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We prospectively studied patients (46 hands) who underwent 1 year of postoperative follow-up after endoscopic carpal tunnel release. The patients underwent ultrasound (US) scans, grip and pinch strength assessment, a nerve conduction study, and patient-reported outcome measures (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Instrument and Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire) before and 1 year after surgery. The standardized response mean was calculated to compare the sensitivity of clinical changes in these measurements. US measurements (thickness of the APB and the cross-sectional area of the APB) and muscle strength (grip strength, key pinch, and tip pinch) were greater, and DML was reduced after surgery compared with those before surgery (all P \u003C 0.05). Patient-reported outcome measures also showed clinical improvement 1 year after surgery (P \u003C 0.05). US measurements of the APB were significantly correlated with grip and pinch strength (all P \u003C 0.05), but not with DML, before surgery and 1 year after surgery. The standardized response mean showed a large responsiveness for US measurements of the APB and patient-reported outcome measures. US evaluation of the APB after CTS can complement the evaluation of grip and pinch strength in the clinical setting. Postoperative recovery of the APB leads to improved motor dysfunction in CTS. 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The carpal-tunnel syndrome. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 1966;48:211–28.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10440-022-00541-7",{"doi":323},"10.1007\u002Fs10440-022-00541-7",{"id":319,"text":325,"url":321,"identifiers":326},"Gupta S, Michelsen-Jost H. Anatomy and function of the thenar muscles. Hand Clin. 2012;28:1–7.",{"doi":323},{"id":328,"text":329,"url":330,"identifiers":331},"0af6487f-884c-4624-9f92-594f7829e04e","Amadio PC, Silverstein MD, Ilstrup DM, et al. Outcome assessment for carpal tunnel surgery: the relative responsiveness of generic, arthritis-specific, disease-specific, and physical examination measures. J Hand Surg. 1996;21A:338–46.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0363502396803406",{"doi":332},"10.1016\u002Fs0363-5023(96)80340-6",{"id":319,"text":334,"url":321,"identifiers":335},"Uchiyama S, Imaeda T, Toh S, et al. Comparison of responsiveness of the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Hand version of the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Instrument to surgical treatment with DASH, SF-36, and physical findings. J Orthop Sci. 2007;12:249–53.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":337,"url":321,"identifiers":338},"Panagopoulos GN, Wu T, Fowler JR. Correlation of ultrasound cross-sectional area of the median nerve, nerve conduction studies and 2-point discrimination. Muscle Nerve. 2019;59:236–9.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":340,"url":321,"identifiers":341},"Simon NG, Ralph JW, Lomen-Hoerth C, et al. Quantitative ultrasound of denervated hand muscles. Muscle Nerve. 2015;52:221–30.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":343,"url":321,"identifiers":344},"Mohseny B, Nijhuis TH, Hundepool CA, et al. Ultrasonographic quantification of intrinsic hand muscle cross-sectional area; reliability and validity for predicting muscle strength. 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Behav Res Methods. 2007;39:175–91.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.3758\u002FBF03193146",{"doi":395},"10.3758\u002FBF03193146",{"id":319,"text":397,"url":321,"identifiers":398},"Zou KH, Tuncali K, Silverman SG. Correlation and simple linear regression. Radiology. 2003;227:617–22.",{"doi":323},{"id":400,"text":401,"url":402,"identifiers":403},"e0429d5d-c12a-4438-b89d-1dd005e942c7","Kotsis SV, Chung KC. Responsiveness of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire in carpal tunnel surgery. J Hand Surg. 2005;30A:81–6.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0363502304007518",{"doi":404},"10.1016\u002Fj.jhsa.2004.10.006",{"id":319,"text":406,"url":321,"identifiers":407},"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988. p. 8–14.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":409,"url":321,"identifiers":410},"de Bruin AF, Diederiks JP, de Witte LP, et al. Assessing the responsiveness of a functional status measure: the sickness impact profile versus the SIP68. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50:529–40.",{"doi":323},{"id":412,"text":413,"url":414,"identifiers":415},"b837a8db-016a-4217-82fc-07c1b2c3a54b","Chung KC, Hamil JB, Walters MR, et al. The Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ): assessment of responsiveness to clinical change. Ann Plast Surg. 1999;42:619–22.","http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.lww.com\u002F00000637-199906000-00006",{"doi":416},"10.1097\u002F00000637-199906000-00006",{"id":319,"text":418,"url":321,"identifiers":419},"Schreuders TA, Roebroeck ME, Jaquet JB, et al. Long-term outcome of muscle strength in ulnar and median nerve injury: comparing manual muscle strength testing, grip and pinch strength dynamometers and a new intrinsic muscle strength dynamometer. J Rehabil Med. 2004;36:273–8.",{"doi":323},{"id":421,"text":422,"url":423,"identifiers":424},"2cccc173-a0e4-4da6-a024-4a30fe119fe8","Schreuders TA, Roebroeck ME, Jaquet JB, et al. Measuring the strength of the intrinsic muscles of the hand in patients with ulnar and median nerve injuries: reliability of the Rotterdam Intrinsic Hand Myometer (RIHM). J Hand Surg Am. 2004;29:318–24.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0363502303006397",{"doi":425},"10.1016\u002Fj.jhsa.2003.10.024",{"id":319,"text":427,"url":321,"identifiers":428},"Agabegi SS, Freiberg RA, Plunkett JM, et al. Thumb abduction strength measurement in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg Am. 2007;32:859–66.",{"doi":323},{"id":20,"text":430,"url":20,"identifiers":431},"Tamburin S, Cacciatori C, Marani S, et al. Pain and motor function in carpal tunnel syndrome: a clinical, neurophysiological and psychophysical study. J Neurol. 2008;255:1636–43.",{},{"id":319,"text":433,"url":321,"identifiers":434},"Atrosi I, Larsson GU, Ornstein E, et al. Outcomes of endoscopic surgery compared with open surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome among employed patients: randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2006;332:1473–9.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":436,"url":321,"identifiers":437},"Zhang D, Collins J, Earp BE, et al. Relationship of carpal tunnel release and new onset trigger finger. J Hand Surg Am. 2019;44:28–34.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":439,"url":321,"identifiers":440},"Nazari G, Shah N, MacDermid JC, et al. The impact of sensory, motor and pain impairments on patient-reported and performance based function in carpal tunnel syndrome. Open Orthop J. 2017;11:1258–67.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":442,"url":321,"identifiers":443},"Moschovos C, Tsivgoulis G, Kyrozis A, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of high-resolution ultrasound in screening for carpal tunnel syndrome and grading its severity is moderated by age. Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;13:321–30.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":445,"url":321,"identifiers":446},"Li K, Evans PJ, Seitz WH Jr, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome impairs sustained precision pinch performance. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126:194–201.",{"doi":323},false,{"id":449,"createTime":450,"updateTime":451,"relativeEntities":452,"slug":453,"properties":454,"entityType":180,"verifyStatus":181,"verifyTime":465,"verifyNote":183,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":466,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":467,"publicationType":257,"publisherRelationship":498,"citationCount":21,"citationInfo":550,"publishDate":553,"publishYear":551,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":554,"indexDatabases":555,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":447},"f458b77f-b2bf-42ad-808e-541a87d536e2","2023-12-25T01:58:46.601+00:00","2026-07-27T04:27:47.828+00:00",[],"Morphological-and-functional-evaluation-of-normal-and-abnormal-fetal-growth-by-ultrasonography",{"abstract":455,"title":457,"gsPaper":459,"references":461,"doi":463},{"EN":456},"Correction or estimation of gestational age is essential for the evaluation of fetal growth. When necessary, an appropriate fetal biometric parameter should be selected depending on fetal size. In the first trimester, crown–rump length (CRL) is appropriate, especially when the CRL is 20–40 mm. In the second trimester, biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), and femur length (FL) are of equal predictability. Fetal weight estimation is still the basis of evaluation of fetal growth. The most predictable formula currently available includes the parameters BPD (or HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and FL. Serial measurements of AC are useful for diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and macrosomia. Quantitative evaluation of soft tissue deposition may be informative for macrosomia. Functional evaluation using Doppler velocimetry is essential in IUGR cases associated with uteroplacental insufficiency. Analysis of blood velocity waveforms of the umbilical and intracranial arteries, predominantly the middle cerebral artery, is widely performed. An increase in the pulsatility index (PI) or resistance index (RI) of the umbilical artery and\u002For a decrease in the PI or RI of the middle cerebral artery are highly predictable for fetal hypoxia and\u002For acidosis.",{"EN":458},"Morphological and functional evaluation of normal and abnormal fetal growth by ultrasonography",{"VOID":460},"[\"5437914228014025333\"]",{"VOID":462},"Queenan JT, O’Brien GD, Bains LM, Simpson J, Collins WP, Campbell S. Ultrasound scanning of ovaries to detect ovulation in women. Fertil Steril. 1980;34:99–105.\nTunon K, Eik-Nes SH, Grottum P, During VV, Kahn JA. Gestational age in pregnancies conceived after in vitro fertilization: a comparison between age assessed from oocyte retrieval. Crown–rump length and biparietal diameter. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000;15:41–6.\nRobinson HP. Sonar measurement of fetal crown–rump length as means of assessing maturity in first trimester of pregnancy. Br Med J. 1973;4:28–31.\nRobinson HP, Fleming JEE. A critical evaluation of sonar ‘crown–rump length’ measurements. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1975;82:702–10.\nPedersen JF. Fetal crown–rump length measurement by ultrasound in normal pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1982;89:926–30.\nHadlock FP, Shah YP, Kanon DJ, Lindsey JV. Fetal crown–rump length: reevaluation of relation to menstrual age (5–18 weeks) with high-resolution real-time US. Radiology. 1992;182:501–5.\nKuhn P, Brizot ML, Pandya PP, Snijders RJ, Nicolaides KH. Crown–rump length in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 10 to 13 weeks’ gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:32–5.\nPedersen JF, Molsted-Pedersen L. Early fetal growth delay detected by ultrasound marks increased risk of congenital malformation in diabetic pregnancy. Br Med J. 1981;283:269–71.\nBenson CB, Doubilet PM. Sonographic prediction of gestational age: accuracy of second- and third-trimester fetal measurements. AJR. 1991;157:1275–7.\nCampbell S, Wilkin D. Ultrasonic measurement of fetal abdomen circumference in the estimation of fetal weight. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1975;82:689–97.\nKurjak A, Kirkinen P, Latin V. Biometric and dynamic ultrasound assessment of small-for-dates infants: Report of 260 cases. Obstet Gynecol. 1980;56:281–4.\nWarsof SL, Gohari P, Berkowitz RL, Hobbins JC. The estimation of fetal weight by computer-assisted analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;128:881–92.\nShepard MJ, Richards VA, Berkowitz RL, Warsof SL, Hobbins JC. An evaluation of two equations for predicting fetal weight by ultrasound. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;142:47–54.\nHadlock FP, Harrist RB, Sharman RS, Deter RL, Park SK. Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head, body, and femur measurements–a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;151:333–7.\nNahum GG, Stanislaw H. Ultrasonographic prediction of term birth weight: How accurate is it? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188:566–74.\nShinozuka N, Okai T, Kohzuma S, Mukubo M, Shih CT, Maeda T, et al. Formulas for fetal weight estimation by ultrasound measurements based on neonatal specific gravities and volumes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;157:1140–5.\nHadlock FP, Deter RL, Roecker E, Harrist RB, Park SK. Relation of fetal femur length to neonatal crown-heel length. J Ultrasound Med. 1984;3:1–3.\nCampbell S, Thoms A. Ultrasound measurement of the fetal head to abdomen circumference ratio in the assessment of growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1977;84:165–74.\nSabbagha RE, Minogue J, Tamura RK, Hungerford SA. Estimation of birth weight by use of ultrasonographic formulas targeted to large- appropriate-, and small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;160:854–62.\nWinick M. Cellular changes during placental and fetal growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971;109:166–76.\nGuihard-Costa AM, Droulle P, Larroche JC. Growth velocity of the biparietal diameter, abdominal transverse diameter and femur length in the fetal period. Early Hum Dev. 1991;27:93–102.\nGuihard-Costa AM, Larroche JC. Growth velocity of some fetal parameters. II. Body weight, body length and head circumference. Biol Neonat. 1992;62:317–24.\nWilliams RL, Creasy RK, Cunningham GC, Hawes WE, Norris FD, Tashiro M. Fetal growth and perinatal viability in California. Obstet Gynecol. 1982;59:624–32.\nBattaglia FC, Frazier TM, Hellegers AE. Birth weight, gestational age, and pregnancy outcome, with special reference to high birth weight-low gestational age infant. Pediat. 1966;37:417–22.\nBattaglia FC, Lubchenco LO. A practical classification of newborn infants by weight and gestational age. J Pediatr. 1967;71:159–63.\nSanderson DA, Wilcox MA, Johnson IR. The individualized birth-weight ratio: A new method of identifying intrauterine growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;101:310–4.\nStefos T, Deter RL. Individual growth curves standards for fetal head and abdominal circumferences: Effect of the type of measurement on growth prediction. J Clin Ultrasound. 1989;17:33–5.\nElliott JP, Garite TJ, Freeman RK, McQuown DS, Patel JM. Ultrasonic prediction of fetal macrosomia in diabetic patients. Obstet Gynecol. 1982;60:159–62.\nBoyd ME, Usher RH, McLean FH. Fetal macrosomia: prediction, risks, proposed management. Obstet Gynecol. 1983;61:715–22.\nCampbell S. The assessment of fetal development by diagnostic ultrasound. Clin Perinatol. 1974;1:507–25.\nMiller HC, Merritt TA. Fetal growth in humans. Chicago: Year Book; 1979. p. 31–57, 127–141.\nWinick M. Cellular changes during placental and fetal growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971;109:166–76.\nNaeye RL. Abnormalities in infants of mothers with toxemia of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1966;95:276–83.\nWladimiroff JW, van den Wijngaard JA, Degani S, Noordam MJ, von Eyck J, Tonge HM. Cerebral and umbilical arterial blood flow velocity waveform in normal and growth retarded pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;69:705–9.\nHadlock FP, Deter RL, Harrist RB. Sonographic detection of abnormal fetal growth patterns. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1984;27:342–51.\nMiller JM, Kissling GE, Brown HL, Nagel PM, Korndorffer FA, Gabert HA. In utero growth of the large-for-menstrual-age fetus. J Clin Ultrasound. 1989;17:15–7.\nWarsof SL, Cooper DJ, Little D, Campbell S. Routine ultrasound screening for antenatal detection of intrauterine growth retardation. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;67:33–9.\nDivon MY, Chamberlain PF, Sipos L, Manning FA, Platt LD. Identification of the small for gestational age fetus with the use of gestational age-independent indices of fetal growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986;155:1197–201.\nBenson CB, Doubilet PM, Saltzman DH. Sonographic determination of fetal weights in diabetic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;156:441–4.\nVintzileos AM, Neckles S, Campbell WA, Kaplan BM, Andreoli JW, Nochimson DJ. Ultrasound fetal thigh-calf circumferences and gestational age-independent fetal ratios in normal pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med. 1985;4:287–92.\nPetrikovsky BM, Oleschuk C, Lesser M, Gelertner N, Gross B. Prediction of fetal macrosomia using sonographically measured abdominal subcutaneous tissue thickness. J Clin Ultrasound. 1997;25:378–82.\nAbramowicz JS, Sherer DM, Woods JR. Ultrasonographic measurement of cheek-to-cheek diameter in fetal growth disturbances. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169:405–8.\nKurjak A. Rajhvajn B Jr: Ultrasonic measurements of umbilical blood flow in normal and complicated pregnancies. J Perinat Med. 1982;10:3–16.\nWladimiroff JW, McGhie JS. Ultrasonic assessment of cardiovascular geometry and function in the human fetus. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1981;88:870–5.\nWladimiroff JW, Tonge HM, Stewart PA. Doppler ultrasound assessment of cerebral blood flow in the human fetus. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1986;93:471–5.\nWladimiroff JW, Noordam MJ, van den Wijngaard JA, Hop WC. Fetal internal carotid and umbilical artery blood flow velocity waveforms as a measure of fetal well-being in intrauterine growth retardation. Pediat Res. 1988;24:609–12.\nSatoh S, Koyanagi T, Fukuhara M, Hara K, Nakano H. Changes in vascular resistance in the umbilical and middle cerebral arteries in the human intrauterine growth-retarded fetus, measured with pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Early Hum Dev. 1989;20:213–20.\nVeille JC, Ben-Ami M, Sivakoff M. Ranged-gated-pulsed Doppler of the umbilical artery in human fetuses during normal pregnancies. Am J Perinat. 1991;8:269–72.\nSoothill PW, Nicolaides KH, Rodeck CH, Campbell S. Effect of gestational age on fetal and intervillous blood gas and acid-base values in human pregnancy. Fetal Ther. 1986;1:168–75.\nBanu AA. Doppler velocimetry in the umbilical and middle cerebral arteries in fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation or fetal distress. Fukuoka Acta Med. 1998;89:133–44.\nFleischer A, Schulman H, Farmakides G, Bracero L, Blattner P, Randolph G. Umbilical artery velocity waveforms and intrauterine growth retardation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;151:502–5.\nGiles WB, Trudinger BJ, Baird PJ. Fetal umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms and placental resistance. Pathological correlation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985;92:31–8.\nDivon MY, Guidetti DA, Braverman JJ, Oberlander E, Langer O, Merkatz IR. Intrauterine growth retardation - a prospective study of the diagnostic value of real-time sonography combined with umbilical artery flow velocimetry. Obstet Gynecol. 1988;72:611–4.\nGaziano E, Knox GE, Wager GP, Bendel RP, Boyce DJ, Olson J. The predictability of the small-for-gestational-age infant by real-time ultrasound-derived measurements combined with pulsed Doppler umbilical artery velocity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;158:1431–9.\nGudmundsson S, Marsal K. Umbilical and uteroplacental blood flow velocity waveforms in pregnancies with fetal growth retardation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;27:187–96.\nSenat MV, Schwarzler P, Alcais A, Ville Y. Longitudinal changes in the ductus venosus, cerebral transverse sinus and cardiotocogram in fetal growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000;16:19–24.\nMari G, Deter RL. Cerebral artery flow velocity waveforms in normal and small-for-gestational age fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166:1262–70.\nHecher K, Campbell S, Doyle P, Harrington K, Nicolaides K. Assessment of fetal compromise by Doppler ultrasound of the fetal circulation. Circulation. 1995;91:129–38.\nFairlie FM. Doppler flow velocimetry in hypertension in pregnancy. Clin Perinat. 1991;18:749–58.\nWeiss E, Ulrich S, Berle P. Condition at birth of infants with previously absent or reverse umbilical artery end-diastolic flow velocities. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 1992;252:37–43.\nPattinson RC, Odendaal HJ, Kirsten G. The relationship between absent end-diastolic velocities of the umbilical artery and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Early Hum Dev. 1993;33:61–9.\nArduini D, Rizzo G, Romanini C. The development of abnormal heart rate patterns after absent end-diastolic velocity in umbilical artery: Analysis of risk factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;168:43–6.\nBattaglia C, Artini PG, Galli PA, D’Ambrogio G, Droghini F, Genazzani AR. Absent or reversed end-diastolic flow in umbilical artery and severe intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1993;72:167–71.\nDivon NY, Girz BA, Lieblich R, Langer O. Clinical management of the fetus with markedly diminished umbilical artery end-diastolic flow. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161:1523–7.\nRochelson B, Schulman H, Farmakides G, Bracero L, Ducey J, Fleischer A, et al. The significance of absent end-diastolic velocity in umbilical artery velocity waveforms. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;156:1213–8.\nLaurin J, Marsal K, Persson PH, Lingman G. Ultrasound measurement of fetal blood flow in predicting fetal outcome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987;94:940–8.\nHackett GA, Campbell S, Gamsu H, Cohen O, Pearce JMF. Doppler studies in the growth retarded fetus and prediction of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, haemorrhage, and neonatal mobidity. Br Med J. 1987;294:13–6.\nArbeille PH, Maulik D, Stree JL, Amyel C, Deufel M. Fetal renal and cerebral Doppler in small for gestational age fetuses in hypertensive pregnancies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1994;56:111–6.\nGudmundsson S, Huhta JC, Wood DC, Tulzer G, Cohen AW, Weiner S. Venous Doppler ultrasonography in the fetus with non-immune hydrops. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;164:33–7.\nHuisman TWA. Doppler assessment of the fetal venous system. Semin Perinatol. 2001;25:21–31.\nChiba Y, Utsu M, Kanzaki T, Hasegawa T. Changes in venous flow and intratracheal flow in fetal breathing movements. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1985;11:43–9.\nRizzo G, Arduini D, Romanini C. Inferior vena cava flow velocity waveforms in appropriate- and small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166:1271–80.\nHecher K, Hackeloer BJ. Cardiotocogram compared to Doppler investigation of the fetal circulation in the premature growth-retarded fetus: Longitudinal observations. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1997;9:152–61.\nHuhta JC. Right ventricular function in the human fetus. J Perinat Med. 2001;29:381–9.\nAmerican College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Antepartum Fetal Surveillance. ACOG Practice Bulletin #9, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington DC 1999.\nTrudinger BJ, Cook CM, Giles WB, Fong E, Connelly A, Wilcox W. Fetal umbilical artery velocity waveforms and subsequent neonatal outcome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991;98:378–84.\nDavies JA, Gallivan S, Spencer JAD. Randomized controlled trial of Doppler ultrasound screening of placental perfusion during pregnancy. Lancet. 1992;340:1299–303.\nJohnstone FD, Prescott R, Hoskins P, Greer IA, Mcglew T, Compton M. The effect of introduction of umbilical Doppler recordings to obstetric practice. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;100:733–41.\nWhittle MJ, Hanretty KP, Primrose MH, James P, Neilson MD. Screening for the compromised fetus: A randomized trial of umbilical artery velocimetry in unselected pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170:555–9.\nIndick JH, Chen V, Reed KL. Association of umbilical venous with inferior vena cava blood flow velocities. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;77:551–7.\nRizzo G, Arduini D, Romanini C. Inferior vena cava flow velocity waveforms in appropriate and small for gestational age fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166:1271–80.\nBaschat AA, Harman CR. Antenatal assessment of the growth restricted fetus. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2001;13:161–8.",{"VOID":464},"10.1007\u002Fs10396-009-0224-4","2024-05-10T09:34:15.591+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10396-009-0224-4",[468,483],{"id":469,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":470,"affiliations":471,"properties":480,"displayName":482,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"0b161359-9aef-425d-8b3d-fd2b516e07e5",[189],[472],{"id":473,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":474,"properties":20},"4e7419f2-7f63-46ab-82cd-78f1a8bd4b31",{"id":473,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":475,"slug":20,"properties":476,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":479,"statistic":20},[],{"title":477},{"VI":478},"Center for Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan",[],{"title":481},{"VI":482},"Toshiyuki 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Our observation suggests that when portal gas is detected by US, the possibility of cholangitis should be included in the differential diagnosis.",{"EN":885},"Portal gas in a patient with acute obstructive cholangitis: report of a case with emphasis on US findings",{"VOID":887},"[\"4401698010485949686\"]",{"VOID":889},"JN Wolfe WA Evans (1955) ArticleTitleGas in the portal veins of the liver in infants AJR 74 486–9 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CymD3c%2FnvFU%3D\nHL Fred CG Mayhall TS Harle (1968) ArticleTitleHepatic portal venous gas: a review and report on six cases Am J Med 44 557–65 Occurrence Handle5642715 Occurrence Handle10.1016\u002F0002-9343(68)90056-9 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CCeC28rmtFQ%3D\nPR Liebman MT Patten J Manny et al. (1978) ArticleTitleHepatic-portal venous gas in adults: etiology, pathophysiology and clinical significance Ann Surg 187 281–7 Occurrence Handle637584 Occurrence Handle10.1097\u002F00000658-197803000-00012 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CSeC2czltFw%3D\nBB Gosink (1981) ArticleTitleIntrahepatic gas: differential diagnosis AJR 137 763–7 Occurrence Handle6974973 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:Bi2D2czhtFw%3D\nMA Dennis D Pretorius ML Manco-Johnson et al. (1985) ArticleTitleCT detection of portal venous gas associated with suppurative cholangitis and cholecystitis AJR 145 1017–8 Occurrence Handle3876731 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BimD383lsVE%3D\nKJ Taylor SS Morse CG Weltin et al. (1986) ArticleTitleLiver transplant recipients: portable duplex US with correlative angiography Radiology 159 357–63 Occurrence Handle3515417 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BimC2sfktFU%3D\nJL Chezmar RC Nelson ME Bernardino (1989) ArticleTitlePortal venous gas after hepatic transplantation: sonographic detection and clinical significance AJR 153 1203–5 Occurrence Handle2683676 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By%2BD2MzgsFI%3D\nJS Kriegshauser CC Reading BF King et al. (1990) ArticleTitleCombined systemic and portal venous gas: Sonographic and CT detection in two cases AJR 154 1219–21 Occurrence Handle2110731 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By%2BB2cjitlY%3D\nM Lafortune BC Trinh PN Burns et al. (1991) ArticleTitleAir in the portal vein: sonographic and Doppler manifestations Radiology 180 667–70 Occurrence Handle1871276 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By6A3svnsF0%3D\nCS Lee YC Kuo SM Peng et al. (1993) ArticleTitleSonographic detection of hepatic portal venous gas associated with suppurative cholangitis J Clin Ultrasound 21 331–4 Occurrence Handle8514901 Occurrence Handle10.1002\u002Fjcu.1870210507 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByyB1Mvgtl0%3D\nT Tsubono K Sato M Fukuda (1994) ArticleTitleHepatic portal venous gas associated with cholangitis following pancreaticoduodenectomy: report of a case Surg Today 224 375–7 Occurrence Handle10.1007\u002FBF02348572\nM Yoshida M Mitsuo H Kustumi et al. (1996) ArticleTitleA successfully treated case of multiple liver abscesses accompanied by portal venous gas Am J Gastroenterol 91 2423–5 Occurrence Handle8931431 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiD1crivFQ%3D\nRS Faberman WW Mayo-Smith (1997) ArticleTitleOutcome of 17 patients with portal venous gas detected by CT AJR 169 1535–8 Occurrence Handle9393159 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FlsVyluw%3D%3D\nJJ Hong D Gadaleta P Rossi et al. (1997) ArticleTitlePortal vein gas; a changing clinical entity: report of 7 patients and review of the literature Arch Surg 132 1071–5 Occurrence Handle9336504 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiH2sjltVU%3D\nMA Brown JP Hauschildt G Casola et al. (1999) ArticleTitleIntravascular gas as an incidental finding at US after blunt abdominal trauma Radiology 210 405–8 Occurrence Handle10207422 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M3itlyhuw%3D%3D\nD Zhang D Weltman A Baykal (1999) ArticleTitlePortal vein gas and colonic pneumatosis after enema with spontaneous resolution AJR 173 1140–1 Occurrence Handle10511206 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1MvjvFahtg%3D%3D\nMJ Draghetti AF Salvo (1999) ArticleTitleGas in the mesenteric vein as a nonfatal complication of diverticulitis: report of a case Dis Colon Rectum 42 1497–8 Occurrence Handle10566541 Occurrence Handle10.1007\u002FBF02235054 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FjtVyitQ%3D%3D\nM Wakisaka H Mori H Kiyosue et al. (1999) ArticleTitleSeptic thrombosis of the portal vein due to peripancreatic ligamental abscess Eur Radiol 9 90–2 Occurrence Handle9933387 Occurrence Handle10.1007\u002Fs003300050634 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M7jt1Cqsw%3D%3D\nC Sebastia S Quiroga E Espin et al. (2000) ArticleTitlePortomesenteric vein gas: pathologic mechanism, CT findings, and prognosis Radiographics 20 1213–24 Occurrence Handle10992012 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvpvVWqsA%3D%3D\nSC Morrison S Czinn (2001) ArticleTitlePortal vein gas associated with rotavirus infection J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 33 626–8 Occurrence Handle11740243 Occurrence Handle10.1097\u002F00005176-200111000-00024 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mnpt1anug%3D%3D\nMM Maher BM Tonra DE Malone et al. (2001) ArticleTitlePortal venous gas: detection by gray-scale and Doppler sonography in the absence of correlative findings on computed tomography Abdom Imaging 26 390–4 Occurrence Handle11441551 Occurrence Handle10.1007\u002Fs002610000192 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FhvVShug%3D%3D\nP Chevallier E Peten J Souci et al. (2002) ArticleTitleDetection of portal venous gas on sonography but not on CT Eur Radiol 12 1175–8 Occurrence Handle11976864 Occurrence Handle10.1007\u002Fs00330-001-1144-x\nW Wiesner KJ Mortele JN Glickman et al. (2002) ArticleTitlePortal-venous gas unrelated to mesenteric ischemia Eur Radiol 12 1432–7 Occurrence Handle12042950 Occurrence Handle10.1007\u002Fs00330-001-1159-3\nSK Hou CH Chern CK How et al. (2004) ArticleTitleHepatic portal venous gas: clinical significance of computed tomography findings Am J Emerg Med 22 214–8 Occurrence Handle15138961 Occurrence Handle10.1016\u002Fj.ajem.2004.02.017\nD Karaosmanoglu SO Oktar M Arac et al. (2005) ArticleTitleCase report: Portal and systemic venous gas in a patient after lumbar puncture Br J Radiol 78 767–9 Occurrence Handle16046434 Occurrence Handle10.1259\u002Fbjr\u002F16733207 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MzosleisQ%3D%3D\nDS Ruiz T de Perrot PE Majno (2005) ArticleTitleA case of portal venous gas secondary to acute appendicitis detected on gray scale sonography but not computed tomography J Ultrasound Med 24 383–6 Occurrence Handle15723852\nU Negro M Verdecchia E Paci et al. (2006) ArticleTitleHepatic portal venous gas in a patient with enterovascular fistula Abdom Imaging 31 706–9 Occurrence Handle16465568 Occurrence Handle10.1007\u002Fs00261-005-8011-1 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s7ovVOntA%3D%3D\nCT Silva A Daneman OM Navarro et al. (2007) ArticleTitleCorrelation of sonographic findings and outcome in necrotizing enterocolitis Pediatr Radiol 37 274–82 Occurrence Handle17225155 Occurrence Handle10.1007\u002Fs00247-006-0393-x\nH Ishida H Yagisawa H Nasu et al. (1987) ArticleTitleUltrasonography of acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis: serial observation by ultrasound J Clin Ultrasound 15 51–5 Occurrence Handle3106424 Occurrence Handle10.1002\u002Fjcu.1870150110 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiiC1MrltVU%3D\nS Sherlock J Dooley (1997) Imaging of the biliary tract: interventional radiology and endoscopy S Sherlock J Dooley (Eds) Diseases of the liver and biliary system Blackwell London 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Am J Otolaryngol. 2010;31:429–34.",{"doi":323},{"id":1494,"text":1495,"url":1496,"identifiers":1497},"9dfbb190-e8ca-486a-a96c-33cd8924d4e6","Himi T, Takano K, Yamamoto M, et al. A novel concept of Mikulicz’s disease as IgG4-related disease. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2012;39:9–17.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS038581461100126X",{"doi":1498},"10.1016\u002Fj.anl.2011.01.023",{"id":1500,"text":1501,"url":1502,"identifiers":1503},"22fe60f6-7898-44c7-b5de-cc53d7e168bc","Yamamoto M, Takahashi H, Ohara M, et al. A new conceptualization for Mikulicz’s disease as an IgG4-related plasmacytic disease. Mod Rheumatol. 2006;16:335–40.","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10165-006-0518-Y",{"doi":1504},"10.1007\u002Fs10165-006-0518-y",{"id":319,"text":1506,"url":321,"identifiers":1507},"Geyer JT, Deshpande V. IgG4-associated sialadenitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23:95–101.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1509,"url":321,"identifiers":1510},"Kamisawa T, Zen Y, Pillai S, et al. IgG4-related disease. Lancet. 2015;385:1460–71.",{"doi":323},{"id":20,"text":1512,"url":20,"identifiers":1513},"Shimizu M, Moriyama M, Okazaki K, et al. Sonographic diagnosis for Mikulicz disease. Oral Surg Oral Med Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;108:105–13.",{},{"id":1515,"text":1516,"url":1517,"identifiers":1518},"1190eb34-8e9c-49a2-b35b-6eaf2990b2da","Ahuja AT, Richards PS, Wong KT, et al. Kuttner tumour (chronic sclerosing sialadenitis) of the submandibular gland: sonographic appearances. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003;29:913–9.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0301562903008895",{"doi":1519},"10.1016\u002Fs0301-5629(03)00889-5",{"id":319,"text":1521,"url":321,"identifiers":1522},"Umehara H, Okazaki K, Masaki Y, et al. Comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), 2011. Mod Rheumatol. 2012;22:21–30.",{"doi":323},{"id":20,"text":1524,"url":20,"identifiers":1525},"Takagi Y, Nakamura H, Origuchi T, et al. IgG4-related Mikulicz’z disease: ultrasonography of the salivary and lacrimal glands for monitoring the efficacy of corticosteroid therapy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013;31:773–5.",{},{"id":319,"text":1527,"url":321,"identifiers":1528},"Ohta N, Kurakami K, Ishida A, et al. Clinical and pathological characteristics of IgG4-related sclerosing sialadenitis. Laryngoscope. 2012;122:572–7.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1530,"url":321,"identifiers":1531},"Laco J, Ryska A, Celakovsky P, et al. Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis as one of the immunoglobulin G4-related diseases: a clinicopathological study of six cases from Central Europe. Histopathology. 2011;58:1157–63.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1533,"url":321,"identifiers":1534},"Asai S, Okami K, Nakamura N, et al. Localized or diffuse lesions of the submandibular glands in immunoglobulin g4-related disease in association with differential organ involvement. J Ultrasound Med. 2013;32:731–6.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1536,"url":321,"identifiers":1537},"Orita Y, Sato Y, Kimura N, et al. Characteristic ultrasound features of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the salivary and thyroid gland. Acta Otolaryngol. 2014;134:93–9.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1539,"url":321,"identifiers":1540},"Bahn YE, Lee SK, Kwon SY, et al. Sonographic appearances of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the submandibular gland confirmed with sonographically guided core needle biopsy. J Clin Ultrasound. 2011;39:228–32.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1542,"url":321,"identifiers":1543},"Asai S, Okami K, Nakamura N, et al. Sonographic appearance of the submandibular glands in patients with immunoglobulin G4-related disease. J Ultrasound Med. 2012;31:489–93.",{"doi":323},{"id":1545,"createTime":1546,"updateTime":1547,"relativeEntities":1548,"slug":1549,"properties":1550,"entityType":180,"verifyStatus":181,"verifyTime":1559,"verifyNote":183,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":1560,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":1561,"publicationType":257,"publisherRelationship":1644,"citationCount":21,"citationInfo":1695,"publishDate":1697,"publishYear":311,"citationAnalyzeStatus":661,"lastCitationAnalyze":1698,"indexDatabases":1699,"openAccess":20,"references":1700,"isForceReanalyzing":447},"441c0e9e-d9f5-4b5b-8072-eca2bd64c5ec","2024-01-12T19:39:54.943+00:00","2026-07-15T02:11:52.913+00:00",[],"The-diagnostic-accuracy-of-ultrasound-and-upper-gastrointestinal-contrast-studies-for-locating-atresia-stenosis-and-intestinal-malrotation-and-detecting-annular-pancreas-in-pediatric-patients-with-duodenal-atresia-stenosis",{"abstract":1551,"title":1553,"gsPaper":1555,"doi":1557},{"EN":1552},"This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of ultrasound to locate atresia\u002Fstenosis and other abdominal anomalies in pediatric patients with duodenal atresia\u002Fstenosis, including intestinal malrotation and annular pancreas. We classified 36 retrospective cases of duodenal atresia\u002Fstenosis based on intestinal malrotation status, and evaluated the diagnostic performance of ultrasound\u002Fupper gastrointestinal contrast studies to locate atresia\u002Fstenosis and intestinal malrotation, as well as ultrasound for detecting additional anomalies such as annular pancreas. The incidence of annular pancreas was compared between groups using Fisher’s exact test. Atresia\u002Fstenosis was correctly located by ultrasound in 33 (91.7%) cases and by upper gastrointestinal contrast study in 36 (100%) cases. Of the eight cases with intestinal malrotation, five and two were correctly diagnosed by ultrasound and upper gastrointestinal contrast study, respectively. Ultrasound correctly diagnosed annular pancreas in 6\u002F14 cases. The incidence of annular pancreas was significantly different between the groups (present\u002Fabsent in groups with vs. without intestinal malrotation: 6\u002F2 vs. 8\u002F20, P = 0.036). Ultrasound has a relatively high capability in locating atresia\u002Fstenosis. However, some cases are misdiagnosed. In clinical practice, upper gastrointestinal contrast studies should be used complementarily during diagnosis. Additional anomalies may not be detected by preoperative examinations; therefore, surgeons should carefully evaluate for additional anomalies during surgery, especially coexisting intestinal malrotation and annular pancreas.",{"EN":1554},"The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound and upper gastrointestinal contrast studies for locating atresia\u002Fstenosis and intestinal malrotation and detecting annular pancreas in pediatric patients with duodenal 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Congenital duodenal obstruction in neonates: a decade’s experience from one center. World J Pediatr. 2014;10:238–44.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1705,"url":321,"identifiers":1706},"Kimura K, Tsugawa C, Ogawa K, et al. Diamond-shaped anastomosis for congenital duodenal obstruction. Arch Surg. 1977;112:1262–3.",{"doi":323},{"id":1708,"text":1709,"url":1710,"identifiers":1711},"6f42bd55-5605-454b-801d-cbddcb13093c","Bethell GS, Long AM, Knight M, et al. The impact of trisomy 21 on epidemiology, management, and outcomes of congenital duodenal obstruction: a population-based study. Pediatr Surg Int. 2020;36:477–83.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00383-020-04628-w",{"doi":1712},"10.1007\u002Fs00383-020-04628-w",{"id":319,"text":1714,"url":321,"identifiers":1715},"Gfroerer S, Theilen TM, Fiegel HC, et al. Comparison of outcomes between complete and incomplete congenital duodenal obstruction. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25:3787–97.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1717,"url":321,"identifiers":1718},"Bethell GS, Long AM, Knight M, et al. Congenital duodenal obstruction in the UK: a population-based study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2020;105:178–83.",{"doi":323},{"id":20,"text":1720,"url":20,"identifiers":1721},"Carroll AG, Kavanagh RG, Ni Leidhin C, et al. Comparative effectiveness of imaging modalities for the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction in neonates and infants: a critically appraised topic. Acad Radiol. 2016;23:559–68.",{},{"id":1723,"text":1724,"url":1725,"identifiers":1726},"4e060185-b84d-41ca-bc8b-87cfe64f9956","Miscia ME, Lauriti G, Lelli Chiesa P, et al. Duodenal atresia and associated intestinal atresia: a cohort study and review of the literature. Pediatr Surg Int. 2019;35:151–7.","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00383-018-4387-1",{"doi":1727},"10.1007\u002Fs00383-018-4387-1",{"id":319,"text":1729,"url":321,"identifiers":1730},"Hosokawa T, Yamada Y, Tanami Y, et al. Sonography for an imperforate anus: approach, timing of the examination, and evaluation of the type of imperforate anus and associated anomalies. J Ultrasound Med. 2017;36:1747–58.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1732,"url":321,"identifiers":1733},"Hosokawa T, Hosokawa M, Tanami Y, et al. Use of ultrasound findings to predict bowel ischemic changes in pediatric patients with intestinal volvulus. J Ultrasound Med. 2020;39:683–92.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1735,"url":321,"identifiers":1736},"Guerra A, De Gaetano AM, Infante A, et al. Imaging assessment of portal venous system: pictorial essay of normal anatomy, anatomic variants and congenital anomalies. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21:4477–86.",{"doi":323},{"id":20,"text":1738,"url":20,"identifiers":1739},"Harnoss JM, Harnoss JC, Diener MK, et al. Portal annular pancreas: a systematic review of a clinical challenge. Pancreas. 2014;43:981–6.",{},{"id":319,"text":1741,"url":321,"identifiers":1742},"Joseph P, Raju RS, Vyas FL, et al. Portal annular pancreas. A rare variant and a new classification. JOP. 2010;11:453–5.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1744,"url":321,"identifiers":1745},"Kanazawa H, Nosaka S, Miyazaki O, et al. The classification based on intrahepatic portal system for congenital portosystemic shunts. J Pediatr Surg. 2015;50:688–95.",{"doi":323},{"id":1747,"text":1748,"url":1749,"identifiers":1750},"3b0858da-d05a-41ba-a476-0bb015cfaec4","Chen Q, Gao Z, Zhang L, et al. Multifaceted behavior of Meckel’s diverticulum in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2018;53:676–81.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0022346817308114",{"doi":1751},"10.1016\u002Fj.jpedsurg.2017.11.059",{"id":319,"text":1753,"url":321,"identifiers":1754},"Yousefzadeh DK, Kang K, Tessicini L. Assessment of retromesenteric position of the third portion of the duodenum: an US feasibility study in 33 newborns. Pediatr Radiol. 2010;40:1476–84.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1756,"url":321,"identifiers":1757},"Yousefzadeh DK. The position of the duodenojejunal junction: the wrong horse to bet on in diagnosing or excluding malrotation. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39(Suppl 2):S172–7.",{"doi":323},{"id":1759,"text":1760,"url":1761,"identifiers":1762},"64f26dc4-38d3-4b46-a7a3-e2ea53460ea4","Menten R, Reding R, Godding V, et al. Sonographic assessment of the retroperitoneal position of the third portion of the duodenum: an indicator of normal intestinal rotation. Pediatr Radiol. 2012;42:941–5.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00247-012-2403-5",{"doi":1763},"10.1007\u002Fs00247-012-2403-5",{"id":319,"text":1765,"url":321,"identifiers":1766},"Piglia E, Penna CRR, Tobias J, et al. The main radiologic findings in annular pancreas. Radiol Bras. 2019;52:275–6.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1768,"url":321,"identifiers":1769},"Sandrasegaran K, Patel A, Fogel EL, et al. Annular pancreas in adults. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193:455–60.",{"doi":323},{"id":1771,"text":1772,"url":1773,"identifiers":1774},"85d03f6c-fed1-425f-af8d-5992d7dbd5da","Sizemore AW, Rabbani KZ, Ladd A, et al. Diagnostic performance of the upper gastrointestinal series in the evaluation of children with clinically suspected malrotation. Pediatr Radiol. 2008;38:518–28.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00247-008-0762-8",{"doi":1775},"10.1007\u002Fs00247-008-0762-8",{"id":319,"text":1777,"url":321,"identifiers":1778},"Mentessidou A, Saxena AK. Laparoscopic repair of duodenal atresia: systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2017;41:2178–84.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1780,"url":321,"identifiers":1781},"Taylor GA. CT appearance of the duodenum and mesenteric vessels in children with normal and abnormal bowel rotation. Pediatr Radiol. 2011;41:1378–83.",{"doi":323},{"id":1783,"text":1784,"url":1785,"identifiers":1786},"ea2564cb-9e6c-4ce2-a522-b9406db6b668","Choi KS, Choi YH, Cheon JE, et al. Intestinal malrotation in patients with situs anomaly: Implication of the relative positions of the superior mesenteric artery and vein. Eur J Radiol. 2016;85:1695–700.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0720048X16302236",{"doi":1787},"10.1016\u002Fj.ejrad.2016.07.013",{"id":319,"text":1789,"url":321,"identifiers":1790},"McVay MR, Kokoska ER, Jackson RJ, et al. Jack Barney Award. The changing spectrum of intestinal malrotation: diagnosis and management. Am J Surg. 2007;194:712–7.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1792,"url":321,"identifiers":1793},"Xiong Z, Shen Y, Morelli JN, et al. CT facilitates improved diagnosis of adult intestinal malrotation: a 7-year retrospective study based on 332 cases. Insights Imaging. 2021;12:58.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1795,"url":321,"identifiers":1796},"Steiner GM. The misplaced caecum and the root of the mesentery. Br J Radiol. 1978;51:406–13.",{"doi":323},{"id":319,"text":1798,"url":321,"identifiers":1799},"Nagpal SJS, Peeraphatdit T, Sannapaneni SK, et al. Clinical spectrum of adult patients with annular pancreas: Findings from a large single institution cohort. Pancreatology. 2019;19:290–5.",{"doi":323},{"id":1801,"text":1802,"url":1803,"identifiers":1804},"6a1206de-942b-48e7-9009-99f7536632ac","Sadler TW. Langman’s medical embryology (English edition). 14th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2018.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.goodreads.com\u002Fbook\u002Fshow\u002F18201205-langman-s-medical-embryology",{"isbn":1805,"isbn13":1806},"1469836688","9781469836683",{"id":1808,"createTime":1809,"updateTime":1810,"relativeEntities":1811,"slug":1812,"properties":1813,"entityType":180,"verifyStatus":181,"verifyTime":1823,"verifyNote":183,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":1824,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":1825,"publicationType":257,"publisherRelationship":1966,"citationCount":20,"citationInfo":20,"publishDate":2018,"publishYear":2019,"citationAnalyzeStatus":843,"lastCitationAnalyze":1810,"indexDatabases":2020,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":447},"a3857ec3-996e-4c14-814a-880fc614d385","2024-01-24T21:13:37.881+00:00","2026-07-14T14:08:27.505+00:00",[],"Measurement-of-fetal-automated-fractional-shortening-using-two-dimensional-tracking-in-multiple-centers",{"abstract":1814,"title":1816,"gsPaper":1818,"references":1819,"doi":1821},{"EN":1815},"To establish a normal reference range for automated fractional shortening (Auto FS) in normal singleton fetuses measured at multiple centers. This study was conducted from May 2017 to March 2019. It was undertaken on normal singleton fetuses. First, a four-chamber view of the fetal heart was recorded in the B-mode. Then, the region of interest was set on the edge of the ventricular septum and on the edge of the ventricular muscle at a point one-third away from the atrioventricular valve and toward the cardiac apex. Tracking was automatically performed. Values measured in the right ventricle were defined as R-Auto FS, and in the left ventricle as L-Auto FS. Furthermore, combined-Auto FS was defined as the measurement across both ventricles. A total of 442 normal fetuses were assessed. R-Auto FS decreased significantly with gestational age, and L-Auto FS showed a similar tendency (Spearman’s correlation analysis: rs =  − 0.415 and rs =  − 0.252, respectively). Combined-Auto FS showed a similar decline as the gestational age increased (rs =  − 0.451). In this study, we succeeded in defining a reference Auto FS value not only at one institution but also multiple centers. This study suggests that Auto FS can be used clinically and effectively.",{"EN":1817},"Measurement of fetal automated fractional shortening using two-dimensional tracking in multiple centers",{"VOID":678},{"VOID":1820},"Nakata M, Sakuma J, Takano M, Nagasaki S. Assessment of fetal cardiac function with echocardiography. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2020;46:31–8.\nDeVore GR, Klas B, Satou G, Sklansky M. Twenty-four segment transverse ventricular fractional shortening: a new technique to evaluate fetal cardiac function. J Ultrasound Med. 2018;37:1129–41.\nLuewan S, Yanase Y, Tongprasert F, Srisupundit K, Tongsong T. Fetal cardiac dimensions at 14–40 weeks’ gestation obtained using cardio-STIC-M. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;37:416–22.\nNagasaki S, Nakata M, Takano M, Usui K, Sakuma J, Hayata E, et al. Feasibility of automated fetal fractional shortening measurement with two-dimensional tracking and construction of a reference range for normal fetuses. J Med Ultrason. 2001;2019(46):467–72.\nRoyston P, Wright EM. How to construct ‘normal ranges’ for fetal variables. Ultrasound Obst Gyn. 1998;11:30–8.\nDeVore GR. Computing the Z Score and centiles for cross-sectional analysis: a practical approach. J Ultrasound Med. 2017;36:459–73.\nTakano M, Nakata M, Nagasaki S, Ueyama R, Morita M. Assessment of diastolic function of normal fetal heart using dual-gate Doppler. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018;52:238–42.\nHuhta JC. Guidelines for the evaluation of heart failure in the fetus with or without hydrops. Pediatr Cardiol. 2004;25:274–86.\nVore GR, Siassi B, Platt LD. Fetal echocardiography. IV. M-mode assessment of ventricular size and contractility during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy in the normal fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;150:981–8.\nJohn Sutton MG, Gewitz MH, Shah B, Cohen A, Reichek N, Gabbe S, et al. Quantitative assessment of growth and function of the cardiac chambers in the normal human fetus: a prospective longitudinal echocardiographic study. Circulation. 1984;69:645–54.\nJohnson P, Maxwell DJ, Tynan MJ, Allan LD. Intracardiac pressures in the human fetus. Heart. 2000;84:59–63.\nRasanen J, Wood DC, Weiner S, Ludomirski A, Huhta JC. Role of the pulmonary circulation in the distribution of human fetal cardiac output during the second half of pregnancy. Circulation. 1996;94:1068–73.",{"VOID":1822},"10.1007\u002Fs10396-020-01069-9","2024-06-26T03:06:50.971+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10396-020-01069-9",[1826,1841,1854,1867,1880,1895,1910,1925,1938,1953],{"id":1827,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":1828,"affiliations":1829,"properties":1838,"displayName":1840,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"7e45736e-eccc-4589-9bbd-d35e973f3105",[189],[1830],{"id":1831,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1832,"properties":20},"c195f770-9667-49ca-8f98-84f152b893f9",{"id":1831,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1833,"slug":20,"properties":1834,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1837,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1835},{"VI":1836},"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan",[],{"title":1839},{"VI":1840},"Sumito Nagasaki",{"id":1842,"sortIndex":138,"researcher":20,"roles":1843,"affiliations":1844,"properties":1851,"displayName":1853,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"270befc1-dc53-4c5f-8a83-a348c7b9108c",[189],[1845],{"id":1831,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1846,"properties":20},{"id":1831,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1847,"slug":20,"properties":1848,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1850,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1849},{"VI":1836},[],{"title":1852},{"VI":1853},"Masahiko Nakata",{"id":1855,"sortIndex":219,"researcher":20,"roles":1856,"affiliations":1857,"properties":1864,"displayName":1866,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"242905f4-5952-473d-951d-075872c0c751",[189],[1858],{"id":1831,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1859,"properties":20},{"id":1831,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1860,"slug":20,"properties":1861,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1863,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1862},{"VI":1836},[],{"title":1865},{"VI":1866},"Mayumi Takano",{"id":1868,"sortIndex":123,"researcher":20,"roles":1869,"affiliations":1870,"properties":1877,"displayName":1879,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"3e63d7d3-5535-42f7-be53-6c84473436a4",[189],[1871],{"id":1831,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1872,"properties":20},{"id":1831,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1873,"slug":20,"properties":1874,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1876,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1875},{"VI":1836},[],{"title":1878},{"VI":1879},"Junya Sakuma",{"id":1881,"sortIndex":121,"researcher":20,"roles":1882,"affiliations":1883,"properties":1892,"displayName":1894,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"00efb48e-16f1-4e91-9653-3d1475a8983a",[189],[1884],{"id":1885,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1886,"properties":20},"a787eb1e-ef62-4cd6-aa78-40d7bae199a0",{"id":1885,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1887,"slug":20,"properties":1888,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1891,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1889},{"VI":1890},"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kochi Medical Center, Kochi, Japan",[],{"title":1893},{"VI":1894},"Ryuhei Nagai",{"id":1896,"sortIndex":99,"researcher":20,"roles":1897,"affiliations":1898,"properties":1907,"displayName":1909,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"cc944903-d13c-4986-ae38-50f1cf830aaa",[189],[1899],{"id":1900,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1901,"properties":20},"aebafbde-081c-4fee-974c-fc6157d72280",{"id":1900,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1902,"slug":20,"properties":1903,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1906,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1904},{"VI":1905},"Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan",[],{"title":1908},{"VI":1909},"Susumu Miyashita",{"id":1911,"sortIndex":137,"researcher":20,"roles":1912,"affiliations":1913,"properties":1922,"displayName":1924,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"2c9ea195-374d-4cd5-abf8-cec9cbcb370c",[189],[1914],{"id":1915,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1916,"properties":20},"ad777aa2-c96a-4ac8-b811-7ffe7aadb399",{"id":1915,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1917,"slug":20,"properties":1918,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1921,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1919},{"VI":1920},"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan",[],{"title":1923},{"VI":1924},"Yuichiro Takahashi",{"id":1926,"sortIndex":990,"researcher":20,"roles":1927,"affiliations":1928,"properties":1935,"displayName":1937,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"db4ea772-8d26-4eb4-9a50-ff585c255825",[189],[1929],{"id":1915,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1930,"properties":20},{"id":1915,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1931,"slug":20,"properties":1932,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1934,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1933},{"VI":1920},[],{"title":1936},{"VI":1937},"Shigenori Iwagaki",{"id":1939,"sortIndex":1004,"researcher":20,"roles":1940,"affiliations":1941,"properties":1950,"displayName":1952,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"2f781a0a-69a9-4f56-ab11-33179dd378ad",[189],[1942],{"id":1943,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1944,"properties":20},"5256082f-2632-446f-a4b1-80a83c5c886f",{"id":1943,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1945,"slug":20,"properties":1946,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1949,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1947},{"VI":1948},"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Japan",[],{"title":1951},{"VI":1952},"Yuka Yamamoto",{"id":1954,"sortIndex":1407,"researcher":20,"roles":1955,"affiliations":1956,"properties":1963,"displayName":1965,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"34f65cab-be80-4813-bbf0-3b4e4064bfee",[189],[1957],{"id":1831,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1958,"properties":20},{"id":1831,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1959,"slug":20,"properties":1960,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1962,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1961},{"VI":1836},[],{"title":1964},{"VI":1965},"Mineto Morita",{"url":1824,"publisher":1967,"properties":2013},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":1968,"slug":10,"properties":1969,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":1973,"manageAffiliations":1982,"indexDatabases":1993,"url":20,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":2008,"gsStatistic":20,"type":20,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":1970,"title":1971,"eissn":1972},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},{"VOID":17},[1974,1978],{"id":24,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1975,"label":1976,"description":1977,"parentId":20,"standard":20,"scholarHubFieldId":20},[],{"EN":27},{},{"id":30,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1979,"label":1980,"description":1981,"parentId":20,"standard":20,"scholarHubFieldId":20},[],{"EN":33},{},[1983,1988],{"id":37,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1984,"slug":20,"properties":1985,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1987,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1986},{"EN":41},[43],{"id":45,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1989,"slug":20,"properties":1990,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1992,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1991},{"EN":49},[43],[1994,2001],{"id":53,"indexDatabase":1995,"url":64,"indexYears":65,"academicFieldIds":2000,"indexDatabaseRanking":69},{"id":55,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1996,"label":1997,"description":1998,"key":61,"publicationTags":1999,"standard":20},[],{"EN":58,"VI":58},{"EN":58,"VI":60},[63],[67,68],{"id":71,"indexDatabase":2002,"url":84,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":2007,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":73,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":2003,"label":2004,"description":2005,"key":80,"publicationTags":2006,"standard":20},[],{"EN":76,"VI":76},{"EN":78,"VI":79},[82,83],[86],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":2009,"i10Index":98,"i10IndexLast5Year":99,"totalPublication":100,"totalPublicationByYear":2010,"totalCitation":119,"totalCitationByYear":2011,"totalCitationPerPublication":139,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":2012,"hindexLast5Year":124,"hindex":124},{"2012":89,"2013":89,"2014":90,"2015":91,"2016":92,"2017":93,"2018":92,"2019":94,"2020":95,"2021":96,"2022":97,"2023":97},{"2001":102,"2002":98,"2003":103,"2004":104,"2005":105,"2006":106,"2007":107,"2008":105,"2009":106,"2010":103,"2011":108,"2012":109,"2013":110,"2014":111,"2015":112,"2016":112,"2017":113,"2018":109,"2019":114,"2020":115,"2021":116,"2022":117,"2023":118,"2024":107},{"2001":121,"2002":122,"2003":98,"2004":123,"2005":124,"2006":105,"2007":125,"2009":105,"2010":104,"2011":126,"2012":127,"2013":128,"2014":129,"2015":130,"2016":131,"2017":132,"2018":133,"2019":112,"2020":134,"2021":135,"2022":136,"2023":137,"2024":138},{"2001":141,"2002":142,"2003":143,"2004":144,"2005":145,"2006":143,"2007":146,"2009":143,"2010":147,"2011":148,"2012":149,"2013":150,"2014":151,"2015":152,"2016":153,"2017":154,"2018":155,"2019":156,"2020":157,"2021":158,"2022":159,"2023":160,"2024":89},{"pages":2014,"volume":2016},{"VOID":2015},"83-90",{"VOID":2017},"48","2021-01-11",2021,[69,82],{"id":2022,"createTime":2023,"updateTime":2024,"relativeEntities":2025,"slug":2026,"properties":2027,"entityType":180,"verifyStatus":181,"verifyTime":2037,"verifyNote":183,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":2038,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":2039,"publicationType":257,"publisherRelationship":2109,"citationCount":20,"citationInfo":20,"publishDate":2161,"publishYear":2162,"citationAnalyzeStatus":843,"lastCitationAnalyze":2163,"indexDatabases":2164,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":447},"89974c79-888d-4540-8121-9aec3f89239d","2024-01-24T12:30:56.175+00:00","2026-05-25T18:01:48.647+00:00",[],"Significance-of-perithyroidal-lymph-nodes-in-benign-thyroid-diseases",{"abstract":2028,"title":2030,"gsPaper":2032,"references":2033,"doi":2035},{"EN":2029},"The incidences of perithyroidal lymph nodes (PTLNs) in benign thyroid diseases were investigated. A total of 108 patients were divided into 36 with benign thyroid nodules, 33 with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 14 with Graves’ disease, 10 with hypothyroidism of undetermined etiology, nine with silent thyroiditis, and six with subacute thyroiditis. We assessed the relationships among PTLNs and these groups, thyroid volume, thyroid parenchyma echogenicity, and anti-thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, anti-thyroglobulin, and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TRAb, TgAb, and TPOAb). The PTLN-positive rates in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (69.7%), subacute thyroiditis (83.8%), silent thyroiditis (77.8%), and Graves’ disease (35.7%) groups were significantly higher than those in benign thyroid nodules (5.6%) and hypothyroidism of unknown etiology (0%) groups. The PTLN-positive rates were significantly higher in cases with TgAb and\u002For TPOAb (P \u003C 0.01) and in those with lower parenchyma echogenicity (P \u003C 0.01). PTLNs were seen in inflammatory thyroid diseases, but were rarely detected in other thyroid diseases. These findings indicate that PTLNs are an indicator for differentiating inflammation of the thyroid. Lower echogenicity of the thyroid, known to correspond to inflammation, showed a correlation with the positive rate of PTLNs. PTLNs in cases of Graves’ disease may be due to coexisting thyroiditis related to TgAb and\u002For TPOAb.",{"EN":2031},"Significance of perithyroidal lymph nodes in benign thyroid diseases",{"VOID":678},{"VOID":2034},"Serres-Créixams X, Castells-Fusté I, Pruna-Comella X, et al. Paratracheal lymph nodes: a new sonographic finding in autoimmune thyroiditis. J Clin Ultrasound. 2008;36:418–21.\nDanyluk JM, Stirrat JH, Laskin MM. Subacute (granulomatous) thyroiditis associated with granulomatous changes in adjacent lymph nodes. Can Med Assoc J. 1969;22(100):388–90.\nFrates MC, Marqusee E, Benson CB, et al. Subacute granulomatous (de Quervain) thyroiditis: grayscale and color Doppler sonographic characteristics. J Ultrasound Med. 2013;32:505–11.\nGuidelines: Japan thyroid association. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.japanthyroid.jp\u002Fen\u002Fguidelines.html. Accessed 20 June 2017.\nBrown MC, Spencer R. Thyroid gland volume estimated by use of ultrasound in addition to scintigraphy. Acta Radiol Oncol Radiat Phys Biol. 1978;17:337–41.\nYamaguchi Y. Studies on thyroid volume estimated by ultrasonography. KITAKANTO Med J. 1990;40:673–83.\nRaber W, Gessl A, Nowotny P, et al. Thyroid ultrasound versus antithyroid peroxidase antibody determination: a cohort study of four hundred fifty-one subjects. Thyroid. 2002;12:725–31.\nBrancato D, Citarrella R, Richiusa P, et al. Neck lymph nodes in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: the sonographic pattern. Thyroid. 2013;23:173–7.\nJones MR, Mohamed H, Catlin J, et al. The presentation of lymph nodes in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis on ultrasound. Gland Surg. 2015;4:301–6.\nKasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, et al. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. In: Jameson JL, Mandel SJ, Weetman AP, editors. 2015 part 16 endocrinology and metabolism. Disorders of the thyroid gland, vol. 405. 19th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill education; 2015. p. 2290–6.\nYeh HC, Futterweit W, Gilbert P. Micronodulation: ultrasonographic sign of Hashimoto thyroiditis. J Ultrasound Med. 1996;15:813–9.\nLee YJ, Kim DW. Sonographic characteristics and interval changes of subacute thyroiditis. J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35:1653–9.\nSolivetti FM, Di Donna V, Pontecorvi A. The lymph nodes of the central compartment during autoimmune chronic thyroiditis: incidence and ultrasonographic aspects. 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