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Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in adolescents. Results from the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(7):714–23.\nStice E, Marti CN, Rohde P. Prevalence, incidence, impairment, and course of the proposed DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses in an 8-year prospective community study of young women. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122(2):445–57.\nSmink FR, van Hoeken D, Oldehinkel AJ, Hoek HW. Prevalence and severity of DSM-5 eating disorders in a community cohort of adolescents. Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47(6):610–9.\nHerle M, Stavola B, Hubel C, Abdulkadir M, Ferreira DS, Loos RJF, et al. A longitudinal study of eating behaviours in childhood and later eating disorder behaviours and diagnoses. Br J Psychiatry. 2020;216(2):113–9.\nKjeldbjerg ML, Clausen L. Prevalence of binge-eating disorder among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021.\nField AE, Sonneville KR, Micali N, Crosby RD, Swanson SA, Laird NM, et al. Prospective association of common eating disorders and adverse outcomes. Pediatrics. 2012;130(2):e289-95.\nMicali N, Solmi F, Horton NJ, Crosby RD, Eddy KT, Calzo JP, et al. Adolescent eating disorders predict psychiatric, high-risk behaviors and weight outcomes in young adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54(8):652–9 e1.\nMicali N, Horton NJ, Crosby RD, Swanson SA, Sonneville KR, Solmi F, et al. Eating disorder behaviours amongst adolescents: investigating classification, persistence and prospective associations with adverse outcomes using latent class models. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(2):231–40.\nShomaker LB, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Elliott C, Wolkoff LE, Columbo KM, Ranzenhofer LM, et al. Salience of loss of control for pediatric binge episodes: does size really matter? Int J Eat Disord. 2010;43(8):707–16.\nSchluter N, Schmidt R, Kittel R, Tetzlaff A, Hilbert A. Loss of control eating in adolescents from the community. Int J Eat Disord. 2016;49(4):413–20.\nHilbert A, Hartmann AS, Czaja J, Schoebi D. Natural course of preadolescent loss of control eating. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122(3):684–93.\nTanofsky-Kraff M, Shomaker LB, Olsen C, Roza CA, Wolkoff LE, Columbo KM, et al. A prospective study of pediatric loss of control eating and psychological outcomes. J Abnorm Psychol. 2011;120(1):108–18.\nHe J, Cai Z, Fan X. Prevalence of binge and loss of control eating among children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: an exploratory meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50(2):91–103.\nByrne ME, LeMay-Russell S, Tanofsky-Kraff M. Loss-of-control eating and obesity among children and adolescents. Curr Obes Rep. 2019;8(1):33–42.\nGoldschmidt AB, Lavender JM, Hipwell AE, Stepp SD, Keenan K. Emotion regulation and loss of control eating in community-based adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2017;45(1):183–91.\nDecaluwe V, Braet C. Prevalence of binge-eating disorder in obese children and adolescents seeking weight-loss treatment. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(3):404–9.\nVannucci A, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Ranzenhofer LM, Kelly NR, Hannallah LM, Pickworth CK, et al. Puberty and the manifestations of loss of control eating in children and adolescents. Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47(7):738–47.\nSierra-Baigrie S, Lemos-Giraldez S, Fonseca-Pedrero E. Binge eating in adolescents: its relation to behavioural problems and family-meal patterns. Eat Behav. 2009;10(1):22–8.\nStice E, Gau JM, Rohde P, Shaw H. Risk factors that predict future onset of each DSM-5 eating disorder: predictive specificity in high-risk adolescent females. J Abnorm Psychol. 2017;126(1):38–51.\nMicali N, Ploubidis G, De Stavola B, Simonoff E, Treasure J. Frequency and patterns of eating disorder symptoms in early adolescence. J Adolesc Health. 2014;54(5):574–81.\nOlsen EM, Koch SV, Skovgaard AM, Strandberg-Larsen K. Self-reported symptoms of binge-eating disorder among adolescents in a community-based Danish cohort-A study of prevalence, correlates, and impact. Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54(4):492–505.\nCopeland WE, Bulik CM, Zucker N, Wolke D, Lereya ST, Costello EJ. Does childhood bullying predict eating disorder symptoms? A prospective, longitudinal analysis. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(8):1141–9.\nSonneville KR, Calzo JP, Horton NJ, Field AE, Crosby RD, Solmi F, et al. Childhood hyperactivity\u002Finattention and eating disturbances predict binge eating in adolescence. Psychol Med. 2015;45(12):2511–20.\nBalantekin KN, Birch LL, Savage JS. Eating in the absence of hunger during childhood predicts self-reported binge eating in adolescence. Eat Behav. 2017;24:7–10.\nRubin AG, Schvey NA, Shank LM, Altman DR, Swanson TN, Ramirez E, et al. Associations between weight-based teasing and disordered eating behaviors among youth. Eat Behav. 2021;41:101504.\nAltman DR, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Shank LM, Swanson TN, Ramirez E, Moore NA, et al. Assessment of loss-of-control eating in healthy youth by interview and questionnaire. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(5):510–9.\nGoldschmidt AB, Smith KE, Lavender JM, Engel SG, Haedt-Matt A. Trait-level facets of impulsivity and momentary, naturalistic eating behavior in children and adolescents with overweight\u002Fobesity. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;110:24–30.\nGoldschmidt AB, Loth KA, MacLehose RF, Pisetsky EM, Berge JM, Neumark-Sztainer D. Overeating with and without loss of control: associations with weight status, weight-related characteristics, and psychosocial health. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(8):1150–7.\nGoldschmidt AB, Wall MM, Zhang J, Loth KA, Neumark-Sztainer D. Overeating and binge eating in emerging adulthood: 10-year stability and risk factors. Dev Psychol. 2016;52(3):475–83.\nHuryk KM, Drury CR, Loeb KL. Diseases of affluence? A systematic review of the literature on socioeconomic diversity in eating disorders. Eat Behav. 2021;43:101548.\nKoch SV, Larsen JT, Plessen KJ, Thornton LM, Bulik CM, Petersen LV. Associations between parental socioeconomic-, family-, and sibling status and risk of eating disorders in offspring in a Danish national female cohort. Int J Eat Disord. 2022;55(8):1130–42.\nLydecker JA, Grilo CM. Children of parents with BED have more eating behavior disturbance than children of parents with obesity or healthy weight. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50(6):648–56.\nKooijman MN, Kruithof CJ, van Duijn CM, Duijts L, Franco OH van. IMH, et al. The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2017. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016;31(12):1243–64.\nGoodman R, Ford T, Richards H, Gatward R, Meltzer H. The Development and Well-Being Assessment: description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000;41(5):645–55.\nHouse J, Eisler I, Simic M, Micali N. Diagnosing eating disorders in adolescents: a comparison of the eating disorder examination and the development and well-being assessment. Int J Eat Disord. 2008;41(6):535–41.\nMoya T, Fleitlich-Bilyk B, Goodman R, Nogueira FC, Focchi PS, Nicoletti M, et al. The eating disorders section of the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA): development and validation. Braz J Psychiatry. 2005;27(1):25–31.\nDe Beurs E: Brief Symptom Inventory, handleiding (Dutch Manual). Leiden, The Netherlands, PITS BV, 2004.\nCappelleri JC, Bushmakin AG, Gerber RA, Leidy NK, Sexton CC, Lowe MR, et al. Psychometric analysis of the three-factor eating questionnaire-r21: results from a large diverse sample of obese and non-obese participants. Int J Obes. 2009;33(6):611–20.\nde Lauzon B, Romon M, Deschamps V, Lafay L, Borys JM, Karlsson J, et al. The three-factor eating questionnaire-R18 is able to distinguish among different eating patterns in a general population. J Nutr. 2004;134(9):2372–80.\nvan Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers GP, Defares PB. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. Int J Eat Disord. 1986;5(2):295–315.\nTruby H, Paxton SJ. Development of the children’s body image scale. Br J Clin Psychol. 2002;41(Pt 2):185–203.\nCollins MPH. Body figure perceptions and preferences among preadolescent children. Int J Eat Disord. 1990;10:199–208.\nAchenbach TM. Manual for the youth self-report and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont; 1991.\nIvanova MY, Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA, Dumenci L, Almqvist F, Bilenberg N, et al. The generalizability of the youth self-report syndrome structure in 23 societies. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75(5):729–38.\nde Groot A, Koot HM, Verhulst FC. Cross-cultural generalizability of the youth self-report and teacher’s report form cross-informant syndromes. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1996;24(5):651–64.\nAchenbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth and Families.; 2001.\nFredriks AM, van Buuren S, Burgmeijer RJ, Meulmeester JF, Beuker RJ, Brugman E, et al. Continuing positive secular growth change in The Netherlands 1955–1997. Pediatr Res. 2000;47(3):316–23.\nAchenbach TM, McConaughy SH, Ivanova MY, Rescoria LA. Manual of the ASEBA brief problem monitor (BPM). Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth and Families.; 2011.\nWardle J, Guthrie CA, Sanderson S, Rapoport L. Development of the children’s eating behaviour questionnaire. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001;42(7):963–70.\nCarnell S, Wardle J. Measuring behavioural susceptibility to obesity: validation of the child eating behaviour questionnaire. Appetite. 2007;48(1):104–13.\nSleddens EF, Kremers SP, Thijs C. The children’s eating behaviour questionnaire: factorial validity and association with Body Mass Index in Dutch children aged 6–7. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2008;5:49.\nViana V, Sinde S, Saxton JC. Children’s eating behaviour questionnaire: associations with BMI in Portuguese children. Br J Nutr. 2008;100(2):445–50.\nBraet C, Van Strien T. Assessment of emotional, externally induced and restrained eating behaviour in nine to twelve-year-old obese and non-obese children. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35(9):863–73.\nMoustafa AF, Quigley KM, Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Chao AM. A systematic review of binge eating, loss of control eating, and weight loss in children and adolescents. Obes (Silver Spring). 2021;29(8):1259–71.\nSonneville KR, Horton NJ, Micali N, Crosby RD, Swanson SA, Solmi F, et al. Longitudinal associations between binge eating and overeating and adverse outcomes among adolescents and young adults: does loss of control matter? JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167(2):149–55.\nAndres A, Saldana C. Body dissatisfaction and dietary restraint influence binge eating behavior. Nutr Res. 2014;34(11):944–50.\nGoldschmidt AB, Wall M, Loth KA, Le Grange D, Neumark-Sztainer D. Which dieters are at risk for the onset of binge eating? A prospective study of adolescents and young adults. J Adolesc Health. 2012;51(1):86–92.\nAllen KL, Crosby RD, Oddy WH, Byrne SM. Eating disorder symptom trajectories in adolescence: effects of time, participant sex, and early adolescent depressive symptoms. J Eat Disord. 2013;1:32.\nCella S, Cipriano A, Aprea C, Cotrufo P. Risk factors for binge eating severity among adolescent girls and boys. A structural equation modeling approach. Appetite. 2022;169:105825.\nGoldschmidt AB, Accurso EC, Crosby RD, Cao L, Ellison J, Smith TL, et al. Association between objective and subjective binge eating and psychopathology during a psychological treatment trial for bulimic symptoms. Appetite. 2016;107:471–7.\nSharpe H, Griffiths S, Choo TH, Eisenberg ME, Mitchison D, Wall M, et al. The relative importance of dissatisfaction, overvaluation and preoccupation with weight and shape for predicting onset of disordered eating behaviors and depressive symptoms over 15 years. Int J Eat Disord. 2018;51(10):1168–75.\nLim MC, Parsons S, Goglio A, Fox E. Anxiety, stress, and binge eating tendencies in adolescence: a prospective approach. J Eat Disord. 2021;9(1):94.\nSchaumberg K, Zerwas S, Goodman E, Yilmaz Z, Bulik CM, Micali N. Anxiety disorder symptoms at age 10 predict eating disorder symptoms and diagnoses in adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019;60(6):686–96.\nSinclair-McBride K, Cole DA. Prospective relations between overeating, loss of control eating, binge eating, and depressive symptoms in a school-based sample of adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2017;45(4):693–703.\nReed ZE, Micali N, Bulik CM, Davey Smith G, Wade KH. Assessing the causal role of adiposity on disordered eating in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(3):764–72.\nDerks IPM, Sijbrands EJG, Wake M, Qureshi F, van der Ende J, Hillegers MHJ, et al. Eating behavior and body composition across childhood: a prospective cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2018;15(1):96.\nCosta A, Severo M, Vilela S, Fildes A, Oliveira A. Bidirectional relationships between appetitive behaviours and Body Mass Index in childhood: a cross-lagged analysis in the generation XXI birth cohort. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(1):239–47.\nAbdulkadir M, Hubel C, Herle M, Loos RJF, Breen G, Bulik CM, et al. Eating disorder symptoms and their associations with anthropometric and psychiatric polygenic scores. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2022;30(3):221–36.\nSwanson SA, Aloisio KM, Horton NJ, Sonneville KR, Crosby RD, Eddy KT, et al. Assessing eating disorder symptoms in adolescence: is there a role for multiple informants? Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47(5):475–82.",{"EN":147},"Binge eating, loss of control eating and overeating often develop during late childhood or early adolescence. Understanding the presentation of binge eating as early as symptoms manifest and its preceding and concurrent factors is essential to hamper the development of eating disorders. This study examined the prevalence, concurrent and preceding factors (e.g. compensatory behaviors, emotional and behavioral problems) of subclinical binge eating symptoms in early adolescence. Data from the population-based Generation R Study were used (n = 3595). At 10 years and 14 years, preceding and concurrent factors including eating behaviors, body dissatisfaction, emotional and behavioral problems and body composition were assessed. At 14 years, 3595 adolescents self-reported on binge eating symptoms in the past 3 months and were categorized into four groups: no symptoms (n = 3143, 87.4%), overeating only (n = 121, 3.4%), loss of control (LOC) eating only (n = 252, 7.0%) or binge eating (i.e. both, n = 79, 2.2%). In total, 452 (12.6%) young adolescents reported subclinical binge eating symptoms. Those who reported LOC eating and binge eating showed most compensatory behaviors (e.g. hide or throw away food, skipping meals). Concurrent emotional and behavioral problems, body dissatisfaction, more emotional-, restrained- and uncontrolled eating, and a higher BMI were associated with subclinical binge eating symptoms. Preceding self-reported emotional and behavioral problems, body dissatisfaction, more restrained eating and higher BMI (both fat mass and fat-free mass) at 10 years were associated with LOC eating and binge eating, but not with overeating. Among young adolescents, subclinical binge eating symptoms were common. Considering the high prevalence of LOC eating, and the overlapping preceding and concurrent factors of LOC eating and binge eating compared to overeating, LOC eating seems to be a key symptom of binge eating in early adolescence. Binge eating (an episode of overeating together with a feeling of loss of control) is a common symptom of most eating disorders and often emerges during late childhood or early adolescence. Examining the presentation of subclinical binge eating symptoms (overeating, loss of control eating and binge eating) during this period and identifying potential risk factors can help to hamper the development of eating disorders. This study in a community sample of young adolescents showed that subclinical binge eating symptoms were common, as these were reported by 12.6% of adolescents, of which loss of control eating only was most common (7%). Unhealthy eating behaviors, poor mental health and higher weight were associated with binge eating symptoms. Prevention strategies may interrupt the development of binge eating by focusing on LOC eating and its risk factors.",{"EN":149},"Subclinical binge eating symptoms in early adolescence and its preceding and concurrent factors: a population-based study",{"VOID":151},"10.1186\u002Fs40337-022-00688-6","PUBLICATION","Author affiliation is blank","https:\u002F\u002Fjeatdisord.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40337-022-00688-6",[156,175,203,229,255,267,297,304],{"id":157,"sortIndex":158,"researcher":18,"roles":159,"affiliations":161,"properties":172},"66b92da6-d274-4be6-ba01-0ff7025739e8",5,[160],"AUTHOR",[162],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":163,"properties":18},{"id":164,"createTime":165,"updateTime":166,"relativeEntities":167,"slug":168,"properties":169,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"85362780-7d3b-45f5-a3de-309e11533763","2024-01-16T19:37:38.667+00:00","2025-01-08T02:52:01.509+00:00",[],"Department-of-Behavioural-Science-and-Health-University-College-London-London-UK",{"title":170},{"VI":171},"Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK",{"title":173},{"VI":174},"Clare H. Llewellyn",{"id":176,"sortIndex":177,"researcher":18,"roles":178,"affiliations":179,"properties":200},"b7d8be70-fc10-40e0-ad3f-a7d1ea36f2a0",6,[160],[180,190],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":181,"properties":18},{"id":182,"createTime":183,"updateTime":184,"relativeEntities":185,"slug":186,"properties":187,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"15f94f76-eccd-4036-92b9-5275cae485d4","2023-12-01T17:35:11.041+00:00","2025-01-29T23:26:01.925+00:00",[],"Department-of-Epidemiology-Erasmus-Medical-Center-Rotterdam-The-Netherlands",{"title":188},{"VI":189},"Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands",{"id":191,"sortIndex":129,"affiliation":192,"properties":199},"16b7be1c-fcae-4dca-a6f0-f7d45dcff664",{"id":193,"createTime":194,"updateTime":194,"relativeEntities":195,"slug":18,"properties":196,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"649b5220-e7e3-47e3-b5ab-bb729346c6eb","2024-01-14T22:31:57.224+00:00",[],{"title":197},{"VI":198},"Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA",{},{"title":201},{"VI":202},"Sonja A. 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Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5: American Psychiatric Association. Arlington: DSM; 2013.\nGull WW. Anorexia nervosa (apepsia hysterica, anorexia hysterica). 1868. Obes Res. 1997;5(5):498–502.\nFavaro A, Caregaro L, Burlina AB, Santonastaso P. Tryptophan levels, excessive exercise, and nutritional status anorexia nervosa. Psychosom Med. 2000;62(4):535–8.\nKron L, Katz JL, Gorzynski G, Weiner H. Hyperactivity in anorexia nervosa: a fundamental clinical feature. Compr Psychiatry. 1978;19(5):433–40.\nDavis C, Katzman DK, Kaptein S, Kirsh C, Brewer H, Kalmbach K, et al. The prevalence of high-level exercise in the eating disorders: etiological implications. Compr Psychiatry. 1997;38(6):321–6.\nYoung S, Touyz S, Meyer C, Arcelus J, Rhodes P, Madden S, et al. Relationships between compulsive exercise, quality of life, psychological distress and motivation to change in adults with anorexia nervosa. J Eat Disord. 2018;6(1).\nHaddad FS. Displaced stress fracture of the femoral neck in an active amenorrhoeic adolescent. Br J Sports Med. 1997;31(1):70–2.\nMond J, Myers TC, Crosby R, Hay P, Mitchell J. ‘Excessive exercise’and eating‐disordered behaviour in young adult women: further evidence from a primary care sample. Eur Eat Disord. 2008;16(3):215–21.\nCook BJ, Hausenblas HA. The role of exercise dependence for the relationship between exercise behavior and eating pathology: mediator or moderator? J Health Psychol. 2008;13(4):495–502.\nTouyz S, Hay P, Noetel M. Is the neglect of exercise in anorexia nervosa research a case of “running out” of ideas or do we need to take a “LEAP” of faith into the future? J Eat Disord. 2017;5(1):35 Available from: http:\u002F\u002Fjeatdisord.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40337-017-0157-z.\nHalmi KA, Goldberg SC, Casper RC, Eckert ED, Davis JM. Pretreatment predictors of outcome in anorexia nervosa. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;134(1):71–8.\nYoung S, Touyz S, Meyer C, Arcelus J, Rhodes P, Madden S, et al. Validity of exercise measures in adults with anorexia nervosa: the EDE, compulsive exercise test and other self-report scales. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50(5):533–41.\nDavies S, Parekh K, Etelapaa K, Wood D, Jaffa T. The inpatient management of physical activity in young people with anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2008;16(5):334–40.\nPirke KM, Trimborn P, Platte P, Fichter M. Average total energy expenditure in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and healthy young women. Biol Psychiatry. 1991;30(7):711–8.\nGümmer R, Giel KE, Schag K, Resmark G, Junne FP, Becker S, et al. High Levels of Physical Activity in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:333–44.\nVan Elburg AA, Hoek HW, Kas MJH, Van Engeland H. Nurse evaluation of hyperactivity in anorexia nervosa: a comparative study. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2007;15(6):425–9.\nFreedson PS, Melanson E, Sirard J. Calibration of the Computer Science and Applications, Inc. accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(5):777–81.\nLi H, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Kang J. Spectrophotometric determination of azithromycin based on the charge transfer reaction between azithromycin and alizarin. Fenxi Huaxue. 2004;32(5):598–600.\nBratland-Sanda S, Sundgot-Borgen J, Øyvind R, Rosenvinge JH, Hoffart A, Martinsen EW. “I’m not physically active - I only go for walks”: physical activity in patients with longstanding eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2010;43(1):88–92.\nAlberti M, Galvani C, El Ghoch M, Capelli C, Lanza M, Calugi S, et al. Assessment of physical activity in anorexia nervosa and treatment outcome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(9):1643–8.\nKeyes A, Woerwag-Mehta S, Bartholdy S, Koskina A, Middleton B, Connan F, et al. Physical activity and the drive to exercise in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(1):46–54.\nAdkins EC, Keel PK. Does “excessive” or “compulsive” best describe exercise as a symptom of bulimia nervosa? Int J Eat Disord. 2005;38(1):24–9.\nTaranis L, Touyz S, Meyer C. Disordered eating and exercise: development and preliminary validation of the compulsive exercise test (CET). Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2011;19(3):256–68.\nMeyer C, Taranis L, Goodwin H, Haycraft E. Compulsive exercise and eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2011;19(3):174–89.\nWyatt LM. Obsessive-compulsiveness and disordered eating in obligatory and non-obligatory exercisers [Internet]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. 1997. Available from: http:\u002F\u002Fsearch.proquest.com\u002Fdocview\u002F304376256?accountid=14182%5Cn. Accessed 7 Aug 2019.\nKolnes LJ. “Feelings stronger than reason”: Conflicting experiences of exercise in women with anorexia nervosa. J Eat Disord. 2016;4(1).\nGuarda AS. Treatment of anorexia nervosa: insights and obstacles. Physiol Behav. 2008;94(1):113–20.\nGeller J, Cassin SE, Brown KE, Srikameswaran S. Factors associated with improvements in readiness for change: low vs. normal BMI eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42(1):40–6.\nSchebendach J, Mayer LES, Devlin MJ, Attia E, Walsh BT. Dietary energy density and diet variety as risk factors for relapse in anorexia nervosa: a replication. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45(1):79–84.\nMuñoz P, Quintana JM, Las Hayas C, Padierna A, Aguirre U, González-Torres MA. Quality of life and motivation to change in eating disorders. Perception patient-psychiatrist. Eat Behav. 2012;13(2):131–4.\nProchaska JO, Diclemente CC, Norcross JC. In search of how people change: applications to addictive behaviors. J Addict Nurs. 1993;5(1):2–16.\nGodart NT, Flament MF, Perdereau F, Jeammet P. Comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders: A review. Int J Eat Disord. 2002;32:253–70.\nGodart NT, Perdereau F, Rein Z, Berthoz S, Wallier J, Jeammet P, et al. Comorbidity studies of eating disorders and mood disorders. Critical review of the literature. J Affect Disord. 2007;97:37–49.\nFernandez-Aranda F, Pinheiro AP, Tozzi F, La Via M, Thornton L, Plotnicov K, et al. Symptom profile of major depressive disorder in women with eating disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007;41(1):24–31.\nKaye WH, Bulik CM, Thornton L, Barbarich N, Masters K. Comorbidity of anxiety disorders with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 2004.\nAjilchi B, Nejati V. Executive functions in students with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2017;8(3):223–32.\nBillingsley-Marshall RL, Basso MR, Lund BC, Hernandez ER, Johnson CL, Drevets WC, et al. Executive function in eating disorders: the role of state anxiety. Int J Eat Disord. 2013;46(4):316–21.\nRock PL, Roiser JP, Riedel WJ, Blackwell AD. Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2014;44(10):2029–40.\nHay P, Touyz S, Arcelus J, Pike K, Attia E, Crosby RD, Madden S, Wales J, La Puma M, Heriseanu AI, Young S. A randomized controlled trial of the compuLsive exercise activity TheraPy (LEAP): a new approach to compulsive exercise in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2018;51(8):999–1004.\nFairburn C, Cooper Z, O’Connor M. Eating Disorder Examination. Edition 17.0D. In: Cognitive behavior therapy and eating disorders [Internet]; 2014. p. 1–30. Available from: http:\u002F\u002Fwww.credo-oxford.com\u002Fpdfs\u002FEDE_17.0D.pdf.\nMatthews CE. Calibration of Accelerometer Output for Adults. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2005;37(Supplement):S512–22 Available from: https:\u002F\u002Finsights.ovid.com\u002Fcrossref?an=00005768-200511001-00004.\nMatthews CE, Ainsworth BE, Thompson RW, Bassett DR. Sources of variance in daily physical activity levels as measured by an accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(8):1376–81.\nDavis C, Kennedy SH, Ravelski E, Dionne M. The role of physical activity in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Psychol Med. 1994;24(4):957–67.\nBerg KC, Peterson CB, Frazier P, Crow SJ. Psychometric evaluation of the eating disorder examination and eating disorder examination-questionnaire: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45(3):428–38.\nRieger E, Touyz S, Schotte D, Beumont P, Russell J, Clarke S, et al. Development of an instrument to assess readiness to recover in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2000;28(4):387–96.\nKessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, Hiripi E, Mroczek DK, Normand SLT, et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med. 2002;32(6):959–76.\nMond JM, Hay PJ, Rodgers B, Owen C, Beumont PJV. Assessing quality of life in eating disorder patients. Qual Life Res. 2005;14(1):171–8.\nMartin Bland J, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;327(8476):307–10.\nNilly M, Winquist J. Self-focused attention and negative affect: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2002;128(4):638–62.\nTrost SG, Mciver KL, Pate RR. Conducting accelerometer-based activity assessments in field-based research. In: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; 2005.",{"EN":369},"High levels of physical activity (PA) have long been described in patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN). Despite the importance of measuring PA in this population, there are two important factors that remain unknown. First, it is not clear how accurate self-report measures of PA are among patients. Second, little is known about how clinical characteristics are associated with the accuracy of self-reported PA. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the accuracy of self-reported PA compared to an objective measure of PA in patients with AN. It also investigated whether levels of accuracy\u002Finaccuracy were associated with compulsive exercise, motivation to change, and psychological distress. Data were analysed from 34 adult outpatients with AN. Patients wore an accelerometer device (ActiGraph) for 4 days and completed a retrospective self-report measure of exercise (Exercise Participation Screening Questionnaire). They also completed measures of compulsive exercise (Compulsive Exercise Test), motivation to change (The Anorexia Nervosa Stages of Change Questionnaire), and psychological distress (Kessler-10). On the self-report measure, patients accurately reported their time spent in moderate and vigorous intensity PA, however, they significantly under-reported their light physical activity (compared to the accelerometer data). Accurate reporting of total PA was positively associated with higher levels of compulsive exercise. There was evidence to suggest that clinical features, such as motivation to change and psychological distress, may be associated with inaccurate reporting at some levels of PA intensity and not others. Results indicate that patients with AN are likely to under-report their light intensity PA. We also found preliminary evidence for how compulsive exercise, motivation to change, and distress are associated with self-reported PA accuracy. Clinical implications and directions for future research are considered. \n                    ACTRN12610000585022\n                    \n                  . Taking a LEAP forward in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. 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J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;74(2):361–76. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1037\u002F0022-3514.74.2.361.\nMikulincer M, Shaver PR, Pereg D. Attachment theory and affect regulation: the dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motiv Emot. 2003;27(2):77–102. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1023\u002FA:1024515519160.\nMonacis L, de Palo V, Griffiths MD, Sinatra M. Social networking addiction, attachment style, and validation of the Italian version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. J Behav Addict. 2017;6(2):178–86. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1556\u002F2006.6.2017.020.\nMuthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus user’s guide. Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén; 1998.\nOrzolek-Kronner C. The effects of exercise on self-esteem and depression in overweight and obese women. J Adv Nurs. 2002;39(5):486–96. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1046\u002Fj.1365-2648.2002.02319.x.\nPálfi V, Kovacsik R, Szabo A. Symptoms of exercise addiction in aerobic and anaerobic exercises: beyond the components model of addiction. Addict Behav Rep. 2021;14:100369. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.abrep.2021.100369.\nPels F, Kleinert J. Disordered eating and emotion regulation: a qualitative study exploring the role of alexithymia as a potential moderator. J Eat Disord. 2016;4(1):13. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40337-016-0102-2.\nPenedo FJ, Dahn JR. Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2005;18(2):189–93. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002F00001504-200503000-00013.\nShaver PR, Mikulincer M. Attachment-related psychodynamics. In: Cassidy J, Shaver PR, editors. Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications. New York: Guilford Press; 2007. p. 501–19.\nShroff H, et al. Features associated with excessive exercise in women with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39(6):454–61. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Feat.20277.\nSmyth JM. Beyond self-report: using observational, physiological, and behavior measures to gauge love in romantic relationships. Soc Pers Psychol Compass. 2015;9(8):407–22. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fspc3.12180.\nStrauman TJ. Self-regulation and depression. Self Identity. 2002;1(2):151–7. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F152988602317232843.\nStrezhnev A, Lucas C, Sundberg R. Dynamic social network modeling and analysis: workshop summary and papers. USA: National Academies Press; 2013.\nSuldo SM, Sandberg DA. An investigation of resiliency in the academic and social domains: a longitudinal study of high-risk inner-city adolescents. J Sch Psychol. 2000;38(5):451–82. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS0022-4405(00)00051-2.\nSzabo A, Griffiths MD, Marcos RDLV, Mervó B, Demetrovics Z. Focus: addiction: methodological and conceptual limitations in exercise addiction research. Yale J Biol Med. 2015;88(3):303. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.7916\u002FD8HT5KSC.\nSzabo A, De La Vega R, Ruiz-Barquín R, Rivera O. Exercise addiction in Spanish athletes: investigation of the roles of gender, social context and level of involvement. J Behav Addict. 2013;2(4):249–52. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1556\u002FJBA.2.2013.4.9.\nTerry A, Szabo A, Griffiths MD. The exercise addiction inventory: a new brief screening tool. Addict Res Theory. 2004;12(5):489–99. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F16066350412331304529.\nTrott M, et al. A comparative meta-analysis of the prevalence of exercise addiction in adults with and without indicated eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord Stud Anorex Bulim Obes. 2020;25(6):1651–61. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs40519-019-00842-1.\nTrott M, et al. Exercise addiction prevalence and correlates in the absence of eating disorder symptomology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Addict Med. 2021;15(5):363–70. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002FADM.0000000000000795.\nVan der Oord S, Bogels SM, Peijnenburg D. The effects of mindfulness and self-compassion on enhancing authentic leadership: an exploratory study. J Occup Health Psychol. 2019;24(3):220–34. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1037\u002Focp0000112.\nVrabel KR, Scardina A, Brown M. Eating disorders and attachment: the effects of hidden family processes on eating disorders. J Fam Soc Work. 2013;16(4):306–19. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F10522158.2013.821097.\nWarburton DER, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2017;32(5):541–56. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002FHCO.0000000000000437.\nWei M, Liao KYH, Ku TY, Shaffer PA. Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in emerging adulthood: a test of mediation models. J Adult Dev. 2020;27(2):114–26. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10804-020-09358-7.\nWeihrauch Y. Exercise addiction—risk and protective factors: the relationship between attachment style, (Unpublished Master’s thesis). College of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Tel Aviv; 2019\nZhang H, Xie B, Lu J, Jia C, Luo J. The mediating role of attachment anxiety and avoidance in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents. Child Abuse Negl. 2022;123:105778. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.chiabu.2021.105778.",{"EN":592},"Exercise addiction (EA) and eating disorders (ED) frequently co-occur in both professional and amateur athletes, with up to 48% of individuals with EA also exhibiting symptoms of ED. Furthermore, pathological attachment styles have been linked to both EA and ED. The current study aimed to explore the unique association between types of insecure attachment styles (i.e., anxiety or avoidance) and EA and ED. Four hundred and five Israelis (199 women, 206 men) who were recreational exercisers (i.e., exercised at least four hours a week for at least one year) with ages ranging from 18 to 78 (M = 38, SD = 12.31) completed a set of questionnaires, including the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), Exercise Addiction Inventory, and the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale. Path analysis was used to simultaneously examine the associations of attachment anxiety and avoidance with EA and ED symptoms. Attachment anxiety and avoidance were specified as independent variables predicting ED and EA symptoms and were entered into the analysis as two parallel dependent variables. The results of the study indicate that attachment anxiety is positively associated with symptoms of EDs, while the association between attachment anxiety and symptoms of EA is not significant. On the other hand, attachment avoidance shows a positive association with symptoms of exercise addiction, but no significant association with symptoms of EDs is found. These results imply that the anxious attachment regulation strategy is highly associated with body image concerns. Furthermore, individuals characterized by avoidance attachment manifest regulation strategies through excessive exercise. Scholars and practitioners could use these results to examine dispositional risk factors for insecure attachment styles and to assess specific pathologies among the population of recreational exercisers. The study also discusses limitations, future directions, and implications in detail. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between exercise addiction, eating disorders, and pathological attachment styles among habitual exercisers. Approximately half of individuals addicted to exercise also exhibit maladaptive eating behaviors. Insecure attachment styles have been associated with these two pathologies. However, the exact nature of this relationship is not fully understood and requires further research. A total of 405 habitual athletes who exercised for a minimum of four hours per week for at least one year were recruited from social media groups dedicated to exercise, as well as through ads posted at fitness centers and with professional trainers. Participants completed three psychological inventories, including measures of eating disorder symptoms, exercise addiction, and attachment styles. Results indicated that attachment anxiety was solely related to symptoms of maladaptive eating behaviors, while attachment avoidance was only associated with symptoms of exercise addiction. Findings suggest that individuals with anxious attachment may be more prone to body image concerns, whereas those with avoidance attachment may be more likely to engage in compulsive exercise behaviors. These results have implications for scholars and practitioners in terms of examining dispositional risk factors for insecure attachment styles and assessing specific pathological and addictive behaviors among recreational exercisers.",{"EN":594},"The relationship between exercise addiction, eating disorders, and insecure attachment styles among recreational exercisers",{"VOID":596},"10.1186\u002Fs40337-023-00855-3","VERIFIED","Auto Verify","https:\u002F\u002Fjeatdisord.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40337-023-00855-3",[601,616,631],{"id":602,"sortIndex":285,"researcher":18,"roles":603,"affiliations":604,"properties":613},"e3a0c77a-9254-4462-944f-e12e6f3b3347",[160],[605],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":606,"properties":18},{"id":607,"createTime":608,"updateTime":608,"relativeEntities":609,"slug":18,"properties":610,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"1bd99b75-87d7-4a02-ad7e-b6800764962f","2023-12-27T02:27:08.228+00:00",[],{"title":611},{"VI":612},"School of Behavioral Sciences, College of Management Academic Studies, Rishon LeZion, Israel",{"title":614},{"VI":615},"Asaf Blatt",{"id":617,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":618,"affiliations":619,"properties":628},"bd29a518-5b8e-491a-b223-291fc01ff8b7",[160],[620],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":621,"properties":18},{"id":622,"createTime":623,"updateTime":623,"relativeEntities":624,"slug":18,"properties":625,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"eed84397-cb28-4f8a-b6df-6791a2d43e66","2024-01-19T03:54:56.656+00:00",[],{"title":626},{"VI":627},"School of Psychology, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv, Israel",{"title":629},{"VI":630},"Dalit Lev Arey",{"id":632,"sortIndex":129,"researcher":18,"roles":633,"affiliations":634,"properties":640},"c3ba311f-2987-405f-97fc-743b40636a53",[160],[635],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":636,"properties":18},{"id":622,"createTime":623,"updateTime":623,"relativeEntities":637,"slug":18,"properties":638,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},[],{"title":639},{"VI":627},{"title":641},{"VI":642},"Adi Sagi",{"url":599,"publisher":644,"properties":678},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":645,"slug":10,"properties":646,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":649,"manageAffiliations":650,"indexDatabases":651,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":673,"gsStatistic":18,"type":18,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"eissn":647,"title":648},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[],[],[652,659,666],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":653,"url":85,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":658,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":72,"createTime":73,"updateTime":74,"relativeEntities":654,"label":655,"description":656,"key":81,"publicationTags":657,"standard":18},[],{"EN":77,"VI":77},{"VI":79,"EN":80},[83,84],[87],{"id":89,"indexDatabase":660,"url":85,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":665,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":91,"createTime":92,"updateTime":93,"relativeEntities":661,"label":662,"description":663,"key":100,"publicationTags":664,"standard":18},[],{"EN":96,"VI":96},{"VI":98,"EN":99},[102,84],[104,105],{"id":107,"indexDatabase":667,"url":120,"indexYears":121,"academicFieldIds":672,"indexDatabaseRanking":126},{"id":109,"createTime":110,"updateTime":111,"relativeEntities":668,"label":669,"description":670,"key":117,"publicationTags":671,"standard":18},[],{"EN":114,"VI":114},{"EN":114,"VI":116},[119],[123,124,125],{"impactFactor":19,"impactFactorByYear":674,"i10Index":19,"i10IndexLast5Year":19,"totalPublication":129,"totalPublicationByYear":675,"totalCitation":19,"totalCitationByYear":676,"totalCitationPerPublication":19,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":677,"hindexLast5Year":19,"hindex":19},{},{"2014":129},{},{},{"volume":679,"pages":681},{"VOID":680},"11",{"VOID":682},"1-10","2023-08-07",2023,{"id":686,"createTime":687,"updateTime":688,"relativeEntities":689,"slug":690,"properties":691,"entityType":152,"verifyStatus":597,"verifyTime":688,"verifyNote":598,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":700,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":701,"publicationType":317,"publisherRelationship":766,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":805,"publishYear":684,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":360},"e7f6115d-1d44-4a58-8bd4-610fe343d83d","2024-02-08T03:41:31.735+00:00","2024-12-19T23:51:41.558+00:00",[],"Scurvy-abnormal-MRI-and-gelatinous-bone-marrow-in-an-adolescent-with-avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder",{"references":692,"abstract":694,"title":696,"doi":698},{"VOID":693},"Alten ED, Chaturvedi A, Cullimore M, Fallon AA, Habben L, Hughes I, et al. No longer a historical ailment: two cases of childhood scurvy with recommendations for bone health providers. Osteoporos Int. 2020;31(5):1001–5.\nShergill KK, Shergill GS, Pillai HJ. Gelatinous transformation of bone marrow: Rare or underdiagnosed? Autops Case Rep. 2017;7(4):8–17.\nSharp WG, Berry RC, Burrell L, Scahill L, McElhanon BO. Scurvy as a sequela of avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder in autism: a systematic review. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2020;41(5):397–405.\nPan T, Hennrikus EF, Hennrikus WL. Modern day scurvy in pediatric orthopaedics: a forgotten illness. J Pediatric Orthopaedics. 2020;41(3):e279–84.\nHarknett KM, Hussain SK, Rogers MK, Patel NC. Scurvy mimicking osteomyelitis. Clin Pediatr. 2013;53(10):995–9.\nRoy-Lavallee J, Bahrani B, Weinstein M, Katzman DK. Scurvy: an unexpected nutritional complication in an adolescent female with anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67(4):618–20.\nBenezech S, Hartmann C, Morfin D, Bertrand Y, Domenech C. Is it Leukemia, doctor? No, it’s scurvy induced by an ARFID! Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020;74(8):1247–9.\nBrennan CM, Atkins KA, Druzgal CH, Gaskin CM. Magnetic resonance imaging appearance of scurvy with gelatinous bone marrow transformation. Skeletal Radiol. 2012;41(3):357–60.\nChan BY, Gill KG, Rebsamen SL, Nguyen JC. Mr imaging of pediatric bone marrow. Radiographics. 2016;36(6):1911–30.\nChang CY, Rosenthal DI, Mitchell DM, Handa A, Kattapuram SV, Huang AJ. Imaging findings of metabolic bone disease. Radiographics. 2016;36(6):1871–87.\nGanske A, Kolbe AB, Thomas K, Hull N. Pediatric scurvy MRI appearance. Radiol Case Rep. 2021;16(5):1148–52.",{"EN":695},"Although medical literature describes pediatric scurvy as “rare”, a growing number of case reports suggests otherwise. Patients often undergo costly and unnecessary workup due to unfamiliarity with the presentation of scurvy. This case report further supports the small yet growing literature documenting scurvy and its manifestations in patients with eating disorders. A 15-year-old female presented to the emergency department with bilateral knee and ankle swelling and pain in the setting of chronic lower limb rash and BMI of 16.3. For years, she had restricted her diet to carbohydrates. Exam showed perifollicular petechial hemorrhagic rash with corkscrew hairs, knee edema, ankle edema with restricted range of motion, and antalgic gait. She was admitted for severe malnutrition from avoidant restrictive food intake disorder. Her hospital course was complicated by recurrent normocytic anemia and fever. Hematology workup revealed anemia from iron deficiency, vitamin K deficiency, and anemia of chronic disease. Rheumatology workup was negative. MRI findings showed dark T1 and bright T2 signals and were read as consistent with leukemia\u002Flymphoma, chronic multifocal osteomyelitis, or Langerhans cell histiocytosis. However, bone marrow biopsy showed gelatinous transformation secondary to malnutrition. She was treated with vitamin C and a nutrition plan and her symptoms improved. Although this patient had common manifestations of scurvy, including perifollicular petechial hemorrhagic rash, joint effusions, anemia, and recurrent fevers, she still underwent an extensive workup. Clinicians should be aware that scurvy can present with multiple symptoms that mimic infectious, rheumatic, oncologic and hematological disease. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for scurvy in patients with malnutrition and eating disorders.",{"EN":697},"Scurvy, abnormal MRI, and gelatinous bone marrow in an adolescent with avoidant restrictive food intake disorder",{"VOID":699},"10.1186\u002Fs40337-023-00770-7","https:\u002F\u002Fjeatdisord.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40337-023-00770-7",[702,721,736,751],{"id":703,"sortIndex":129,"researcher":18,"roles":704,"affiliations":705,"properties":718},"5b886152-c37b-4efd-815c-41b7a53b66d6",[160],[706],{"id":707,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":708,"properties":715},"d5ab7d38-25ee-40f1-b212-078c40e50d3f",{"id":709,"createTime":710,"updateTime":710,"relativeEntities":711,"slug":18,"properties":712,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"4d478293-ba67-46ca-9b23-897c032bdab5","2023-11-29T23:31:27.902+00:00",[],{"title":713},{"VI":714},"University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, United States",{"title":716},{"VI":717},"University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA",{"title":719},{"VI":720},"Asha M. Davidson",{"id":722,"sortIndex":285,"researcher":18,"roles":723,"affiliations":724,"properties":733},"edca8764-5078-44ae-a056-bb775afc9e3e",[160],[725],{"id":726,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":727,"properties":731},"dda7d308-7d3a-497d-aa74-42dbf6cb72d9",{"id":709,"createTime":710,"updateTime":710,"relativeEntities":728,"slug":18,"properties":729,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},[],{"title":730},{"VI":714},{"title":732},{"VI":717},{"title":734},{"VI":735},"Rebecca M. Beyda",{"id":737,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":738,"affiliations":739,"properties":748},"87255967-7f8a-4449-9f7a-b611db3ce690",[160],[740],{"id":741,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":742,"properties":746},"6ad22095-069c-4f89-a61b-3a1785a5a2a6",{"id":709,"createTime":710,"updateTime":710,"relativeEntities":743,"slug":18,"properties":744,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},[],{"title":745},{"VI":714},{"title":747},{"VI":717},{"title":749},{"VI":750},"Ginny Claire Kim",{"id":752,"sortIndex":205,"researcher":18,"roles":753,"affiliations":754,"properties":763},"5d7f0509-8598-4e62-9277-b0754e86d537",[160],[755],{"id":756,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":757,"properties":761},"7f717377-1e95-4e15-aa80-5a020fea753c",{"id":709,"createTime":710,"updateTime":710,"relativeEntities":758,"slug":18,"properties":759,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},[],{"title":760},{"VI":714},{"title":762},{"VI":717},{"title":764},{"VI":765},"Mona A. Eissa",{"url":700,"publisher":767,"properties":801},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":768,"slug":10,"properties":769,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":772,"manageAffiliations":773,"indexDatabases":774,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":796,"gsStatistic":18,"type":18,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"eissn":770,"title":771},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[],[],[775,782,789],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":776,"url":85,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":781,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":72,"createTime":73,"updateTime":74,"relativeEntities":777,"label":778,"description":779,"key":81,"publicationTags":780,"standard":18},[],{"EN":77,"VI":77},{"VI":79,"EN":80},[83,84],[87],{"id":89,"indexDatabase":783,"url":85,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":788,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":91,"createTime":92,"updateTime":93,"relativeEntities":784,"label":785,"description":786,"key":100,"publicationTags":787,"standard":18},[],{"EN":96,"VI":96},{"VI":98,"EN":99},[102,84],[104,105],{"id":107,"indexDatabase":790,"url":120,"indexYears":121,"academicFieldIds":795,"indexDatabaseRanking":126},{"id":109,"createTime":110,"updateTime":111,"relativeEntities":791,"label":792,"description":793,"key":117,"publicationTags":794,"standard":18},[],{"EN":114,"VI":114},{"EN":114,"VI":116},[119],[123,124,125],{"impactFactor":19,"impactFactorByYear":797,"i10Index":19,"i10IndexLast5Year":19,"totalPublication":129,"totalPublicationByYear":798,"totalCitation":19,"totalCitationByYear":799,"totalCitationPerPublication":19,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":800,"hindexLast5Year":19,"hindex":19},{},{"2014":129},{},{},{"volume":802,"pages":803},{"VOID":680},{"VOID":804},"1-5","2023-03-20",{"id":807,"createTime":808,"updateTime":809,"relativeEntities":810,"slug":811,"properties":812,"entityType":152,"verifyStatus":597,"verifyTime":809,"verifyNote":598,"syncStatus":17,"languages":824,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":826,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":827,"publicationType":317,"publisherRelationship":945,"citationCount":19,"citationInfo":980,"publishDate":18,"publishYear":18,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":982,"isForceReanalyzing":360},"87726346-c08d-4a21-b1a2-9c30adeb24d3","2024-04-11T14:40:36.892+00:00","2025-02-20T23:49:51.289+00:00",[],"Multifamily-therapy-for-adolescent-eating-disorders-a-study-of-the-change-in-eating-disorder-symptoms-from-start-of-treatment-to-follow-up",{"keywords":813,"openalex":814,"abstract":816,"title":818,"pm":820,"doi":822},{},{"VOID":815},"W4379768764",{"EN":817},"\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Background\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>This study aimed to evaluate multifamily therapy (MFT) for adolescents with eating disorders (EDs) in a clinical setting, by presenting the outcome of families participating in this treatment at a specialist ED service. MFT was an adjunct to treatment at local mental health services. In particular, the study aimed to present the change in eating disorder symptoms and psychological distress from before to after treatment and at a 6 months follow-up.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Methods\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>Participants were 207 adolescents receiving outpatient MFT (10 or 5 months) at Oslo University Hospital in Norway between 2009 and 2022. Adolescents had heterogeneous ED presentations, with a preponderance of anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical AN. All participants completed pre- and post-treatment questionnaires [The eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q) and the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ)]. 142 adolescents additionally completed the same questionnaires at 6 months follow-up. Weight and height were measured at all time points.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Results\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>Linear mixed model analyses showed that from start of treatment to follow-up, there was a significant increase in BMI percentile (\u003Cjats:italic>p\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> < 0.001) and a significant decrease in EDE-Q global score (\u003Cjats:italic>p\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> < 0.001) and SDQ total score (\u003Cjats:italic>p\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> < 0.001).\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Conclusions\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>The study shows that adolescents with an eating disorder who received adjunct outpatient MFT in a real world clinical setting, experienced reductions in ED symptoms comparable to that found in a randomized controlled trial.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n                \u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:italic>Trial registration\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: The data used in this study was collected as part of routine clinical procedures for quality assurance and trial registration is therefore not required.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>",{"EN":819},"Multifamily therapy for adolescent eating disorders: a study of the change in eating disorder symptoms from start of treatment to 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Int J Eat Disord. 2019;52(9):996–1003.",{"doi":1213},"10.1002\u002Feat.23138",{"id":1215,"createTime":1216,"updateTime":1217,"relativeEntities":1218,"slug":1219,"properties":1220,"entityType":152,"verifyStatus":597,"verifyTime":1217,"verifyNote":598,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":1229,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":1230,"publicationType":317,"publisherRelationship":1261,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":1300,"publishYear":1301,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":360},"fb447a5f-36c4-420d-ab07-6a0f7997382c","2024-01-09T20:35:43.794+00:00","2025-02-09T23:48:37.522+00:00",[],"A-theoretical-review-of-interpersonal-emotion-regulation-in-eating-disorders-enhancing-knowledge-by-bridging-interpersonal-and-affective-dysfunction",{"references":1221,"abstract":1223,"title":1225,"doi":1227},{"VOID":1222},"Arcelus J, Haslam M, Farrow C, Meyer C. 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Available from: https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Feat.22919.\nBaucom DH, Kirby JS, Fischer MS, Baucom BR, Hamer R, Bulik CM. Findings from a couple-based open trial for adult anorexia nervosa. J Fam Psychol. 2017;31(5):584–91.\nGoddard E, Macdonald P, Sepulveda AR, Naumann U, Landau S, Schmidt U, et al. Cognitive interpersonal maintenance model of eating disorders: intervention for carers. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;199(3):225–31.\nBrownell KD, Fairburn CG. Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook. Third Edition. New York: Guildford Press; 2002.\nLinville D, Brown T, Sturm K, McDougal T. Eating disorders and social support: perspectives of recovered individuals. Eat Disord. 2012;20(3):216–31.",{"EN":1224},"Individuals with eating disorders (EDs) frequently report interpersonal and affective dysfunction. A useful lens for uniting these ideas is through the framework of interpersonal emotion regulation (IER), which consists of the ways others assist a distressed individual and how this shapes his or her subsequent emotional, behavioral, and cognitive responses. In this theoretical review, we provide an overview of the rationale for exploring IER and review IER processes in this population using the framework of the Process Model of Emotion Regulation. Finally, we offer suggestions for next steps in conducting research. IER offers a parsimonious way to explore social and emotional constructs related to ED pathology and may provide potential targets for prevention and intervention in these difficult-to-treat disorders.",{"EN":1226},"A theoretical review of interpersonal emotion regulation in eating disorders: enhancing knowledge by bridging interpersonal and affective dysfunction",{"VOID":1228},"10.1186\u002Fs40337-020-00298-0","https:\u002F\u002Fjeatdisord.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40337-020-00298-0",[1231,1246],{"id":1232,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":1233,"affiliations":1234,"properties":1243},"c7d8c874-1844-46a9-9c78-82624e19d375",[160],[1235],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1236,"properties":18},{"id":1237,"createTime":1238,"updateTime":1238,"relativeEntities":1239,"slug":18,"properties":1240,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"a5168540-5903-4a94-930d-ebe1f816a117","2023-12-21T15:23:44.409+00:00",[],{"title":1241},{"VI":1242},"Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA",{"title":1244},{"VI":1245},"Kara A. 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Life course health consequences and associated annual costs of adverse childhood experiences across Europe and North America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Heal. 2019;4.\nPreventing Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): Leveraging the best available evidence. National center for injury prevention and control, centers for disease control and prevention. 2019.\nMerrick MT, Ford DC, Ports KA, Guinn AS. Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences from the 2011–2014 behavioral risk factor surveillance system in 23 states. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172.\nFelitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. Am J Prev Med. 2019;56.\nTesta A, Jackson DB. Adverse childhood experiences and food insecurity in adulthood: evidence from the national longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health. J Adolesc Heal. 2020;67.\nLoveday S, Hall T, Constable L, Paton K, Sanci L, Goldfeld S, et al. Screening for adverse childhood experiences in children: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2022.\nJee SH, Steen M, Raynor J. Teaching interventions for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): a systematic review. 2021.\nO’Brien KM, Whelan DR, Sandler DP, Hall JE, Weinberg CR. Predictors and long-term health outcomes of eating disorders. PLoS One. 2017;12.\nSantomauro DF, Melen S, Mitchison D, Vos T, Whiteford H, Ferrari AJ. The hidden burden of eating disorders: an extension of estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8.\nvan Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Review of the burden of eating disorders: mortality, disability, costs, quality of life, and family burden. Curr Opin Psychiat. 2020.\nGuillaume S, Jaussent I, Maimoun L, Ryst A, Seneque M, Villain L, et al. Associations between adverse childhood experiences and clinical characteristics of eating disorders. Sci Rep. 2016;6.\nCaslini M, Bartoli F, Crocamo C, Dakanalis A, Clerici M, Carrà G. Disentangling the association between child abuse and eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom. Med. 2016.\nHazzard VM, Bauer KW, Mukherjee B, Miller AL, Sonneville KR. Associations between childhood maltreatment latent classes and eating disorder symptoms in a nationally representative sample of young adults in the United States. Child Abus Negl. 2019;98.\nZiobrowski HN, Buka SL, Austin SB, Duncan AE, Simone M, Sullivan AJ, et al. Child and adolescent maltreatment patterns and risk of eating disorder behaviors developing in young adulthood. Child Abus Negl. 2021;120.\nMitchell KS, Mazzeo SE, Schlesinger MR, Brewerton TD, Smith BN. Comorbidity of partial and subthreshold ptsd among men and women with eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey-replication study. Int J Eat Disord 2012.\nRienecke RD, Johnson C, Mehler PS, Le Grange D, Manwaring J, Duffy A, et al. Adverse childhood experiences among a treatment-seeking sample of adults with eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2022;30.\nVolpe U, Tortorella A, Manchia M, Monteleone AM, Albert U, Monteleone P. Eating disorders: what age at onset? Psychiatry Res 2016;238.\nUdo T, Grilo CM. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5–defined eating disorders in a nationally representative sample of U.S. Adults Biol Psychiatry. 2018;84.\nSarmiento C, Lau C. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th Ed.: DSM‐5. Wiley Encycl Personal Individ Differ. 2020.\nMurray SB, Ganson KT, Chu J, Jann K, Nagata JM. The prevalence of preadolescent eating disorders in the United States. J Adolesc Heal. 2022;70.\nDorn LD, Hostinar CE, Susman EJ, Pervanidou P. Conceptualizing puberty as a window of opportunity for impacting health and well-being across the life span. J Res Adolesc. 2019;29.\nDahl RE, Allen NB, Wilbrecht L, Suleiman AB. Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective. Nature. 2018.\nKjeldbjerg ML, Clausen L. Prevalence of binge-eating disorder among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021.\nde Zwaan M. Binge eating disorder and obesity. Int J Obes. 2001;25.\nAraujo DMR, Santos GFDS, Nardi AE. Binge eating disorder and depression: a systematic review. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010.\nHales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2015–2016. NCHS Data Brief. 2017;\nGhandour RM, Sherman LJ, Vladutiu CJ, Ali MM, Lynch SE, Bitsko RH, et al. Prevalence and treatment of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in US children. J Pediatr. 2019;206.\nGaravan H, Bartsch H, Conway K, Decastro A, Goldstein RZ, Heeringa S, et al. Recruiting the ABCD sample: design considerations and procedures. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2018;32.\nTownsend L, Kobak K, Kearney C, Milham M, Andreotti C, Escalera J, et al. Development of three web-based computerized versions of the kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia child psychiatric diagnostic interview: preliminary validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59.\nWilloughby T, Adachi PJC, Good M. A longitudinal study of the association between violent video game play and aggression among adolescents. Dev Psychol. 2012;48.\nHeeringa SG, Berglund PA. A guide for population-based analysis of the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study baseline data. bioRxiv. 2020.\nConvertino AD, Blashill AJ. Psychiatric comorbidity of eating disorders in children between the ages of 9 and 10. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2022;63.\nMerrick MT, Ports KA, Ford DC, Afifi TO, Gershoff ET, Grogan-Kaylor A. Unpacking the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health. Child Abus Negl. 2017;69.\nHerzog JI, Schmahl C. Adverse childhood experiences and the consequences on neurobiological, psychosocial, and somatic conditions across the lifespan. Front. Psychiatry. 2018.\nShin SH, McDonald SE, Conley D. Profiles of adverse childhood experiences and impulsivity. Child Abus Negl. 2018;85.\nBurton AL, Abbott MJ. Processes and pathways to binge eating: Development of an integrated cognitive and behavioural model of binge eating. J Eat Disord. 2019;7.\nRudenstine S, Espinosa A, McGee AB, Routhier E. Adverse childhood events, adult distress, and the role of emotion regulation. Traumatology (Tallahass Fla). 2019;25.\nKim Y, Lee H, Park A. Patterns of adverse childhood experiences and depressive symptoms: self-esteem as a mediating mechanism. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2022;57.\nVon CE, Sinnott C, Dahly D. Kearney PM. Perceived social support as a potential protective factor. BMJ Open: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and later-life depression; 2017. p. 7.\nSeidemann R, Duek O, Jia R, Levy I, Harpaz-Rotem I. The reward system and post-traumatic stress disorder: does trauma affect the way we interact with positive stimuli? Chronic Stress. 2021.\nMurray SB, Alba C, Duval CJ, Nagata JM, Cabeen RP, Lee DJ, et al. Aberrant functional connectivity between reward and inhibitory control networks in pre-adolescent binge eating disorder. Psychol Med. 2022;\nBrewerton TD, Cotton BD, Kilpatrick DG. Sensation seeking, binge-type eating disorders, victimization, and PTSD in the National Women’s Study. Eat Behav. 2018;30.\nWagner-Skacel J, Riedl D, Kampling H, Lampe A. Mentalization and dissociation after adverse childhood experiences. Sci Rep. Nature Research; 2022;12.\nPalmisano GL, Innamorati M, Vanderlinden J. Life adverse experiences in relation with obesity and binge eating disorder: A systematic review. J Behav Addict 2016.\nPalmisano GL, Innamorati M, Sarracino D, Bosco A, Pergola F, Scaltrito D, et al. Trauma and dissociation in obese patients with and without binge eating disorder: a case–control study. Cogent Psychol. 2018;5.\nAmianto F, Spalatro AV, Rainis M, Andriulli C, Lavagnino L, Abbate-Daga G, et al. Childhood emotional abuse and neglect in obese patients with and without binge eating disorder: Personality and psychopathology correlates in adulthood. Psychiatry Res. 2018;269.\nFairburn CG, Doll HA, Welch SL, Hay PJ, Davies BA, O’Connor ME. Risk factors for binge eating disorder: A community-based, case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55.\nGuevara RM, Moral-García JE, Urchaga JD, López-García S. Relevant factors in adolescent well-being: family and parental relationships. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18.\nBerge JM, Wall M, Larson N, Eisenberg ME, Loth KA, Neumark-Sztainer D. The unique and additive associations of family functioning and parenting practices with disordered eating behaviors in diverse adolescents. J Behav Med. 2014;37.\nCronholm PF, Forke CM, Wade R, Bair-Merritt MH, Davis M, Harkins-Schwarz M, et al. Adverse childhood experiences: expanding the concept of adversity. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49.\nBartholdy S, Allen K, Hodsoll J, O’Daly OG, Campbell IC, Banaschewski T, et al. Identifying disordered eating behaviours in adolescents: how do parent and adolescent reports differ by sex and age? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26.\nTanofsky-Kraff M, Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Comparison of child interview and parent reports of children’s eating disordered behaviors. Eat Behav. 2005;6.\nBarch DM, Albaugh MD, Avenevoli S, Chang L, Clark DB, Glantz MD, et al. Demographic, physical and mental health assessments in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: Rationale and description. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018.\nBraet C, Soetens B, Moens E, Mels S, Goossens L, Van Vlierberghe L. Are two informants better than one? Parent-child agreement on the eating styles of children who are overweight. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2007;15.\nBrewerton TD, Alexander J, Schaefer J. Trauma-informed care and practice for eating disorders: personal and professional perspectives of lived experiences. Eat Weight Disord. 2019;24.",{"EN":1312},"Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common and linked to negative health outcomes. Previous studies have found associations between ACEs and binge-eating disorder (BED), though they have mainly focused on adults and use cross-sectional data. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between ACEs and BED in a large, national cohort of 9–14-year-old early adolescents in the US. We analyzed prospective cohort data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 10,145, 2016–2020). Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the associations between self-reported ACEs and BED based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia at two-year follow-up, adjusting for sex, race\u002Fethnicity, baseline household income, parental education, site, and baseline binge-eating disorder. In the sample, (49% female, 46% racial\u002Fethnic minority), 82.8% of adolescents reported at least one ACE and 1.2% had a diagnosis of BED at two-year follow-up. The mean number of ACEs was higher in those with a diagnosis of BED compared to those without (2.6 ± 0.14 vs 1.7 ± 0.02). The association between number of ACEs and BED in general had a dose–response relationship. One ACE (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11–10.89), two ACEs (aOR 3.88, 95% CI 1.28–11.74), and three or more ACEs (aOR 8.94, 95% CI 3.01–26.54) were all associated with higher odds of BED at two-year follow-up. When stratified by types of ACEs, history of household mental illness (aOR 2.18, 95% 1.31–3.63), household violence (aOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.42–4.15), and criminal household member (aOR 2.14, 95% CI 1.23–3.73) were most associated with BED at two-year follow-up. Children and adolescents who have experienced ACEs, particularly household challenges, have higher odds of developing BED. Clinicians may consider screening for ACEs and providing trauma-focused care when evaluating patients for BED. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common among adolescents and a significant public health concern given their associations with various health outcomes later in life. The current study examined the associations between ACEs and binge-eating disorder (BED) among early adolescents using a large, national sample in the United States. Participants with three or more ACEs had nearly nine times higher odds of developing BED at two-year follow-up. Of the different types of ACEs, household mental illness, household violence, and having a criminal household member were most strongly associated with BED. Screening for ACEs when evaluating adolescents for BED should be considered, and clinicians should provide trauma-informed care for adolescents with BED. 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Murray",{"id":1336,"sortIndex":177,"researcher":18,"roles":1337,"affiliations":1338,"properties":1347},"d2a8bf7f-74e8-42b8-93fb-2ff0897a0dc0",[160],[1339],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1340,"properties":18},{"id":1341,"createTime":1342,"updateTime":1342,"relativeEntities":1343,"slug":18,"properties":1344,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"e5167bd7-153a-4038-b541-4b3f825f3a84","2024-02-10T09:08:43.793+00:00",[],{"title":1345},{"VI":1346},"Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA",{"title":1348},{"VI":1349},"Dylan B. 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Pre-treatment predictors of attrition in a randomised controlled trial of psychological therapy for severe and enduring anorexia nervosa. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:69.\nAmbwani S, Cardi V, Albano G, Cao L, Crosby RD, Macdonald P, Schmidt U, Treasure J. A multicenter audit of outpatient care for adult anorexia nervosa: symptom trajectory, service use, and evidence in support of “early stage” versus “severe and enduring” classification. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53:1337–48.\nAngermeyer MC, Matschinger H. The stigma of mental illness: effects of labelling on public attitudes towards people with mental disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003;108:304–9.\nArcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S. Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: a meta-analysis of 36 studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:724–31.\nAyton A, Viljoen D, Ryan S, Ibrahim A, Ford D. Risk, demand, capacity and outcomes in adult specialist eating disorder services in South-East of England before and since COVID-19. BJPsych Bull. 2021;46:1–7.\nBamford B, Barras C, Sly R, Stiles-Shields C, Touyz S, Grange D, et al. Eating disorder symptoms and quality of life: Where should clinicians place their focus in severe and enduring anorexia nervosa? Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48:133–8.\nBamford BH, Mountford VA. Cognitive behavioural therapy for individuals with longstanding anorexia nervosa: adaptations, clinician survival and system issues. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012;20:49–59.\nBEAT. How many people have an eating disorder in the UK? 2020. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.beateatingdisorders.org.uk\u002Fhow-many-people-eating-disorder-uk#:~:text=We%20estimate%20that%20around%201.25,UK%20have%20an%20eating%20disorder. Accessed 19 May 2021.\nBroomfield C, Rhodes P, Touyz S. Lived experience perspectives on labeling and defining long-standing anorexia nervosa. J Eat Disord. 2021;9:101.\nBroomfield C, Stedal K, Touyz S, Rhodes P. Labelling and defining severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and critical analysis. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50:611–23.\nCalugi S, Dalle Grave R, Marchesini G. Longstanding underweight eating disorder: associated features and treatment outcome. Spec Issue Eat Disord Psychother Res Beyond Brand. 2013;23:315–23.\nCalugi S, El Ghoch M, Dalle Grave R. Intensive enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: a longitudinal outcome study. Behav Res Ther. 2017;89:41–8.\nCraig A, Nicholson Perry K, Guest R, Tran Y, Middleton J. Adjustment following longstanding spinal cord injury: determining factors that contribute to social participation. Br J Health Psychol. 2015;20:807–23.\nDawson L, Rhodes P, Touyz S. “Doing the impossible”: the process of recovery from chronic anorexia nervosa. Qual Health Res. 2014;24:494–505.\nDue-Christensen M, Zoffmann V, Willaing I, Hopkins D, Forbes A. The process of adaptation following a new diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in adulthood: a meta-synthesis. Qual Health Res. 2017;28:245–58.\nFox JRE, Diab P. An exploration of the perceptions and experiences of living with chronic anorexia nervosa while an inpatient on an eating disorders unit: an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) study. J Health Psychol. 2015;20(1):27–36.\nGeller J, Drab-Hudson DL, Whisenhunt BL, Srikameswaran S. Readiness to change dietary restriction predicts outcomes in the eating disorders. Eat Disord. 2004;12:209–24.\nGeorge L, Thornton C, Touyz SW, Waller G, Beumont PJV. Motivational enhancement and schema-focused cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of chronic eating disorders. Spec Issue Eat Disord. 2004;8:81–5.\nHanly F, Torrens-Witherow B, Warren N, Castle D, Phillipou A, Beveridge J, et al. Peer mentoring for individuals with an eating disorder: a qualitative evaluation of a pilot program. J Eat Disord. 2020;8:29.\nHay P, Chinn D, Forbes D, Madden S, Newton R, Sugenor L, Touyz S, Ward W. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of eating disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48(1):62.\nHay P, Touyz S. Classification challenges in the field of eating disorders: Can severe and enduring anorexia nervosa be better defined? J Eat Disord. 2018;6:41.\nHerzog DB, Dorer DJ, Keel PK, Selwyn SE, Ekeblad ER, Flores AT, Greenwood DN, Burwell RA, Keller MB. Recovery and relapse in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a 7.5-year follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:829–37.\nHsu LG, Lieberman S. Paradoxical intention in the treatment of chronic anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139:650–3.\nHudson JL, Moss-Morris R, Game D, Carroll A, Chilcot J. Improving distress in dialysis (iDiD): a tailored CBT self-management treatment for patients undergoing dialysis. J Renal Care. 2016;42:223–38.\nLe Grange D, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Crosby RD, Hay P, Lacey H, Bamford B, et al. Predictors and moderators of outcome for severe and enduring anorexia nervosa. Behav Res Ther. 2014;56:91–8.\nMacdonald P, Hibbs R, Corfield F, Treasure J. The use of motivational interviewing in eating disorders: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2012;200:1–11.\nMarzola E, Martini M, Brustolin A, Abbate-Daga G. Inpatients with severe-enduring anorexia nervosa: understanding the “enduringness” specifier. Eur Psychiatry. 2021;64:e44.\nMcCann E, McCormick L, Bowers W, Hoffman V. Cognitive behavioural therapy and non-specific supportive clinical management in individuals with longstanding anorexia nervosa. Minerva Psichiatr. 2010;51:219–29.\nMoss-Morris R. Adjusting to longstanding illness: time for a unified theory. Br J Health Psychol. 2013;18:681–6.\nNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Eating disorders: recognition and treatment [NG69]. 2017. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nice.org.uk\u002Fguidance\u002Fng69 Accessed 19 May 2021.\nNHS Digital. Health Survey for England 2019 London: NHS Digital, part of the UK Government Statistical Service. 2020. https:\u002F\u002Fdigital.nhs.uk\u002Fdata-andinformation\u002Fpublications\u002Fstatistical\u002Fhealth-survey-for-england\u002F2019\u002Fhealth-survey-for-england-2019-data-tables. Accessed 19 May 2021.\nNHS England. NHS mental health implementation plan 2019\u002F20–2023\u002F24. 2019. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.longtermplan.nhs.uk\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Fnhs-mental-health-implementation-plan-2019-20-2023-24.pdf. Accessed 19 May 2021.\nNoordenbos G, Jacobs ME, Hertzberger E. Chronic eating disorders: the patients’ view of their treatment history. Eat Disord J Treat Prev. 1998;6:217–23.\nProchaska JO, DiClemente CC. Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983;51:390.\nRadunz M, Keegan E, Osenk I, Wade TD. Relationship between eating disorder duration and treatment outcome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53:1761–73.\nRaykos BC, Erceg-Hurn DM, McEvoy PM, Fursland A, Waller G. Severe and enduring anorexia nervosa? Illness severity and duration are unrelated to outcomes from cognitive behaviour therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2018;86:702–9.\nRedgrave GW, Schreyer CC, Coughlin JW, Fischer LK, Pletch A, Guarda AS. Discharge body mass index, not illness chronicity, predicts 6-month weight outcome in patients hospitalized with anorexia nervosa. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:641861–641861.\nRitchie J, Spencer L. Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. In: Bryman A, Burgess B, editors. Analyzing qualitative data. Oxfordshire: Routledge; 2002. p. 187–208.\nRobinson P. Severe and enduring eating disorder (SEED): management of complex presentations of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Chichester: Wiley; 2009.\nRobinson P. Severe and enduring eating disorders: recognition and management. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2014;20:392–401.\nRobinson PH, Kukucska R, Guidetti G, Leavey G. Severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SEED-AN): a qualitative study of patients with 20+ years of anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:318–26.\nRussell J, Mulvey B, Bennett H, Donnelly B, Frig E. Harm minimization in severe and enduring anorexia nervosa. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2019;31:391–402.\nSaeidi S, Fieldsend G, Morgan J. Managing anorexia nervosa in the community. Nurs Times. 2013;109:12–4.\nSteinhausen HC. The outcome of anorexia nervosa in the 20th century. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1284–93.\nStiles-Shields C, Touyz S, Hay P, Lacey H, Crosby RD, Rieger E, et al. Therapeutic alliance in two treatments for adults with severe and enduring anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2013;46:783–9.\nStockford C, Kroese BS, Beesley A, Leung N. Severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: the personal meaning of symptoms and treatment. Women’s Stud Int Forum. 2018;68:129–38.\nTierney S, Fox JRE. Longstanding anorexia nervosa: a Delphi study to explore practitioners’ views. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42:62–7.\nTouyz S, Hay P. Severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SE-AN): in search of a new paradigm. J Eat Disord. 2015;3:26.\nTouyz S, Le Grange D, Lacey H, Hay P, Smith R, Maguire S, et al. Treating severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med. 2013;43:2501–11.\nTreasure J, Cardi V, Leppanen J, Turton R. New treatment approaches for severe and enduring eating disorders. Physiol Behav. 2015a;152:456–65.\nTreasure J, Stein D, Maguire S. Has the time come for a staging model to map the course of eating disorders from high risk to severe enduring illness? An examination of the evidence. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2015b;9:173–84.\nVan Den Tillaart S, Kurtz D, Cash P. Powerlessness, marginalized identity, and silencing of health concerns: voiced realities of women living with a mental health diagnosis. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2009;18:153–63.\nWestmoreland P, Mehler PS. Caring for patients with severe and enduring eating disorders (SEED): certification, harm reduction, palliative care, and the question of futility. J Psychiatr Pract. 2016;22:313–20.\nWildes JE, Forbush KT, Hagan KE, Marcus MD, Attia E, Gianini LM, Wu W. Characterizing severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: an empirical approach. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50:389–97.\nWinkler LAD, Christiansen E, Lichtenstein MB, Hansen NB, Bilenberg N, Støving RK. Quality of life in eating disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2014;219:1–9.\nWonderlich SA, Bulik CM, Schmidt U, Steiger H, Hoek HW. Severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: update and observations about the current clinical reality. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53:1303–12.\nWonderlich S, Mitchell JE, Crosby RD, Myers TC, Kadlec K, LaHaise K, Swan-Kremeier L, Dokken J, Lange M, Dinkel J, Jorgensen M, Schander L. Minimizing and treating longstandingity in the eating disorders: a clinical overview. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45:467–75.\nWorld Health Organisation. International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th revision). 2018. https:\u002F\u002Ficd.who.int\u002Fbrowse11\u002Fl-m\u002Fen#\u002Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fid.who.int%2Ficd%2Fentity%2F1412387537. Accesssed 7 April 2022.\nYager J. Managing patients with severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: When is enough, enough? Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 2020;208:277–82.\nYager J, Devlin MJ, Halmi KA, Herzog DB, Mitchell JE, Powers P, Zerbe KJ. Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders, third edition. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:4–54.\nZhu J, Yang Y, Touyz S, Park R, Hay P. Psychological treatments for people with severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: a mini review. Front Psychiatry. 2020. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpsyt.2020.00206.",{"EN":1497},"Recovery rates for people with eating disorders are low; fewer than half recover and approximately 20% develop a longstanding eating disorder. Patients with longstanding eating disorders are often referred to as “SEED” (severe and enduing eating disorders) although this remains controversial and is not acknowledged in the British treatment guidance. This project aimed to generate recommendations for a longstanding eating disorder care pathway by identifying what proportion of patients have longstanding eating disorders and how to best identify and support them. Initially, a literature review was completed, followed by interviews with service-users who consider themselves to have longstanding eating disorders, and focus groups with staff members. The results were combined to create a definition of a longstanding eating disorder which was used to establish how many service-users could benefit from the pathway. The qualitative data was used to produce recommendations for a tailored pathway for those with longstanding eating disorders. The results highlighted that, although “SEED” is often used, participants preferred to be referred to as “longstanding” or having no label. Qualitative analysis identified four themes in relation to supporting this population group which described how to structure the service and individualise care, as well as patients’ relationship to the service, and how to build a life after eating disorder services. Recommendations included promoting a hopeful message, focusing on quality of life and introducing peer support. Crucially, accessing the pathway should not result in being labelled “SEED”, nor should it prevent access to recovery focused interventions including weight restoration. The full list of recommendations are included as well as the implications of the project and limitations. It is known that as many as 20% of people with eating disorders do not recover, and go on to live with their eating disorder for a number of years. However, there is relatively little research or guidance for professionals about how to support this group of people. Therefore, this project aimed to design a pathway for patients with longstanding eating disorders by combining the research evidence, staff’s expert opinion and patient’s views. The results highlighted that the majority of participants in this sample expressed a dislike for the term ‘SEED’ (severe and enduring eating disorder) and preferred ‘longstanding eating disorder’ or having no label. The results were used to generate a set of recommendations about how services can best support this group of patients which covered how to structure the service, individualise care, manage patient’s relationship to the service, and build a life after eating disorder services. Key ideas included the importance of remaining hopeful about future recovery, introducing peer support, and supporting patients to improve their quality of life.",{"EN":1499},"Creating a care pathway for patients with longstanding, complex eating disorders",{"VOID":1501},"10.1186\u002Fs40337-022-00648-0","https:\u002F\u002Fjeatdisord.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs40337-022-00648-0",[1504,1519,1531,1546],{"id":1505,"sortIndex":285,"researcher":18,"roles":1506,"affiliations":1507,"properties":1516},"bccfcc14-5ad6-45cb-982f-dba4871d8a34",[160],[1508],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1509,"properties":18},{"id":1510,"createTime":1511,"updateTime":1511,"relativeEntities":1512,"slug":18,"properties":1513,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"4532e2a0-ec0f-4948-ac0f-63da9b3053fa","2024-01-20T04:21:12.934+00:00",[],{"title":1514},{"VI":1515},"Oxford Health NHS 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PS. 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Severe acute liver damage in anorexia nervosa: two case reports. Nutrition. 2006;22:572–5.\nHarris RH, Sasson G, Mehler PS. Elevation of liver function tests in severe anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2013;46:369–74.\nHanachi M, Melchior JC, Crenn P. Hypertransaminasemia in severely malnourished adult anorexia nervosa patients: risk factors and evolution under enteral nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2013;32:391–5.\nMehler PS, Weiner KL. Use of total parenteral nutrition in the refeeding of selected patients with severe anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40:285–7.\nHolmes SR, Gudridge TA, Gaudiani JL, Mehler PS. Dysphagia in severe anorexia nervosa and potential therapeutic intervention: a case series. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2012;121:449–56.\nMorris LG, Stephenson KE, Herring S, Marti JL. Recurrent acute pancreatitis in anorexia and bulimia. JOP. 2004;5:231–4.\nLo Sauro C, Ravaldi C, Cabras PL, Faravelli C, Ricca V. Stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and eating disorder. Neuropsychobiology. 2008;57:95–101.\nEstour B, Germain N, Diconne E, Frere D, Cottet-Emard JM, Carrot G, et al. Hormonal profile heterogeneity and short-term physical risk in restrictive anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:2203–10.\nUtiger RD. Altered thyroid function in nonthyroidal illness and surgery. To treat or not to treat? N Engl J Med. 1995;7:1562–3.\nGaudiani JL, Sabel AL, Mascolo M, Mehler PS. Severe anorexia nervosa: outcomes from a medical stabilization unit. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45:85–92.\nRich LM, Caine MR, Findling JW, Shaker JL. Hypoglycemic coma in anorexia nervosa. Case report and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:894–5.\nTseng CL, Soroka O, Maney M, Aron DC, Pogach LM. Assessing potential glycemic overtreatment in persons at hypoglycemic risk. JAMA Int Med. 2014;174:259–68.\nYashuhara D, Deguchi D, Tsutsui J, Nagai N, Nozone S, Nauro T. Reactive hypoglycemia induced by rapid change in eating behavior in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2003;34:273–7.\nNielsen S, Emborg C, Molbak AG. Mortality in concurrent type 1 diabetes and anorexia nervosa. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:309–12.\nMohamed Q, Gillies MC, Wong TY. Management of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review. JAMA. 2007;298:902–16.\nBrown C, Mehler PS. Anorexia nervosa complicated by diabetes mellitus: The case for permissive hyperglycemia. Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47:671–4.\nDoufas AG, Mastorakos G. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the female reproductive system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;900:65–76.\nDalle-Grave R, Calugi S, Marchesini G. Is amenorrhea a useful criterion for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa? Behav Res Ther. 2008;46:1290–6.\nKatz MG, Vollenhoven B. The reproductive endocrine consequences of anorexia nervosa. BJOG. 2000;107:707–13.\nBulik CM, Hoffman ER, Von Holle A, Torgersen L, Stoltenberg C, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Unplanned pregnancy in women with anorexia nervosa. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:1136–40.\nKoubaa S, Hallstrom T, Lindholm C, Hirschberg AL. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:255–60.\nBulik CM, Sullivan PF, Fear JL, Pickering A, Dawn A, McCullin M. Fertility and reproduction in women with anorexia nervosa: a controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:130–5.\nHutter G, Ganepola S, Hofmann WK. The hematology of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42:293–300.\nAbella E, Feliu E, Granada I, Milla F, Oriol A, Ribera JM, et al. Bone marrow changes in anorexia nervosa are correlated with the amount of weight loss and not with other clinical findings. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002;118:582–8.\nSabel AL, Gaudiani JL, Statland B, Mehler PS. Hematological abnormalities in severe anorexia nervosa. Ann Hematol. 2013;92:605–13.\nStrumia R. Skin signs in anorexia nervosa. Dermatoendocrinol. 2009;1:268–70.\nBrown RF, Bartrop R, Beaumont P, Birmingham CL. Bacterial infections in anorexia nervosa: delayed recognition increases complications. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;37:261–5.\nEhrlich S, Burghardt R, Weiss D, Salbach-Andrae H, Craciun EM, Goldhahn K, et al. Glial and neuronal damage markers in patients with anorexia nervosa. J Neural Transm. 2008;115:921–7.\nKraeft JJ, Uppot RN, Heffess AM. Imaging findings in eating disorders. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200:W328–35.\nLazaro L, Andres S, Calvo A, Cullell C, Moreno E, Plana MT, et al. Normal gray and white matter volume after weight restoration in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2013;46:841–8.\nKanis JA, Melton 3rd LJ, Christiansen C, Johnston CC, Khaltaev N. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1994;9:1137.\nBredella MA, Fazeli PK, Daley SM, Miller KK, Rosen CJ, Klibanski A, et al. Marrow fat composition in anorexia nervosa. Bone. 2014;66C:199–204.\nFazeli PK, Klibanski A. Bone metabolism in anorexia nervosa. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2014;12:82–9.\nFaje AT, Fazeli PK, Miller KK, Katzman DK, Ebrahimi S, Lee H, et al. Fracture risk and areal bone mineral density in adolescent females with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47:458–66.\nMisra M, Klibanski A. Anorexia nervosa and bone. J Endocrinol. 2014;221:R163–76.\nTrombetti A, Richert L, Herrmann FR, Chevalley T, Graf JD, Rizzoli R. Selective determinants of low bone mineral mass in adult women with anorexia nervosa. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:897193.\nBehre HM, Kliesch S, Leifke E, Link TM, Nieschlag E. Long-term effect of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:2386–90.\nMehler PS, Sabel AL, Watson T, Andersen AE. High risk of osteoporosis in male patients with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2008;41:666–72.\nYahalom M, Spitz M, Sandler L, Heno N, Roguin N, Turgeman Y. The significance of bradycardia in anorexia nervosa. Int J Angiol. 2013;22:83–94.\nKrantz MJ, Mehler PS. Resting tachycardia, a warning sign in anorexia nervosa: case report. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004;4:10.\nKrantz MJ, Gaudiani JL, Johnson VW, Mehler PS. Exercise electrocardiography extinguishes persistent junctional rhythm in a patient with severe anorexia nervosa. Cardiology. 2011;120:217–20.\nUlger Z, Gürses D, Ozyurek AR, Arikan C, Levent E, Aydoğdu S. Follow-up of cardiac abnormalities in female adolescents with anorexia nervosa after refeeding. Acta Cardiol. 2006;61:43–9.\nRamacciotti CE, Coli E, Biadi O, Dell’Osso L. Silent pericardial effusion in a sample of anorexic patients. Eat Weight Disord. 2003;8:68–71.\nDocx MK, Gewillig M, Simons A, Vandenberghe P, Weyler J, Ramet J, et al. Pericardial effusions in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa: clinical course and risk factors. Eat Disord. 2010;18:218–25.\nKastner S, Salbach-Andrae H, Renneberg B, Pfeiffer E, Lehmkuhl U, Schmitz L. Echocardiographic findings in adolescents with anorexia nervosa at beginning of treatment and after weight recovery. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;21:15–21.\nInagaki T, Yamamoto M, Tsubouchi K, Miyaoka T, Uegaki J, Maeda T, et al. Echocardiographic investigation of pericardial effusion in a case of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2003;33:364–6.\nPolli N, Blengino S, Moro M, Zappulli D, Scacchi M, Cavagnini F. Pericardial effusion requiring pericardiocentesis in a girl with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39:609–11.\nKircher JN, Park MH, Cheezum MK, Hulten EA, Kunz JS, Haigney M, et al. Cardiac tamponade in association with anorexia nervosa: a case report and review of the literature. Cardiol J. 2012;19:635–8.\nCasiero D, Frishman WH. Cardiovascular complications of eating disorders. Cardiol Rev. 2006;14:227–31.\nOlivares JL, Vázquez M, Fleta J, Moreno LA, Pérez-González JM, Bueno M. Cardiac findings in adolescents with anorexia nervosa at diagnosis and after weight restoration. Eur J Pediatr. 2005;164:383–6.\nRotondi F, Manganelli F, Lanzillo T, Candelmo F, Lorenzo ED, Marino L, et al. Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy complicated by recurrent torsade de pointes in a patient with anorexia nervosa. Intern Med. 2010;49:1133–7.\nKoschke M, Boettger MK, Macholdt C, Schulz S, Yeragani VK, Voss A, et al. Increased QT variability in patients with anorexia nervosa–an indicator for increased cardiac mortality? Int J Eat Disord. 2010;43:743–50.\nKrantz MJ, Sabel AL, Sagar U, Long CS, Barbey JT, White KV, et al. Factors influencing QT prolongation in patients hospitalized with severe anorexia nervosa. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012;34:173–7.\nFacchini M, Sala L, Malfatto G, Bragato R, Redaelli G, Invitti C. Low-K+ dependent QT prolongation and risk for ventricular arrhythmia in anorexia nervosa. Int J Cardiol. 2006;106:170–6.\nVadalá S, Pellegrini D, Verdaguer MF, Schrappe M, Alvarez J, Bruetman JE. [Stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy in a patient with anorexia nervosa] Med (B Aires). 2014;74:222–4.\nShamim T, Golden NH, Arden M, Filiberto L, Shenker IR. Resolution of vital sign instability: an objective measure of medical stability in anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health. 2003;32:73–7.\nCoxson HO, Chan IH, Mayo JR, Hlynsky J, Nakano Y, Birmingham CL. Early emphysema in patients with anorexia nervosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:748–52.\nGardini Gardenghi G, Boni E, Todisco P, Manara F, Borghesi A, Tantucci C. Respiratory function in patients with stable anorexia nervosa. Chest. 2009;136:1356–63.\nPieters T, Boland B, Beguin C, Veriter C, Stanescu D, Frans A, et al. Lung function study and diffusion capacity in anorexia nervosa. J Intern Med. 2000;248:137–42.\nDanzer G, Mulzer J, Weber G, Lembke A, Kocalevent R, Klapp BF. Advanced anorexia nervosa, associated with pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and soft-tissue emphysema without esophageal lesion. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;38:281–4.\nHochlehnert A, Löwe B, Bludau HB, Borst M, Zipfel S, Herzog W. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in anorexia nervosa: a case report and review of the literature on pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2010;18:107–15.\nBiffl WL, Narayanan V, Gaudiani JL, Mehler P. The management of pneumothorax in patients with anorexia nervosa: A case report and review of the literature. Patient Saf Surg. 2010;4:1.\nMorse JL, Safdar B. Acute tension pneumothorax and tension pneumoperitoneum in a patient with anorexia nervosa. J Emerg Med. 2010;38:e13–6.\nSabel AL, Rosen E, Mehler P. Severe anorexia nervosa in males: clinical presentations and medical treatment. Eat Disord. 2014;22:209–20.",{"EN":1608},"In contrast to other mental health disorders, eating disorders have a high prevalence of concomitant medical complications. Specifically, patients suffering from anorexia nervosa (AN) have a litany of medical complications which are commonly present as part of their eating disorders. Almost every body system can be adversely, affected by this state of progressive malnutrition. Moreover, some of the complications can have permanent adverse effects even after there is a successful program of nutritional rehabilitation and weight restoration. Within this article we will review all body systems affected by AN. There is also salient information about both, how to diagnose these medical complications and which are the likely ones to result in permanent sequelae if not diagnosed and addressed early in the course of AN. In a subsequent article, the definitive medical treatment for these complications will be presented in a clinically practical manner.",{"EN":1610},"Anorexia nervosa – medical 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