedict, E., Holz, C., Baer, P., Athanaisou, T., & Kartha, S. (2017). The climate equity reference calculator. Berkeley and Somerville: Climate Equity Reference Project (EcoEquity and Stockholm Environment Institute). https:\u002F\u002Fcalculator.climateequityreference.org.\nLahn, B. (2017). In the light of equity and science: Scientific expertise and climate justice after Paris. International environmental agreements: Politics, law and economics, special issue: Achieving 1.5 °C and climate justice.\nMeinshausen, M., & Alexander, R. (2016). NDC & INDC factsheets. Version November 4, 2016, Metric GWP SAR. Melbourne: Australian-German Climate and Energy College. http:\u002F\u002Fclimate-energy-college.org\u002Fndc-indc-factsheets.\nMeyer, A. (2004). Briefing: Contraction and convergence. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers—Engineering Sustainability, 157(4). https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1680\u002Fensu.2004.157.4.189.\nPritchett, L. (2003). Who is not poor? Proposing a higher international standard for poverty (No. CBD Working Paper Number 33). Center for global development. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cgdev.org\u002Fpublication\u002Fwho-not-poor-proposing-higher-international-standard-poverty-working-paper-33.\nPritchett, L. (2006). Who is not poor? Dreaming of a world truly free of poverty. The World Bank Research Observer. doi:10.1093\u002Fwbro\u002Flkj002.\nRao, N. D. (2014). International and intranational equity in sharing climate change mitigation burdens. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. doi:10.1007\u002Fs10784-013-9212-7.\nRobiou du Pont, Y., Jeffery, M. L., Gütschow, J., Rogelj, J., Christoff, P., & Meinshausen, M. (2016). Equitable mitigation to achieve the paris agreement goals. Nature Climate Change. doi:10.1038\u002Fnclimate3186.\nRogelj, J., Luderer, G., Pietzcker, R. C., Kriegler, E., Schaeffer, M., Krey, V., et al. (2015). Energy system transformations for limiting end-of-century warming to below 1.5 °C. Nature Climate Change. doi:10.1038\u002Fnclimate2572.\nShue, H. (2015). Historical responsibility, harm prohibition, and preservation requirement: Core practical convergence on climate change. Moral Philosophy and Politics. doi:10.1515\u002Fmopp-2013-0009.\nShue, H. (2017). 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Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. http:\u002F\u002Funeplive.unep.org\u002Fmedia\u002Fdocs\u002Ftheme\u002F13\u002FEmissions_Gap_Report_2016.pdf.\nUNFCCC. (1992). United nations framework convention on climate change. Bonn: UNFCCC. http:\u002F\u002Funfccc.int\u002Fresource\u002Fdocs\u002Fconvkp\u002Fconveng.pdf.\nUNFCCC. (2013). Report of the conference of the parties on its nineteenth session, held in Warsaw from 11 to 23 November 2013. Geneva: United Nations Office. http:\u002F\u002Funfccc.int\u002Fresource\u002Fdocs\u002F2013\u002Fcop19\u002Feng\u002F10a01.pdf.\nUNFCCC. (2015a). Paris agreement. Geneva: United Nations Office. http:\u002F\u002Funfccc.int\u002Ffiles\u002Fmeetings\u002Fparis_nov_2015\u002Fapplication\u002Fpdf\u002Fparis_agreement_english_.pdf.\nUNFCCC. (2015b). Report of the conference of the parties on its twentieth session, held in Lima from 1 to 14 December 2014. Geneva: United Nations Office. http:\u002F\u002Funfccc.int\u002Fresource\u002Fdocs\u002F2014\u002Fcop20\u002Feng\u002F10a01.pdf.\nUNFCCC. (2015c). Synthesis report on the aggregate effect of the intended nationally determined contributions. Bonn: UNFCCC. http:\u002F\u002Funfccc.int\u002Fresource\u002Fdocs\u002F2015\u002Fcop21\u002Feng\u002F07.pdf.\nUNFCCC. (2016). Aggregate effect of the intended nationally determined contributions: An update. Synthesis report by the secretariat. Bonn: UNFCCC. http:\u002F\u002Funfccc.int\u002Fresource\u002Fdocs\u002F2016\u002Fcop22\u002Feng\u002F02.pdf.\nUSA. (2015). Intended nationally determined contribution. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State. http:\u002F\u002Fwww4.unfccc.int\u002FSubmissions\u002FINDC\u002FPublished%20Documents\u002FUnited%20States%20of%20America\u002F1\u002FU.S.%20Cover%20Note%20INDC%20and%20Accompanying%20Information.pdf.\nWinkler, H., Baumert, K., Blanchard, O., Burch, S., & Robinson, J. (2007). What factors influence mitigative capacity? Energy Policy. doi:10.1016\u002Fj.enpol.2006.01.009.\nWinkler, H., Höhne, N., Cunliffe, G., Kuramochi, T., April, A., & de Villafrance Casas, M. J. (2017). Countries start to explain how their climate contributions are fair—More rigour needed. International environmental agreements: Politics, law and economics, special issue: Achieving 1.5 °C and climate justice. (forthcoming).\nWinkler, H., & Rajamani, L. (2014). CBDR&RC in a regime applicable to all. Climate Policy. doi:10.1080\u002F14693062.2013.791184.",{"EN":531},"The problem of fairly distributing the global mitigation effort is particularly important for the 1.5 °C temperature limitation objective, due to its rapidly depleting global carbon budget. Here, we present methodology and results of the first study examining national mitigation pledges presented at the 2015 Paris climate summit, relative to equity benchmarks and 1.5 °C-compliant global mitigation. Uniquely, pertinent ethical choices were made via deliberative processes of civil society organizations, resulting in an agreed range of effort-sharing parameters. Based on this, we quantified each country’s range of fair shares of 1.5 °C-compliant mitigation, using the Climate Equity Reference Project’s allocation framework. Contrasting this with national 2025\u002F2030 mitigation pledges reveals a large global mitigation gap, within which wealthier countries’ mitigation pledges fall far short, while poorer countries’ pledges, collectively, meet their fair share. We also present results for individual countries (e.g. China exceeding; India meeting; EU, USA, Japan, and Brazil falling short). We outline ethical considerations and choices arising when deliberating fair effort sharing and discuss the importance of separating this choice making from the scholarly work of quantitative “equity modelling” itself. Second, we elaborate our approach for quantifying countries’ fair shares of a global mitigation effort, the Climate Equity Reference Framework. Third, we present and discuss the results of this analysis with emphasis on the role of mitigation support. In concluding, we identify twofold obligations for all countries in a justice-centred implementation of 1.5 °C-compliant mitigation: (1) unsupported domestic reductions and (2) engagement in deep international mitigation cooperation, through provision of international financial and other support, or through undertaking additional supported mitigation activities. Consequently, an equitable pathway to 1.5 °C can only be imagined with such large-scale international cooperation and support; otherwise, 1.5 °C-compliant mitigation will remain out of reach, impose undue suffering on the world’s poorest, or both.",{"EN":533},"Fairly sharing 1.5: national fair shares of a 1.5 °C-compliant global mitigation 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Kartha",{"id":564,"sortIndex":114,"researcher":18,"roles":565,"affiliations":566,"properties":582},"889c2dc1-4a5a-431d-9e5d-4add1b38ebf7",[152],[567,572],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":568,"properties":18},{"id":544,"createTime":545,"updateTime":545,"relativeEntities":569,"slug":18,"properties":570,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},[],{"title":571},{"VI":549},{"id":573,"sortIndex":117,"affiliation":574,"properties":581},"fe130a5b-e2c4-4e28-bfc3-b65c70a9cc0d",{"id":575,"createTime":576,"updateTime":576,"relativeEntities":577,"slug":18,"properties":578,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"b16abe5d-bb79-415a-902f-a6ec696c87d1","2023-12-01T19:02:28.755+00:00",[],{"title":579},{"VI":580},"EcoEquity, Berkeley, USA",{},{"title":583},{"VI":584},"Tom Athanasiou",{"id":586,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":587,"affiliations":588,"properties":594},"7e72c6b0-47e5-4eef-9706-ebb65abb6149",[152],[589],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":590,"properties":18},{"id":544,"createTime":545,"updateTime":545,"relativeEntities":591,"slug":18,"properties":592,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},[],{"title":593},{"VI":549},{"title":595},{"VI":596},"Ceecee Holz",{"url":536,"publisher":598,"properties":625},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":599,"slug":10,"properties":600,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":603,"manageAffiliations":604,"indexDatabases":605,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":620,"gsStatistic":18,"type":18,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":601,"title":602},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[],[],[606,613],{"id":91,"indexDatabase":607,"url":106,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":612,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":93,"createTime":94,"updateTime":95,"relativeEntities":608,"label":609,"description":610,"key":102,"publicationTags":611,"standard":18},[],{"EN":98,"VI":98},{"VI":100,"EN":101},[104,105],[108,109,110,111],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":614,"url":83,"indexYears":84,"academicFieldIds":619,"indexDatabaseRanking":89},{"id":72,"createTime":73,"updateTime":74,"relativeEntities":615,"label":616,"description":617,"key":80,"publicationTags":618,"standard":18},[],{"EN":77,"VI":77},{"EN":77,"VI":79},[82],[86,87,88],{"impactFactor":19,"impactFactorByYear":621,"i10Index":114,"i10IndexLast5Year":19,"totalPublication":115,"totalPublicationByYear":622,"totalCitation":118,"totalCitationByYear":623,"totalCitationPerPublication":122,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":624,"hindexLast5Year":114,"hindex":114},{},{"2003":117,"2004":114},{"2003":120,"2004":121},{"2003":120,"2004":124},{"volume":626,"pages":628},{"VOID":627},"18",{"VOID":629},"117-134","2017-08-19",2017,{"id":633,"createTime":634,"updateTime":635,"relativeEntities":636,"slug":637,"properties":638,"entityType":144,"verifyStatus":145,"verifyTime":647,"verifyNote":146,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":648,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":649,"publicationType":180,"publisherRelationship":697,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":730,"publishYear":731,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":216},"29dc372f-409c-4217-a80b-58b482fe0ab8","2023-12-13T16:37:03.857+00:00","2025-02-04T23:46:45.400+00:00",[],"Small-and-smart-the-role-of-Switzerland-in-the-Cartagena-and-Nagoya-protocols-negotiations",{"references":639,"abstract":641,"title":643,"doi":645},{"VOID":640},"Akasaka, K. (2002). Japan. In C. Bail, R. Falkner, & H. Marquard (Eds.), The Cartagena protocol on biosafety (pp. 200–206). London: RIIA & Earthscan.\nArquit Niederberger, A., & Schwager, S. (2004). Swiss environmental foreign policy and sustainable development. Swiss Political Science Review, 10(4), 93–123.\nArter, D. (2000). Small state influence within the EU: The case of Finland’s “northern dimension initiative”. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(5), 677–697.\nBarnett, M., & Duvall, R. (2005). Power in international politics. International Organization, 59(1), 39–75.\nBonfadelli, H., Dahinden, U., & Leonarz, M. (2002). Biotechnology in Switzerland: high on the public agenda, but only moderate support. Public Understanding of Science, 11(2), 113–130.\nBrowning, C. (2006). Small, smart and salient? Rethinking identity in the small states literature. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 19(4), 669–684.\nCarr, E. (1939). The twenty years’ crisis, 1919–1939. London: Macmillan.\nCBD. (1998). Access to Genetic Resources and Means for Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing. Case study submitted by Switzerland. UNEP\u002FCBD\u002FCOP\u002F4\u002FINF.16.\nCBD. (2001). Building a New Partnership: Draft Guidelines on Access and Benefit Sharing Regarding the Utilisation of Genetic Resources. Submission by Switzerland: UNEP\u002FCBD\u002FWG-ABS\u002F1\u002FINF\u002F5 and UNEP\u002FCBD\u002FEP-ABS\u002F2\u002FINF\u002F1.\nCBD. (2003). The Cartagena protocol on biosafety: A record of the negotiations. Montreal: CBD Secretariat.\nCBD. (2005). Proposals by Switzerland regarding the declaration of the source of genetic resources and traditional knowledge in patent applications. UNEP\u002FCBD\u002FWG-ABS\u002F3\u002FINF\u002F7.\nCooper, A., & Shaw, T. (2009). The diplomacies of small states at the start of the twenty-first century: How vulnerable? How resilient? In A. Cooper & T. Shaw (Eds.), Diplomacies of Small States (pp. 1–18). Houndsmills: Palgrave MacMillan.\nCorell, E., & Betsill, M. (2008). Analytical framework: Assessing the influence of NGO diplomats. In M. Betsill & E. Corell (Eds.), NGO diplomacy: The influence of nongovernmental organizations in international environmental negotiations (pp. 19–42). Cambridge: MIT Press.\nCox, R., & Jacobson, H. (1973). The anatomy of influence: Decision making in international organisation. New Haven: Yale University Press.\nDross, M., & Wolff, F. (2005). New elements of the international regime on access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources: The role of certificates of origin. BfN - Skripten No. 127.\nFalkner, R. (2002). Negotiating the Cartagena protocol. In C. Bail, R. Falkner, & H. Marquard (Eds.), The Cartagena protocol on biosafety (pp. 3–22). London: RIIA & Earthscan.\nFédéral, C. (2010). Rapport sur la politique extérieure 2010. Berne: Conseil Fédéral.\nFOEN\u002FBAFU. (2010a). Bericht der Schweizer Delegation zur Fortsetzung des 9. Treffens der Arbeitsgruppe über den Zugang zu genetischen Ressourcen und den gerechten Vorteilausgleich (10–17. Juli 2010, Montreal, Kanada). Bern: Swiss Confederation.\nFOEN\u002FBAFU. (2010b). Bericht der Schweizer Delegation zum 9. Treffen der Arbeitsgruppe über den Zugang zu genetischen Ressourcen und den gerechten Vorteilausgleich (22–28 März 2010, Cali, Kolumbien). Bern: Swiss Confederation.\nFreymond, J., & Boyer, B. (1998). Les organisations non gouvernementales et la politique extérieure de la Suisse . Etude dans le cadre du PNR “Politique extérieure de la Suisse”. Rapport de Synthèse. Berne: Programme National de Recherche 42.\nGoetschel, L., Bernath, M., & Schwarz, D. (2005). Swiss foreign policy: Foundations and possibilities. London: Routledge.\nHarris, P. G. (2008). Bringing the in-between back in: Foreign policy in global environmental politics. Politics and Policy, 36(6), 914–943.\nHey, J. (Ed.). (2003). 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Online: GR:EEN Working Paper Series no. 15.\nNijar, G. (2011). The Nagoya protocol on access and benefit sharing of genetic resources: An analysis. CEBLAW Brief. University of Malaysia.\nNobs, B. (2002). Switzerland. In C. Bail, R. Falkner, & H. Marquard (Eds.), The Cartagena protocol on biosafety (pp. 186–192). London: RIIA and Earthscan.\nOsherenko, G., & Young, O. (1993). The formation of international regimes: Hypotheses and cases. In O. Young & G. Osherenko (Eds.), Polar politics: Creating international environmental regimes (pp. 1–21). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.\nPanke, D. (2010). Good instructions in no time? Domestic coordination of EU policies in 19 small states. West European Politics, 33(4), 770–790.\nPanke, D. (2012a). Dwarfs in international negotiations: How small states make their voices heard. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 25(3), 313–328.\nPanke, D. (2012b). Small states in multilateral negotiations. What have we learned? Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 25(3), 387–398.\nRaustiala, K., & Victor, D. (2004). The regime complex for plant genetic resources. International Organization, 58(2), 277–309.\nRicci, E. & Cullet, P. (2004). Biosafety Regulation: The Cartagena Protocol. Les Cahiers du RIBios, Number 3. Biosafety Interdisciplinary Network. Geneva: Institut Universitaire d'Etudes du Développement.\nSamper, C. (2002). The extraordinary meeting of the conference of the parties (ExCOP). In C. Bail, R. Falkner, & H. Marquard (Eds.), The Cartagena protocol on biosafety (pp. 62–75). London: RIIA and Earthscan.\nSchauzu, M. (2000). The concept of substantial equivalence in safety assessment of foods derived from genetically modified organisms. AgroBiotechNet, 2(April), 1–4.\nSiebenhüner, B., & Suplie, J. (2005). Implementing the access and benefit-sharing provisions of the CBD: A case for institutional learning. Ecological Economics, 53(4), 507–522.\nSilverman, D. (2000). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. London: Sage.\nStrange, S. (1989). States and markets. London: Pinter Publishers.\nSwitzerland. (1999). Draft Guidelines on Access and Benefit Sharing Regarding the Utilisation of Genetic Resources. SECO-IPI-AEFL (FOEN). http:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbd.int\u002Fdoc\u002Fmeetings\u002Fabs\u002Fabsep-01\u002Fother\u002Fabsep-01-guidelines-en.pdf. Accessed 2 May 2012.\nThorhallsson, B. (2009). Can small states choose their own size? The case of a Nordic state: Iceland. In A. F. Cooper & T. M. Shaw (Eds.), The diplomacies of small states at the start of the twenty-first century (pp. 119–142). Houndsmills: Palgrave MacMillan.\nTully, S. (2003). The bonn guidelines on access to genetic resources and benefit sharing. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 12(1), 84–98.\nTvedt, M., & Rukundo, O. (2010). Functionality of an ABS protocol. Journal of World Intellectual Property, 9(2), 189–212.\nUnderdal, A. (1994). Leadership theory: Rediscovering the arts of management. In I. Zartman (Ed.), International multilateral negotiation: Approaches to the management of complexity (pp. 178–197). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.\nWaltz, K. (1979). The Theory of International Politics. Addison-Wesley series in political science. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.\nWIPO. (2003). Proposals by Switzerland regarding the declaration of the source of genetic resources and traditional knowledge in patent applications. WIPO\u002FPCT\u002FR\u002FWG\u002F4\u002F1.\nYoung, O. (1991). Political leadership and regime formation: On the development of institutions in international society. International Organization, 45(3), 281–308.\n[ITV1] Philippe Roch, ex-Head FOEN, 2009.10.13.\n[ITV2] François Pythoud, FOAG, ex-FOEN, 2010.06.09, Interview in French, our translation.\n[ITV3] Beat Nobs, Ambassador, 2010.06.07.\n[ITV4] François Meienberg, Bern Declaration, 2011.05.20.\n[ITV5] Marco D’Alessandro, FOEN, 2011.06.03.\n[ITV6] Martin Girsberger and Benny Müller, IPI, 2011.06.08.\n[ITV7] Sylvia Martinez, ScNat, 2011.06.15.\n[ITV8] Kaspar Sollberger, FOEN, 2011.06.16.\n[ITV9] Axel Braun, Roche, 2011.07.09.\n[ITV10] Peter Johan Schei, FNI, 2011.11.28.",{"EN":642},"This paper looks at Switzerland to examine the role of a small state during the negotiations of the Cartagena and the Nagoya Protocols to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The influence of this small country was substantial at some point in the negotiation processes and on important features of the protocols. The main explanatory factors for this influence are identified as the competence and the tactical skills of the Swiss delegations as well as the flexible and timely mandates they received. This was reinforced by the way the position formation process was organized at the domestic level, namely a lead ministry strongly committed to the process and an efficient coordination between domestic actors, including the delegations. The Swiss delegations were thus able to support the progress of the negotiations, and in parallel to secure some of their interest, by assuming entrepreneurial and intellectual leadership strategies in function of the evolution of domestic and international constraints and opportunities.",{"EN":644},"Small and smart: the role of Switzerland in the Cartagena and Nagoya protocols negotiations",{"VOID":646},"10.1007\u002Fs10784-016-9334-9","2025-02-04T23:46:45.399+00:00","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10784-016-9334-9",[650,667,682],{"id":651,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":652,"affiliations":653,"properties":664},"0e3e31c3-6e6d-4c37-af98-1c214b76dbb5",[152],[654],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":655,"properties":18},{"id":656,"createTime":657,"updateTime":658,"relativeEntities":659,"slug":660,"properties":661,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"b3350a24-39e2-47d4-bb1a-dd6661ae5b55","2024-02-06T10:56:18.955+00:00","2025-02-04T09:08:55.291+00:00",[],"Swiss-Federal-Institute-for-Forest-Snow-and-Landscape-Research-WSL-Birmensdorf-Switzerland",{"title":662},{"VI":663},"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland",{"title":665},{"VI":666},"Tobias Schulz",{"id":668,"sortIndex":117,"researcher":18,"roles":669,"affiliations":670,"properties":679},"35367ff0-911d-4dcf-9937-5e9146fb5729",[152],[671],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":672,"properties":18},{"id":673,"createTime":674,"updateTime":674,"relativeEntities":675,"slug":18,"properties":676,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"3c6056b9-c15b-4391-8efe-1319dd5ca6e3","2023-12-13T16:37:03.890+00:00",[],{"title":677},{"VI":678},"Graduate Institute for International and Development Studies (IHEID), Geneva, Switzerland",{"title":680},{"VI":681},"Marc Hufty",{"id":683,"sortIndex":114,"researcher":18,"roles":684,"affiliations":685,"properties":694},"8082a832-4d62-4173-9e0f-f50d4177177f",[152],[686],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":687,"properties":18},{"id":688,"createTime":689,"updateTime":689,"relativeEntities":690,"slug":18,"properties":691,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"f2961274-321c-4408-acfb-305d334ed5d5","2023-12-13T16:37:03.983+00:00",[],{"title":692},{"VI":693},"Center for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland",{"title":695},{"VI":696},"Maurice Tschopp",{"url":648,"publisher":698,"properties":725},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":699,"slug":10,"properties":700,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":703,"manageAffiliations":704,"indexDatabases":705,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":720,"gsStatistic":18,"type":18,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":701,"title":702},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[],[],[706,713],{"id":91,"indexDatabase":707,"url":106,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":712,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":93,"createTime":94,"updateTime":95,"relativeEntities":708,"label":709,"description":710,"key":102,"publicationTags":711,"standard":18},[],{"EN":98,"VI":98},{"VI":100,"EN":101},[104,105],[108,109,110,111],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":714,"url":83,"indexYears":84,"academicFieldIds":719,"indexDatabaseRanking":89},{"id":72,"createTime":73,"updateTime":74,"relativeEntities":715,"label":716,"description":717,"key":80,"publicationTags":718,"standard":18},[],{"EN":77,"VI":77},{"EN":77,"VI":79},[82],[86,87,88],{"impactFactor":19,"impactFactorByYear":721,"i10Index":114,"i10IndexLast5Year":19,"totalPublication":115,"totalPublicationByYear":722,"totalCitation":118,"totalCitationByYear":723,"totalCitationPerPublication":122,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":724,"hindexLast5Year":114,"hindex":114},{},{"2003":117,"2004":114},{"2003":120,"2004":121},{"2003":120,"2004":124},{"volume":726,"pages":728},{"VOID":727},"17",{"VOID":729},"553-571","2016-09-30",2016,{"id":733,"createTime":734,"updateTime":735,"relativeEntities":736,"slug":737,"properties":738,"entityType":144,"verifyStatus":145,"verifyTime":735,"verifyNote":146,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":747,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":748,"publicationType":180,"publisherRelationship":764,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":796,"publishYear":797,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":216},"31672468-f40e-424c-950c-14d025208bd6","2023-12-11T17:16:36.687+00:00","2025-01-03T23:44:38.552+00:00",[],"The-New-Water-Legislation-of-Zimbabwe-and-South-Africa-Comparison-of-Legal-and-Institutional-Reform",{"references":739,"abstract":741,"title":743,"doi":745},{"VOID":740},"Barberis, Julio A. (1986), International Groundwater Resources Law, FAO Legislative Study, Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Rome.\nCaponera, Dante A. (1992), Principles of Water Law and Administration: National and International, Balkema, Rotterdam.\nDepartment of Water Affairs and Forestry, April 1997, Whitepaper on a National Water Policy for South Africa, Directorate Communication Services, Pretoria.\nGovernment of the Republic of Zimbabwe (1996), Water Act of the Republic of Rhodesia, 1976, Revised Edition 1996, Chapter 20:22, Government Printer, Harare.\nGovernment of the Republic of South Africa (1998), National Water Act No. 36, Government Gazette No. 19182, Cape Town.\nGovernment of the Republic of South Africa (1997), Water Services Act, Government Gazette, Cape Town.\nGovernment of the Republic of Zimbabwe (1998), Zimbabwe Water Act No. 31, Chapter 20:24, Government Printer, Harare.\nGovernment of the Republic of Zimbabwe (1998), Zimbabwe National Water Authority Act, Government Printer, Harare.\nHofwegen, Paul J. M. van and Frank G. W. Jaspers (1999), Analytical Framework for Integrated Water Resources Management, IHE Monograph 2, Inter-American Development Bank, Balkema, Rotterdam.\nICWE (1992), The Dublin Statement and Report of the Conference, International Conference on Water and the Environment, Dublin.\nILA (1966), Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers, adopted by the International Law Association at the 52nd conference, Helsinki, 20th August 1966, International Law Association, London.\nJaspers Frank G. W. (March 1998), Water Resources Management in Chile, Country Report IHE, Desk Study Inter-American Development Bank, Delft, The Netherlands.\nLee Terence R., Jouravlev Andrei S. (1998), Prices, Property and Markets in Water Allocation, Serie Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo 6, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations, Santiago de Chile.\nRamazotti Marco (1996), Readings in African Customary Water Law, FAO Legislative Study, Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Rome.\nRees Judith A. (July 1998), Regulation and Private Participation in the Water and Sanitation Sector, TAC Background Paper No. 1, Technical Advisory Committee, Global Water Partnership, Stockholm.\nRogers Peter, Bhatia Ramesh, Huber Annette (August 1998), Water as a Social and Economic Good: How to Put the Principle into Practice, TAC Background Paper No. 2, Technical Advisory Committee, Global Water Partnership, Stockholm.\nRukuni et al. (October 1994), Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Appropriate Agricultural Land Tenure Systems, Volume One, Main Report.\nSavenije, H. H. G., 1998, Water Resources Management, Concepts and Tools, Lecture Notes, IHE Delft, The Netherlands.\nSavenije, H. H. G. and P. van der Zaag (eds.) (May 1998), The Management of Shared River Basins, Focus on Development 8, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague.\nSolanes, Miguel and Fernando Gonzalez-Villarreal (June 1999), The Dublin Principles for Water as Reflected in a Comparative Assessment of Institutional and Legal Arrangements for Integrated Water Resources Management, TAC Background Paper No. 3, Technical Advisory Committee, Global Water Partnership, Stockholm.\nVan der Zaag, P. and H. Savenije (1999), ‘The Management of International Waters in EU and SADC Compared’, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 24(6), 579–589.\nVan der Zaag, P. and H. Savenije (2000), ‘Towards Improved Management of Shared River Basins, Lessons from the Maseru Conference’, Water Policy 2, 47–63.",{"EN":742},"Recently, several new pieces of water legislation have been promulgated in both Zimbabwe and the Republic of South Africa. The new acts are an attempt to correct injustices of a colonial past and to trigger development towards effective, equitable and efficient integrated water resources management influenced by the policy decisions in Agenda 21 and the need to respect economic and social human rights. This article aims at identifying and describing factors of prime importance in the process of legal and institutional reform. Major factors are earmarked and derived from the proceedings in Zimbabwe and are compared with the situation in South Africa. Thorough analysis by the author of proceedings, preambles, memoranda, legislation and addenda has induced roughly 5 major reform issues: • The call for equitable water distribution based on a widely consented water resources management strategy; • The need for effective and efficient integrated water resources management conducive to stakeholder participation through decentralisation processes; • The redressing of legal shortcomings in former water legislation with the emphasis on the introduction of integrated approaches; • The introduction of instruments of cost recovery for water resources management; • The need to develop human resources capacity and institutional strength within the implementing agencies. For both Southern African states, these issues appear to be of comparable importance as major triggers for legal and institutional reform, although not always in the same sense.The resulting most important legal and institutional changes are presented, discussed and compared. Finally, prospects for and constraints on implementation of the new water legislation in these countries are compared.",{"EN":744},"The New Water Legislation of Zimbabwe and South Africa – Comparison of Legal and Institutional Reform",{"VOID":746},"10.1023\u002FA:1011524107299","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1023\u002FA:1011524107299",[749],{"id":750,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":751,"affiliations":752,"properties":761},"d5f48ff0-2d94-4bcc-8128-049997d221a1",[152],[753],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":754,"properties":18},{"id":755,"createTime":756,"updateTime":756,"relativeEntities":757,"slug":18,"properties":758,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"62032f8f-3efc-48c3-a07f-b6cf24bf4317","2023-12-11T17:16:36.732+00:00",[],{"title":759},{"VI":760},"International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering (IHE), Delft, The Netherlands",{"title":762},{"VI":763},"Frank G. W. Jaspers",{"url":747,"publisher":765,"properties":792},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":766,"slug":10,"properties":767,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":770,"manageAffiliations":771,"indexDatabases":772,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":787,"gsStatistic":18,"type":18,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":768,"title":769},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[],[],[773,780],{"id":91,"indexDatabase":774,"url":106,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":779,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":93,"createTime":94,"updateTime":95,"relativeEntities":775,"label":776,"description":777,"key":102,"publicationTags":778,"standard":18},[],{"EN":98,"VI":98},{"VI":100,"EN":101},[104,105],[108,109,110,111],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":781,"url":83,"indexYears":84,"academicFieldIds":786,"indexDatabaseRanking":89},{"id":72,"createTime":73,"updateTime":74,"relativeEntities":782,"label":783,"description":784,"key":80,"publicationTags":785,"standard":18},[],{"EN":77,"VI":77},{"EN":77,"VI":79},[82],[86,87,88],{"impactFactor":19,"impactFactorByYear":788,"i10Index":114,"i10IndexLast5Year":19,"totalPublication":115,"totalPublicationByYear":789,"totalCitation":118,"totalCitationByYear":790,"totalCitationPerPublication":122,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":791,"hindexLast5Year":114,"hindex":114},{},{"2003":117,"2004":114},{"2003":120,"2004":121},{"2003":120,"2004":124},{"volume":793,"pages":794},{"VOID":514},{"VOID":795},"305-325","2001-07-01",2001,{"id":799,"createTime":800,"updateTime":801,"relativeEntities":802,"slug":803,"properties":804,"entityType":144,"verifyStatus":145,"verifyTime":801,"verifyNote":146,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":813,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":814,"publicationType":180,"publisherRelationship":844,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":876,"publishYear":631,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":216},"e44e00d9-c740-4769-b541-06e6040b8184","2023-12-05T15:26:03.132+00:00","2025-02-26T23:43:53.049+00:00",[],"Removing-fuel-subsidies-How-can-international-organizations-support-national-policy-reforms-",{"references":805,"abstract":807,"title":809,"doi":811},{"VOID":806},"Aldy, J. E. (2015). Policy surveillance in the G-20 fossil fuel subsidies agreement: Lessons for climate policy. Climatic Change. doi:10.1007\u002Fs10584-015-1505-0.\nAl Jazeera. (2013). Sudan fuel price protests turn deadly. Al Jazeera America. http:\u002F\u002Famerica.aljazeera.com\u002Farticles\u002F2013\u002F9\u002F25\u002Fprotests-in-sudanoverfuelpricesturndeadly.html. Accessed 25 Sept 2013.\nAPEC. (2009). Singapore declaration: Sustaining growth, connecting the region. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.apec.org\u002FMeeting-Papers\u002FLeaders-Declarations\u002F2009\u002F2009_aelm.aspx.\nAPEC. (2011). Honolulu declaration: Toward a seamless regional economy. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.apec.org\u002Fmeeting-papers\u002Fleaders-declarations\u002F2011\u002F2011_aelm.aspx.\nAPEC. (2013). Bali declaration: Resilient Asia–Pacific, engine of global growth. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.apec.org\u002FMeeting-Papers\u002FLeaders-Declarations\u002F2013\u002F2013_aelm.aspx.\nAPEC. (2014). The 22nd APEC economic leaders’ declaration—Beijing agenda for an integrated, innovative and interconnected Asia–Pacific. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.apec.org\u002FMeeting-Papers\u002FLeaders-Declarations\u002F2014\u002F2014_aelm.aspx.\nAPEC. (2015a). APEC peer review of fossil fuel subsidy reforms—Objectives & process. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ewg.apec.org\u002Fdocuments\u002FSession_3_Chikkatur.pdf.\nAPEC. (2015b). Final report: Peer review on fossil fuel subsidy reforms in New Zealand. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mbie.govt.nz\u002Finfo-services\u002Fsectors-industries\u002Fenergy\u002Finternational-relationships\u002Fpdf-document-library\u002Fpeer-review-fossil-fuel-subsidy-reforms-nz.pdf.\nArze del Granado, F. J., & Coady, D. (2012). The unequal benefits of fuel subsidies: A review of evidence for developing countries. World Development, 40(11), 2234–2248.\nAxelrod, R., & Keohane, R. O. (1985). Achieving cooperation under anarchy: Strategies and institutions. World Politics, 38(1), 226–254.\nBaccini, L., & Urpelainen, J. (2014). Cutting the Gordian knot of economic reform: When and how international institutions help. New York: Oxford University Press.\nBárány, A., & Grigonytė, D. (2015). Measuring fossil fuel subsidies. Brussels: European Commission. http:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Feconomy_finance\u002Fpublications\u002Feconomic_briefs\u002F2015\u002Fpdf\u002Feb40_en.pdf.\nBarrett, S. (1999). A theory of full international cooperation. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 11(4), 519–541.\nBenes, K., Cheon, A., Urpelainen, J., & Yang, J. (2015). Low oil prices: An opportunity for fuel subsidy reform. New York: Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia University.\nBirner, R., Gupta, S., & Sharma, N. (2011). The political economy of agricultural policy reform in India: Fertilizers and electricity for irrigation. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.\nBozonnet, C. (2012). Trade in smuggled fuel from Nigeria oils economies of West Africa. The Guardian. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2012\u002Foct\u002F02\u002Fsmuggle-fuel-west-africa. Accessed 2 Oct 2012.\nBusch, M. (2007). Overlapping institutions, forum shopping, and dispute settlement in international trade. International Organization, 61(4), 735–761.\nCheon, A., Urpelainen, J., & Lackner, M. (2013). Why do governments subsidize gasoline consumption? An empirical analysis of global gasoline prices, 2002–2009. Energy Policy, 56, 382–390.\nCheon, A., et al. (2015). Instruments of political control: National oil companies, oil prices, and petroleum subsidies. Comparative Political Studies, 48(3), 370–402.\nCoady, D., Parry, I., Sears, L., & Shang, B. (2015). How large are global energy subsidies?. Washington, DC: IMF.\nColgan, J., Keohane, R. O., & Van de Graaf, T. (2012). Punctuated equilibrium in the energy regime complex. Review of International Organizations, 7(2), 117–143.\nDavis, L. (2014). The economic cost of global fuel subsidies. American Economic Review, 104(5), 581–585.\nFattouh, B., & El-Katiri, L. (2013). Energy subsidies in the Middle East and North Africa. Energy Strategy Reviews, 2(1), 108–115.\nG20. (2009). Leaders’ statement: Pittsburgh summit, 24–25 September 2009. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.g20.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fg20_resources\u002Flibrary\u002FPittsburgh_Declaration.pdf.\nG20. (2010). Annex: G20 initiative on rationalizing and phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, implementation strategies & timetables. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.eenews.net\u002Fassets\u002F2010\u002F06\u002F28\u002Fdocument_cw_03.pdf.\nG20. (2015). Update on recent progress in reform of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption. http:\u002F\u002Fg20.org.tr\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2015\u002F11\u002FUpdate-on-Recent-Progress-in-Reform-of-IFFS-that-Encourage-Wasteful-Consumption.pdf.\nG20 Research Group. (2012). 2011 Cannes G20 summit final compliance report. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.g8.utoronto.ca\u002Fg20\u002Fcompliance\u002F2011cannes-final\u002Findex.html.\nGately, D., Al-Yousef, N., & Al-Sheikh, H. M. H. (2012). The rapid growth of domestic oil consumption in Saudi Arabia and the opportunity cost of oil exports foregone. Energy Policy, 47, 57–68.\nGuzman, A. T. (2008). How international law works: A rational choice theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nHathaway, O. (2008). International delegation and state sovereignty. Law and Contemporary Problems, 71(1), 1–36.\nIEA. (2014). World energy outlook 2014. Paris: IEA.\nIEA. (2015). World energy outlook special report: Energy and climate change. Paris: IEA.\nIEA, OPEC, OECD, & World Bank. (2011). Joint report by IEA, OPEC, OECD and World Bank on fossil-fuel and other energy subsidies: An update of the G20 Pittsburgh and Toronto commitments. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fenv\u002F49090716.pdf.\nIMF. (2013). Energy subsidy reform—Lessons and implications. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.imf.org\u002Fexternal\u002Fnp\u002Fpp\u002Feng\u002F2013\u002F012813.pdf.\nMalnes, R. (1995). ‘Leader’ and ‘entrepreneur’ in international negotiations: A conceptual analysis. European Journal of International Relations, 1, 87–112.\nMansfield, E. D., & Pevehouse, J. C. (2006). Democratization and international organizations. International Organization, 60(1), 137–167.\nMehrara, M. (2007). Energy consumption and economic growth: The case of oil exporting countries. Energy Policy, 35(5), 2939–2945.\nOverland, I. (2010). Subsidies for fossil fuels and climate change: A comparative perspective. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 67(3), 303–317.\nPlante, M. (2014). The long-run macroeconomic impacts of fuel subsidies. Journal of Development Economics, 107(C), 129–143.\nPrzeworski, A. (1991). Democracy and the market: Political and economic reform in Eastern Europe and Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.\nRao, N. (2012). Kerosene subsidies in India: When energy policy fails as social policy. Energy for Sustainable Development, 16(1), 35–43.\nRaustiala, K., & Victor, D. G. (2004). The regime complex for plant genetic resources. International Organization, 58(2), 277–309.\nRodrik, D. (1991). Policy uncertainty and private investment in developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 36(2), 229–242.\nSchneider, C. J., & Urpelainen, J. (2012). Accession rules for international institutions: A legitimacy-efficacy trade-off? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(2), 290–312.\nSnidal, D., & Vabulas, F. (2013). Organization without delegation: Informal intergovernmental organizations (IIGOs) and the spectrum of intergovernmental arrangements. Review of International Organizations, 8(2), 193–220.\nTallberg, J. (2010). The power of the chair: Formal leadership in international cooperation. International Studies Quarterly, 54(1), 241–255.\nUrpelainen, J. (2011). The enforcement-exploitation trade-off in international cooperation between weak and powerful states. European Journal of International Relations, 17(4), 631–653.\nUrpelainen, J., & Van de Graaf, T. (2015). The International Renewable Energy Agency: A success story in institutional innovation? International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 15(2), 159–177.\nVagliasindi, M. (2013). Implementing energy subsidy reforms: Evidence from developing countries. Washington, DC: World Bank.\nvan Asselt, H. (2014). Governing the transition away from fossil fuels: The role of international institutions. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute.\nVan de Graaf, T., & Westphal, K. (2011). The G8 and G20 as global steering committees for energy: Opportunities and constraints. Global Policy, 2(S1), 19–30.\nVictor, D. G. (2009). The politics of fossil fuel subsidies. Geneva: Global Subsidies Initiative.\nYoung, O. (1989). The politics of international regime formation: Managing natural resources and the environment. International Organization, 43(3), 349–375.",{"EN":808},"This article investigates how international organizations can support fuel subsidy reform. Departing from earlier studies, we focus on the ability of international organizations to assist national governments directly in the enactment and implementation of national reforms. While international organizations lack the capacity to directly enforce policy or force countries to abolish subsidies, they can increase the cost of reform reversal by governments that have a preference for reform but worry about the credibility and durability of their reforms. Moreover, international organizations can support learning from peers. In practice, governments interested in subsidy reform can announce a public commitment and submit progress reports to peer review by other countries under the auspices of an international organization. We characterize the institutional design of international organizations for success, discuss the role of the civil society in the process, and offer short illustrations from recent efforts by international organizations to promote fuel subsidy reform.",{"EN":810},"Removing fuel subsidies: How can international organizations support national policy reforms?",{"VOID":812},"10.1007\u002Fs10784-017-9358-9","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10784-017-9358-9",[815,832],{"id":816,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":817,"affiliations":818,"properties":829},"6c8dbfee-b6c1-4bd6-b564-80fe91a6bc89",[152],[819],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":820,"properties":18},{"id":821,"createTime":822,"updateTime":823,"relativeEntities":824,"slug":825,"properties":826,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"1550be97-f6da-42c8-8971-b4c1ffa60b37","2024-04-11T14:28:50.552+00:00","2025-02-09T04:22:35.470+00:00",[],"Columbia-University-New-York-USA",{"title":827},{"EN":828},"Columbia University,  New York,  USA",{"title":830},{"VI":831},"Joel E. Smith",{"id":833,"sortIndex":117,"researcher":18,"roles":834,"affiliations":835,"properties":841},"a39e2d5d-157d-4bf9-9147-4c44fc38028a",[152],[836],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":837,"properties":18},{"id":821,"createTime":822,"updateTime":823,"relativeEntities":838,"slug":825,"properties":839,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},[],{"title":840},{"EN":828},{"title":842},{"VI":843},"Johannes Urpelainen",{"url":813,"publisher":845,"properties":872},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":846,"slug":10,"properties":847,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":850,"manageAffiliations":851,"indexDatabases":852,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":867,"gsStatistic":18,"type":18,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":848,"title":849},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[],[],[853,860],{"id":91,"indexDatabase":854,"url":106,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":859,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":93,"createTime":94,"updateTime":95,"relativeEntities":855,"label":856,"description":857,"key":102,"publicationTags":858,"standard":18},[],{"EN":98,"VI":98},{"VI":100,"EN":101},[104,105],[108,109,110,111],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":861,"url":83,"indexYears":84,"academicFieldIds":866,"indexDatabaseRanking":89},{"id":72,"createTime":73,"updateTime":74,"relativeEntities":862,"label":863,"description":864,"key":80,"publicationTags":865,"standard":18},[],{"EN":77,"VI":77},{"EN":77,"VI":79},[82],[86,87,88],{"impactFactor":19,"impactFactorByYear":868,"i10Index":114,"i10IndexLast5Year":19,"totalPublication":115,"totalPublicationByYear":869,"totalCitation":118,"totalCitationByYear":870,"totalCitationPerPublication":122,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":871,"hindexLast5Year":114,"hindex":114},{},{"2003":117,"2004":114},{"2003":120,"2004":121},{"2003":120,"2004":124},{"volume":873,"pages":874},{"VOID":727},{"VOID":875},"327-340","2017-03-24",{"id":878,"createTime":879,"updateTime":879,"relativeEntities":880,"slug":18,"properties":881,"entityType":144,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":890,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":891,"publicationType":180,"publisherRelationship":922,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":955,"publishYear":956,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":216},"26555eef-2f7c-4c58-bc24-d212122c1f66","2023-12-22T23:39:33.847+00:00",[],{"references":882,"abstract":884,"title":886,"doi":888},{"VOID":883},"Agarwal, A., & Narain, S. (1991). Global warming in an unequal world: A case of environmental colonialism. New Delhi: Center for Science and Environment.\nAglietta, M., Hourcade, J-C., Jaeger, C., & Perrissin Fabert, B. (2015). Financing transition in an adverse context: Climate finance beyond carbon finance. Int Environ Agreements. doi:10.1007\u002Fs10784-015-9298-1.\nAldy, J. E., & Stavins, R. N. (2007). Architectures for agreement: addressing global climate change in the post-Kyoto world. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.\nBASIC experts, (2011). Equitable access to sustainable development: Contribution to the body of scientific knowledge. BASIC expert group: Beijing, Brasilia, Cape Town and Mumbai. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.erc.uct.ac.za\u002FBasic_Experts_Paper.pdf. Visited on August 15 2013.\nCooper, R. N. (2007). Alternatives to Kyoto: The case for a carbon tax. In J. E. Aldy & R. N. Stavins (Eds.), Architectures for agreement: Addressing global climate change in the post-Kyoto World (pp. 105–115). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nDe Martino Jannuzzi, G., & Goldemberg, J. (2012). Climate Change and “historical responsibilities. Ambiente and Sociedade, 15(1), 201–206.\nDen Elzen, M. G. J., Schaeffer, M., & Lucas, P. L. (2005). Differentiating future commitments on the basis of countries’ relative historical responsibility for climate change: Uncertainties in the “Brazilian proposal” in the context of a policy implementation. Clim Chang, 71(3), 277–301. doi:10.1007\u002Fs10584-005-5382-9.\nFu, S., & Zou, J. (2015). The challenges of the post-COP21 regime: Interpreting CBDR in the INDC context. Int Environ Agreements. doi:10.1007\u002Fs10784-015-9303-8.\nGuivarch, C., & Hallegatte, S. (2013). 2 C or not 2 C? Global Environmental Change, 23(1), 179–192.\nHourcade, J-C., Shukla, P-R., & Cassen, C. (2015). Climate policy architecture for the Cancun’s paradigm shift: Building upon the lessons from history. Int Environ Agreements. doi:10.1007\u002Fs10784-015-9301-x.\nIPCC, (2007). Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In B. Metz, O. R. Davidson, P. R. Bosch, R. Dave & L. A. Meyer (Eds.), (p. 851). Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.\nJacoby, H. D., Schlamensee, R., & Wing, I. S. (1999). Towards a useful architecture for climate change negotiations, MIT Global Change Joint Program Report no 49. Boston: MIT.\nLecocq, F., & Hourcade, J. C. (2012). Unspoken ethical issues in the climate affair: Insights from a theoretical analysis of negotiation mandates. Economic theory, 49(2), 445–471.\nMéjean, A., Lecocq, F., & Mulugetta, Y. (2015). Equity, burden sharing and development pathways: Reframing international climate negotiations. doi:10.1007\u002Fs10784-015-9302-9.\nNordhaus, W. (1998). Assessing the economics of climate change: An introduction. In W. D. Nordhaus (Ed.), Economic and policy issues in climate change. Washington: Resources for the Future Press.\nRose, A., Stevens, B., Emonds, J., & Wise, M. (1998). International equity and differentiation in global warming policy. Environment and Resource Economics, 12(1), 25–51.\nSamuelson, P. A. (1954). The theory of public expenditure. Review of Economics and Statistics, 36, 386–389.\nThe White House (2015). U.S.-Brazil Joint statement on climate change [www document]. whitehouse.gov. URL https:\u002F\u002Fwww.whitehouse.gov\u002Fthe-press-office\u002F2015\u002F06\u002F30\u002Fus-brazil-joint-statement-climate-change. Accessed 9 Nov 2015.\nVictor, D. G. (2006). Toward effective international cooperation on climate change: Numbers, interests and institutions. Global Environmental Politics, 6(3), 90–103.\nWinkler, H., Boyd, A., Gunfaus, M-T., & Raubenheimer, S. (2015). Reconsidering development by reflecting on climate change. Int Environ Agreements. doi:10.1007\u002Fs10784-015-9304-7.",{"EN":885},"This foreword explains why the success of COP21 is dependent upon its capacity to operate the paradigm shift announced in Cancun. It comes back to the recent history of the Conference of the Parties and shows the reasons for the emergence of the notion of ‘equitable rights to sustainable development (EASD)’ which enlarged the concept of equity beyond ‘burden sharing’. It shows why this paradigm shift is a categorical imperative to break the self-defeating process of negotiations since the first COP of Berlin in 1995. It then demonstrate how the contributions to this special issue a) help understanding the deadlocks of a ‘sharing the pie’ logic in the climate affair and why it is inappropriate and diversionary to assess climate justice through ‘fairness’ of emissions allocations as the sole criteria b) show how to enforce the EADS principle in the current adverse context of a world economy weakened in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis.",{"EN":887},"Cancun’s paradigm shift and COP 21: to go beyond rhetoric",{"VOID":889},"10.1007\u002Fs10784-015-9305-6","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10784-015-9305-6",[892,907],{"id":893,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":894,"affiliations":895,"properties":904},"bb2b8161-cc1e-434e-ae16-e8dbaa036431",[152],[896],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":897,"properties":18},{"id":898,"createTime":899,"updateTime":899,"relativeEntities":900,"slug":18,"properties":901,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"91b2da3c-d02a-4d55-b7bb-b4c9388707ea","2023-12-22T23:39:33.869+00:00",[],{"title":902},{"VI":903},"CIRED, Centre International de Recherche sur l’Environnement et le Développement, CNRS, Agro ParisTech, EHESS, CIRAD, Nogent-sur-Marne, France",{"title":905},{"VI":906},"Jean-Charles Hourcade",{"id":908,"sortIndex":117,"researcher":18,"roles":909,"affiliations":910,"properties":919},"ff69d5f4-d587-43a9-b516-d4a700f236d9",[152],[911],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":912,"properties":18},{"id":913,"createTime":914,"updateTime":914,"relativeEntities":915,"slug":18,"properties":916,"entityType":54,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"69500786-64b7-4a22-8d98-b26f98324888","2024-02-16T15:16:16.327+00:00",[],{"title":917},{"VI":918},"Indian Institute of Management, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad, India",{"title":920},{"VI":921},"P.-R. 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