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We publish interdisciplinary work that draws from the social sciences, humanities and computational social sciences, reaches out to the arts and natural sciences, and we endorse mixed methods and methodologies. The journal is open to a diversity of theoretic paradigms and methodologies. The editorial vision of Social Media + Society draws inspiration from research on social media to outline a field of study poised to reflexively grow as social technologies evolve. We foster the open access of sharing of research on the social properties of media, as they manifest themselves through the uses people make of networked platforms past and present, digital and non. The journal presents a collaborative, open, and shared space, dedicated exclusively to the study of social media and their implications for societies. 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Yet while such social media conversations reflect existing tensions in the offline world, the same discourse has also become a target for information operations aiming to heighten social divisions. This article examines Twitter discussions of racism in the first and sixth months since COVID-19 was accorded pandemic status by the World Health Organization and uncovers dynamic associations with bot activity and hate speech. Humans initially constituted the most hateful accounts in online conversations about racism in March, but in August, bots dominated hate speech. Over time, greater bot activity likewise amplified levels of hate speech a week later. Moreover, while discourse about racism in March primarily featured an organic focus on racial identities like Asian and Chinese, we further observed a bot-dominated focus in August toward political identities like president, Democrat, and Republican. Although hate speech targeting Asian groups remained present among racism discussions in August, these findings suggest a bot-fueled redirection from focusing on racial groups at the onset of the pandemic to targeting politics closer to the 2020 US elections. This work enhances understanding of the complexity of racism discussions during the pandemic, its vulnerability to manipulation through information operations, and the large-scale quantitative study of inorganic hate campaigns in online social networks. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":121},"Bots Amplify and Redirect Hate Speech in Online Discourse About Racism During the COVID-19 Pandemic",{"VOID":123},"10.1177\u002F20563051221104749","PUBLICATION","VERIFIED","Auto Verify",[128],"EN","http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F20563051221104749",[131,154,172],{"id":132,"sortIndex":133,"researcher":23,"roles":134,"affiliations":135,"properties":147},"64dc69fc-218e-49e8-b219-2bfb0aa3d3c7",1,[],[136],{"id":137,"sortIndex":24,"affiliation":138,"properties":23},"e9d8dced-1ff3-41d1-8cb4-c68074542a34",{"id":139,"createTime":140,"updateTime":141,"relativeEntities":142,"slug":143,"properties":144,"entityType":60,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"syncStatus":22,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":24},"1451acb4-4703-4379-979c-b2825f946b1f","2023-12-12T22:23:46.718+00:00","2024-09-19T05:02:48.654+00:00",[],"Carnegie-Mellon-University-USA",{"title":145},{"VI":146},"Carnegie Mellon University USA",{"openalex":148,"orcid":150,"title":152},{"VOID":149},"A5034808244",{"VOID":151},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-6131-9846",{"EN":153},"Daniele Bellutta",{"id":155,"sortIndex":156,"researcher":23,"roles":157,"affiliations":158,"properties":165},"ec40ba64-1140-4b2a-87a2-69ac8af90719",2,[],[159],{"id":160,"sortIndex":24,"affiliation":161,"properties":23},"8bfe51f6-ff4e-4b57-9a34-d3def7b9940d",{"id":139,"createTime":140,"updateTime":141,"relativeEntities":162,"slug":143,"properties":163,"entityType":60,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"syncStatus":22,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":24},[],{"title":164},{"VI":146},{"openalex":166,"orcid":168,"title":170},{"VOID":167},"A5085927300",{"VOID":169},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-6356-0238",{"EN":171},"Kathleen M. 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Eleventh International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media",{},{"id":23,"text":293,"url":23,"identifiers":294},"10.1016\u002FS0140-6736(20)30792-3",{"doi":293},{"id":23,"text":296,"url":23,"identifiers":297},"10.1016\u002Fj.socscimed.2020.113572",{"doi":296},{"id":23,"text":299,"url":23,"identifiers":300},"10.2196\u002F19833",{"doi":299},{"id":23,"text":302,"url":23,"identifiers":303},"10.1056\u002FNEJMp2023616",{"doi":302},{"id":23,"text":305,"url":23,"identifiers":306},"10.1080\u002F01419870.2020.1851382",{"doi":305},{"id":23,"text":308,"url":23,"identifiers":309},"Ferrara E. (2020). What types of COVID-19 conspiracies are populated by Twitter bots? First Monday. https:\u002F\u002Ffirstmonday.org\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F10633\u002F9548",{"doi":310},"10.5210\u002Ffm.v25i6.10633",{"id":23,"text":312,"url":23,"identifiers":313},"Ferrara E., Chang H., Chen E., Muric G., Patel J. (2020). Characterizing social media manipulation in the 2020 US presidential election. 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Disinformation and misinformation on Twitter during the novel coronavirus outbreak. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.04278.",{},{"id":23,"text":347,"url":23,"identifiers":348},"10.4269\u002Fajtmh.20-0812",{"doi":347},{"id":23,"text":350,"url":23,"identifiers":351},"10.1080\u002F0022250X.2016.1159206",{"doi":350},{"id":23,"text":353,"url":23,"identifiers":354},"10.1001\u002Fjamanetworkopen.2020.19933",{"doi":353},{"id":23,"text":356,"url":23,"identifiers":357},"Kim J. Y., Kesari A. (2021). Misinformation and hate speech: The case of Anti-Asian hate speech during the COVID-19 pandemic. 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Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media",{},{"id":23,"text":387,"url":23,"identifiers":388},"10.1146\u002Fannurev.psych.54.101601.145041",{"doi":387},{"id":23,"text":390,"url":23,"identifiers":391},"Pohjonen M., 2017, International Journal of Communication, 11, 1173",{},{"id":23,"text":393,"url":23,"identifiers":394},"Reddi M., Kuo R., Kreiss D. (2021). Identity propaganda: Racial narratives and disinformation. New Media & Society. Advance online publication. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1177\u002F14614448211029293",{"doi":395},"10.1177\u002F14614448211029293",{"id":23,"text":397,"url":23,"identifiers":398},"10.1080\u002F01639625.2020.1722337",{"doi":397},{"id":23,"text":400,"url":23,"identifiers":401},"10.1080\u002F21565503.2020.1769693",{"doi":400},{"id":23,"text":403,"url":23,"identifiers":404},"10.1038\u002Fd41586-019-02235-x",{"doi":403},{"id":23,"text":406,"url":23,"identifiers":407},"Stechemesser A., Wenz L., Levermann A. (2020). Corona crisis fuels racially profiled hate in social media networks. 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