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The failure of the shaft was investigated in order to determine the root cause and contributing factors. Investigation methods included visual examination, optical and scanning electron microscope analyses, chemical analysis of the material, mechanical tests and life calculations based on design. The overall appearance of the fracture surface of the 45C8 grade shaft indicated rotating bending fatigue failure from a step location. Microstructural analysis revealed a crack from the sharp step and no metallurgical abnormalities. Apart from the metallurgical analysis, the design of shaft was also verified by calculating step profile, fillet radius and calculated stress in actual condition. It revealed that a shaft with a minimum diameter of 70 mm, made of 45C8 steel, can withstand the actual stress acting on it. In this design, the shaft diameter was found to be 65 mm which is insufficient to bear the actual stress. Shaft failures can be reduced by preventive mechanical maintenance and using safe design. To enhance the shaft life without an increase in shaft diameter, we recommend that the material be changed to 42CrMo4 grade steel, which, when appropriately heat treated, has higher stress limit, along with a modification in the step profile with a proper fillet radius.",{"EN":193},"Revamping Shaft Design for Combating Fatigue Failure",{"VOID":195},"[]",{"VOID":197},"R.A. Gujar, S.V. Bhaskar, Shaft design under fatigue loading by using modified goodman method. Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. 3(4), 1061–1066 (2013)\nS.K. Bhaumik, R. Rangaraju, M.A. Parameswara, M.A. Venkataswamy, T.A. Bhaskarn, R.V. Krishnan, Fatigue failure of a hollow power transmission shaft. Eng. Fail. Anal. 9(4), 457–467 (2002)\nMetals handbook, failures of shafts, vol. 10: failure analysis and prevention. American Society for Metals, 1975, p. 373–97\nJ. Feller, Wind Turbine Control Strategy for Shaft Stress Reduction. (IEEE, 2013)\nS.P. Raut, L.P. Raut, A review of various techniques used for shaft failure analysis. Int. J. Eng. Res. Gen. Sci. 2, 2 (2014)\nS. Cicero, R. Cicero, R. Lacalle, G. Diaz, D. Ferreno, Failure analysis of a lift gearshaft: application of the FITNET FFS procedure fatigue module. Eng. Fract. Anal. 15, 970–980 (2008)\nA.H. Bonnett, Cause, analysis and prevention of motor shaft failures. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 36, 5 (2000)\nC.C. Osgood, Fatigue Design (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982)\nPart 1:1972, Standard for keyway and key dimensions of shaft (1986)\nForms and dimensions of undercuts DIN 509 standard (1996)\nShaft Design, Chapter 12, Material taken from Mott. Machine Elements in Mechanical Design, 2003\nN. Badilah, Effect of Radius of Fillet on Shear Stress for Cylindrical Shaft, 2012, p. 6–7\nASM Metals Handbook Volume 12, 2002, p. 632\nR.E. Peterson, Des. Fact. Stress Concentr. 23, 2 (1951)\nO.A. Zambrano, J.J. Coronado, S.A. 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Phosphor bronze is normally used material for this application owing to its lower coefficient of friction and good wear and fatigue properties. This work presents a failure analysis of a worm wheel. Analysis revealed that around 40% of the teeth of worm wheel were broken. Failure mode was identified to be intergranular brittle fracture using scanning electron microscopy. A number of casting voids could be observed. In addition, network of intermetallic phases were present along the grain boundaries. These phases were identified to be Cu3Sn and Ni3P using elemental mapping through wavelength dispersive spectroscopy technique. These phases were found to have significantly higher hardness compared to the matrix and their precipitation along grain boundaries made the alloy susceptible to intergranular fracture even under small increase in service stress than nominal level.",{"EN":884},"Metallurgical Analysis of Premature Failure of a Phosphor Bronze Worm Wheel",{"VOID":886},"[\"6389373863811694127\"]",{"VOID":888},"P.R.N. Childs, Chapter 11: Worm Gears, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2014), pp. 439–458\nISO\u002FTR 14521 Gears—Calculation of load capacity of worm gear. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iso.org\u002Fstandard\u002F51227.html (2010). Accessed 5 Aug 2018\nB. Sadık, E. Atik, Evaluation of effect of alloy elements in copper based CuSn10 and CuZn30 bearings on tribological and mechanical properties. J. Alloy. Compd. 489, 262–268 (2010)\nASM International, ASM Handbook: Fractography, vol. 12 (ASM International, Materials Park, 1987)\nH.R. Pritchard, Survey of literature on the effect of testing temperature on the properties of wrought copper-base alloys, US Department of Commerce, Report R-1435 (1958)\nSpecification for phosphor bronze ingots and castings, Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 28:1985\nS. Fürtauer, D. Li, D. Cupid, H. Flandorfer, The Cu–Sn phase diagram, part I: new experimental results. Intermetallics 34, 142–147 (2013)\nUNS C90700, Copper Development Association Inc. https:\u002F\u002Falloys.copper.org\u002Falloy\u002FC90700. Accessed 1 Aug 2018\nH.S. Kim, On the rule of mixtures for the hardness of particle reinforced composites. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 289, 30–33 (2000)",{"VOID":890},"10.1007\u002Fs11668-018-0554-x","2024-06-22T23:46:02.523+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11668-018-0554-x",[894,911,926],{"id":895,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":896,"affiliations":897,"properties":906},"43d45693-1b02-45ec-a60e-f80de92e8dc0",[209],[898],{"id":899,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":900,"properties":20},"99fc30d7-5354-41fd-8844-80e3d362d090",{"id":899,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":901,"slug":20,"properties":902,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":905,"statistic":20},[],{"title":903},{"VI":904},"R&D and Scientific Services, Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur, India",[],{"title":907,"gsAuthor":909},{"VI":908},"Kaushal 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are one of the most common defects in oil and gas pipelines that can reduce the load-bearing capacity of pipelines. Compound dents have an even greater impact on the load-bearing capacity. This paper summarizes the latest evaluation methods at home and abroad for dented pipelines. The research status of dented pipeline bearing capacity under typical loads such as internal pressure, bending moment, and axial force is presented in terms of experimental data and finite element analysis. The research suggests that the evaluation of residual strength of dented pipeline needs to be combined with finite element simulation. Full-scale tests on dented high-grade steel pipelines with large diameters under complex loads are needed. Parametric analysis should be carried out to comprehensively analyze the influencing factors and laws of pipeline residual strength. A fitting formula for limit load under different working conditions needs to be determined, to lay a foundation for dented pipeline engineering evaluation and residual strength prediction.",{"EN":1018},"Research Progress of Dented Pipelines",{"VOID":1020},"[\"9331217288128969983\"]",{"VOID":1022},"J.J. Pei, G.T. Wang, S.D. Luo et al., Societal risk acceptance criteria for pressure pipelines in china. Saf. Sci. 109, 20–26 (2018)\nL. Ma, Y.S. Li, L. Liang et al., A novel method of quantitative risk assessment based on grid difference of pipeline sections. Saf. Sci. 59, 219–226 (2013)\nP. Song, Q.F. Sun, L. Guo, Evaluation on pressure bearing capacity of X70 pipeline with pure dent defect. Oil Gas Storage Transport. 39(10), 55–61 (2020)\nA. Cosham, P. Hopkins, The effect of dents in pipelines-guidance in the pipeline defect assessment manual. Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip. 81(2), 127–139 (2004)\nJ.S. Dawson, A. Russell, A. Patterson, Emerging techniques for enhanced assessment and analysis of dents. J. Pipeline Eng. 7(3), 189–204 (2008)\nM.N. Sun, J. Gao, D. Lin et al., Safety assessment method of dents on oil and gas pipeline. Heat Treat. Met. 40, 432–435 (2015)\nY. Tian, L.X. Zhu, R. Ding, et al. Current situation of safety assessment on oil and gas pipelines with compound dents. Oil-Gasfield Surf Eng. 38(03),61–64 (2019)\nQ.S. Feng, Theoretical study on characteristics and quantification of oil and gas pipeline accidents. Oil Gas Storage Transp. 36(4), 369–374 (2017)\nY.K. Liang, F.M. Yang, Z.Q. Yin et al., Accident statistics and risk analysis of oil and gas pipelines. Oil Gas Storage Transp. 36(4), 472–476 (2017)\nO.H. Bjørnøy, O. Rengård, S. Fredheim, et al. Residual strength of dented pipelines, DNV test results[C]\u002F\u002FInternational Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference:182-188 (2000)\nM. Allouti, C. Schmitt, G. Pluvinage et al., Study of the influence of dent depth on the critical pressure of pipeline. Eng. Fail. Anal. 21(1), 40–51 (2012)\nM. Zarea, R. Batisse, B. Leis. Detailed experimental database of dent and gouge defects to qualify burst and fatigue strength models[C]\u002F\u002FInternational Gas Union Research Conference. (2011)\nM. Zarea, R. Batisse, B Leis, et al. Full scale experimental database of dent and gouge defects to improve burst and fatigue strength models of pipelines[C]\u002F\u002FInternational Pipeline Conference.845–861 (2012)\nJ. Kec, I. Cerny, Stress-strain assessment of dents in wall of high pressure gas pipeline. Procedia Struct. Integr. 5, 340–346 (2017)\nAPI 579-1\u002FASME FFS-1-2016. Fitness-For-Service[S]. USA, (2016)\nAPI 1160-2019. Managing System Integrity for Hazardous Liquid Pipelines[S]. USA, (2019)\nASME B31.4-2016. Pipeline transportation systems for liquids and slurries[S]. USA, (2016)\nASME B31.8-2018. Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems[S]. USA, (2018)\n49 CFR 192-2017. Gas Pipelines[S]. USA, (2017)\n49 CFR 195-2017. Hazardous Liquids[S]. USA, (2017)\nCSA Z662-2019. Oil and gas pipeline systems[S]. Canada, (2019)\nSY\u002FT 6996-2014. Assessment of steel oil & gas pipeline with dent[S]. China, (2014)\nSY\u002FT 6477-2017. Remaining strength evaluation for oil & gas pipeline with flaws[S]. China, (2017)\nH.B. Pu, L. Shi, Fitness for service assessment of pipelines with dent. Saf. Health. Environ. 19(9), 5–9 (2019)\nX. Ma, T. Xue, T.H. Shi et al., Analysis on influence factors of dent pipeline safety. J. Saf. Sci. Technol. 12(6), 123–127 (2016)\nX. Tian, M.X. Lu, Y.F. Chen, Numerical simulation method for failure pressure of buried dented pipeline. J. Fail. Anal. Prev. 20(3), 944–949 (2020)\nO. HBjrny, O. Rengrd, S. Fredheim, et al. Residual strength of dented pipelines, DNV test results[C]. International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, (2000)\nC.R. Alexander. An updated report on the effects of smooth and rock dents on liquid petroleum pipelines [C]. ETCE\u002FOMAE 2000 Joint Conference Energy for the New Millennium, (2000)\nE.R. Lancaster, S.C. Palmer, Burst pressures of pipes containing dents and gouges. J. Process Mech. Eng. 210(15), 19–27 (1996)\nM. Allouti, C. Schmitt, G. Pluvinage, Assessment of a gouge and dent defect in a pipeline by a combined criterion. Eng. Fail. Anal. 36, 1–13 (2014)\nM.Zarea, S. Hertz-Clemens, R. Batisse, et al. Experimental investigation on combined \"dent and gouge\" defects on vintage steel transmission pipelines[C]. International Pipeline Conference (2014)\nP. Zhao, J. Shuai, M. Sun, Z. Lv, K. Xu, Y. Wang, Burst pressure of thin-walled pipes with dent and gouge defects. Thin-Walled Struct. 159(5), 107213 (2020)\nX. Tian, H. Zhang, Failure criterion of buried pipelines with dent and scratch defects. Eng. Fail. Anal. 80, 278–289 (2017)\nX. Tian, H. Zhang, Failure pressure of medium and high strength pipelines with scratched dent defects. Eng. Fail. Anal. 78, 29–40 (2017)\nSong R, Bai Y. Burst reliability of dented pipes with cracks[C]. International Offshore and Polar Engineering, (1998)\nY. Bai, R. Song, Fracture assessment of dented pipes with cracks and reliability-based calibration of safety factor. Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip. 74(3), 221–229 (1997)\nH. Ghaednia, S. Das, R. Wang, et al. Effect of dent depth on the burst pressure of nps30 x70 pipes with dent-crack defect[C]. International Pipeline Conference (2014)\nH. Ghaednia, S. Das, R. Wang et al., Safe burst strength of a pipeline with dent–crack defect: Effect of crack depth and operating pressure. Eng. Fail. Anal. 55, 288–299 (2015)\nA. Okodi, Y. Li, R. Cheng et al., Crack propagation and burst pressure of pipeline with restrained and unrestrained concentric dent-crack defects using extended finite element method. Appl. Sci. 10(21), 7554 (2020)\nA. Okodi, Y. Li, J. Cheng et al., Effect of location of crack in dent on burst pressure of pipeline with combined dent and crack defects. J. Pipeline Sci. Eng. 1(2), 252–263 (2021)\nShuai J. Pipeline mechanics [M]. China, (2010)\nX. Y.Zhang. Investigation on Uitimate Load Capacity and Failure Mechanism of Corroded Submarine [D]. Zhejiang University, (2013)\nX. Ma, J. Li, T. Xue et al., Study on stress and strain of pressure pipe with inner corrosion depression. J. Plasticity Eng. 25(03), 267–273 (2018)\nY. Tian, J.H. Luo, C.Y. Xu et al., Residual stress evolution characteristics of x80 pipeline steel with external corrosion and composite dent. Oil-Gasfield Surf. Eng. 38(05), 11–15 (2019)\nT. Xue Study on safety of pipeline with dent[D]. Southwest Petroleum University, (2017)\nH.X. Zou. Analysis of ultimate bearing capacity of pipeline with dent[D]. Southwest Petroleum University, (2016)\nW.Y. Liu, T.X. Ma, H.X. Zou et al., Numerical analysis of limit load on pressure pipeline with corrosion defect and dent. China Saf. Sci. J. 26(06), 92–97 (2016)\nM. Zeinoddini, M. Ezzati, G. Parke, Plastic buckling, wrinkling and collapse behavior of dented X80 steel line pipes under axial compression. J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 38, 67–78 (2015)\nNarayanan S. Design of Steel Structures[M] (2016)\nD.O. Askheim, O. Fyrileiv, New design code for interference between trawl gear and pipelines: Dnv rp-f111. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng. 2006, 81–93 (2006)\nI.B. Iflefel, D.G. Moffat, J. Mistry, The interaction of pressure and bending on a dented pipe. Int. J. Press. Vessel Pip. 82(10), 761–769 (2005)\nI. B.Iflefel. The influence of dents and gouges on the load carrying capacity of transmission pipelines [D]. University of Liverpool (2006)\nJ. Błachut, I.B. Iflefel, Experimental and numerical investigation of plain and gouged dents in steel pipes subjected to pressure and moment loading. J. Pressure Vessel Technol. 130(2), 31–39 (2008)\nA. Limam, L.H. Lee, S. Kyriakides, On the collapse of dented tubes under combined bending and internal pressure. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 55(1), 1–12 (2012)\nY. Shuai, D.C. Zhou, X.H. Wang et al., Local buckling failure analysis of high strength pipelines containing a plain dent under bending moment. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 77, 103266 (2020)\nJ. Cai, X.L. Jiang, G. Lodewijks, Numerical investigation of residual ultimate strength of dented metallic pipes subjected to pure bending. Ships Offshore Struct. 13, 519–531 (2018)\nJ. Cai, X.L. Jiang, G. Lodewijks et al., Residual ultimate strength of damaged seamless metallic pipelines with combined dent and metal loss. Mar. Struct. 61, 188–201 (2018)\nM. Liu, H. Zhou, B. Wang et al., Strain-Based Design and Assessment in Critical Areas of Pipeline Systems with Realistic Anomalies[S]. (Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Washington, 2017)\nY. Bai, Q. Bai. Subsea Pipeline Integrity and Risk Management[M] (2014)\nJ.Q. Wang, Y. Shuai, R.Y. He, Ultimate strain capacity assessment of local buckling of pipelines with kinked dents subjected to bending loads. Thin-Walled Struct. 169, 108369 (2021)",{"VOID":1024},"10.1007\u002Fs11668-022-01420-x","2024-05-08T12:45:38.202+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11668-022-01420-x",[1028,1043],{"id":1029,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":1030,"affiliations":1031,"properties":1040},"a0b4916a-fe02-4781-a6a7-63bb63cece29",[209],[1032],{"id":1033,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1034,"properties":20},"81faae5d-1324-4b7f-824c-2a147a55d66a",{"id":1033,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1035,"slug":20,"properties":1036,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1039,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1037},{"EN":1038},"School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China",[],{"title":1041},{"VI":1042},"Xiao Tian",{"id":1044,"sortIndex":221,"researcher":20,"roles":1045,"affiliations":1046,"properties":1055},"76cf6aab-0aa2-46a2-b7bf-722aef002ea9",[209],[1047],{"id":1048,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1049,"properties":20},"7f0ddf67-bfa4-4385-8288-73b15bc116f2",{"id":1048,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1050,"slug":20,"properties":1051,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1054,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1052},{"VI":1053},"University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China",[],{"title":1056},{"VI":1057},"Min-xu 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life enhancement program of an aero gas turbine combustor liner has been taken up through thermal barrier coating. Yttria-stabilized zirconia with a composition of Zr2O2 + 8 wt.% Y2O3 has been applied by atmospheric plasma spray on newly manufactured liner. A remarkable improvement in liner life has been observed under severe service condition. However, peel off of coating is noticed on the serviced components which are premature withdrawn for any other reasons. Reason for peel off has been studied metallurgically in detail. Coated samples were subjected to cross-sectional microanalysis. Based on the microanalysis suitable repair procedures are being adopted for serviced components. The process found very effective for a better life.",{"EN":1132},"Life Enhancement of Gas Turbine Combustor Liner Through Thermal Barrier Coating",{"VOID":195},{"VOID":1135},"H. Cohen, G.F.C. Rogers, H.I.H. Saravanamuttoo, Gas Turbine Theory (Longman Group Limited, London, 1996)\nT. Giampaolo, The Gas Turbine Hand book: Principles and Practices, 2nd edn. (Fairmont Press, Inc., Lilburn, 2003)\nA.H. Lefebvre, Gas Turbine Combustion (Taylor & Francis, London, 1998)\nA.M. Mellor, Design of Modern Turbine Combustors (Academic Press, London, 1990)\nY.S.H. Najjar, E.M. Goodger, Soot formation in gas turbines using heavy fuels. FUEL 60, 980–986 (1981)\nB.S. Haynes, H.G. Wagner, Soot formation. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 7, 229273 (1981)\nR.K. Mishra, S. Chandel, Soot formation and its effect in an aero gas turbine combustor. Int. J. Turbo Jet Engines. ISSN (Online) 2191-0332, ISSN (Print) 0334-0082 (2016). doi:10.1515\u002Ftjj-2016-0062\nS.K. Muduli, R.K. Mishra, R.K. Satpathy, S. Chandel, Effect of operating conditions on the performance parameters of a highly loaded annular combustor. Int. J. Turbo Jet Engines 32(1), 25–32 (2015). doi:10.1515\u002Ftjj-2014-0016\nR.K. Mishra, M.N. Bhat, Syed Aga Jan, Effect of design parameters on the exit pattern factors of a short annular aero gas turbine combustor, in 5 th NAL(India)-CAE (China) Workshop on Advanced Gas Turbine (Combustion and Heat Transfer), Chengudu, China (1999)\nR.K. Mishra, Influence of upstream flow distortion on the performance of an aero gas turbine combustor, in XIX International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines, Montreal, Canada (2009)\nR.K. Mishra, M.N. Bhat, R.D. Navindgi, T.K. Sampathkumaran, Effect of fuel–air ratio on the performance of a short annular aero gas turbine combustor, in 6 th National Conference on Air Breathing Engines, Bangalore, India (2003)\nJ.-C. Han, S. Dutta, S. Ekkad, Gas Turbine Heat Transfer and Cooling Technology (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2012)\nN. Eliaz, G. Shemesh, R.M. Latanision, Hot corrosion in gas turbine components. J. Eng. Fail. Anal. 9(1), 31–43 (2002)\nA. Schulz, Combustor liner cooling technology in scope of reduced pollutant formation and rising thermal efficiencies. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 934(1), 135–146 (2001)\nD.A. Nealy, S.B. Reider, Evaluation of laminated porous wall materials for combustor liner cooling. J. Eng. Power 102(2), 268–276 (1980)\nB. Hicks, High-temperature sheet materials for gas turbine applications. Mater. Sci. Technol. 3(9), 772–781 (1987)\nG. Zonfrillo, I. Giovannetti, M. Manetti, Material selection for high temperature applications. Meccanica 43(2), 125–131 (2008)\nG.R. Halford, et al., Application of a thermal fatigue life prediction model to high-temperature aerospace alloys B1900 + Hf and Haynes 188, in Advances in fatigue lifetime predictive techniques. ASTM International (1992)\nR. Ragupathy, S.K. Panigrahi, R.K. Mishra, Effect of interface roughness on the life estimation of a thermal barrier layer. Int. J. Surf. Sci. Eng. 7(3), 269–284 (2013)\nR. Ragupathy, R.K. Mishra, R.D. Misal, Life analysis of TBC on an aero engine combustor based on in-service failures data. J. Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 63(2), 158–164 (2011)\nN.P. Padture, M. Gell, E.H. Jordan, Thermal barrier coatings for gas-turbine engine applications. Science 296(5566), 280–284 (2002)\nR. Rajendran, Gas turbine coatings—an overview. Eng. Fail. Anal. 26, 355–369 (2012)\nJ.R. Davis (ed.), Handbook of Thermal Spray Technology (ASM international, Materials Park, 2004)\nR. Vaßen et al., Overview on advanced thermal barrier coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 205(4), 938–942 (2010)\nL. Pawlowski, The Science and Engineering of Thermal Spray Coatings (Wiley, New York, 2008)",{"VOID":1137},"10.1007\u002Fs11668-017-0323-2","2024-06-25T17:14:55.100+00:00","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11668-017-0323-2",[1141],{"id":1142,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":1143,"affiliations":1144,"properties":1153},"b2d436cd-432d-46c1-8e46-d5518a84a8a7",[209],[1145],{"id":1146,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1147,"properties":20},"2520ee54-d33a-4aa8-89ce-2f5c034555db",{"id":1146,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1148,"slug":20,"properties":1149,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1152,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1150},{"VI":1151},"Regional Centre for Military Airworthiness (Engines), CEMILAC, Bangalore, India",[],{"title":1154},{"VI":1155},"R. K. 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The bird is modeled using Lagrangian concept. Explicit finite element techniques have been developed to simulate the impact mechanics. The study involves deeper understanding of impact dynamics and contact mechanics. The bird impact analysis has been carried out on typical configuration of GLARE 3\u002F2, 4\u002F3, 5\u002F4, 6\u002F5, 7\u002F6 and 8\u002F7. The results of stress propagation and material deformation at high strain rate have been obtained. Results from the numerical analysis are compared with experimental results, and the material is found to be capable of absorbing the impact energy. The results also show that the bird material model chosen to simulate for carrying out impact mechanics analysis is found to be capable of capturing most of the complex behavior exhibited by functional structural material GLARE.",{"EN":1230},"Numerical Analysis of Bird Impact on Glass-Reinforced Leading Edge of an Aircraft Wing",{"VOID":195},{"VOID":1233},"J. Thorpe, Fatalities and destroyed civil aircraft due to bird strikes 1912–1995. Proc. Int. Bird Strike Comm. 23, 17–31 (1996)\nJ. Thorpe, Fatalities and destroyed civil aircraft due to bird strikes, 1912–2002, in International Bird Strike Committee, 26th Meeting. Warsaw, Poland (2003)\nW.J. Richardson, T. West, Serious bird strike accidents to military aircraft: updated list and summary. Proc. Int. Bird Strike Comm. 25, 67–98 (2000)\nW. John Richardson, Serious bird strike-related accidents to military aircraft of Europe and Israel: list and analysis of circumstances, in International Bird Strike Committee Proceedings and Papers, vol. 23 (London), pp. 33–56 (WP 2)\nM. Smith, From a strike to kill. New Sci. 110, 44–47 (1986)\nJ.C. Neubauer, Why birds kill: cross-sectional analysis of U.S. Air Force bird strike data. Aviat. Space Environ. Manag. 61, 343–348 (1990)\nE.C. Cleary, S.E. Wright, R.A. Dolbeer, Wildlife Strikes to Civil Aircraft in the United States 1990–1998 (U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, 1999)\nR.K. Mishra, S.I. Ahmed, K. Srinivasan, Investigation of a bird strike incident of a military gas turbine engine. J. Fail. Anal. Prev. 13(6), 666–672 (2013). doi:10.1007\u002Fs11668-013-9744-8\nS.A. Meguid, R.H. Mao, T.Y. Ng, FE analysis of geometry effects of an artificial bird striking an aeroengine fan blade. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35(6), 487–498 (2008)\nS. Heimbs, Bird strike simulations on composite aircraft structures, in SIMULIA Customer Conference, Barcelona (2011)\nGuocai Wu, J.M. Yang, The mechanical behavior of GLARE laminates for aircraft structures. JOM 57(1), 72–79 (2005)\nJ.B. Young, J.G.N. Landry, V.N. Cavoulacos, Crack growth and residual strength characteristics of two grades of glass-reinforced aluminium ‘Glare’. Compos. Struct. 27(4), 457–469 (1994)\nL.B. Vogelesang, A. Vlot, Development of fibre metal laminates for advanced aerospace structures. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 103(1), 1–5 (2000)\nJ.P. Barber, H.R. Taylor, J.S. Wilbeck, in Bird Impact Forces and Pressures on Rigid and Compliant Targets. No. UDRI-TR-77-17. DAYTON UNIV OH RESEARCH INST (1978)\nF. Johon et al., Modeling soft body impact on composite structures. Compos. Struct. 61, 103–113 (2003)\nM.A. Lavoie, A. Gakwaya, M.N. Ensan, D.G. Zimcik, Validation of available approaches for numerical bird strike modeling tools. Int. Rev. Mech. Eng. 1(4), 380–389 (2007)\nM.A. McCarthy et al., Modelling of bird strike on an aircraft wing leading edge made from fibre metal laminates—Part 1 & 2. Appl. Compos. Mater. 11(5), 317–340 (2004)\nH. Ahmadi et al., Investigation on the high velocity impact properties of glass-reinforced fiber metal laminates. J. Compos. Mater. 47(13), 1605–1615 (2013)\nA. Airoldi, B. Cacchione, Modeling of impact forces and pressures in Lagrangian bird strike analysis, Int. J. Impact Eng. 32(10), 1651–1675 (2006)\nP. Balachandra Shetty, Investigation on mechanical behavior of GLARE for application in the wing leading edge of transport aircraft, PhD thesis\nJ.W. Gooch (ed.), Charpy impact test, in Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers (Springer, New York, 2011), pp. 136–136\nA. Rossoll, C. Berdin, P. Forget, C. Prioul, B. Marini, Mechanical aspects of the Charpy impact test. Nucl. Eng. Des. 188(2), 217–229 (1999)",{"VOID":1235},"10.1007\u002Fs11668-017-0306-3","2024-06-25T23:33:12.430+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11668-017-0306-3",[1239,1254,1267],{"id":1240,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":1241,"affiliations":1242,"properties":1251},"870c6159-f342-4bf1-bb24-481eb68da84c",[209],[1243],{"id":1244,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1245,"properties":20},"b28eb6f5-fa98-49a8-b34a-bffa2fb3432a",{"id":1244,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1246,"slug":20,"properties":1247,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1250,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1248},{"VI":1249},"Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India",[],{"title":1252},{"VI":1253},"Balachandra P. 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