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Evidence indicates associations between prenatal stress and child behavioral outcomes. It remains unclear how psychological distress vs. biological correlates of stress (cortisol) differentially predict externalizing behavior, and how their effects might differ as a function of child sex.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Method\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>108 pregnant women from the community collected salivary cortisol and reported their perceived stress during each trimester of pregnancy. At child age 9 years (\u003Cjats:italic>M\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> = 9.01, \u003Cjats:italic>SD\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> = 0.55), 70 mothers and children reported on child behavior. Structural equation modelling was used to analyze how cortisol levels and perceived stress during pregnancy predicted current child externalizing behavior, considering the moderating effect of child sex.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Results\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>Perceived stress predicted higher externalizing behavior in boys (\u003Cjats:italic>β\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> = 0.42, \u003Cjats:italic>p\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> = 0.009) and lower externalizing behavior in girls (\u003Cjats:italic>β\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> = − 0.56, \u003Cjats:italic>p\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> = 0.014). Cortisol predicted lower externalizing behavior in boys (\u003Cjats:italic>β\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> = − 0.81, \u003Cjats:italic>p\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> < .001) and was not related to girls’ externalizing behavior (\u003Cjats:italic>β\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> = 0.37, \u003Cjats:italic>p\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> = 0.200).\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Discussion\u002FConclusion\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>Prenatal stress affected externalizing behavior differently in girls vs. boys. These response patters in turn differed for indicators of psychological vs. biological maternal stress, encouraging an integrated approach. Findings indicate that perceived stress and cortisol may affect child development via different trajectories.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>",{"EN":178,"VI":179},"Prenatal stress and child externalizing behavior: effects of maternal perceived stress and cortisol are moderated by child sex","Căng thẳng trước sinh và hành vi ngoại hóa của trẻ: ảnh hưởng từ căng thẳng cảm nhận của người mẹ và cortisol được điều tiết bởi giới tính của trẻ",{"VOID":181},"37550728",{"VOID":183},"10.1186\u002Fs13034-023-00639-2","PUBLICATION","VERIFIED","2024-12-09T22:32:20.549+00:00","Auto 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Childhood externalizing behavior: theory and implications. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2004;17(3):93–103.",{"doi":385},"10.1111\u002Fj.1744-6171.2004.tb00003.x",{"id":18,"text":387,"url":18,"identifiers":388},"Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Moulton JL. Lifetime criminality among boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a prospective follow-up study into adulthood using official arrest records. Psychiatry Res. 2008;160(3):237–46.",{"doi":389},"10.1016\u002Fj.psychres.2007.11.003",{"id":18,"text":391,"url":18,"identifiers":392},"Reef J, Diamantopoulou S, van Meurs I, Verhulst FC, van der Ende J. Developmental trajectories of child to adolescent externalizing behavior and adult DSM-IV disorder: results of a 24-year longitudinal study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011;46(12):1233–41.",{"doi":393},"10.1007\u002Fs00127-010-0297-9",{"id":18,"text":395,"url":18,"identifiers":396},"Brennan LM, Shaw DS, Dishion TJ, Wilson M. Longitudinal predictors of school-age academic achievement: unique contributions of toddler-age aggression, oppositionality, inattention, and hyperactivity. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2012;40(8):1289–300.",{"doi":397},"10.1007\u002Fs10802-012-9639-2",{"id":18,"text":399,"url":18,"identifiers":400},"Olivier E, Morin AJS, Langlois J, Tardif-Grenier K, Archambault I. Internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and student engagement in elementary and secondary school students. J Youth Adolesc. 2020;49(11):2327–46.",{"doi":401},"10.1007\u002Fs10964-020-01295-x",{"id":18,"text":403,"url":18,"identifiers":404},"Wertz J, Agnew-Blais J, Caspi A, Danese A, Fisher HL, Goldman-Mellor S, et al. From childhood conduct problems to poor functioning at age 18 years: examining explanations in a longitudinal cohort study. 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Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36(4):540–6.",{"doi":734},"10.1016\u002Fj.psyneuen.2010.08.008",{"id":18,"text":736,"url":18,"identifiers":737},"Kudielka BM, Hawkley LC, Adam EK, Cacioppo JT. Compliance with ambulatory saliva sampling in the Chicago health, aging, and social relations study and associations with social support. Ann Behav Med. 2007;34(2):209–16.",{"doi":738},"10.1007\u002FBF02872675",{"id":18,"text":740,"url":18,"identifiers":741},"Valentino K, De Alba A, Hibel LC, Fondren K, McDonnell CG. Adherence to diurnal cortisol sampling among mother-child dyads from maltreating and nonmaltreating families. Child Maltreat. 2017;22(4):286–94.",{"doi":742},"10.1177\u002F1077559517725208",false,{"id":745,"createTime":746,"updateTime":747,"relativeEntities":748,"slug":749,"properties":750,"entityType":184,"verifyStatus":185,"verifyTime":759,"verifyNote":187,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":760,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":761,"publicationType":319,"publisherRelationship":836,"citationCount":19,"citationInfo":894,"publishDate":897,"publishYear":895,"citationAnalyzeStatus":898,"lastCitationAnalyze":747,"indexDatabases":899,"openAccess":18,"references":900,"isForceReanalyzing":743},"d406bb1a-97a8-40f3-803e-08519538b702","2023-12-06T17:15:53.651+00:00","2026-07-22T17:43:51.629+00:00",[],"Mental-health-problems-of-children-and-adolescents-with-and-without-migration-background-living-in-Vienna-Austria",{"abstract":751,"title":753,"gsPaper":755,"doi":757},{"EN":752},"Compared to their indigenous peers, migrant children and adolescents are at increased risk for mental health problems. The aim of our study was to compare psychological disorders of children and adolescents with Turkish migration background and their native Austrian peers. We analysed 302 children and adolescents aged between 7 and 18 years. The sample consisted of 100 Austrian and 100 Turkish outpatients with mental health problems, and 102 healthy controls, 52 with Austrian and 50 with Turkish background, recruited from various Viennese local child and youth centres. Native patients had more frequently externalizing problems (42.1%) compared to the Turkish-speaking sample (28%). However, in the control group, Turkish-speaking children and adolescents had higher levels of internalizing, depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to their native peers. We found noticeable differences in psychological problems among children and adolescents with and without migration background. We assume that migration-related stress factors are responsible for these differences. Also, children and adolescents with migration background seek for psychological help less frequently than their indigenous peers.",{"EN":754},"Mental health problems of children and adolescents, with and without migration background, living in Vienna, Austria",{"VOID":756},"[\"17944669112859735789\"]",{"VOID":758},"10.1186\u002Fs13034-019-0295-y","2024-05-01T12:24:09.133+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Fcapmh.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13034-019-0295-y",[762,778,793,808,823],{"id":763,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":764,"affiliations":766,"properties":775,"displayName":777,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"6941343d-9020-4215-a111-046ce267d7bd",[765],"AUTHOR",[767],{"id":768,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":769,"properties":18},"2600bea3-1c72-4742-8c95-235bbad45d5d",{"id":768,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":770,"slug":18,"properties":771,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":774,"statistic":18},[],{"title":772},{"VI":773},"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, General Hospital Baden-Mödling, Hinterbrühl, Austria",[],{"title":776},{"VI":777},"Maria Teresa Gutmann",{"id":779,"sortIndex":215,"researcher":18,"roles":780,"affiliations":781,"properties":790,"displayName":792,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"55f5ead2-4e89-4fab-bb8a-005ba4ffadb1",[765],[782],{"id":783,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":784,"properties":18},"54e31baa-5f13-489b-a058-e09e15e31036",{"id":783,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":785,"slug":18,"properties":786,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":789,"statistic":18},[],{"title":787},{"VI":788},"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland",[],{"title":791},{"VI":792},"Metin Aysel",{"id":794,"sortIndex":233,"researcher":18,"roles":795,"affiliations":796,"properties":805,"displayName":807,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"d39469a6-4d8a-48ad-88c9-f8a13116f705",[765],[797],{"id":798,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":799,"properties":18},"2e689734-f887-45db-a0b1-a382e3fb38b7",{"id":798,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":800,"slug":18,"properties":801,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":804,"statistic":18},[],{"title":802},{"VI":803},"Outpatient Clinic of Transcultural Psychiatry and Migration-Induced Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria",[],{"title":806},{"VI":807},"Zeliha Özlü-Erkilic",{"id":809,"sortIndex":251,"researcher":18,"roles":810,"affiliations":811,"properties":820,"displayName":822,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"0a9e9635-2247-43b5-94fb-a2627415d126",[765],[812],{"id":813,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":814,"properties":18},"478d20e2-3324-4a1e-8e17-8c73b631fb95",{"id":813,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":815,"slug":18,"properties":816,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":819,"statistic":18},[],{"title":817},{"VI":818},"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria",[],{"title":821},{"VI":822},"Christian 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W, Esser G. Epidemiologie psychischer Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter: Prävalenz, Verlauf, Komorbidität und Geschlechtsunterschiede. Psychologische Rundschau. 2002;53:159–69.",{},{"id":18,"text":905,"url":18,"identifiers":906},"Wegner RE. The role of community-based public health services in child and adolescent health in Germany. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2005;48:1103–10.",{},{"id":18,"text":908,"url":18,"identifiers":909},"Petermann F, Kusch M, Niebank K. Entwicklungspathologie. Weinheim: Beltz; 1998.",{},{"id":18,"text":911,"url":18,"identifiers":912},"Steinhausen HC. Seelische Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Stuttgart: Klett Cotta; 2004.",{},{"id":914,"text":915,"url":916,"identifiers":917},"4c68646b-0035-4279-8000-0006b275d4fa","Gao Q, Li H, Zou H, Cross W, Bian R, Liu Y. The mental health of children of migrant workers in Beijing: the protective role of public school attendance. Scand J Psychol. 2015;56:384–90.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10440-022-00541-7",{"doi":918},"10.1007\u002Fs10440-022-00541-7",{"id":914,"text":920,"url":916,"identifiers":921},"Janssen MM, Verhulst FC, Bengi-Arslan L, Erol N, Salter CJ, Crijnen AA. Comparison of self-reported emotional and behavioral problems in Turkish immigrant, Dutch and Turkish adolescents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2004;39:133–40.",{"doi":918},{"id":923,"text":924,"url":925,"identifiers":926},"60211b38-a581-4343-83ec-1f1714f995c0","Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Ries Merikangas K. Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49:1002–14.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0006322301011295",{"doi":927},"10.1016\u002Fs0006-3223(01)01129-5",{"id":914,"text":929,"url":916,"identifiers":930},"Esser G. Lehrbuch der Klinischen Psychologie und Psychotherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme; 2008.",{"doi":918},{"id":914,"text":932,"url":916,"identifiers":933},"Costello EJ, Foley DL, Angold A. 10-year research update review: the epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: II. Developmental epidemiology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45:8–25.",{"doi":918},{"id":914,"text":935,"url":916,"identifiers":936},"Xue Y, Leventhal T, Brooks-Gunn J, Earls FJ. Neighborhood residence and mental health problems of 5- to 11-year-olds. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:554–63.",{"doi":918},{"id":914,"text":938,"url":916,"identifiers":939},"Alsaker FD, Bütikofer A. Geschlechtsunterschiede im Auftreten von psychischen und Verhaltensstörungen im Jugendalter. Kindheit und Entwicklung. 2005;14:169–80.",{"doi":918},{"id":914,"text":941,"url":916,"identifiers":942},"Sowa H, Crijnen AA, Bengi-Arslan L, Verhulst FC. Factors associated with problem behaviors in Turkish immigrant children in The Netherlands. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2000;35:177–84.",{"doi":918},{"id":944,"text":945,"url":946,"identifiers":947},"557b6ec9-1bd2-4d00-9350-ee2104e819fb","Muris P, Merckelbach H, Ollendick T, King N, Bogie N. Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample. Behav Res Ther. 2002;40:753–72.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0005796701000560",{"doi":948},"10.1016\u002Fs0005-7967(01)00056-0",{"id":18,"text":950,"url":18,"identifiers":951},"Tickerhoff-George NM. Stress, psychological factors and the outcomes of anxiety, depression and substance abuse in rural adolescents. Sci Eng. 2006;66:47–59.",{},{"id":914,"text":953,"url":916,"identifiers":954},"Urbas E. Psychische Gesundheit in Wien. Wien: Stadt Wien; 2004.",{"doi":918},{"id":18,"text":956,"url":18,"identifiers":957},"Remschmidt H. Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie. Eine praktische Einführung. Stuttgart\u002FNew York: Georg Thieme Verlag; 2000.",{},{"id":18,"text":959,"url":18,"identifiers":960},"Petermann F, Niebank K, Scheithauer H. Risiken in der frühkindlichen Entwicklung. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 2000.",{},{"id":914,"text":962,"url":916,"identifiers":963},"Abebe DS, Lien L, Hjelde KH. What we know and don’t know about mental health problems among immigrants in Norway. J Immigr Minor Health. 2014;16:60–7.",{"doi":918},{"id":914,"text":965,"url":916,"identifiers":966},"Giallo R, Riggs E, Lynch C, Vanpraag D, Yelland J, Szwarc J, Duell-Piening P, Tyrell L, Casey S, Brown SJ. The physical and mental health problems of refugee and migrant fathers: findings from an Australian population-based study of children and their families. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e015603.",{"doi":918},{"id":18,"text":968,"url":18,"identifiers":969},"Sturm G. Die transkulturelle Psychotherapie nach Marie Rose Moro. Psychosozial. 2003;26:35–44.",{},{"id":18,"text":971,"url":18,"identifiers":972},"Braun M, Recchi E. Keine Grenzen, mehr Opportunitäten? In: Berger PAW, editor. Transnationalisierung sozialer Ungleichheit. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaft; 2008. p. 161–84.",{},{"id":914,"text":974,"url":916,"identifiers":975},"Lindert J, Schouler-Ocak M, Heinz A, Priebe S. Mental health, health care utilisation of migrants in Europe. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23(Suppl 1):14–20.",{"doi":918},{"id":18,"text":977,"url":18,"identifiers":978},"Rezapour H, Zapp M. Muslime in der Psychotherapie Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG; 2011.",{},{"id":914,"text":980,"url":916,"identifiers":981},"Webb RT, Antonsen S, Mok PL, Agerbo E, Pedersen CB. National cohort study of suicidality and violent criminality among Danish immigrants. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0131915.",{"doi":918},{"id":914,"text":983,"url":916,"identifiers":984},"Akkaya-Kalayci T, Popow C, Waldhor T, Winkler D, Ozlu-Erkilic Z. Psychiatric emergencies of minors with and without migration background. Neuropsychiatrie. 2017;31:1–7.",{"doi":918},{"id":18,"text":986,"url":18,"identifiers":987},"Austria Statistik. Migration & integration Kommission für Migrations- und Integrationsforschung der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien: Statistik Austria; 2011.",{},{"id":989,"text":990,"url":991,"identifiers":992},"94c38e87-8282-4e13-ace7-3a9b06b784fc","Freidl W, Stronegger WJ, Rasky E, Neuhold C. Associations of income with self-reported ill-health and health resources in a rural community sample of Austria. Soz Praventivmed. 2001;46:106–14.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF01299727",{"doi":993},"10.1007\u002FBF01299727",{"id":18,"text":995,"url":18,"identifiers":996},"Boss-Nünning U. Armut von Kindern aus Zuwandererfamilien. In: Butterwege C, editor. Kinderarmut in Deutschland: Ursachen, Erscheinungsformen und Gegenmaßnahmen. Frankfurt M: Campus; 2000. p. 150–73.",{},{"id":914,"text":998,"url":916,"identifiers":999},"Freedman J. Sexual and gender-based violence against refugee women: a hidden aspect of the refugee “crisis”. Reprod Health Matters. 2016;24:18–26.",{"doi":918},{"id":914,"text":1001,"url":916,"identifiers":1002},"Akkaya-Kalayci T, Popow C, Winkler D, Bingol RH, Demir T, Ozlu Z. The impact of migration and culture on suicide attempts of children and adolescents living in Istanbul. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2015;19:32–9.",{"doi":918},{"id":914,"text":1004,"url":916,"identifiers":1005},"Ceri V, Ozlu-Erkilic Z, Ozer U, Kadak T, Winkler D, Dogangun B, Akkaya-Kalayci T. Mental health problems of second generation children and adolescents with migration background. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2017;21:142–7.",{"doi":918},{"id":1007,"text":1008,"url":1009,"identifiers":1010},"86520db2-0fa8-4c14-a104-0c6683cb3a6f","Ceri V, Ozlu-Erkilic Z, Ozer U, Yalcin M, Popow C, Akkaya-Kalayci T. Psychiatric symptoms and disorders among Yazidi children and adolescents immediately after forced migration following ISIS attacks. Neuropsychiatrie. 2016;30:145–50.","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs40211-016-0195-9",{"doi":1011},"10.1007\u002Fs40211-016-0195-9",{"id":1013,"text":1014,"url":1015,"identifiers":1016},"a344cfbc-bd1a-458c-bb1e-bff4eb0a0faf","Iguacel I, Michels N, Fernandez-Alvira JM, Bammann K, De Henauw S, Felso R, Gwozdz W, Hunsberger M, Reisch L, Russo P, et al. Associations between social vulnerabilities and psychosocial problems in European children. Results from the IDEFICS study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26:1105–17.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00787-017-0998-7",{"doi":1017},"10.1007\u002Fs00787-017-0998-7",{"id":18,"text":1019,"url":18,"identifiers":1020},"Sluzki CE. Psychologische Phasen der Migration und ihre Auswirkungen. In: Hegemann TS, editor. 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SSM Popul Health. 2017;3:549–57.",{"doi":918},{"id":18,"text":1207,"url":18,"identifiers":1208},"Furch E. C.A.N.E. Cultural Awareness in Europe. Auseinandersetzung mit kultureller Diversität in Europa—a Reflection of Cultural Diversity in Europe. Wien: Lernen mit Pfiff; 2003.",{},{"id":1210,"createTime":1211,"updateTime":1212,"relativeEntities":1213,"slug":1214,"properties":1215,"entityType":184,"verifyStatus":185,"verifyTime":1226,"verifyNote":187,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":1227,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":1228,"publicationType":319,"publisherRelationship":1347,"citationCount":19,"citationInfo":1404,"publishDate":1407,"publishYear":1405,"citationAnalyzeStatus":898,"lastCitationAnalyze":1408,"indexDatabases":1409,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":743},"74dfad6c-9be2-4fa9-811f-0a7b0e1aa9fc","2024-02-12T16:51:11.436+00:00","2026-07-20T12:00:22.310+00:00",[],"Risk-and-protective-factors-related-to-changes-in-mental-health-among-adolescents-since-COVID-19-in-Hong-Kong-a-cross-sectional-study",{"abstract":1216,"title":1218,"gsPaper":1220,"references":1222,"doi":1224},{"EN":1217},"Most research has suggested that children and adolescents had poorer mental health than pre-COVID-19 pandemic status. There have been few investigations into factors associated with pre-peri pandemic differences in young people’s mental health status. Our study aimed to investigate the association between sociodemographic factors, attitudes, and daily life experiences and these differences. We used self-reported cross-sectional data from the Youth Sexuality Survey (YSS) by the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong, collected from secondary school students aged 10–16 between the fourth and fifth waves of the pandemic. The study outcome was pre-peri pandemic differences in mental health (better, unchanged, or poorer). Associations between the study outcome with age, sex, satisfaction with academic performance, school life, relationship with classmates and family life, and average sleeping and exercising time in the past month, were assessed through multinomial logistic regression, controlling for depressive\u002Fanxiety symptoms and change in physical health status since the pandemic. There were 6,665 respondents. Compared with pre-pandemic, approximately 30% reported poorer mental health, whilst 20% reported better mental health. Females (OR = 1.355, 95% CI = 1.159–1.585) and those dissatisfied with their academic performance (OR = 1.468, 95% CI = 1.233–1.748) were significantly more likely to report poorer mental health with reference to unchanged status, while those satisfied with family life had improved mental health with reference to unchanged (OR = 1.261, 95% CI = 1.006–1.579) and poorer status (OR = 1.369, 95% CI = 1.085–1.728). Policy and community strategies that promote good family relationships are thus essential for young people’s mental health during societal challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic.",{"EN":1219},"Risk and protective factors related to changes in mental health among adolescents since COVID-19 in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study",{"VOID":1221},"[\"8640435389939263706\"]",{"VOID":1223},"Mantovani A, Rinaldi E, Zusi C, Beatrice G, Saccomani MD, Dalbeni A. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children and\u002For adolescents: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Res [Internet]. Springer US; 2021;89:733–7. Available from: https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fs41390-020-1015-2.\nViner R, Russell S, Saulle R, Croker H, Stansfield C, Packer J, et al. School Closures during Social Lockdown and Mental Health, Health Behaviors, and well-being among children and adolescents during the First COVID-19 Wave: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176:400–9.\nDepartment of Health. 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Available from: https:\u002F\u002Fourhkfoundation.org.hk\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fmedia\u002Fpdf\u002Fland_housing_research_report_engv3.pdf.\nLegislative Council. Statistical Highlights: Working hours in Hong Kong [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.legco.gov.hk\u002Fresearch-publications\u002Fenglish\u002F1920issh06-working-hours-in-hong-kong-20191108-e.pdf.\nEducation Bureau. Report on Student Enrolment Statistics [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.edb.gov.hk\u002Fattachment\u002Fen\u002Fabout-edb\u002Fpublications-stat\u002Ffigures\u002FEnrol_2020.pdf.",{"VOID":1225},"10.1186\u002Fs13034-023-00622-x","2024-06-23T04:44:21.735+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Fcapmh.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13034-023-00622-x",[1229,1246,1269,1282,1299,1314,1327],{"id":1230,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":1231,"affiliations":1232,"properties":1241,"displayName":1243,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"c1939e0a-823e-4e99-b9c7-1048d34d38c4",[765],[1233],{"id":1234,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1235,"properties":18},"037f4eb2-4e90-4204-889a-586fdda999cf",{"id":1234,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1236,"slug":18,"properties":1237,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1240,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1238},{"VI":1239},"Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China",[],{"title":1242,"gsAuthor":1244},{"VI":1243},"Cheuk Yui Yeung",{"VOID":1245},"[\"XQ3z_usAAAAJ\"]",{"id":1247,"sortIndex":215,"researcher":18,"roles":1248,"affiliations":1249,"properties":1264,"displayName":1266,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"cd9fe435-406c-4160-afb8-722de431bb16",[765],[1250,1256],{"id":1234,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1251,"properties":18},{"id":1234,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1252,"slug":18,"properties":1253,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1255,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1254},{"VI":1239},[],{"id":1257,"sortIndex":215,"affiliation":1258,"properties":18},"bb5212de-4f09-4662-a2f7-c31e84005244",{"id":1257,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1259,"slug":18,"properties":1260,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1263,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1261},{"VI":1262},"Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China",[],{"title":1265,"gsAuthor":1267},{"VI":1266},"Vera Yu Men",{"VOID":1268},"[\"JoGs90EAAAAJ\"]",{"id":1270,"sortIndex":233,"researcher":18,"roles":1271,"affiliations":1272,"properties":1279,"displayName":1281,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"424cf8a4-c4bb-4b70-aba0-2cdad652d724",[765],[1273],{"id":1257,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1274,"properties":18},{"id":1257,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1275,"slug":18,"properties":1276,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1278,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1277},{"VI":1262},[],{"title":1280},{"VI":1281},"Wendy W. 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contexts where poverty and mental health stressors already interact to negatively impact the most vulnerable populations, COVID-19 is likely to have worsened these impacts. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in South Africa already faced intersecting mental health stressors and vulnerabilities. It is critical to understand how additional challenges brought on by COVID-19 have intersected with existing vulnerabilities and mental health risks AGYW faced, particularly given the intersections between psychological distress and increased risk behaviours that impact sexual and reproductive health. We aimed to examine socio-economic and mental health impacts of COVID-19 on South African AGYW in order to understand how additional challenges brought on by COVID-19 have intersected with existing challenges, compounding AGYW vulnerabilities. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, framed by the syndemic theory, we examined the intersections between mental health and the COVID-19 epidemic amongst AGYW in six districts of South Africa characterised by high rates of HIV, teenage pregnancy and socio-economic hardship. Between November 2020 and March 2021 we conducted a cross-sectional telephone survey with 515 AGYW, and in-depth interviews with 50 AGYW, aged 15 to 24 years. Our findings reveal how COVID-19 restrictions led to increased experiences of stress and anxiety. Poor mental health was compounded by strained family relationships, increased fear of domestic violence, household unemployment, economic stress and food insecurity. Respondents described feelings of boredom, frustration, isolation, loneliness, fear and hopelessness. However, despite the multitude of challenges, some AGYW articulated emotional resilience, describing ways in which they coped and retained hope. Various psycho-social risk factors already disproportionally affect the mental health of AGYW in these communities; the COVID-19 pandemic intersects with these pre-existing social and environmental factors. Understanding strategies AGYW have used to positively cope with the uncertainty of COVID-19 amongst an array of pre-existing mental health stressors, is key in informing efforts to respond to their needs. Multisectoral interventions are needed to address the drivers of poor mental health among AGYW, and bolster healthy coping mechanisms; interventions seeking to mitigate the mental health impacts on this vulnerable population need to be responsive to the unpredictable pandemic environment.",{"EN":1420},"Intersections between COVID-19 and socio-economic mental health stressors in the lives of South African adolescent girls and young women",{"VOID":1422},"[\"14328216575923741\"]",{"EN":1424},"",{"VOID":1426},"Duby Z, McClinton Appollis T, Jonas K, et al. “As a young pregnant girl… the challenges you face”: exploring the intersection between mental health and sexual and reproductive health amongst adolescent girls and young women in South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2020;25(2):344–53. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10461-020-02974-3.\nÁlvarez-Iglesias A, Garman E, Lund C. Effects of COVID-19 on the economy and mental health of young people in South Africa: opportunities for strengthening social protection programmes by integrating mental health. S Afr J Psychol. 2021;51(2):199–204. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1177\u002F00812463211015348.\nKim AW, Nyengerai T, Mendenhall E. Evaluating the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic: perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and childhood trauma predict adult depressive symptoms in urban South Africa. Psychol Med. 2020. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0033291720003414.\nPosel D, Oyenubi A, Kollamparambil U. Job loss and mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown: evidence from South Africa. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(3):e0249352. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0249352.\nGouda HN, Charlson F, Sorsdahl K, Ahmadzada S, Ferrari AJ, Erskine H, et al. Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(10):e1375–87.\nAbdool Karim Q, Baxter C. COVID-19: impact on the HIV and tuberculosis response, service delivery, and research in South Africa. Curr HIV\u002FAIDS Rep. 2022. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11904-021-00588-5.\nChitsamatanga BB, Malinga W. A tale of two paradoxes in response to COVID-19’: Public health system and socio-economic implications of the pandemic in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Cogent Soc Sci. 2021. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F23311886.2020.1869368.\nNguse S, Wassenaar D. Mental health and COVID-19 in South Africa. S Afr J Psychol. 2021;51(2):304–13. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1177\u002F00812463211001543.\nOkumu M, Nyoni T, Byansi W. Alleviating psychological distress and promoting mental wellbeing among adolescents living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, during and after COVID-19. Glob Public Health. 2021. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F17441692.2021.1912137.\nSADAG. Online survey findings on COVID-19 and mental health (21 April 2020). The South African Depression and Anxiety Group (SADAG).\nAbrahams Z, Boisits S, Schneider M, Prince M, Lund C. Domestic violence, food insecurity and mental health of pregnant women in the COVID-19 lockdown in Cape Town, South Africa. Preprint Version 1, Research Square. 2020. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.21203\u002Frs.3.rs-102205\u002Fv1.\nMarques SS, Braidwood R. Impact of the coronavirus lockdown on older adolescents engaged in a school-based stress management program: changes in mental health, sleep, social support, and routines. Child Schools. 2021. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fcs\u002Fcdab006.\nMudiriza G, De Lannoy A. Youth emotional well-being during the COVID-19-related lockdown in South Africa. Cape Town: SALDRU, UCT. 2020. SALDRU Working Paper No. 268.\nHunt X, Breet E, Stein D, tomlinson m. the covid-19 pandemic, hunger, and depressed mood among South Africans. Wave 5. National Income Dynamics Study—Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM). 2021. https:\u002F\u002Fcramsurvey.org\u002F\nJesson J, Dietrich J, Beksinska M, Closson K, Nduna M, Smit J, Brockman M, Ndung’u T, Gray G, Kaida A. Food insecurity and depression: a cross-sectional study of a multi-site urban youth cohort in Durban and Soweto, South Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 2021;26(6):687–700. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Ftmi.13572.\nHarrison C, Loxton H, Somhlaba NZ. Stress and coping: considering the influence of psychological strengths on the mental health of at-risk South African adolescents. Child Care Pract. 2019;27(1):72–86.\nCasale M, Boyes M, Pantelic M, Toska E, Cluver L. Suicidal thoughts and behaviour among South African adolescents living with HIV—Can social support buffer the impact of stigma? J Affect Disord. 2019;245:82–90.\nGuessoum SB, Lachal J, Radjack R, Carretier E, Minassian S, Benoit L, Moro MR. Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291: 113264. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.psychres.2020.113264.\nRettie H, Daniels J. Coping and tolerance of uncertainty: predictors and mediators of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am Psychol. 2020. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1037\u002Famp0000710.\nKola L, Kohrt BA, Hanlon C, Naslund JA, Sikander S, Balaji M, Benjet C, Cheung E, Eaton J, Gonsalves P, Hailemariam M, Luitel NP, Machado DB, Misganaw E, Omigbodun O, Roberts T, Salisbury TT, Shidhaye R, Sunkel C, Ugo V, et al. COVID-19 mental health impact and responses in low-income and middle-income countries: reimagining global mental health. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8(6):535–50. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS2215-0366(21)00025-0.\nChiwona-Karltun L, Amuakwa-Mensah F, Wamala-Larsson C, et al. COVID-19: From health crises to food security anxiety and policy implications. Ambio. 2021;50:794–811. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs13280-020-01481-y.\nHall KS, Samari G, Garbers S, Casey SE, Diallo DD, Orcutt M, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet. 2020;395(10231):1175–7.\nAdegboye D, Williams F, Collishaw S, Shelton K, Langley K, Hobson C, Burley D, Van Goozen S. Understanding why the COVID-19 pandemic-related lockdown increases mental health difficulties in vulnerable young children. JCPP Adv. 2021;1(1):e12005. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fjcv2.12005.\nKuo C, LoVette A, Pellowski J, Harrison A, Mathews C, Operario D, Beardslee W, Stein DJ, Brown L. Resilience and psychosocial outcomes among South African adolescents affected by HIV. AIDS. 2019;33(Suppl 1):S29–34. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002FQAD.0000000000002177.\nVarma P, Junge M, Meaklim H, et al. Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: a global cross- sectional survey. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.pnpbp.2020.110236.\nSenora E, Torkelson E, Zembe-Mkabile W. Social protection in a time of COVID—lessons from basic income support. Cape Town: The Black Sash; 2021.\nCloete A, North A, Ramlagan S, Schmidt T, Makola L, Chikovore J, Skinner D, Reddy SP. ”… It is like it has come up and stole our lives from usThe first 21 days: a rapid qualitative assessment of how different sectors of society experienced the COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa. Soc Sci Hum Open. 2021;4(1):100167.\nGittings L, Toska E, Medley S, Cluver L, Logie CH, Ralayo N, Chen J, Mbithi-Dikgole J. ‘Now my life is stuck!’: experiences of adolescents and young people during COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa. Glob Public Health. 2021. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F17441692.2021.1899262.\nEssel V. HIV surveillance: A 12 year analysis of HIV prevalence trends and comparing HIV prevalence from sentinel antenatal clinic surveys and Prevention of mother-to-child programmes. Thesis submitted for the purposes of MMedn in Public Health, University of Cape Town. 2014\nTomlinson M, Lake L, Lachman A, Vogel W, Brown C, Abrahams Z, Hunt X. Mental health and wellbeing. In: Lake L, Shung-King M, Delany A, Hendricks M, editors. Children and COVID-19 advocacy brief series. Cape Town: Children’s Institute, University of Cape Town; 2021.\nAlpalhao M, Filipe P. The impacts of isolation measures against SARS-CoV-2 infection on sexual health. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(8):2258–9.\nHendricks H, Hall K, Goeiman H, Henney N, Boraine A, Murray J, Hendricks L, Lake L. Nutrition and food security. In: Lake L, Shung-King M, Delany A, Hendricks H, editors. Children and COVID-19 advocacy brief series. Cape Town: Children’s Institute, University of Cape Town; 2021.\nTurok I, Visagie J. COVID-19 amplifies urban inequalities. S Afr J Sci. 2021. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.17159\u002Fsajs.2021\u002F8939.\nClark H. The psychosocial impact of COVID-19 on child mental health. Mental Health Matters. 2021;8(1):12–4.\nClosson K, Lee M, Gibbs A, Kaida A. When home is not a safe place: impacts of social distancing directives on women living with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2020. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10461-020-02941-y.\nYouth Tech Health. Health & wellbeing challenges for young people in the times of COVID-19. 2020. https:\u002F\u002Fyth.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fhealth-and-wellbeing-for-young-people-in-the-times-of-covid-19\u002F.\nJoska JA, Andersen L, Rabie S, Marais A, Ndwandwa ES, Wilson P, King A, Sikkema KJ. COVID-19: increased risk to the mental health and safety of women living with HIV in South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(10):2751–3. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10461-020-02897-z.\nUNFPA. COVID-19: a gender lens. United Nations Population Fund. 2020, March. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unfpa.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fresource-pdf\u002FCOVID-19_A_Gender_Lens_Guidance_Note.pdf.\nBenhura M, Magejo P. Differences in depressive symptoms between formal and informal workers during the COVID-19 crisis: evidence from Wave 2 and Wave 3 of NIDS- CRAM. National Income Dynamics Study—Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM). 2021. https:\u002F\u002Fcramsurvey.org\u002F\nDe Man J, Smith MR, Schneider M, Tabana H. An exploration of the impact of COVID-19 on mental health in South Africa, Psychology. Health Med. 2021. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F13548506.2021.1954671.\nHillis S, Unwin J, Cluver L, Sherr L, Goldman P, Rawlings L, Bachman G, Villaveces A, Nelson C, Green P, Flaxman S. Children: The Hidden Pandemic 2021—a joint report of COVID-19- associated orphanhood and a strategy for action. 2021. Centers for Disease Control. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-ncov\u002Fdownloads\u002Fcommunity\u002Forphanhood-report.pdf\nUsher K, Bhullar N, Durkin J, Gyamfi N, Jackson D. Family violence and COVID-19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. Int J Mental Health Nurs. 2020;29(4):549–52.\nKollamparambil U, Oyenubi A, Nwosu CO. Mental health, COVID-19 vaccine distrust and vaccine hesitancy in South Africa. National Income Dynamics Study—Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM). 2021. https:\u002F\u002Fcramsurvey.org\u002F\nOyenubi A, Kollamparambil U. How has the easing of lockdown influenced depressive symptoms in South Africa? Wave 3. National Income Dynamics Study—Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM). 2021. https:\u002F\u002Fcramsurvey.org\u002F\nOyenubi A, Kollamparambil U. COVID-19 and depressive symptoms in South Africa. national income dynamics study—Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM). 2020. https:\u002F\u002Fcramsurvey.org\u002F\nLaher S, Bain K, Bemath N, de Andrade V, Hassem T. Undergraduate psychology student experiences during COVID-19: challenges encountered and lessons learnt. S Afr J Psychol. 2021;51(2):215–28. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1177\u002F0081246321995095.\nMendola D, Pera A. Vulnerability of refugees: some reflections on definitions and measurement practices. Int Migr. 2021. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fimig.12942.\nQuinn KG, Spector A, Takahashi L, et al. Conceptualizing the effects of continuous traumatic violence on HIV continuum of care outcomes for young black men who have sex with men in the United States. AIDS Behav. 2021;25:758–72. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10461-020-03040-8.\nFerguson S. Intersectionality and social-reproduction feminisms. Hist Mater. 2016;24(2):38–60.\nNovick G. Is there a bias against telephone interviews in qualitative research? Res Nurs Health. 2008;31(4):391–8. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fnur.20259.\nĆosić K, Popović S, Šarlija M, Kesedžić I. Impact of human disasters and COVID-19 pandemic on mental health: potential of digital psychiatry. Psychiatr Danub. 2020;32(1):25–31.\nSubramaney U, Kim AW, Chetty I, Chetty S, Jayrajh P, Govender M, Maharaj P, Pak E. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and psychiatric sequelae in South Africa: anxiety and beyond. Wits J Clin Med. 2020;2(2):115–22. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.18772\u002F26180197.2020.v2n2a2.\nRazai MS, Oakeshott P, Kankam H, Galea S, Stokes Lampard H. Mitigating the psychological effects of social isolation during the covid-19 pandemic. BMJ. 2020;369:1904.\nMokitimi S, Schneider M, de Vries PJ. Child and adolescent mental health policy in South Africa: history, current policy development and implementation, and policy analysis. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2018. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13033-018-0213-3.\nDocrat S, Besada D, Cleary S, Daviaud E, Lund C. Mental health system costs, resources and constraints in South Africa: a national survey. Health Policy Plan. 2019;34(9):706–19. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fheapol\u002Fczz085.\nSherr L, Cluver L, Tomlinson M, Idele P, Banati P, Anthony D, Roberts K, Haag K, Hunt X. Mind matters: lessons from past crises for child and adolescent mental health during COVID-19. UNICEF Office of Research. Innocenti: iFlorence; 2021.\nCampion J, Javed A, Lund C, Sartorius N, Saxena S, Marmot M, Allan J, Udomratn P. Public mental health: required actions to address implementation failure in the context of COVID-19. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022;9(2):169–82. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS2215-0366(21)00199-1.",{"VOID":1428},"10.1186\u002Fs13034-022-00457-y","2024-05-06T18:53:28.708+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Fcapmh.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13034-022-00457-y",[1432,1457,1474,1487,1502,1517,1532,1545,1561],{"id":1433,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":1434,"affiliations":1435,"properties":1452,"displayName":1454,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"8102c219-6619-4469-9a3c-89814fe23ede",[765],[1436,1444],{"id":1437,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1438,"properties":18},"7b0211eb-07c6-4b56-9303-744de8670cdd",{"id":1437,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1439,"slug":18,"properties":1440,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1443,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1441},{"VI":1442},"Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences in the School of Public Health and 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much is known about low mood and its associates in child psychiatric patients. In this study, we examined the prevalence of low mood, how it associates with disruptive behaviour, and affects clinician-rated global functioning in child psychiatric outpatients. The study population consisted of 862 5–12 year-old child psychiatric patients. The study sample was a subsample of all 1251 patients attending a child psychiatric outpatient clinic at Helsinki University Hospital in 2013–2015 formed by excluding 4 year-old and 13 year-old patients and those with missing or incomplete data. The parent-rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, collected as part of the routine clinical baseline measure, was used as a measure of psychiatric symptoms. The diagnoses were set according to ICD-10 by the clinician in charge after an initial evaluation period. The Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) score set by clinicians provided the measure of the patients’ global functioning. All information for the study was collected from hospital registers. Associations between emotional symptoms and conduct problems\u002Fhyperactivity scores were examined using ordinal regression in univariate and multivariate models, controlling for age and sex. The independent samples T test was used to compare the CGAS values of patient groups with low\u002Fnormal mood. In our sample, 512 children (59.4%) showed low mood. In multivariate ordinal regression analysis, low mood associated with conduct problems (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.39–2.67), but no association was found between low mood and hyperactivity. Low mood was prevalent among children with oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder (51.8%). The global functioning score CGAS was lower among children with parent-reported low mood (52.21) than among children with normal mood (54.62, p \u003C 0.001). The same was true in the subgroup of patients with no depression diagnosis (54.85 vs. 52.82, p = 0.001). Low mood is prevalent in child psychiatric outpatients regardless of depression diagnosis and it has a negative effect on global functioning. Low mood and behavioural problems are often associated. It is important to pay attention to low mood in all child psychiatric patients. We recommend prevention measures and low-threshold services for children with low mood.",{"EN":1650},"Low mood in a sample of 5–12 year-old child psychiatric patients: a cross-sectional study",{"VOID":1652},"[\"17171270225013758098\"]",{"VOID":1654},"Rutter M. Research review: child psychiatric diagnosis and classification: concepts, findings, challenges and potential. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011;52:647–60. doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1469-7610.2011.02367.x.\nAngold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A. Comorbidity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999;40:57–87. doi:10.1017\u002FS0021963098003448.\nCostello EJ, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A. Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:837–44. doi:10.1001\u002Farchpsyc.60.8.837.\nWichstrøm L, Berg-Nielsen TS, Angold A, Egger HL, Solheim E, Sveen TH. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in preschoolers. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012;53:695–705. doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1469-7610.2011.02514.x.\nStaller JA. Diagnostic profiles in outpatient child psychiatry. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2006;76:98–102. doi:10.1037\u002F0002-9432.76.1.98.\nKessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:617–27. doi:10.1001\u002Farchpsyc.62.6.617.\nBertha EA, Balázs J. Subthreshold depression in adolescence: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;22:589–603. doi:10.1007\u002Fs00787-013-0411-0.\nWesselhoeft R, Sørensen MJ, Heiervang ER, Bilenberg N. Subthreshold depression in children and adolescents—a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2013;151:7–22. doi:10.1016\u002Fj.jad.2013.06.010.\nBjelland I, Lie SA, Dahl AA, Mykletun A, Stordal E, Kraemer HC. A dimensional versus a categorical approach to diagnosis: anxiety and depression in the HUNT 2 study. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2009;18:128–37. doi:10.1002\u002Fmpr.284.\nMaasalo K, Fontell T, Wessman J, Aronen ET. Sleep and behavioural problems associate with low mood in Finnish children aged 4–12 years: an epidemiological study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2016;10:37. doi:10.1186\u002Fs13034-016-0125-4.\nAmerican Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.\nWorld Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.\nWesselhoeft R, Heiervang ER, Kragh-Sørensen P, Juul Sørensen M, Bilenberg N. Major depressive disorder and subthreshold depression in prepubertal children from the Danish National Birth Cohort. Compr Psychiatry. 2016;70:65–76. doi:10.1016\u002Fj.comppsych.2016.06.012.\nBennett DS, Ambrosini PJ, Kudes D, Metz C, Rabinovich H. Gender differences in adolescent depression: do symptoms differ for boys and girls? J Affect Disord. 2005;89:35–44. doi:10.1016\u002Fj.jad.2005.05.020.\nBreton J-J, Labelle R, Huynh C, Berthiaume C, St-Georges M, Guilé J-M. Clinical characteristics of depressed youths in child psychiatry. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;21:16–29.\nFu-I L, Wang YP. Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics between children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2008;30:124–31.\nYorbik O, Birmaher B, Axelson D, Williamson DE, Ryan ND. Clinical characteristics of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:1654–9 (quiz 1760).\nLuby JL, Heffelfinger AK, Mrakotsky C, Brown KM, Hessler MJ, Wallis JM, et al. The clinical picture of depression in preschool children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:340–8. doi:10.1097\u002F00004583-200303000-00015.\nVidal-Ribas P, Brotman MA, Valdivieso I, Leibenluft E, Stringaris A. The status of irritability in psychiatry: a conceptual and quantitative review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55:556–70. doi:10.1016\u002Fj.jaac.2016.04.014.\nShaffer D, Gould MS, Brasic J, Ambrosini P, Fisher P, Bird H, et al. A children’s global assessment scale (CGAS). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40:1228–31. doi:10.1001\u002Farchpsyc.1983.01790100074010.\nLundh A, Kowalski J, Sundberg CJ, Gumpert C, Landén M. Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) in a naturalistic clinical setting: inter-rater reliability and comparison with expert ratings. Psychiatry Res. 2010;177:206–10. doi:10.1016\u002Fj.psychres.2010.02.006.\nGoodman R. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38:581–6.\nGoodman R. Information for researchers and professionals about the Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaires. 2014. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sdqinfo.org. Accessed 3 Apr 2017.\nKoskelainen M, Sourander A, Kaljonen A. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire among Finnish school-aged children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;9:277–84.\nApajasalo M, Rautonen J, Holmberg C, Sinkkonen J, Aalberg V, Pihko H, et al. Quality of life in pre-adolescence: a 17-dimensional health-related measure (17D). Qual Life Res. 1996;5:532–8.\nAngold A, Weissman MM, John K, Merikangas KR, Prusoff BA, Wickramaratne P, et al. Parent and child reports of depressive symptoms in children at low and high risk of depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1987;28:901–15.\nHerjanic B, Reich W. Development of a structured psychiatric interview for children: agreement between child and parent on individual symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1997;25:21–31.\nEdelbrock C, Costello AJ, Dulcan MK, Conover NC, Kala R. Parent-child agreement on child psychiatric symptoms assessed via structured interview. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1986;27:181–90.\nCantwell DP, Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR. Correspondence between adolescent report and parent report of psychiatric diagnostic data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:610–9. doi:10.1097\u002F00004583-199705000-00011.\nLandis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159–74. doi:10.2307\u002F2529310.\nKazdin AE, French NH, Unis AS, Esveldt-Dawson K. Assessment of childhood depression: correspondence of child and parent ratings. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1983;22:157–64.\nMoretti MM, Fine S, Haley G, Marriage K. Childhood and adolescent depression: child-report versus parent-report information. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1985;24:298–302.\nvan der Ende J, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Agreement of informants on emotional and behavioral problems from childhood to adulthood. Psychol Assess. 2012;24:293–300. doi:10.1037\u002Fa0025500.\nMokros HB, Poznanski E, Grossman JA, Freeman LN. A comparison of child and parent ratings of depression for normal and clinically referred children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1987;28:613–24.\nReynolds WM, Graves A. Reliability of children’s reports of depressive symptomatology. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1989;17:647–55.\nHerjanic B, Herjanic M, Brown F, Wheatt T. Are children reliable reporters? J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1975;3:41–8.\nPirinen T, Kolho KL, Simola P, Ashorn M, Aronen ET. Parent-adolescent agreement on psychosocial symptoms and somatic complaints among adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. Acta Paediatr. 2012;101:433–7. doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1651-2227.2011.02541.x.\nVäistö T, Aronen ET, Simola P, Ashorn M, Kolho K-L. Psychosocial symptoms and competence among adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease and their peers. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16:27–35. doi:10.1002\u002Fibd.21002.\nCanning EH. Mental disorders in chronically ill children: case identification and parent-child discrepancy. Psychosom Med. 1994;56:104–8.\nEzpeleta L, Domènech JM, Angold A. A comparison of pure and comorbid CD\u002FODD and depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47:704–12. doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1469-7610.2005.01558.x.\nBoylan K, Vaillancourt T, Boyle M, Szatmari P. Comorbidity of internalizing disorders in children with oppositional defiant disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;16:484–94. doi:10.1007\u002Fs00787-007-0624-1.\nBiederman J, Newcorn J, Sprich S. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:564–77. doi:10.1176\u002Fajp.148.5.564.\nReale L, Bartoli B, Cartabia M, Zanetti M, Costantino MA, Canevini MP, et al. Comorbidity prevalence and treatment outcome in children and adolescents with ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017. doi:10.1007\u002Fs00787-017-1005-z.\nMeinzer MC, Pettit JW, Viswesvaran C. The co-occurrence of attention-deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder and unipolar depression in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34:595–607. doi:10.1016\u002Fj.cpr.2014.10.002.\nElia J, Ambrosini P, Berrettini W. ADHD characteristics: I. Concurrent co-morbidity patterns in children & adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2008;2:15. doi:10.1186\u002F1753-2000-2-15.\nStringaris A, Maughan B, Copeland WS, Costello EJ, Angold A. Irritable mood as a symptom of depression in youth: prevalence, developmental, and clinical correlates in the Great Smoky Mountains Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52:831–40. doi:10.1016\u002Fj.jaac.2013.05.017.\nZisner A, Beauchaine TP. Neural substrates of trait impulsivity, anhedonia, and irritability: mechanisms of heterotypic comorbidity between externalizing disorders and unipolar depression. Dev Psychopathol. 2016;28:1177–208. doi:10.1017\u002FS0954579416000754.\nMellor D, Cheng W, McCabe M, Ling M, Liu Y, Zhao Z, et al. The use of the SDQ with Chinese adolescents in the clinical context. Psychiatry Res. 2016;246:520–6. doi:10.1016\u002Fj.psychres.2016.10.034.\nLavigne JV, Gouze KR, Bryant FB, Hopkins J. Dimensions of Oppositional Defiant Disorder in young children: heterotypic continuity with anxiety and depression. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;42:937–51. doi:10.1007\u002Fs10802-014-9853-1.\nJerrell JM, McIntyre RS, Park Y-MM. Risk factors for incident major depressive disorder in children and adolescents with attention-deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;24:65–73. doi:10.1007\u002Fs00787-014-0541-z.\nDietz LJ. Family-based interventions for childhood depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56:464–5. doi:10.1016\u002Fj.jaac.2017.03.019.",{"VOID":1656},"10.1186\u002Fs13034-017-0183-2","2024-06-26T16:30:36.065+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Fcapmh.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13034-017-0183-2",[1660,1684,1705],{"id":1661,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":1662,"affiliations":1663,"properties":1681,"displayName":1683,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"80b4fc5b-dc37-40f2-b163-9ce094b693e5",[765],[1664,1672],{"id":1665,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1666,"properties":18},"4ac98151-ded7-44c4-9ecc-526a16f91314",{"id":1665,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1667,"slug":18,"properties":1668,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1671,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1669},{"VI":1670},"University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Children’s Hospital, Child Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland",[],{"id":1673,"sortIndex":215,"affiliation":1674,"properties":1680},"6d716b24-e5c1-42f0-a857-33ea73c8ac68",{"id":1673,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1675,"slug":18,"properties":1676,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1679,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1677},{"VI":1678},"Helsinki Pediatric Research Center, Laboratory of Developmental Psychopathology, Helsinki, Finland",[],{},{"title":1682},{"VI":1683},"Katri Maasalo",{"id":1685,"sortIndex":215,"researcher":18,"roles":1686,"affiliations":1687,"properties":1700,"displayName":1702,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"ccde9180-4eac-4b98-9147-366040e2b8a5",[765],[1688,1694],{"id":1665,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1689,"properties":18},{"id":1665,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1690,"slug":18,"properties":1691,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1693,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1692},{"VI":1670},[],{"id":1673,"sortIndex":215,"affiliation":1695,"properties":18},{"id":1673,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1696,"slug":18,"properties":1697,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1699,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1698},{"VI":1678},[],{"title":1701,"gsAuthor":1703},{"VI":1702},"Jaana Wessman",{"VOID":1704},"[\"nGQOC7IAAAAJ\"]",{"id":1706,"sortIndex":233,"researcher":18,"roles":1707,"affiliations":1708,"properties":1722,"displayName":1724,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"7f5982f3-8c55-4e9a-bc65-47e91a8dc990",[765],[1709,1715],{"id":1665,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1710,"properties":18},{"id":1665,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1711,"slug":18,"properties":1712,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1714,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1713},{"VI":1670},[],{"id":1673,"sortIndex":215,"affiliation":1716,"properties":1721},{"id":1673,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1717,"slug":18,"properties":1718,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1720,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1719},{"VI":1678},[],{},{"title":1723},{"VI":1724},"Eeva T. 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Pooled analysis (42603ATT4037, 42603 - ATT - 4001) including patients (6 to 18 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of ADHD. Patients were treated with OROS® MPH for 12 weeks; ADHD symptoms, functioning, HRQoL, safety and tolerability parameters were assessed. 822 patients (583 children [6-12 years], 239 adolescents [13-18 years]) were included in the pooled analysis. Mean daily OROS® MPH starting doses in the child and adolescent subgroups were 29.0 ± 11.7 and 37.6 ± 15.6 mg, respectively (p \u003C 0.001). At study end (week 12), the overall mean daily dose was 35.5 ± 14.0 mg, with children and adolescents receiving 32.8 ± 12.7 and 42.0 ± 15.1 mg\u002Fday, respectively (p \u003C 0.001). Significant (p \u003C 0.0001: overall population, children, adolescents) symptomatic, functional and HRQoL improvements were observed from baseline to study end using the Conners' Parents Rating Scale (overall: 29.2 ± 10.7 [baseline] to 19.3 ± 11.3 [endpoint]), Children's Global Assessment Scale (overall: 58.5 ± 14.5 [baseline] to 69.6 ± 16.1 [endpoint]), and ILC-LQ0-28. At week 12, between-age group differences were seen in the individual ILC-LQ0-28 parameters: school performance (p = 0.001 [parents' assessment], p = 0.032 [childrens' assessment]), global QoL (p = 0.012 [parents']) and interests and hobbies (p = 0.023 [childrens']). Treating physician's planned continued use of OROS® MPH in 76.9%, 86.0% and 79.3% of children, adolescents and the total population, respectively, at study end (p = 0.029 between-age subgroups). 195 of 822 patients (23.7%) experienced at least one treatment-emergent adverse event; most commonly reported AEs in the total group (≥4%) were insomnia (7.2%), anorexia (4.3%) and involuntary muscle contractions (4.1%). No clinically relevant changes in body weight or vital signs were observed. Clinically relevant differences between children and adolescents with ADHD are present. Adolescents appeared to have a lower health related quality of life and functioning compared to children at baseline, however, they were able to reach comparable ratings at endpoint for most items. Similarly, burden of disease decreased in patients and their carers. OROS MPH was generally safe and well tolerated.",{"EN":1798},"Improved functionality, health related quality of life and decreased burden of disease in patients with ADHD treated with OROS® MPH: is treatment response different between children and adolescents?",{"VOID":1800},"[]",{"VOID":1802},"Wilens TE, Dodson W: A clinical perspective of attention-deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder into adulthood. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004, 65: 1301-1313. 10.4088\u002FJCP.v65n1003.\nBarkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K: Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: adaptive functioning in major life activities. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006, 45: 192-202. 10.1097\u002F01.chi.0000189134.97436.e2.\nBarbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Weaver AL, Jacobsen SJ: Long-term school outcomes for children with attention-deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder: a population-based perspective. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007, 28 (4): 265-273. 10.1097\u002FDBP.0b013e31811ff87d.\nBiederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV: Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type. Am J Psychiatry. 2000, 157: 816-818. 10.1176\u002Fappi.ajp.157.5.816.\nKooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, Caci H, Casas-Brugué M, Carpentier PJ, Edvinsson D, Fayyad J, Foeken K, Fitzgerald M, Gaillac V, Ginsberg Y, Henry C, Krause J, Lensing MB, Manor I, Niederhofer H, Nunes-Filipe C, Ohlmeier MD, Oswald P, Pallanti S, Pehlivanidis A, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rastam M, Ryffel-Rawak D, Stes S, Asherson P: European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry. 2010, 10: 67-10.1186\u002F1471-244X-10-67.\nOwens EB, Hinshaw SP, Lee SS, Lahey BB: Few girls with childhood attention-deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder show positive adjustment during adolescence. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2009, 38 (1): 132-143. 10.1080\u002F15374410802575313.\nLee SS, Lahey BB, Owens EB, Hinshaw SP: Few preschool boys and girls with ADHD are well adjusted during adolescence. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008, 36: 373-383. 10.1007\u002Fs10802-007-9184-6.\nKordon A, Stollhoff K, Niederkirchner K, Mattejat F, Rettig K, Schäuble B: Exploring the impact of once-daily OROS methylphenidate (MPH) on symptoms and quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD transitioning from immediate-release MPH. Postgrad Med. 2011.\nNiederkirchner K, Slawik L, Wermelskirchen D, Rettig K, Schäuble B: Transitioning to OROS methylphenidate from atomoxetine is effective in children and adolescents with ADHD. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011, 11 (4): 499-508. 10.1586\u002Fern.11.18.\nWolff C, Alfred A, Lindermüller A, Rettig K, Mattejat F, Gerwe M, Schäuble B: Transitioning from extended-release methylphenidate (MPH) onto OROS MPH improves symptoms, functionality and quality of life in children\u002Fadolescents with ADHD: results of a 3-month non-interventional study. Current Medical Research Opinion. 2011.\nGreenhill LL, Pliszka S, Dulcan MK, Bernet W, Arnold V, Beitchman J, Benson RS, Bukstein O, Kinlan J, McClellan J, Rue D, Shaw JA, Stock S, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002, 41 (2 Suppl): 26S-49S.\nSwanson J: Compliance with stimulants for attention-deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder: issues and approaches for improvement. CNS Drugs. 2003, 17: 117-131. 10.2165\u002F00023210-200317020-00004.\nSwanson J, Gupta S, Lam A, Shoulson I, Lerner M, Modi N, Lindemulde E, Wigal S: Development of a new once-a-day formulation of methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder: proof-of-concept and proof-of-product studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003, 60: 204-211. 10.1001\u002Farchpsyc.60.2.204.\nRemschmidt H, Hoare P, Ettrich C, Rothenberger A, Santosh P, Schmidt M, Spender Q, Tamhne R, Thompson M, Tinline C, Trott GE, Medori R: Symptom control in children and adolescents with attention-deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder on switching from immediate-release MPH to OROS® MPH. Results of a 3-week open-label study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005, 14: 297-304. 10.1007\u002Fs00787-005-0467-6.\nCoghill D, Seth S: Osmotic, controlled-release methylphenidate for the treatment of ADHD. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006, 7: 2119-2139. 10.1517\u002F14656566.7.15.2119.\nWigal SB, Wigal T, Schuck S, Brams M, Williamson D, Armstrong RB, Starr HL: Academic, behavioral, and cognitive effects of OROS® methylphenidate on older children with attention-deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011, 21: 121-131. 10.1089\u002Fcap.2010.0047. Epub 2011 Apr 13\nCoghill D, Soutullo C, d'Aubuisson C, Preuss U, Lindback T, Silverberg M, Buitelaar J: Impact of attention-deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder on the patient and family: results from a European survey. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2008, 2: 31-10.1186\u002F1753-2000-2-31.\nErhardt D, Hinshaw SP: Initial sociometric impressions of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comparison boys: predictions from social behaviors and from nonbehavioral variables. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994, 62: 833-842.\nEscobar R, Soutullo CA, Hervas A, Gastaminza X, Polavieja P, Gilaberte I: Worse quality of life for children with newly diagnosed attention-deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder, compared with asthmatic and healthy children. Pediatrics. 2005, 116: e364-369. 10.1542\u002Fpeds.2005-0386.\nDanckaerts M, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Döpfner M, Hollis C, Santosh P, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen H-C, Talor E, Zuddas A, Coghill D: The quality of life of children with attention deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010, 19: 83-105. 10.1007\u002Fs00787-009-0046-3.\nConners CK: Rating scales in attention-deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder: use in assessment and treatment monitoring. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998, 59 (suppl 7): 24-30.\nConners CK: Clinical use of rating scales in diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1999, 46: 857-870. 10.1016\u002FS0031-3955(05)70159-0.\nConners CK, Sitarenios G, Parker JD, Epstein JN: The revised Conners' parent rating scale (CPRS-R): factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1998, 26: 257-268. 10.1023\u002FA:1022602400621.\nMattejat F, Jungmann J, Meusers M, Moik C, Nölkel P, Schaff C, Scholz M, Schmidt M-H, Remschmidt H: Das Inventar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (ILK) - Eine Pilotstudie. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psycother. 1998, 26: 174-182.\nMattejat F, Remschmidt H: Zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität bei psychisch gestörten Kindern und Jugendlichen - Eine Übersicht. [Assessing the quality of life of children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders - an overview]. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psycother. 1998, 26: 183-196.\nMattejat F, Simon B, König U, Quaschner K, Barchewitz C, Felbel D, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Höhne D, Janthur B, Jungmann J, Katzenski B, Naumann A, Nölkel P, Schaff C, Schulz E, Warnke A, Weinand F, Remschmidt H: Lebensqualität bei psychisch kranken Kindern und Jugendlichen. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psycother. 2003, 31: 293-303. 10.1024\u002F1422-4917.31.4.293.\nEhnis P, Trosse M, Remschmidt H: Life quality of children and adolescents in Germany. Results of a representative telephone survey [abstract]. 16th World Congress of the International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions: 22-26 August 2004. Edited by: Remschmidt H, Belfer M. 2004, Steinkopf, 374.\nJozefiak T, Larsson B, Wichstrøm L, Mattejat F, Ravens-Sieberer U: Quality of life as reported by school children and their parents: a cross-sectional survey. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2008, 6: 34-45. 10.1186\u002F1477-7525-6-34.\nMattejat F, Remschmidt H: Das Inventar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (ILK) [The inventory of life quality in children and adolescents (ILC)]. 2006, Verlag Hans Huber, Bern\nShaffer D, Gould MS, Brasic J, Ambrosini P, Fisher P, Bird H, Aluwahlia S: A children's global assessment scale (CGAS). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983, 40: 1228-1231.\nWehmeier PM, Schacht A, Escobar R, Savill N, Harpin V: Differences between children and adolescents in treatment response to atomoxetine and the correlation between health-related quality of life and Attention Deficit\u002FHyperactivity Disorder core symptoms: Meta-analysis of five atomoxetine trials. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2010, 4: 30-10.1186\u002F1753-2000-4-30.\nSonuga-Barke EJ, Swanson JM, Coghill D, DeCory HH, Hatch SJ: Efficacy of two once-daily methylphenidate formulations compared across dose levels at different times of the day: preliminary indications from a secondary analysis of the COMACS study data. BMC Psychiatry. 2004, 4: 28-10.1186\u002F1471-244X-4-28.\nChou W-J, Chou M-C, Tzang R-F, Hsu Y-C, Gau SS-F, Chen S-J, Wu Y-Y, Huang Y-F, Liang H-Y, Cheng H: Better efficacy for the osmotic release oral system methylphenidate among poor adherents to immediate-release methylphenidate in the three ADHD subtypes. Psych Clin Neurosci. 2009, 63: 167-175. 10.1111\u002Fj.1440-1819.2009.01937.x.\nKim Y, Shin M-S, Kim J-W, Yoo H-J, Cho S-C, Kim B-N: Neurocognitive effects of switching from methylphenidate-IR to OROS-methylphenidate in children with ADHD. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2009, 24: 95-102. 10.1002\u002Fhup.1010.\nBarbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Weaver AL, Jacobsen SJ: Modifiers of long-term school outcomes for children with attention-deficit\u002Fhyperactivity disorder: does treatment with stimulant medication make a difference? Results from a population-based study. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007, 28 (4): 274-287. 10.1097\u002FDBP.0b013e3180cabc28.\nBiederman J, Monuteaux MC, Spencer T, Wilens TE, Faraone SV: Do stimulants protect against psychiatric disorders in youth with ADHD? A 10-year follow-up study. Pediatrics. 2009, 124 (1): 71-78. 10.1542\u002Fpeds.2008-3347.\nvan den Ban E, Souverein PC, Swaab H, van Engeland H, Egberts TC, Heerdink ER: Less discontinuation of ADHD drug use since the availability of long-acting ADHD medication in children, adolescents and adults under the age of 45 years in the Netherlands. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2010, 2: 213-220. 10.1007\u002Fs12402-010-0044-9. 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measure the effects of using different combinations of multiple informants and the impact score on the estimated prevalence of mental health problems in Chinese schoolchildren. Complete information on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were obtained from students (S), parents (P), and teachers (T) for 4986 schoolchildren (11–17 years-old). We used 3 criteria to determine the prevalence of mental health problems: SDQ cut-off value (previously established in the United Kingdom), SDQ cut-off value plus an impact score of 1 or more, or plus an impact score of 2 or more. A student was defined as having a mental health problem if any informant (S, P, or T) classified the child as ‘abnormal’. We compared the prevalence of mental health problems determined from 1 informant, 2 informants, and 3 informants. The prevalence of overall mental health problems increased with rising number of informants, but decreased with increasing impact score. When the impact score was not considered, the prevalence was 8.2% to 14.2% when rated by 1 informant, 18.8% to 24.7% when rated by 2 informants, and 28.3% when rated by all 3 informants. Failure to measure the impact score led to a two to threefold greater estimate of the prevalence of mental health problems. The types, number, and combinations of multiple informants and use of the impact score must be considered when comparing the results of different studies. It is preferable to use multiple informants and have the impact score taken the impact into account to reflect the real burden of mental health burden in children and adolescent.",{"EN":1982},"Prevalence of mental health problems in Chinese schoolchildren: The influence of measuring impact score and combining information from multiple informants",{"VOID":1984},"[\"5914017847152027467\"]",{"VOID":1986},"Kieling C, Baker-Henningham H, Belfer M, Conti G, Ertem I, Omigbodun O, et al. Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: evidence for action. Lancet. 2011;378(9801):1515–25. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS0140-6736(11)60827-1.\nKato N, Yanagawa T, Fujiwara T, Morawska A. 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Lin Chuang Shen Xin Za Zhi. 2015;21(5):101–4. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3969\u002Fj.issn.1672-187X.2015.05.034-0101-04.\nChen Q, Ding K, Lu HC, Shi BB, Zhang WW. A cross-sectional study on psychological and behavioral problems of primary and secondary school students. Zheiiang Prev Med. 2013;25(10):30–3. https:\u002F\u002Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn\u002Fperiodical\u002Fzjyfyx201310007(in Chinese).\nWang XJ, Chen ZM. Investigation of 155 children aged 10–15 using SDQ parent version. Xian Dai Shi Yong Yi Xue. 2006;18(9):662–5. https:\u002F\u002Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn\u002Fperiodical\u002Fnbyx200609031(in Chinese).\nGao X, Liang J, Wang SF, Zai Y, Lu YB, Shi WH, et al. Analysis on pupils’ current mental health situation and their guardians’ attitude in eight provinces in China. Zhong Hua Ji Bing Kong Zhi Za Zhi. 2013;17(7):592–5. https:\u002F\u002Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn\u002Fperiodical\u002Fjbkzzz201307013(in Chinese).\nWANG JN, Chang Y, Fu JL, Wang L. Relationship between mental health and personality characteristics among junior and senior school students in Shenyang. Zhong Guo Gong Gong Wei Sheng. 2010;26(11):1424–5. https:\u002F\u002Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn\u002Fperiodical\u002Fzgggws201011041(in Chinese).\nLu AJ, Wang YQ, Wang YF, Zhao ZM. Investigation about emotional and behavioral problems in students aged 7 to 16 years old in Songjiang Shanghai. Jing Shen Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2015;28(2):99–101. doi: https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002FBF00165590. https:\u002F\u002Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn\u002Fperiodical\u002Fsdjsyx201502009(in Chinese).\nYin L, Huang Y, Li Y, Shitu MJ, Xiang Y, Luo Y, et al. Epidemiological investigation on emotion difficulties among elementary and middle school students in Chengdu. 2012;12(3):238–40. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3969\u002Fj.issn.1009-6574.2012.03.007.\nXiaoli Y, Chao J, Wen P, Wenming X, Fang L, Ning L, et al. 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Parental Bonding Instrument, present self-report version, (PBI-PCh) includes three scales, Warmth, Protectiveness and Authoritarianism, which describe three dimensions of current parenting. The purposes of this study were to (1) evaluate the true and observed stability of these parenting dimensions related to older children, (2) explore the distribution of individual-level change across nine months and (3) test potential parental predictors of parenting instability. Questionnaires were distributed to school-based samples of community parents of both genders (n = 150) twice, nine months apart. These questionnaires measured parenting, parental personality and emotional symptoms. Based on 1) stability correlations, 2) true stability estimates from structural equation modeling (SEM) and 3) distribution of individual-level change, Warmth appeared rather stable, although not as stable as personality traits. Protectiveness was moderately stable, whereas Authoritarianism was the least stable parenting dimension among community parents. The differences in stability between the three dimensions were consistent in both estimated true stability and observed stability. Most of the instability in Warmth originated from a minority of parents with personality, childhood care characteristics and lower current parenting warmth. For the Protectiveness dimension, instability was associated with higher Protectiveness scores. True instability with all three self-reported parenting dimensions can occur across nine months in a community sample related to older children (7-15), but it may occur with varying degrees among dimensions and subpopulations. The highest stability was found for the Warmth parenting dimension, but a subgroup of \"unstably cold\" parents could be identified. Stability needs to be taken into account when interpreting longitudinal research on parenting and when planning and evaluating parenting interventions in research and clinical practice.",{"EN":2773},"Group and individual stability of three parenting dimensions",{"VOID":2775},"Bornstein MH: Toward a model of culture \u003C-> parent \u003C-> child transactions. The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other. Edited by: Sameroff A. 2009, Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 139-161.\nO'Connor TG: Annotation: The 'effects' of parenting reconsidered: Findings, challenges, and applications. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2002, 43 (5): 555-572. 10.1111\u002F1469-7610.00046.\nBelsky J, Jaffee SR: The multiple determinants of parenting. Developmental psychopathology, Vol 3: Risk, disorder, and adaptation. 2006, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc; US, 38-85. 2\nHolden GW, Miller PC: Enduring and different: A meta-analysis of the similarity in parents' child rearing. Psykol Bull. 1999, 125 (2): 223-254.\nDarling N: Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psykol Bull. 1993, 113 (3): 487-496.\nSkinner E, Johnson S, Snyder T: Six Dimensions of Parenting: A Motivational Model. Parent Sci Pract. 2005, 5 (2): 175-235.\nKendler KS: Parenting: A genetic-epidemiologic perspective. Am J Psychiat. 1996, 153 (1): 11-20.\nParker G, Tupling H, Brown LB: A parental bonding instrument. Brit J Med Psychol. 1979, 52 (1): 1-10.\nvon Eye A, Bergman LR: Research strategies in developmental psychopathology: Dimensional identity and the person-oriented approach. Dev Psychopathol. 2003, 15 (3): 553-580.\nVerhoeven M, Junger M, van Aken C, Dekovic M, van Aken M: A short-term longitudinal study of the development of self-reported parenting during toddlerhood. Parent Sci Pract. 2007, 7 (4): 367-394.\nLoeber R, Drinkwater M, Yin Y, Anderson SJ, Schmidt LC, Crawford A: Stability of family interaction from ages 6 to 18. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2000, 28 (4): 353-369. 10.1023\u002FA:1005169026208.\nKrampen G: Perceived childrearing practices and the development of locus of control in early adolescence. Int J Behav Dev. 1989, 12 (2): 177-193.\nRoberts GC, Block J, Block JH: Continuity and Change in Parents' Child-rearing Practices. Child Dev. 1984, 55 (2): 586-597. 10.2307\u002F1129970.\nParke RD: Fathers and families. Handbook of parenting: Being and becoming a parent. 2002, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; US, 3: 27-73. 2\nMcNally S, Eisenberg N, Harris JD: Consistency and change in maternal child-rearing practices and values: A longitudinal study. Child Dev. 1991, 62 (1): 190-198. 10.2307\u002F1130714.\nBugental DB, Johnston C, New M, Silvester J: Measuring parental attributions: Conceptual and methodological issues. J Fam Psychol. 1998, 12 (4): 459-480.\nWatson D: Stability versus change, dependability versus error: Issues in the assessment of personality over time. J Res Pers. 2004, 38 (4): 319-350. 10.1016\u002Fj.jrp.2004.03.001.\nSpearman C: The proof and measurement of association between two things. Am J Psychiat. 1987, 100 (3-4): 441-471.\nCharles EP: The correction for attenuation due to measurement error: Clarifying concepts and creating confidence sets. Psychol Methods. 2005, 10 (2): 206-226.\nJöreskog KG, Sörbom D: LISREL 8: User's reference guide. 1996, Chicago: Scientific Software International, 2\nMcCrae RR: Moderated analyses of longitudinal personality stability. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1993, 65 (3): 577-585.\nBjerkeset O, Nordahl HM, Larsson S, Dahl AA, Linaker O: A 4-year follow-up study of syndromal and sub-syndromal anxiety and depression symptoms in the general population. Soc Psych Psych Epid. 2008, 43 (3): 192-199. 10.1007\u002Fs00127-007-0289-6.\nJacobson NS, Truax P: Clinical-significance - a statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy-research. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991, 59 (1): 12-19.\nBelsky J, Barends N: Personality and parenting. Being and becoming a parent. Edited by: Bomstein MH. 2002, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 3: 415-438. 2\nBerg-Nielsen TS, Vikan A, Dahl AA: Parenting related to child and parental psychopathology: A descriptive review of the literature. Clin Child Psych Psychol. 2002, 7 (4): 529-552.\nZigmond AS, Snaith RP: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983, 67 (6): 361-370. 10.1111\u002Fj.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x.\nMykletun A, Stordal E, Dahl AA: Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale: factor structure, item analyses and internal consistency in a large population. Brit J Psychiat. 2001, 179: 540-544. 10.1192\u002Fbjp.179.6.540.\nCosta PT, Herbst JH, McCrae RR, Siegler IC: Personality at midlife: Stability, intrinsic maturation, and response to life events. Assessment. 2000, 7 (4): 365-378. 10.1177\u002F107319110000700405.\nVassend O, Skrondal A: Factor-analytic studies of the NEO personality-inventory and the 5-factor model - the problem of high structural complexity and conceptual indeterminacy. Pers Individ Differ. 1995, 19 (2): 135-147. 10.1016\u002F0191-8869(95)00041-4.\nCohen J: A Power Primer. Psychol Bull. 1992, 112 (1): 155-159.\nRogers WM, Schmitt N, Mullins ME: Correction for unreliability of multifactor measures: Comparison of alpha and parallel forms approaches. Organ Res Methods. 2002, 5 (2): 184-199. 10.1177\u002F1094428102005002004.\nCortina JM: What is coefficient alpha - an examination of theory and applications. J Appl Psychol. 1993, 78 (1): 98-104.\nLovibond PF: Long-term stability of depression, anxiety, and stress syndromes. J Abnorm Psychol. 1998, 107 (3): 520-526.\nLappegard T: Changing the Gender Balance in Caring: Fatherhood and the Division of Parental Leave in Norway. Popul Res Policy Rev. 2008, 27 (2): 139-159. 10.1007\u002Fs11113-007-9057-2.\nTulviste T: Sociocultural Variation in Mothers' Control over Children's Behavior. Ethos. 2004, 32 (1): 34-50. 10.1525\u002Feth.2004.32.1.34.\nGladstone GL, Parker GB: The Role of Parenting in the Development of Psychopathology: An Overview of Research Using the Parental Bonding Instrument. Psychopathology and the family. Edited by: Hudson JL, Rapee RM. NY. 2005, US: Elsevier Science, xii: 21-33.\nTrumpeter NN, Watson P, O'Leary BJ, Weathington BL: Self-functioning and perceived parenting: Relations of parental empathy and love inconsistency with narcissism, depression, and self-esteem. The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 2008, 169 (1): 51-71. 10.3200\u002FGNTP.169.1.51-71.\nDwairy M: Parental inconsistency: A third cross-cultural research on parenting and psychological adjustment of children. J Child Fam Stud. 2010, 19 (1): 23-29. 10.1007\u002Fs10826-009-9339-x.\nDwairy MA: Parental inconsistency versus parental authoritarianism: Associations with symptoms of psychological disorders. J Youth Adolescence. 2008, 37 (5): 616-626. 10.1007\u002Fs10964-007-9169-3.\nPatterson G, DeBaryshe B, Ramsey E: A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. 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