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performance and physiological effects of isomaltulose and maltodextrin consumed intermittently during prolonged soccer-specific exercise were investigated. University soccer players (n = 22) performed 120 min of intermittent exercise while consuming 8% carbohydrate–electrolyte drinks (equivalent to ~ 20 g h−1) containing maltodextrin (Glycaemic Index: 90–100), isomaltulose (Glycaemic Index: 32) or a carbohydrate-energy-free placebo in a manner replicating the practices of soccer players (i.e., during warm-up and half-time). Physical (sprinting, jumping) and technical (shooting, dribbling) performance was assessed. Blood glucose and plasma insulin (both P \u003C 0.001) concentrations varied by trial with isomaltulose maintaining > 13% higher blood glucose concentrations between 75 and 90 min versus maltodextrin (P \u003C 0.05). A decline in glycaemia at 60 min in maltodextrin was attenuated with isomaltulose (−19 versus −4%; P = 0.015). Carbohydrates attenuated elevations in plasma epinephrine concentrations (P \u003C 0.05), but isomaltulose proved most effective at 90 and 120 min. Carbohydrates did not attenuate IL-6 increases or reductions in physical or technical performances (all P > 0.05). Ratings of abdominal discomfort were influenced by trial (P \u003C 0.05) with lower values for both carbohydrates compared to PLA from 60 min onwards. Although carbohydrates (~ 20 g h−1) did not attenuate performance reductions throughout prolonged soccer-specific exercise, isomaltulose maintained higher blood glucose at 75–90 min, lessened the magnitude of the exercise-induced rebound glycaemic response and attenuated epinephrine increases whilst maintaining similar abdominal discomfort values relative to maltodextrin. When limited opportunities exist to consume carbohydrates on competition-day, low-glycaemic isomaltulose may offer an alternative nutritional strategy for exercising soccer players.",{"EN":343,"VI":344},"A comparison of isomaltulose versus maltodextrin ingestion during soccer-specific exercise","So sánh việc nạp isomaltulose so với maltodextrin trong quá trình tập luyện đặc thù cho bóng đá",{"VOID":346},"Ali A, Williams C (2009) Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance during prolonged intermittent exercise. J Sports Sci 27:1499–1508\nAndersson H, Bohn SK, Raastad T, Paulsen G, Blomhoff R, Kadi F (2010) Differences in the inflammatory plasma cytokine response following two elite female soccer games separated by a 72-h recovery. Scand J Med Sci Sports 20:740–747\nAtkinson FS, Foster-Powell K, Brand-Miller JC (2008) International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008. Diabetes Care 31:2281–2283\nBalijepalli C, Druyts E, Siliman G, Joffres M, Thorlund K, Mills EJ (2017) Hypoglycemia: a review of definitions used in clinical trials evaluating antihyperglycemic drugs for diabetes. Clin Epidemiol 9:291–296\nBangsbo J, Iaia FM, Krustrup P (2007) Metabolic response and fatigue in soccer. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2:111–127\nBorg GAV (1973) Perceived exertion—note on history and methods. Med Sci Sports Exerc 5:90–93\nChryssanthopoulos C, Hennessy LC, Williams C (1994) The influence of pre-exercise glucose ingestion on endurance running capacity. Br J Sports Med 28:105–109\nClarke ND, Drust B, Maclaren DP, Reilly T (2008) Fluid provision and metabolic responses to soccer-specific exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 104:1069–1077\nConvertino VA, Armstrong LE, Coyle EF, Mack GW, Sawka MN, Senay LC, Sherman WM (1996) American College of Sports Medicine position stand—exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28:R1–R7\nCostill DL, Coyle E, Dalsky G, Evans W, Fink W, Hoopes D (1977) Effects of elevated plasma FFA and insulin on muscle glycogen usage during exercise. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 43:695–699\nCoyle EF, Coggan AR, Hemmert MK, Ivy JL (1986) Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. J Appl Physiol 61:165–172\nDahlqvist A, Auricchio S, Semenza G, Prader A (1963) Human intestinal disaccharidases and hereditary disaccharide intolerance. The hydrolysis of sucrose, isomaltose, palatinose (isomaltulose), and a 1,6-alpha-oligosaccharide (isomalto-oligosaccharide) preparation. J Clin Invest 42:556–562\nDotson S, Freeman R, Failing HJ, Adler GK (2008) Hypoglycemia increases serum interleukin-6 levels in healthy men and women. Diabetes Care 31:1222–1223\nFebbraio MA, Lambert DL, Starkie RL, Proietto J, Hargreaves M (1998) Effect of epinephrine on muscle glycogenolysis during exercise in trained men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 84:465–470\nFelig P, Cherif A, Minagawa A, Wahren J (1982) Hypoglycemia during prolonged exercise in normal men. N Engl J Med 306:895–900\nFischer CP (2006) Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance? Exerc Immunol Rev 12:6–33\nFoskett A, Williams C, Boobis L, Tsintzas K (2008) Carbohydrate availability and muscle energy metabolism during intermittent running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40:96–103\nFritzsche RG, Switzer TW, Hodgkinson BJ, Lee SH, Martin JC, Coyle EF (2000) Water and carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise increase maximal neuromuscular power. J Appl Physiol 88:730–737\nGokhale R, Chandrashekara S, Vasanthakumar KC (2007) Cytokine response to strenuous exercise in athletes and non-athletes-an adaptive response. Cytokine 40:123–127\nHarper LD, West DJ, Stevenson E, Russell M (2014) Technical performance reduces during the extra-time period of professional soccer match-play. PLoS One 9:e110995\nHarper LD, Briggs MA, McNamee G, West DJ, Kilduff LP, Stevenson E, Russell M (2016a) Physiological and performance effects of carbohydrate gels consumed prior to the extra-time period of prolonged simulated soccer match-play. J Sci Med Sport 19:509–514\nHarper LD, Hunter R, Parker P et al (2016b) Test–retest reliability of physiological and performance responses to 120 min of simulated soccer match-play. J Strength Cond Res 30:3178–3186\nHarper LD, Stevenson EJ, Rollo I, Russell M (2017) The influence of a 12% carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage on self-paced soccer-specific exercise performance. J Sci Med Sport\nHelge JW, Stallknecht B, Pedersen BK, Galbo H, Kiens B, Richter EA (2003) The effect of graded exercise on IL-6 release and glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 546:299–305\nJentjens RL, Jeukendrup AE (2003) Effects of pre-exercise ingestion of trehalose, galactose and glucose on subsequent metabolism and cycling performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 88:459–465\nKingsley M, Penas-Ruiz C, Terry C, Russell M (2014) Effects of carbohydrate-hydration strategies on glucose metabolism, sprint performance and hydration during a soccer match simulation in recreational players. J Sci Med Sport 17:239–243\nKraemer WJ, Hooper DR, Szivak TK et al (2015) The addition of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and isomaltulose to whey protein improves recovery from highly demanding resistance exercise. J Am Coll Nutr 34:91–99\nKrustrup P, Mohr M, Steensberg A, Bencke J, Kjaer M, Bangsbo J (2006) Muscle and blood metabolites during a soccer game: implications for sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38:1165–1174\nMacDonald I, Daniel JW (1983) The bio-availability of isomaltulose in man and rat. Nutr Rep Int 28:1089–1090\nOosthuyse T, Carstens M, Millen AM (2015) Ingesting isomaltulose versus fructose-maltodextrin during prolonged moderate-heavy exercise increases fat oxidation but impairs gastrointestinal comfort and cycling performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 25:427–438\nRamsbottom R, Brewer J, Williams C (1988) A progressive shuttle run test to estimate maximal oxygen uptake. Br J Sports Med 22:141–144\nRowlands DS, Thorburn MS, Thorp RM, Broadbent S, Shi X (2008) Effect of graded fructose coingestion with maltodextrin on exogenous 14C-fructose and 13C-glucose oxidation efficiency and high-intensity cycling performance. J Appl Physiol 104:1709–1719\nRussell M, Kingsley M (2014) The efficacy of acute nutritional interventions on soccer skill performance. Sports Med 44:957–970\nRussell M, Benton D, Kingsley M (2010) Reliability and construct validity of soccer skills tests that measure passing, shooting, and dribbling. J Sports Sci 28:1399–1408\nRussell M, Benton D, Kingsley M (2011a) The effects of fatigue on soccer skills performed during a soccer match simulation. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 6:221–233\nRussell M, Rees G, Benton D, Kingsley M (2011b) An exercise protocol that replicates soccer match-play. Int J Sports Med 32:511–518\nRussell M, Benton D, Kingsley M (2012) Influence of carbohydrate supplementation on skill performance during a soccer match simulation. J Sci Med Sport 15:348–354\nRussell M, Benton D, Kingsley M (2014) Carbohydrate ingestion before and during soccer match play and blood glucose and lactate concentrations. J Athl Train 49:447–453\nRussell M, Sparkes W, Northeast J, Kilduff LP (2015a) Responses to a 120 min reserve team soccer match: a case study focusing on the demands of extra-time. J Sport Sci 33:2133–2139\nRussell M, West DJ, Bracken RM, Briggs MA, Giroud T, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP (2015b) A passive heat maintenance strategy implemented during a simulated half-time improves lower body power output and repeated sprint ability in professional Rugby Union players. Plos One 18:e0119374\nRussell M, West DJ, Harper LD, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP (2015c) Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: a review and recommendations. Sports Med 45:353–364\nSmith TJ, Wilson MA, Karl JP et al (2016) Interstitial glucose concentrations and hypoglycemia during 2 days of caloric deficit and sustained exercise: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 121:1208–1216\nSouglis A, Papapanagiotou A, Bogdanis GC, Travlos A, Apostolidis N, Geladas N (2015) Comparison of inflammatory responses to a soccer match between elite male and female players. J Strength Cond Res 29:1227–1233\nThomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM (2016) American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and athletic performance. 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effects of carbohydrate loading on relative stress responses of eight male subjects performing intermittent leg exercise at 80% maximum oxygen consumption during headout immersion in 25°C water were tested. Carbohydrate loading increased the number of work cycles completed, with less physical stress compared with that completed following the control diet period. Pre-exercise serum cortisol values were similar on both diets prior to exercise but following exercise control values were greater (1152, 94 vs 858, 77 nmol l−1; mean, SEM). Chromium losses, which have been shown to correlate with stress, were lower during the carbohydrate loading period, 8.6, 1.3 vs 12.4, 2.0 ng h−1, and were correlated with post-exercise serum cortisol. Urinary zinc losses were also lower during carbohydrate loading, while urinary losses of potassium, magnesium and calcium remained constant. Insulin values decreased similarly following exercise in both groups and were not altered by carbohydrate loading. These data demonstrate that carbohydrate loading increases immersion exercise output with less stress as determined by serum cortisol and urinary chromium losses.",{"EN":525,"VI":526},"Effects of carbohydrate loading and underwater exercise on circulating cortisol, insulin and urinary losses of chromium and zinc","Tác động của nạp carbohydrate và bài tập dưới nước lên nồng độ cortisol, insulin lưu hành và lượng bài tiết crom, kẽm qua nước tiểu",{"VOID":528},"Anderson RA (1987) Chromium. In: Mertz W (ed) Trace elements in human and animal nutrition. Academic Press, Orlando, Fla., pp 225–244\nAnderson RA, Guttman HN (1988) Trace minerals and exercise. In: Terjung R, Horton ES (eds) Exercise, nutrition and energy metabolism. Macmillan, New York, pp 180–195\nAnderson RA, Kozlovsky AS (1985) Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected diets. Am J Clin Nutr 41:1177–1183\nAnderson RA, Polansky MM, Bryden NA, Roginsky EE, Patterson KY, Reamer DC (1982) Effect of exercise (running) on serum glucose, insulin, glucagon and chromium excretion. Diabetes 31:212–216\nAnderson RA, Polansky MM, Bryden NA, Patterson KY, Veillon C, Glinsmann WH (1983) Effects of chromium supplementation on urinary Cr excretion of human subjects and correlation of Cr excretion with selected clinical parameters. J Nutr 113:276–281\nAnderson RA, Polansky MM, Bryden NA (1984) Strenuous running: acute effects on chromium, copper, zinc and selected clinical variables in urine and serum of male runners. Biol Trace Elements Res 6:327–336\nAnderson RA, Polansky MM, Bryden NA, Bhathena SJ, Canary J (1987) Effects of supplemental chromium on patients with symptoms of reactive hypoglycemia. Metabolism 36:351–355\nAnderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Deuster PA (1988a) Exercise effects on chromium excretion of trained and untrained men consuming a constant diet. J Appl Physiol 64:249–252\nAnderson RA, Borel JS, Polansky MM, Bryden NA, Majerus TC, Moser PB (1988b) Chromium intake and excretion of patients receiving total parenteral nutrition: effects of supplemental chromium. J Trace Elements Exp Med 1:9–18\nAnderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Reiser S (1990) Urinary chromium excretion and insulinogenic properties of carbohydrates. Am J Clin Nutr 51:864–868\nBergstrom J, Hultman E (1967) A study of the glycogen metabolism during exercise in man. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 19:218–228\nBergstrom J, Hermansen L, Hultman E (1967) Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiol Scand 71:140–150\nBorel JS, Majerus TC, Polansky MM, Moser PB, Anderson RA (1984) Chromium intake and urinary chromium excretion of trauma patients. Biol Trace Elements Res 6:317–326\nBray JT, Van Rij AM, Hall MT, Pories WJ (1979) Analytical and sampling factors affecting urinary zinc analyses. In: Hemphill DD (ed) Trace substances in environmental health, vol XIII. Columbia, Mo., pp 163–171\nChristensen EH, Hansen O (1939) Respiratorischer Quotient und O2-Aufnahme. Scand Arch Physiol 81:180–189\nConsolazio CF, Nelson RA, Matoush LR, Hughes RC, Urone P (1964) The trace element mineral losses in sweat. (Report no. 284) US Army Medical Research and Nutrition Laboratory, Denver, Colo.\nCostill DL, Sherman WM, Fink WJ, Maresh C, Witten M, Miller JM (1981) The role of dietary carbohydrates in muscle glycogen resynthesis after strenuous running. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1831–1836\nDavies CT, Few JD (1973) Effects of exercise on adrenocortical function. J Appl Physiol 35:887–891\nFew JD (1974) Effect of exercise on the secretion and metabolism of cortisol in man. J Endocrinol 62:341–353\nFields M, Ferretti RJ, Smith JC, Reiser S (1984) The interaction of type of dietary carbohydrates with copper deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 39:289–294\nForgac MT (1979) Carbohydrate loading — a review. J Am Diet Assoc 75:42–45\nGreenleaf JE, Shvartz E, Kravik S, Keil LC (1980) Fluid shifts and endocrine responses during chair rest and water immersion in man. J Appl Physiol 60:176–183\nHultman E (1967) Studies on muscle metabolism of glycogen and active phosphate in man with special reference to exercise and diet. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 19:94\nKarlsson J, Saltin B (1981) Diet, muscle glycogen and endurance performance. J Appl Physiol 31:203–226\nKozlovsky AS, Moser PB, Reiser S, Anderson RA (1986) Effects of diets high in simple sugars on urinary chromium losses. Metabolism 35:515–518\nKuoppasalmi K, Naveri H, Harkonen M, Adlercreutz H (1980) Plasma cortisol, androstinedione, testosterone and lutenizing hormone in running exercise of different intensities. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 40:403–409\nMiller-Ihli NJ, Wolf WR (1986) Characterization of a diet reference material for 17 elements. Anal Chem 58:3225–3230\nPekarek RS, Hauer EC, Rayfield EJ, Wannemacher RW, Beisel WR (1975) Relationship between serum chromium concentrations and glucose utilization in normal and infected subjects. Diabetes 24:350–353\nSherman WM, Costill DL, Fink WJ, Miller JM (1981) Effect of exercise-diet manipulation on muscle glycogen and its subsequent utilization during performance. Int J Sports Med 2:114–118\nThorp JW, Mittleman KD, Haberman KJ, House JF, Doubt TJ (1990) Work enhancement and thermal changes during intermittent work in cool water after carbohydrate loading. 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             \u003Cjats:title>Purpose\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n              \u003Cjats:p>Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but little is known about the temporal profile of change in ROS post-EIMD and how ROS levels relate to the onset of and recovery from EIMD. Our primary aim was to examine the effect of EIMD on the pattern of change in the blood level of thiol-oxidised albumin, a marker of oxidative stress.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n            \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n              \u003Cjats:title>Methods\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n              \u003Cjats:p>Seven male participants were subjected on separate days to eccentric muscle contraction to cause EIMD or a no-exercise condition. After each session, the participants collected daily dried blood spots to measure thiol-oxidised albumin and returned to the laboratory every 2 days for the assessment of indirect markers of EIMD, namely maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n            \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n              \u003Cjats:title>Results\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n              \u003Cjats:p>Eccentric exercise resulted in a significant decrease in MVC and increase in DOMS, CK, myoglobin, and thiol-oxidised albumin with the latter reaching above baseline level within 24–48 h post-exercise. All the markers of EIMD returned to baseline level within 6 days post-exercise, but not the level of thiol-oxidised albumin which remained elevated for 10 days after exercise. 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Sports Med 37(10):827–836. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2165\u002F00007256-200737100-00001",{"doi":1078},"10.2165\u002F00007256-200737100-00001",{"id":20,"text":1080,"url":20,"identifiers":1081},"Tidball JG (2005) Inflammatory processes in muscle injury and repair. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288(2):R345-353. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1152\u002Fajpregu.00454.2004",{"doi":1082},"10.1152\u002Fajpregu.00454.2004",{"id":20,"text":1084,"url":20,"identifiers":1085},"Toft AD, Jensen LB, Bruunsgaard H, Ibfelt T, Halkjaer-Kristensen J, Febbraio M, Pedersen BK (2002) Cytokine response to eccentric exercise in young and elderly humans. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 283(1):C289-295. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1152\u002Fajpcell.00583.2001",{"doi":1086},"10.1152\u002Fajpcell.00583.2001",{"id":20,"text":1088,"url":20,"identifiers":1089},"Toumi H, Best TM (2003) The inflammatory response: friend or enemy for muscle injury? 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The aim of the study was to determine the ergogenic potential of caffeine during testing of muscular strength and endurance. Twenty-two resistance-trained men ingested CAF (6 mg\u002Fkg) or placebo (PL) 1 h pre-exercise in a randomized, double-blind crossover design. They refrained from caffeine intake and strenuous exercise 48 and 24 h, respectively, pre-visit. Initially, resting heart rate and blood pressure were obtained followed by one-repetition maximum (1-RM) testing on the barbell bench press and leg press. Upon determination of 1-RM, participants completed repetitions to failure at 60%1-RM. Heart rate, blood pressure, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured after the final repetition. Compared to PL, there was no effect (P > 0.05) of caffeine on muscular strength, as 1-RM bench press (116.4 ± 23.6 kg vs. 114.9 ± 22.8 kg) and leg press (410.6 ± 92.4 kg vs. 394.8 ± 95.4 kg) were similar. Total weight lifted during the 60% 1-RM trial was 11 and 12% higher for the bench press and leg press with caffeine compared to placebo, yet did not reach significance. RPE was similar at the end of resistance exercise with CAF vs. PL. Acute caffeine intake does not significantly alter muscular strength or endurance during intense bench press or leg press exercise, yet the practical importance of the increased muscular endurance remains to be explored.",{"EN":1117,"VI":1118},"Effect of caffeine ingestion on one-repetition maximum muscular strength","Tác dụng của việc nạp caffein lên sức mạnh cơ bắp tối đa một lần lặp",{"VOID":1120},"Baechle TR, Earle RW (2000) Essentials of strength training and conditioning. 2nd edn. Human Kinetics, Champaign\nBeck TW, Housh TJ, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO, Housh DJ, Coburn JW, Malek MH (2006) The acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic capabilities. J Strength Cond Res 20(3):506–510\nBond V, Gresham K, McRae J, Tearney RJ (1986) Caffeine ingestion and isokinetic strength. Br J Sports Med 20(3):135–137\nBorg GAV (1982) Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 14:377–381\nCostill DL, Dalsky GP, Fink WJ (1978) Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. Med Sci Sports 10(3):155–158\nDoherty M, Smith PM (2005) Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: a meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 15:69–78\nGraham TE (2001) Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance, and performance. Sports Med 31(11):785–807\nGraham TE, Spriet LL (1995) Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine. J Appl Physiol 78:867–874\nGraham TE, Helge JW, MacLean DA, Kiens B, Richter EA (2000) Caffeine ingestion does not alter carbohydrate or fat metabolism in human skeletal muscle during exercise. J Physiol (Lond) 529:837–847\nGreer F, McLean C, Graham TE (1998) Caffeine, performance, and metabolism during repeated Wingate exercise tests. J Appl Physiol 85(4):1502–1508\nHakkinen K (1993) Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in male and female athletes during heavy resistance exercise. Int J Sports Med 14(2):53–59\nHeyward VH (2002) Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription, 4th edn. Human Kinetics, Champaign\nIvy JL, Costill DL, Fink WJ, Lower RW (1979) Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Med Sci Sports 11:6–11\nJackson AS, Pollock ML (1978) Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. Br J Nutr 40:497–504\nJacobs I, Pasternak H, Bell DG (2003) Effects of ephedrine, caffeine, and their combination on muscular endurance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35(6):987–994\nJacobson BH, Edwards SW (1991) Influence of two levels of caffeine on maximal torque at selected angular velocities. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 31(2):147–153\nJacobson BH, Weber MD, Claypool L, Hunt LE (1992) Effect of caffeine on maximal strength and power in elite male athletes. Br J Sports Med 26(4):276–280\nKalmar JM, Cafarelli E (1999) Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular function. J Appl Physiol 87(2):801–808\nLane JD, Steege JF, Rupp SL, Kuhn CL (1992) Menstrual cycle effects on caffeine elimination in the human female. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 43:543–546\nLopes JM, Aubier M, Jardim J, Aranda JV, Macklem PT (1983) Effect of caffeine on skeletal muscle function before and after fatigue. J Appl Physiol 54(5):1303–1305\nLoscher WN, Cresswell AG, Thorstensson A (1996) Central fatigue during long lasting submaximal contractions of the triceps surae. Exp Brain Res 108:305–314\nMotl RW, O’Connor PJ, Dishman RK (2003) Effect of caffeine on perceptions of leg muscle pain during moderate intensity cycling exercise. J Pain 4(6):316–321\nNordlund MM, Thorstensson A, Cresswell AG (2004) Central and peripheral contributions to fatigue in relation to level of activation during repeated maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexions. J Appl Physiol 96: 218–225\nTarnopolsky MA, Cupido C (2000) Caffeine potentiates low frequency skeletal muscle force in habitual and nonhabitual caffeine consumers. J Appl Physiol 89:1719–1724\nTaylor JL, Allen GM, Butler JE, Gandevia SC (2000) Supraspinal fatigue during intermittent maximal voluntary contractions of the human elbow flexors. 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Steady state \n                  \n                    \n                  \n                  \n$$\\dot V$$\n\n                \nE values and gas exchange were measured in eight previously sedentary men who underwent exercise tests of 60 W + 40 W every 6 min before and after a 9 week training programme of cycling approximately 40 min a day. Following training, the slower rises in \n                  \n                    \n                  \n                  \n$$\\dot V$$\n\n                \nE with increasing exercise intensities were associated with a reduced reliance on CHOOX, (P \u003C 0.01). Both before and after training, \n                  \n                    \n                  \n                  \n$$\\dot V$$\n\n                \nE values in litres per minute rose as a linear \n                  \n                    \n                  \n                  \n$$\\dot V$$\n\n                \nE = 18 · CHOOX + 14, function of rates of CHOOX in grams per minute (r = 0.99), irrespective of a marked shift to the right in arterialized venous blood lactate concentration versus CHOOX curves following training (P \u003C 0.01). Thus, slower increases in steady-state \n                  \n                    \n                  \n                  \n$$\\dot V$$\n\n                \nE values with increasing exercise intensities following endurance training appeared to be more closely linked to the decreased reliance on CHOOX than to the attenuated increase in blood lactate concentration.",{"EN":1786},"Role of decreased carbohydrate oxidation on slower rises in ventilation with increasing exercise intensity after training",{"VOID":1788},"[\"1545403420073644685\"]",{"VOID":1790},"10.1007\u002FBF00238555","2024-05-05T00:58:35.129+00:00","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002FBF00238555",[1794,1811,1826],{"id":1795,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":1796,"affiliations":1797,"properties":1806,"displayName":1808,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"2d855b50-8f51-465a-9a90-49f0beb7e0d5",[360],[1798],{"id":1799,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1800,"properties":20},"04d8278d-ba44-47c3-b35f-70cd7e2fcd28",{"id":1799,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1801,"slug":20,"properties":1802,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1805,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1803},{"VI":1804},"Liberty Life Chair of Exercise and Sports Science and Medical Research Council, University of Cape Town Biocnergetics of Exercise Research Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Cape Town Medical School, South Africa",[],{"title":1807,"gsAuthor":1809},{"VI":1808},"Holden S.-H. 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DM, Linton RAF, Kent R, Kurer FL (1985) The effect of peripheral denervation on the ventilatory response to potassium. Respir Physiol 60:217–225","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10440-022-00541-7",{"doi":1915},"10.1007\u002Fs10440-022-00541-7",{"id":1917,"text":1918,"url":1919,"identifiers":1920},"51d6631b-aefe-4b58-8900-b168992b3879","Beaver WL, Wassermann K, Whipp BJ (1986) A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 60:2020–2027","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.physiology.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1152\u002Fjappl.1986.60.6.2020",{"doi":1921},"10.1152\u002Fjappl.1986.60.6.2020",{"id":1911,"text":1923,"url":1913,"identifiers":1924},"Brooks GA, Mercier J (1994) Balance of carbohydrate and lipid utilisation during exercise: the ‘cross-over’ concept. J Appl Physiol 76:2253–2261",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":1926,"url":1913,"identifiers":1927},"Byrne-Quinn E, Weil JV, Sodal IE, Filley GF, Grover RF (1971) Ventilatory control in the athlete. J Appl Physiol 301:91–98",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":1929,"url":1913,"identifiers":1930},"Cassaburi R, Storer TW, Wasserman K (1987) Mediation of reduced ventilatory response to exercise after endurance training. J Appl Physiol 63:1533–1538",{"doi":1915},{"id":20,"text":1932,"url":20,"identifiers":1933},"Consolazio CR, Johnson RE, Pecora LT (1963) Estimation of respiratory gasses. Physiological measurements of metabolic function in man. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 72–87",{},{"id":1911,"text":1935,"url":1913,"identifiers":1936},"Cooper CB, Beaver WL, Cooper DM, Wasserman K (1992) Factors affecting the components of the alveolar CO2 output-O2 uptake relationship during incremental exercise in man. Exp Physiol 77:51–64",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":1938,"url":1913,"identifiers":1939},"Davis JA, Frank MH, Whipp BJ, Wasserman K (1979) Anaerobic threshold alterations caused by endurance training in middleaged men. J Appl Physiol 46:1039–1046",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":1941,"url":1913,"identifiers":1942},"Dempsey JA, Smith CA (1994) Do carotid chemoreceptors inhibit the hyperventilatory response to heavy exercise. Can J Appl Physiol 19:350–359",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":1944,"url":1913,"identifiers":1945},"Dennis SC, Kohn MC, Anderson GJ, Garfinkel D (1985) Kinetic analysis of monocarboxylate uptake into perfused rat hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 17:987–995",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":1947,"url":1913,"identifiers":1948},"Dennis SC, Gevers W, Opie LH (1991) Protons in ischemia: where do they come from; where do they go to? J Mol Cell Cardiol 23:1077–1086",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":1950,"url":1913,"identifiers":1951},"Dennis SC, Noakes TD, Bosch AN (1992). Ventilation and blood lactate increase exponentially during incremental exercise. J Sports Sci 10:437–449",{"doi":1915},{"id":1953,"text":1954,"url":1955,"identifiers":1956},"f98aca8c-b2f6-426a-9132-b6473c41c64c","Dudley GA, Tullson PC, Terjung RL (1987) Influence of mitochondrial content on the sensitivity of respiratory control. J Biol Chem 262:9109–9114","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0021925818480544",{"doi":1957},"10.1016\u002Fs0021-9258(18)48054-4",{"id":1911,"text":1959,"url":1913,"identifiers":1960},"Duffin J (1984) Neural drives to breathing during exercise. Can J Appl Physiol 19:289–304",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":1962,"url":1913,"identifiers":1963},"Durnin JVGA, Womersley J (1974) Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skin-fold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr 32:77–97",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":1965,"url":1913,"identifiers":1966},"Favier RJ, Constable SH, Chen M, Holloszy JO (1986) Endurance exercise training reduces lactate production. J Appl Physiol 61:885–889",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":1968,"url":1913,"identifiers":1969},"Freminet A, Minaire Y (1977) On the use of isotopic tracers for the study of lactate metabolism in vivo. Med Sci Sports Exerc 17:25–39",{"doi":1915},{"id":20,"text":1971,"url":20,"identifiers":1972},"Gutmann I, Wahlefeld AW (1974) L-( +) Lactate determination with lactate dehydrogenase and NAD. In: Bergemeyer HU (ed) Methods of enzymatic anlysis. Academic Press, New York, pp 1464–1486",{},{"id":1974,"text":1975,"url":1976,"identifiers":1977},"a38949f5-795c-44c9-9d3a-75ab03d65bb6","Hagberg J, Coyle EF, Carroll JE, Miller JM, Martin WH, Brooke MH (1982) Exercise hyperventilation in patients with McArdle's disease J Appl Physiol 52:991–994","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.physiology.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1152\u002Fjappl.1982.52.4.991",{"doi":1978},"10.1152\u002Fjappl.1982.52.4.991",{"id":1911,"text":1980,"url":1913,"identifiers":1981},"Heigenhauser GJT, Sutton JR, Jones NL (1983) Effect of glycogen depletion on the ventilatory response to exercise. J Appl Physiol 54:470–474",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":1983,"url":1913,"identifiers":1984},"Henriksson J (1977) Training induced adaptations of skeletal muscle and metabolism during submaximal exercise. J Physiol (Lond) 270:661–675",{"doi":1915},{"id":1986,"text":1987,"url":1988,"identifiers":1989},"29bec48f-5184-48d9-bcc9-341c60419840","Holloszy JO, Coyle EF (1984) Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. J Appl Physiol 56:831–838","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.physiology.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1152\u002Fjappl.1984.56.4.831",{"doi":1990},"10.1152\u002Fjappl.1984.56.4.831",{"id":1911,"text":1992,"url":1913,"identifiers":1993},"Hughes EF, Turner SC, Brooks GA (1982) Effects of glycogen depletion and pedalling speed on “anaerobic threshold”. J Appl Physiol 52:1598–1607",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":1995,"url":1913,"identifiers":1996},"Hurley BF, Hagberg JM, Allen WK, Seals DR, Young JC, Cuddihee RW, Holloszy JO (1984) Effects of training on blood lactate during submaximal exercise. J Appl Physiol 56:1260–1264",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":1998,"url":1913,"identifiers":1999},"Hurley BF, Nemeth PM, Martin WH, Hagberg JM, Dalsky GP, Holloszy JO (1986) Muscle triglyceride utilization during exercise: effect of training. J Appl Physiol 60:562–567",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":2001,"url":1913,"identifiers":2002},"Jones NL, Campbell EJM (1982) Clinical exercise testing. Saunders, London, pp 235–239",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":2004,"url":1913,"identifiers":2005},"MacRae HS-H, Dennis SC, Bosch AN, Noakes TD (1992) Effects of training on lactate production and removal during progressive exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 72:1649–1656",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":2007,"url":1913,"identifiers":2008},"Martin BJ, Sparks KE, Willich CWZ, Weil JV (1979) Low exercise ventilation in endurance athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 11:181–185",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":2010,"url":1913,"identifiers":2011},"Patterson DJ (1992) Potassium and ventilation in exercise. J Appl Physiol 72:811–820",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":2013,"url":1913,"identifiers":2014},"Poole DC, Gaesser GA (1985) Response of ventilatory and lactate thresholds to continuous and interval training. J Appl Physiol 58:1115–1121",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":2016,"url":1913,"identifiers":2017},"Richter E, Ruderman N, Gavras H, Buler E, Galbo H (1982) Muscle glycogenolysis during exercise: dual control by epinephrine and contractions. Am J Physiol 242:E25-E32",{"doi":1915},{"id":2019,"text":2020,"url":2021,"identifiers":2022},"d93b9d3a-5e92-4ac8-abbd-70c81eaf1901","Roth DA, Brooks GA (1990) Lactate transport is mediated by a membrane-bound carrier in rat skeletal muscle sarcolemmal vesicles. Arch Biochem Biophys 279:377–385","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F000398619090505S",{"doi":2023},"10.1016\u002F0003-9861(90)90505-s",{"id":1911,"text":2025,"url":1913,"identifiers":2026},"Rotto DM, Stebbins CL, Kaufman MO (1989) Reflex cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to increasing H+ ion activity in the cat hindlimb muscle. J Appl Physiol 67:256–263",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":2028,"url":1913,"identifiers":2029},"Stanley WC, Wisneski JA, Gertz EW, Neese RA, Brooks GA (1988) Glucose and lactate interrelations during moderate intensity exercise in humans. Metabolism 37:850–858",{"doi":1915},{"id":20,"text":2031,"url":20,"identifiers":2032},"Thimm F, Gerber B (1988) Respiratory and cardiac responses to exercise-simulating peripheral perfusion in endurance trained and untrained rats. I. Reflex responses and perfusion outflow. Eur J Appl Physiol 58:105–111",{},{"id":2034,"text":2035,"url":2036,"identifiers":2037},"212c3fe7-f080-4bed-80e4-ea01ac336204","Wasserman K, McIlroy MB (1964) Detecting the threshold of anaerobic metabolism in cardiac patients during exercise. Am J Cardiol 14:844–852","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F0002914964900128",{"doi":2038},"10.1016\u002F0002-9149(64)90012-8",{"id":2040,"text":2041,"url":2042,"identifiers":2043},"f221ec7c-3db7-48fe-ac83-6703e0b5cc27","Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Koyal SN, Beaver WL (1973) Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. J Appl Physiol 35:236–243","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.physiology.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1152\u002Fjappl.1973.35.2.236",{"doi":2044},"10.1152\u002Fjappl.1973.35.2.236",{"id":2046,"text":2047,"url":2048,"identifiers":2049},"68bb91ba-6eb2-4cbb-b48b-eb82ccd32602","Wasserman K, Beaver WL, Whipp BJ (1986) Mechanisms and patterns of blood lactate increase during exercise in man. Med Sci Sports Exerc 18:344–352","http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.lww.com\u002F00005768-198606000-00017",{"doi":2050},"10.1249\u002F00005768-198606000-00017",{"id":1911,"text":2052,"url":1913,"identifiers":2053},"Whipp BJ, Ward SA (1980) Ventilatory control dynamics during muscular exercise in man. Int J Sports Med 1:146–159",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":2055,"url":1913,"identifiers":2056},"Wildenthal K, Mierzwiak DS, Skinner Jr S; Mitchell JH (1986) Potassium-induced cardiovascular and ventilatory reflexes from the dog hindlimb. Am J Physiol 215:542–548",{"doi":1915},{"id":1911,"text":2058,"url":1913,"identifiers":2059},"Winder WW, Hickson RC, Hagberg JM, Ehsani AA, McLane JA (1979) Training induced changes in hormonal and metabolic responses to submaximal exercise. J Appl Physiol 46:766–771",{"doi":1915},{"id":2061,"createTime":2062,"updateTime":2063,"relativeEntities":2064,"slug":2065,"properties":2066,"entityType":349,"verifyStatus":350,"verifyTime":2077,"verifyNote":352,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":2078,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":2079,"publicationType":446,"publisherRelationship":2121,"citationCount":124,"citationInfo":2185,"publishDate":2188,"publishYear":2186,"citationAnalyzeStatus":1362,"lastCitationAnalyze":2063,"indexDatabases":2189,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":514},"a1565317-084d-40a1-80eb-5f0148b790da","2024-02-18T17:52:14.045+00:00","2026-08-17T10:18:41.656+00:00",[],"Effect-of-sex-and-exercise-on-liver-and-plasma-lipids-of-the-rat",{"abstract":2067,"title":2069,"gsPaper":2071,"references":2073,"doi":2075},{"EN":2068},"The effect of voluntary exercise on plasma and hepatic lipids was studied in 24 week old male and female Long-Evans rats who were fed a high sucrose (73% of calories) diet containing saturated fat and cholesterol for a 10 week period. Blood lipids were analyzed at week 0, 2, 5 and 10 and liver lipids at week 0 and 10. Half of the animals were housed in individual activity wheels where the females voluntarily ran 4.3 miles\u002Fday and the males voluntarily ran 2.4 miles\u002Fday. Compared to the males, the females 1. exhibited a greater lipogenic response to the diet, 2. showed a greater lowering of plasma and liver triglyceride and plasma cholesterol ester with exercise, and 3. developed with exercise a higher relative heart weight. Exercise was successful in the males in producing a 75% reduction in the level of hepatic cholesterol ester seen in the non-exercising males. The importance of this study is seen in the lipid-lowering effects of voluntary exercise which avoids food and water deprivation and thus the stress concurrent with forced exercise regimes.",{"EN":2070},"Effect of sex and exercise on liver and plasma lipids of the rat",{"VOID":2072},"[\"7598974649963293099\"]",{"VOID":2074},"Aftergood, L., Alfin-Slater, R. B.: Dietary and gonadol hormone effects on lipid metabolism in the rat. J. Lipid Res. 6, 287–294 (1965)\nAhrens, R. A., Bishop, C. L., Berdanier, C. D.: Effect of age and dietary carbohydrate source on the responses of rats to forced exercise. J. Nutr. 102, 241–247 (1972)\nAhrens, R. A., Broxton, M. H.: The effects of various physical activity levels and dietary carbohydrate source on rat cholesterol levels. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 134, 1043–1046 (1970)\nAhrens, R. A., Kaul, L., Hurney, M. E.: The effect of dietary carbohydrate source in controlling voluntary physical activity in rats. J. Nutr. 101, 889–894 (1971)\nAlbrink, M. J., Man, E. B.: Serum triglycerides in coronary disease. Arch. intern. Med. 109, 345–359 (1962)\nBeeler, D. A., Quackenbush, F. W.: Effects of linoleate and dietary fat level on plasma and liver cholesterol and vascular lesions of the cholesterol fed rat. J. Nutr. 79, 360–364 (1963)\nCarlson, L. A., Fröberg, S. O.: Effect of training with exercise on plasma and tissue lipid levels of ageing rats. Gerontologia (Basel) 15, 14–23 (1969)\nCarlson, L. A., Fröberg, S. O., Nye, E. R.: Effect of age on blood and tissue lipids in the male rat. Gerontologia (Basel) 14, 65–79 (1968)\nChiamori, N., Henry, R. J.: Study of the ferric chloride method for determination of total cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Amer. J. clin. Path. 31, 305–309 (1959)\nCohen, B. J., Serrano, L. J.: Effects of exercise and confinement on growth, maze learning and organ weights in rats. Lab. Anim. Care 13, 689–696 (1963)\nDougherty, T. F.: Effect of hormones on lymphatic tissue. Physiol. Rev. 32, 379–401 (1952)\nFolch, J., Lees, N., Stanley, G. H. S.: A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497–509 (1957)\nFröberg, S. O.: Effect of acute exercise on tissue lipids in rats. Metabolism 20, 714–720 (1971)\nGollnick, P. D.: Chronic effect of exercise on liver cholesterol of normal and hyper-cholesteremic rats. Amer. J. Physiol. 205, 453–456 (1963)\nGollnick, P. D., Taylor, A. W.: Effect of exercise on hepatic cholesterol of rats fed diets high in saturated or unsaturated fats. Int. Z. angew. Physiol. 27, 144–153 (1969)\nGrollman, S., Costello, L.: Effects of age and exercise on lipid content of various tissues of the male albino rat. J. appl. Physiol. 32, 761–765 (1972)\nHanson, L. S., Lorenzen, J. A., Morris, A. E., Ahrens, R. A., Wilson, J. E.: Effects of fat intake and exercise on serum cholesterol and body composition of rats. Amer. J. Physiol. 213, 347–352 (1967)\nHavel, R. J., Carlson, L. A.: Serum Lipoproteins, cholesterol and triglycerides in coronary heart disease. Metabolism 11, 195–197 (1962)\nHenly, A. A.: The determination of serum cholesterol. Analyst 82, 286–287 (1957)\nJones, E. M., Johnson, P. B., Montoye, H. J., Van Huss, W. D.: Comparative effects of exercise and food restriction on body composition and blood serum cholesterol in rats. Fed. Proc. 20, 207 (1961)\nJones, E. M., Montoye, H. J., Johnson, P. B., Van Huss, W. D., Cederquist, D.: Effects of exercise and food restriction on serum cholesterol and liver lipids. Amer. J. Physiol. 207, 460–466 (1964)\nLewis, L. A., Page, I. H., Brown, H. B.: Effects of exercise on serum and hepatic lipids in rats fed high fat diets. Amer. J. Physiol. 201, 4–8 (1961)\nLis, E., Okey, R.: Sex differences in effect of restriction of time of access to food on plasma lipid components in rats. J. Nutr. 73, 117–125 (1961)\nMaruhama, Y.: Diet and blood lipids in normal and diabetic rats. Metabolism 14, 78–87 (1965)\nMonsen, E. R., Arlin, M. T., Rumery, R. E.: Effects of dietary cholesterol and voluntary exercise on histopathology, plasma and hepatic lipids of the male rat. Int. Z. angew. Physiol. 30, 258–268 (1972)\nOkey, R., Lyman, M. M., Harris, A. G., Einset, B., Hain, W.: Dietary fat and cholesterol metabolism: effects of dietary fats on liver and serum lipids. Metabolism 8, 241–255 (1959)\nTaylor, D. D., Conway, E. S., Schuster, E. M., Adams, M.: Influence of dietary carbohydrates on liver content and on serum lipids in relation to age and strain of rat. J. Nutr. 91, 275–282 (1967)\nWatt, E. W., Foss, M. L., Block, W. D.: Effects of training and detraining on the distribution of cholesterol, triglyceride and nitrogen in tissues of albino rats. Circulat. Res. 31, 908–914 (1972)\nVan Handel, E.: Suggested modification of the micro determination of triglycerides. Clin. Chem. 7, 249–251 (1961)\nVan Handel, E., Zilversmit, D. B.: Micromethod for the direct determination of serum triglycerides. J. Lab. clin. 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onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) is a common response to exercise involving significant eccentric loading. Symptoms of DOMS vary widely and may include reduced force generating capacity, significant alterations in biochemical indices of muscle and connective tissue health, alteration of neuromuscular function, and changes in mechanical performance. The purpose of the investigation was to examine the effects of downhill running and ensuing DOMS on running economy and stride mechanics. Nine, well-trained distance runners and triathletes participated in the study. Running economy was measured at three relative intensities [65, 75, and 85% of maximal aerobic capacity (V̇O2peak)] before (RE1) and 48 h after (RE2) a 30-min downhill run (−10%) at 70% V̇O2peak. Dependent variables included leg muscle soreness, rate of oxygen consumption (V̇O2), minute ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio, lactate, heart rate, and stride length. These measurements were entered into a two-factor multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The analysis revealed a significant time effect for all variables and a significant interaction (time × intensity) for lactate. The energy cost of locomotion was elevated at RE2 by an average of 3.2%. This was coupled with a significant reduction in stride length. The change in V̇O2 was inversely correlated with the change in stride length (r= −0.535). Lactate was significantly elevated at RE2 for each run intensity, with a mean increase of 0.61 mmol l−1. Based on these findings, it is suggested that muscle damage led to changes in stride mechanics and a greater reliance on anaerobic methods of energy production, contributing to the change in running economy during DOMS.",{"EN":2200},"The effects of a single bout of downhill running and ensuing delayed onset of muscle soreness on running economy performed 48 h later",{"VOID":2202},"[\"10182107623000897701\"]",{"VOID":2204},"Asp S, Daugaard JR, Richter EA (1995) Eccentric exercise decreases glucose transporter GLUT4 protein in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol (Lond) 482:705–712\nAsp S, Daugaard JR, Kristiansen S, Kiens B, Richter EA (1998) Exercise metabolism in human skeletal muscle exposed to prior eccentric exercise. J Physiol (Lond) 509:305–313\nBorg G (1970) Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Rehabil Med 2:92–98\nCavanagh PR, Williams KR (1982) The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptake during distance running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 14:30–35\nClarkson PM, Sayers SP (1999) Etiology of exercise-induced muscle damage. Can J Appl. Physiol 24:234–248\nClarkson PM, Nosaka K, Braun B (1992) Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24:512–520\nEston RG, Finney S, Baker S, Baltzopoulos V (1996) Muscle tenderness and peak torque changes after downhill running following a prior bout of isokinetic eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci 14:291–299\nGleeson M, Almey J, Brooks S, Cave R, Lewis A, Griffiths H (1995) Haematological and acute-phase responses associated with delayed-onset muscle soreness in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 71:137–142\nGleeson M, Blannin AK, Walsh NP, Field CNE, Pritchard JC (1998) Effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on the blood lactate response to incremental exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 77:292–295\nHamill J, Freedson PS, Clarkson PM, Braun B (1991) Muscle soreness during running: biomechanical and physiological considerations. Int J Sport Biomech 7:125–137\nHarrison BC, Robinson D, Davison BJ, Foley B, Seda E, Byrnes WC (2001) Treatment of exercise-induced muscle injury via hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:36–42\nJackson AS, Pollock ML (1978) Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. Br J Nutr 40:497–504\nJohansson PH, Lindstrom L, Sundelin G, Lindstrom B (1999) The effects of preexercise stretching on muscular soreness, tenderness and force loss following heavy eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 9:219–225\nKoskinen SOA, Hoyhtya M, Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T, Martikkala V, Makinen TT, Oksa J, Rintamaki H, Lofberg M, Somer H, Takala TES (2001) Serum concentrations of collagen degrading enzymes and their inhibitors after downhill running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 11:9–15\nKyrolainen H, Pullinen T, Candau R, Avela J, Huttunen P, Komi PV (2000) Effects of marathon running on running economy and kinematics. Eur J Appl Physiol 82:297–304\nLambert MI, Marcus P, Burgess T, Noakes TD (2002) Electro-membrane microcurrent therapy reduces signs and symptoms of muscle damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:602–607\nLecomte JM, Lacroix VJ, Montgomery DL (1998) A randomized controlled trial of the effect of naproxen on delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle strength. Clin J Sport Med 8:82–87\nLee H, Goldfarb AH, Rescino MH, Hedge S, Patrick S, Apperson K (2002) Eccentric exercise effect on blood oxidative-stress markers and delayed onset of muscle soreness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:443–448\nLund H, Vestergaard-Poulsen P, Kanstrup I-L, Sejrsen P (1998) The effect of passive stretching on delayed onset muscle soreness, and other detrimental effect following eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 8:216–221\nMacIntyre DL, Reid WD, McKenzie DC (1995) Delayed muscle soreness. The inflammatory response to muscle injury and its clinical implications. Sports Med 20:24–40\nMacIntyre DL, Reid WD, Lyster DM, Szasz IJ, McKenzie DC (1996) Presence of WBC, decreased strength, and delayed soreness in muscle after eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol 80:1006–1013\nMacIntyre DL, Sorichter S, Mair J, Berg A, McKenzie DC (2001) Markers of inflammation and myofibrillar proteins following eccentric exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 84:180–186\nNosaka K, Newton M (2002a) Concentric or eccentric training effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:63–69\nNosaka K, Newton M (2002b) Repeated eccentric exercise bouts do not exacerbate muscle damage and repair. J Strength Cond Res 16:117–122\nRawson ES, Gunn B, Clarkson PM (2001) The effects of creatine supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res 15:178–184\nRodenburg JB, Bar PR, De Boer RW (1993) Relations between muscle soreness and biochemical and functional outcomes of eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol 74:2976–2983\nSayers SP, Clarkson PM, Lee J. (2000) Activity and immobilization after eccentric exercise. II. Serum CK. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:1593–1597\nSorichter S, Koller A, Haid C, Wicke K, Judmaier W, Werner P, Raas E (1995) Light concentric exercise and heavy eccentric muscle loading: effects on CK, MRI and markers of inflammation. Int J Sports Med 16:288–292\nSorichter S, Mair J, Koller A, Calzolari C, Huonker M, Pau B, Puschendorf B (2001) Release of muscle proteins after downhill running in male and female subjects. Scand J Med Sci Sports 11:28–32\nTalag ST (1983) Residual muscular soreness as influenced by concentric, eccentric, and static contractions. Res Q Exerc Sport 44:458–469\nWarren GL, Ingalls CP, Lowe DA, Armstrong RB (2001) Excitation–contraction uncoupling: major role in contraction-induced muscle injury. Exerc Sports Sci Rev 29:82–87\nWeber MD, Servedio FJ, Woodall RW (1994) The effects of three modalities on delayed onset of muscle soreness. 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