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US Institute of Peace\nBecker A, Müller M-M (2013) The securitization of urban space and the “rescue” of downtown Mexico City: Vision and practice. Latin Am Perspect 40:77–94\nBerg L-A, Carranza M (2018) Organized criminal violence and territorial control: evidence from northern Honduras. J Peace Res 55:566–581\nBergman M (2018) More money, more crime: prosperity and rising crime in Latin America. Oxford University Press, New York\nBernasco W (2013) Offenders on offending: learning about crime from criminals. Routledge\nBoerman T (2007) Central american gangs: an overview of the phenomenon in Latin America and the US. J Gang Res 15:35–52\nBonner MD (2019) Tough on crime: the rise of punitive populism in Latin America. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh\nBowen RE (2019) The weight of the continuous past: transitional (in) justice and impunity states in Central America. Lat Am Politics Soc 61:126–147\nChayes S (2017) When Corruption in the operating system. The case of Honduras. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC\nClunan AL, Trinkunas HA (2010) Conceptualizing ungoverned spaces. Territorial statehood, Contested Authority, and Softened Authority. In: Clunan AL, Trinkunas H (eds) Ungoverned spaces. Alternatives to State Authority in an era of softened Sovereingty. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp 17–33\nCruz JM (2011a) Criminal violence and democratization in Central America: the survival of the violent state. Lat Am Politics Soc 53:1–33\nCruz JM (2011b) Government responses and the dark side of gang suppression in Central America. In: Bruneau TC, Dammert L, Skinner E (eds) Maras. Gang Violence and Security in Central America. University of Texas Press, Austin, pp 135–157\nCruz JM (2016) State and criminal violence in Latin America. Crime, Law and Social Change 66: 375 – 96\nCruz JM, Coombes A, Mizrahi Y, Vorobyeva Y, Tanyu M et al (2020) A study of gang disengagement in Honduras. American Institute of Research and Florida International University, Washington D.C.\nCruz JM, Vorobyeva Y (2022) State Presence, Armed Actors, and criminal violence in Central America. Sociol Q 63:641–660\nDammert L (2019) Challenges of police reform in Latin America. Routledge handbook of law and society in Latin America. Routledge, pp. 259 – 77\nDaugaard AR, Aguilar E, Martinez D’Aubuisson J (2022) Impuesto de Guerra”: El fenómeno de la extorsión y la respuesta estatal en Honduras, Asociacion para una sociedad mas Justa. Tegucigalpa, Honduras\nDecker SH, Chapman MT (2008) Drug smugglers on drug smuggling: Lessons from the inside. Temple University Press\nDepartment of Justice (2021) Leader of MS-13 in Honduras and Drug Supplier for MS-13 charged. Manhattan Federal Court with Racketeering, Narcotics trafficking, and Firearms Offenses. U.S. Attorney’s Office, New York\nDepartment of Justice (2022a) Former chief of honduran national police extradited to the United States on drug trafficking and Weapons Offenses. U.S. Attorney’s Office, New York\nDepartment of Justice (2022b) Juan Orlando Hernandez, former President of Honduras, extradited to the United States on drug-trafficking and Firearms charges. Southern District Court of New York, New York\nDewey M, Míguez DP, Saín MF (2017) The strength of collusion: a conceptual framework for interpreting hybrid social orders. Curr Sociol 65:395–410\nDudley S, Pachico E, Martínez JJ (2015) Gangs in Honduras. United States Agency for International Development\nDurán-Martínez A (2015) To kill and tell? State power, criminal competition, and drug violence. Journal of conflict resolution 59: 1377 – 402\nDurán-Martínez A (2017) The politics of drug violence: criminals, cops and politicians in Colombia and Mexico. Oxford University Press\nDye DR (2019) Police reform in Honduras: the role of the special purge and transformation commission. Wilson Center, Washington, DC\nFelbab-Brown V (2011) Bringing the state to the slum: confronting organized crime and urban violence in Latin America. Brookings Institution, Washington, DC\nFeldmann AE, Luna JP (2022) Criminal Governance and the Crisis of Contemporary Latin American States. Annual Review of Sociology 48: null\nFlom H (2019) State Regulation of Organized Crime: politicians, police, and drug trafficking in Argentina. Lat Am Politics Soc 61:104–128\nFlom H (2022) The politics of police violence: political competition and police killings in Brazil.Journal of Urban Affairs:1–23\nFontes AW (2016) Extorted life: Protection rackets in Guatemala city. Public Cult 28:593–616\nFontes AW (2018) Mortal doubt: transnational gangs and social order in Guatemala City. Univ of California Press\nFontes AW, O’Neill KL (2019) La visita: prisons and survival in Guatemala. J Latin Am Stud 51:85–107\nGundur R (2019) Settings matter: examining protection’s influence on the illicit drug trade in convergence settings in the Paso del Norte metropolitan area. Crime Law and Social Change 72:339–360\nGundur R (2022) Trying to make it: the enterprises, gangs, and people of the american drug trade. Cornell University Press\nGutiérrez Rivera L (2010) Discipline and punish? Youth gangs’ response to ‘Zero-tolerance’Policies in Honduras. Bull Latin Am Res 29:492–504\nGutiérrez Rivera L (2013) Territories of violence. State, marginal youth, and Public Security in Honduras. Palgrave Macmillan, New York\nGutiérrez Rivera LdC (2011) Security policies from a spatial perspective: the case of Honduras. Iberoamericana 11:143–155\nInSight C (2023) InSight Crime’s 2022 Homicide Round-Up\nJancsics D (2019) Corruption as Resource Transfer: An Interdisciplinary Synthesis. Public Administration Review 79: 523 – 37\nJelin E (2010) The past in the Present: Memories of State Violence in Contemporary Latin America. In: Assmann A (ed) Memory in a global age: Discourses, Practices and Trajectories. London: Palgrave Macmillan, S Conrad, pp 61–78\nKlein MW, Maxson CL (2010) Street gang patterns and policies. Oxford University Press, New York\nKlockars CB (1985) The idea of police. Sage Publications Beverly Hills, CA\nKoivu KL (2016) In the Shadow of the State: Mafias and Illicit Markets. Comparative Political Studies 49: 155 – 83\nLakhani N (2020) Who killed Berta Caceres?: dams, death squads, and an indigenous defender’s battle for the planet. Verso Books, London\nLanda-Blanco M, Cheon H, Reyes Flores LG, Spohn C, Katz CM (2020) Violence in Honduras from 2008 to 2018. Inj Prev 26:191–193\nLe Billon P (2003) Buying peace or fuelling war: the role of corruption in armed conflicts. J Int Dev 15:413–426\nLessing B (2021) Conceptualizing criminal governance. Perspectives on Politics 19: 854 – 73\nMarx GT (1981) Ironies of social control: authorities as contributors to deviance through escalation, nonenforcement and covert facilitation. Soc Probl 28:221–246\nMateo J (2011) Street gangs of Honduras. In: Bruneau T, Dammert L, Skinner E (eds) Maras: Gang Violence and Security in Central America. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, pp 87–103\nMuggah R, Aguirre K (2018) Citizen Security in Latin America: the hard facts. Irapagué Inst Strategic Paper 33:1–63\nMüller M-M (2012) Public Security in the negotiated state. Policing Latin American and Beyond. Palgrave Macmillan, New York\nMüller M-M (2018) Governing crime and violence in Latin America. Global Crime 19:171–191\nOrellana JH (2015) ¿ Desarrollo en Honduras o Desarrollo de Honduras? Economía y Administración (E&A) 6\nPenglase B (2009) States of Insecurity: Everyday Emergencies, Public Secrets, and drug Trafficker Power in a brazilian Favela. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 32:47–63\nPérez OJ, Pestana R (2016) Honduran military culture.\nPeréz OJ, Pizzolitto G, Plutowski L (2021) Cultura política de la democracia en Honduras y en las Américas 2021: Tomándole el pulso a la democracia. LAPOP, Nashville, TN\nPunch M (1985) Conduct unbecoming: the social construction of police deviance and control. Tavistock Publications, London\nPunch M (2000) Police corruption and its Prevention. Eur J Criminal Policy Res 8:301–324\nRivera M (2015) The sources of social violence in Latin America: an empirical analysis of homicide rates, 1980–2010. J Peace Res 53:84–99\nRoebuck JB, Barker T (1974) A typology of police corruption. Social problems 21: 423 – 37\nRosen JD, Cruz JM (2018) Overcoming stigma and discrimination: Challenges for Reinsertion of Gang Members in developing countries. 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Crime Law and Social Change 52:253–273\nSobering K, Auyero J (2019) Collusion and cynicism at the urban margins.Latin American Research Review54\nTankebe J (2010) Public confidence in the police: testing the effects of public experiences of police corruption in Ghana. Br J Criminol 50:296–319\nTerry G, Hayfield N, Clarke V, Braun V (2017) Thematic analysis In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology, pp. 17–37\nTransparency International (2022) Corruption Perception Index 2022. Transparency International, Berlin Germany\nUngar M (2021) The Police of Honduras. Global Perspectives in Policing and Law Enforcement: 281\nVan Damme E (2021) Corruption, impunity and mistrust: moving beyond police gatekeepers for researching gangs. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research\nVarese F (2015) Underground banking and corruption. In: Rose-Ackerman S, Lagunas P (eds) Greed, Corruption, and the Modern State. Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton, MA, pp 336–358\nVigil D (2002) Community dynamics and the rise of street gangs.Latinos: Remaking America:97–109\nVilalta C (2020) Violence in Latin America: an overview of Research and Issues. Ann Rev Sociol 46:693–706\nWalker S (2012) Institutionalizing police accountability reforms: the problem of making police reforms endure. Louis U Pub L Rev 32:57\nWOLA (2020) The honduran National Police. Evaluating the professionalization of the Civilian Police Force. WOLA, Washington, D.C.\nWolf S (2014) Central American street gangs: their role in communities and prisons. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies \u002F Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe: 127 – 40\nZachary P, Spaniel W (2020) Getting a Hand by cutting them off: how uncertainty over political corruption affects violence. Br J Polit Sci 50:457–480\nZechmeister EJ, Lupu N (2019)The Pulse of Democracy, LAPOP, Nashville, TN",{"EN":179},"Since the mid-1990s, Latin American countries have witnessed an increase in crime and violence, making it one of the most dangerous regions in the world. While social scientists attribute this growth to several factors, only a few studies underscore how police and criminal relations impact levels of violence. Using Honduras as a case study, this article uses 26 in-depth interviews with former Honduran gang members to explore mechanisms of collusion between the police and gangs. Findings show that three mechanisms summarize police-gang collusion. First, in environments characterized by the presence and competition of several armed actors, police officials use their repressive legal capacities to subdue but also to extort gangs. Second, gangs collude with police officers to buy protection and resources from authorities. 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[pdf] Available at: \n                    http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk\u002Fsitecontent\u002Fdocuments\u002Fpolicyandlaw\u002Fmodernised\u002Fenforcement\u002F11-criminal-financial\u002FPNC?view=Binary\n                    \n                   [Accessed: 17 Feb 2014].\ncitation_title=Effective policing: implementation in theory and practice; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_id=CR18; citation_author=S Kirby; citation_publisher=Basingstoke\ncitation_journal_title=UK Organized Crime Group Using an Opportunity Reducing Framework – a three Year Case Study, ‘Trends in Organised Crime’; citation_title=Reducing the offending of a; citation_author=S Kirby, L Nailer; citation_volume=16; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=397-412; citation_id=CR19\ncitation_title=Policing mobile criminality: towards a situational crime prevention approach to organised crime; citation_inbook_title=Situational prevention of organised crime; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=193-212; citation_id=CR20; citation_author=S Kirby; citation_author=S Penna; citation_publisher=Willan Publishing\nLambsdorff, J. (2005) Corruption perception index 2004. Transparency International global corruption report 2005. England: Yeoman Press.\ncitation_title=Deciding what to do; citation_inbook_title=Handbook of crime prevention and community safety; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_id=CR22; citation_author=G Laycock; citation_publisher=Willan publishing\ncitation_journal_title=Policing; citation_title=Happy birthday; citation_author=G Laycock; citation_volume=6; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=101-107; citation_doi=10.1093\u002Fpolice\u002Fpas008; citation_id=CR23\ncitation_title=The disruption of international organised crime – An analysis of legal and non-legal strategies; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_id=CR24; citation_author=AVM Leong; citation_publisher=Ashgate Publishing\ncitation_journal_title=Crime Law & Social Change; citation_title=Reducing and preventing organised crime: An evidence based critique; citation_author=M Levi, M Maguire; citation_volume=41; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=397-469; citation_doi=10.1023\u002FB:CRIS.0000039600.88691.af; citation_id=CR25\ncitation_title=An observational study of response and neighbourhood officers; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_id=CR26; citation_author=F McLean; citation_author=J Hillier; citation_publisher=NPIA\nOffice of National Statistics (2013) UK Population estimates 2013. Accessed from \n                    http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ons.gov.uk\u002Fons\u002Frel\u002Fpop-estimate\u002Fpopulation-estimates-for-uk–england-and-wales–scotland-and-northern-ireland\u002F2013\u002Fsty-population-estimates.html\n                    \n                  . Accessed on 7.7.15\ncitation_title=Intelligence led policing; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_id=CR28; citation_author=J Ratcliffe; citation_publisher=Willan Publishing\nRosenbaum, D.P (1986) Community crime prevention: does it work? Beverley Hills: Sage Publishing.\ncitation_journal_title=Disaster Prevention And Management: An International Journal; citation_title=Coordination during multi-agency emergency response: issues and solutions; citation_author=P Salmon, N Stanton, D Jenkins, G Walker; citation_volume=20; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=140-158; citation_doi=10.1108\u002F09653561111126085; citation_id=CR30\ncitation_title=Social research; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_id=CR31; citation_author=S Sarantakos; citation_publisher=Palgrave Macmillan\ncitation_journal_title=Advance Nurse Science; citation_title=Praxis as a conceptual framework for participatory research in nursing; citation_author=JS Seng; citation_volume=20; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=37-48; citation_doi=10.1097\u002F00012272-199806000-00005; citation_id=CR32\ncitation_title=Policing for crime prevention; citation_inbook_title=Preventing crime,: what works, what doesn’t, what’s promising; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_id=CR33; citation_author=LW Sherman; citation_publisher=Washington\ncitation_journal_title=The Policing of Organised Crime in the UK, Trends in Organised Crime; citation_title=Phoney war or appeasement?; citation_author=PA Sproat; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=313-330; citation_doi=10.1007\u002Fs12117-012-9154-4; citation_id=CR34\ncitation_journal_title=Presented at a Workshop on Intelligence and Policing, University Of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, April; citation_title=Intelligence, analysis, prevention and disruption of organised crime; citation_author=N Tilley; citation_volume=2-3; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=2009; citation_id=CR35\ncitation_journal_title=Crime, Law & Social Change; citation_title=Measuring organised crime related harms: exploring five policing methods; citation_author=N Tusikov; citation_volume=57; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=99-115; citation_doi=10.1007\u002Fs10611-011-9345-y; citation_id=CR36\nvon Lampe, K. (2015) Definitions of organized crime. Online at \n                    http:\u002F\u002Fwww.organized-crime.de\u002Forganizedcrimedefinitions.htm\n                    \n                  \n                        \ncitation_title=Researching crime and criminal justice; citation_inbook_title=Criminology; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=103-125; citation_id=CR38; citation_author=E Wincup; citation_publisher=Oxford University Press",{"EN":709},"Although reports state the frequency of general crime has fallen across the developed world, no such trend is evident within organised crime. This has caused law enforcement agencies to search for more innovative approaches to tackle this global problem. Emerging prominently within this period has been a ‘disruption’ approach, albeit little systematic research currently supports its use. This study explores the way one English Police Force has tackled 15 Organised Crime Groups (99 individuals), using this type of approach. The study specifically examines the characteristics of the offender, the tactics used, and the re-offending levels following the police activity. It concludes by highlighting: the methodological challenges associated with the measurement of organised crime disruption; the ethical questions surrounding this type of intervention; and the overall effectiveness of the approach.",{"EN":711},"Praxis and the disruption of organized crime groups",{"VOID":713},"10.1007\u002Fs12117-016-9269-0","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-016-9269-0","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12117-016-9269-0.pdf",[717,734],{"id":718,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":719,"affiliations":720,"properties":731},"4a75e718-304f-49af-b978-1f34909b39c5",[193],[721],{"id":20,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":722,"properties":20},{"id":723,"createTime":724,"updateTime":725,"relativeEntities":726,"slug":727,"properties":728,"entityType":41,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21},"0acc2a6d-15a7-4d65-8a8a-669157907b5b","2024-02-20T05:58:18.261+00:00","2025-06-11T23:41:30.385+00:00",[],"School-of-Forensic-and-Applied-Sciences-University-of-Central-Lancashire-Preston-UK",{"title":729},{"VI":730},"School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK",{"title":732},{"VI":733},"Kirby, Stuart",{"id":735,"sortIndex":128,"researcher":20,"roles":736,"affiliations":737,"properties":748},"826700a0-fec5-4232-b369-0135f92bac03",[193],[738],{"id":20,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":739,"properties":20},{"id":740,"createTime":741,"updateTime":742,"relativeEntities":743,"slug":744,"properties":745,"entityType":41,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21},"06c70d1b-d33b-41f5-9ed0-625c7d42d2cd","2024-04-17T19:46:59.882+00:00","2025-06-11T19:50:14.799+00:00",[],"Department-of-Mathematics-and-Statistics-Lancaster-University-Lancaster-UK",{"title":746},{"EN":747},"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK",{"title":749},{"VI":750},"Snow, Nicki",{"url":714,"publisher":752,"properties":780},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":753,"slug":10,"properties":754,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":758,"manageAffiliations":759,"indexDatabases":760,"url":20,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":775,"gsStatistic":20,"type":20,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":755,"eissn":756,"title":757},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"EN":17},[],[],[761,768],{"id":56,"indexDatabase":762,"url":69,"indexYears":70,"academicFieldIds":767,"indexDatabaseRanking":73},{"id":58,"createTime":59,"updateTime":60,"relativeEntities":763,"label":764,"description":765,"key":66,"publicationTags":766,"standard":20},[],{"EN":63,"VI":63},{"EN":63,"VI":65},[68],[72],{"id":75,"indexDatabase":769,"url":90,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":774,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":77,"createTime":78,"updateTime":79,"relativeEntities":770,"label":771,"description":772,"key":86,"publicationTags":773,"standard":20},[],{"EN":82,"VI":82},{"VI":84,"EN":85},[88,89],[92],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":776,"i10Index":104,"i10IndexLast5Year":105,"totalPublication":106,"totalPublicationByYear":777,"totalCitation":126,"totalCitationByYear":778,"totalCitationPerPublication":140,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":779,"hindexLast5Year":164,"hindex":164},{"2012":95,"2013":96,"2014":97,"2015":98,"2016":99,"2017":96,"2018":100,"2021":101,"2022":102,"2023":103},{"1995":108,"1996":109,"1997":110,"1998":111,"1999":112,"2000":113,"2001":114,"2002":115,"2004":116,"2005":108,"2006":117,"2007":118,"2008":118,"2009":119,"2010":120,"2011":121,"2012":121,"2013":121,"2014":118,"2015":120,"2016":114,"2017":118,"2018":122,"2019":120,"2020":115,"2021":123,"2022":121,"2023":124,"2024":125},{"1995":128,"1997":129,"1998":112,"1999":130,"2000":131,"2001":112,"2002":119,"2005":132,"2006":109,"2007":133,"2008":134,"2009":110,"2010":125,"2011":135,"2012":136,"2013":137,"2014":138,"2015":122,"2016":108,"2019":125,"2020":139,"2021":129,"2022":121,"2023":115},{"1995":142,"1997":143,"1998":144,"1999":145,"2000":146,"2001":147,"2002":148,"2005":149,"2006":150,"2007":151,"2008":152,"2009":153,"2010":154,"2011":155,"2012":156,"2013":157,"2014":158,"2015":159,"2016":160,"2019":154,"2020":161,"2021":162,"2022":128,"2023":163},{"volume":781,"pages":782,"issue":784},{"VOID":415},{"VOID":783},"111-124",{"VOID":785},"2","2016-06-01"]