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Budnitz","ARTICLE",{"url":20,"publisher":179,"properties":20},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":180,"slug":10,"properties":181,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":185,"manageAffiliations":194,"indexDatabases":205,"url":102,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":227,"gsStatistic":20,"type":136,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":182,"title":183,"eissn":184},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},{"VOID":17},[186,190],{"id":24,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":187,"label":188,"description":189,"parentId":20,"standard":20,"scholarHubFieldId":20},[],{"EN":27},{},{"id":30,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":191,"label":192,"description":193,"parentId":20,"standard":20,"scholarHubFieldId":20},[],{"EN":33},{},[195,200],{"id":37,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":196,"slug":20,"properties":197,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":199,"statistic":20},[],{"title":198},{"EN":41},[],{"id":44,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":201,"slug":20,"properties":202,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":204,"statistic":20},[],{"title":203},{"EN":48},[],[206,213,220],{"id":52,"indexDatabase":207,"url":65,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":212,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":54,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":208,"label":209,"description":210,"key":61,"publicationTags":211,"standard":20},[],{"EN":57,"VI":57},{"EN":59,"VI":60},[63,64],[67,68],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":214,"url":81,"indexYears":82,"academicFieldIds":219,"indexDatabaseRanking":86},{"id":72,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":215,"label":216,"description":217,"key":78,"publicationTags":218,"standard":20},[],{"EN":75,"VI":75},{"EN":75,"VI":77},[80],[84,85],{"id":88,"indexDatabase":221,"url":65,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":226,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":90,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":222,"label":223,"description":224,"key":97,"publicationTags":225,"standard":20},[],{"EN":93,"VI":93},{"EN":95,"VI":96},[99,64],[101],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":228,"i10Index":110,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":111,"totalPublicationByYear":229,"totalCitation":116,"totalCitationByYear":230,"totalCitationPerPublication":129,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":231,"hindexLast5Year":135,"hindex":135},{"2012":105,"2014":106,"2015":107,"2016":108,"2017":109},{"1988":113,"1998":114,"1999":115,"2000":105,"2001":113,"2005":105,"2009":113,"2010":113,"2013":113,"2014":113,"2015":113},{"1988":118,"1998":119,"1999":120,"2000":121,"2001":122,"2005":123,"2009":124,"2010":125,"2013":126,"2014":127,"2015":128},{"1988":118,"1998":131,"1999":132,"2000":133,"2001":122,"2005":134,"2009":124,"2010":125,"2013":126,"2014":127,"2015":128},"1999-10-01",1999,[63,99,86],false,{"id":237,"createTime":238,"updateTime":239,"relativeEntities":240,"slug":241,"properties":242,"entityType":156,"verifyStatus":157,"verifyTime":239,"verifyNote":158,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":251,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":252,"publicationType":177,"publisherRelationship":268,"citationCount":20,"citationInfo":20,"publishDate":327,"publishYear":233,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":328,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":235},"ebcbe5ee-791d-47a0-b444-45a99bb86161","2023-12-11T05:23:42.600+00:00","2025-02-25T08:26:56.923+00:00",[],"Critical-Radionuclide-Critical-Pathway-Analysis-for-the-U-S-Department-of-Energy-s-Savannah-River-Site",{"abstract":243,"title":245,"references":247,"doi":249},{"EN":244},"Many different radionuclides have been released to the environment from the Savannah River Site (SRS) during the facility's operational history. However, as shown by this analysis, only a small number of the released radionuclides have been significant contributors to potential doses and risks to off-site people. This article documents the radiological critical contaminant\u002Fcritical pathway analysis performed for SRS. If site missions and operations remain constant over the next 30 years, only tritium oxide releases are projected to exceed a maximally exposed individual (MEI) risk of 1.0E-06 for either the airborne or liquid pathways. The critical exposure pathways associated with site airborne releases are inhalation and vegetation consumption, whereas the critical exposure pathways associated with liquid releases are drinking water and fish consumption. For the SRS-specific, nontypical exposure pathways (i.e., recreational fishing and deer and hog hunting), cesium-137 is the critical radionuclide.",{"EN":246},"Critical Radionuclide\u002FCritical Pathway Analysis for the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site",{"VOID":248},"M. W. Arnett and A. R. Mamatey, Savannah River Site Envi-ronmental Report for 1996WSRC-TR-96-0171, pp. 135–167 (Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, 1997).\nC. S. Hetrick, C. L. Cummins, and D. K. Martin, Radioactive Releases at the Savannah River Site 1954- 1989s. WSRC-RP-91-684, (Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, 1991).\nG. T. Jannik, Assessment of SRS Radiological Liquid and Airborne Contaminants and PathwaysWSRC-TR-970152, (Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, 1997).\nU.S. Department of Energy, Radiation Protection of the Public and the EnvironmentDOE Order 5400.5 (Washington, D.C., 1990).\nD. M. Hamby, “A Probabilistic Estimation of Atmospheric Tritium Dose,” Health Physics 65(1), pp. 33–40(1993).\nJ. F. Sagendorf, J. T. Croll, and W. F. Sendusky, XOQDOQ: Computer Program for the Meteorological Evaluation of Rou-tine Effluent Releases at Nuclear Power StationsNUREG\u002F CR-2919, (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., 1982).\nK. F. Eckerman, F. J. Congel, A. K. Roecklein, and W. J. Pasciak, Users Guide to GASPAR CodeNUREG-0597. (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. 1980).\nD. M. Hamby, LADTAP XL: An Improved Electronic Spread-sheet Version of LADTAP IIWSRC-RP-91-975, (Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, 1991).\nK. F. Simpson and B. L. McGill, Users Manual for LADTAP II—A Computer Program for Calculating Radiation Exposure to Man from Routine Release of Nuclear Reactor Liquid Efflu-ents. NUREG\u002FCR-1276, ORNL\u002FNUREG\u002FTOMC-1, (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1980).\nU.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Estimating Aquatic Dis-persion of Effluents from Accidental and Routine Releases for the Purpose of Implementing Appendix IRegulatory Guide 1.113 (Rev. 1), (Washington, D.C., 1977).\nInternational Commission on Radiological Protection, Recom-mendations of the ICRP.Publication 30(Elmsford, NY, 1979).\nU.S. Department of Energy, External Dose Conversion Factors for Calculation of Dose to the PublicDOE\u002FEH-0070, (Wash-ington, D.C., 1988).\nU.S. Department of Energy, Internal Dose Conversion Factors for Calculation of Dose to the PublicDOE\u002FEH-0071, (Wash-ington, D.C., 1988).\nU.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Calculation of Annual Doses to Man from Routine Releases of Reactor Effluents for the Purpose of Evaluating Compliance with 10 CFR 50, Appen-dix IRegulatory Guide 1.109, (Washington, D.C., 1977).\nD. M. Hamby, Land and Water Use Characteristics in the Vicinity of the Savannah River SiteWSRC-RP-91-17, (Savan-nah River Site, Aiken, SC, 1991).\nM. W. Arnett and A. R. Mamatey, Savannah River Site Envi-ronmental Data for 1996WSRC-TR-97-0077, pp. 114–128(Sa-vannah River Site, Aiken, SC, 1997).\nM. J. Parker, R. P. Addis, C. H. Hunter, R. J. Kurzeja, C. P. Tatum, and A. H. Weber, The 1987- 1991 Savannah River Site Meteorological Data Base (U)WSRC-RP-92-598, (Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, 1992).\nInternational Commission on Radiological Protection, Recom-mendations of the ICRP.Publication 60pp. 67–70, (Elmsford, NY, 1990).\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Vol.I: Human Health Evaluation ManualSupplemental Guidance “Standard Default Exposure Factors” OSWER Directive: 9285.6-03, (Washington, DC, 1991).\nM. V. Kantelo, L. R. Bauer, W. L. Marter, C. E. Murphy, Jr., and C. C. Ziegler, Radioiodine in the Savannah River Site EnvironmentWSRC-RP-90-424, Rev. 2, (Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, 1993).\nW. H. Carlton, L. R. Bauer, A. G. Evans, L. A. Geary, C. E. Murphy, Jr., J. E. Pinder, and R. N. Strom, Cesium in the Savannah River Site EnvironmentWSRC-RP-92-250, (Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, 1992).\nW. H. Carlton, A. G. Evans, L. A. Geary, C. E. Murphy, Jr., and R. N. Strom, Assessment of Strontium in the Savannah River Site EnvironmentWSRC-RP-92-984, (Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, 1994).\nW. H. Carlton and C. E. Murphy, Jr., Assessment of Noble Gases in the Savannah River Site EnvironmentWSRC-TR-95-219, (Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, 1995).\nC. E. Murphy, Jr., W. H. Carlton, L. R. Bauer, D. W. Hayes, W. L. Marter, C. C. Ziegler, R. L. Nichols, R. N. Strom, B. R. del Carmen, D. M. Hamby, D. D. Hoel, and D. E. Stephenson, Assessment of Tritium in the Savannah River Site EnvironmentWSRC-TR-93-214, (Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, 1994).\nW. H. Carlton and M. Denham, Assessment of Activation Prod-ucts in the Savannah River Site EnvironmentWSRC-TR-95-0422, (Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, 1996).\nW. H. Carlton, M. Denham, and A. G. Evans, Assessment of Technetium in the Savannah River Site EnvironmentWSRC-TR-93-217, (Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, 1993).",{"VOID":250},"10.1023\u002FA:1007096511628","http:\u002F\u002Fdoi.wiley.com\u002F10.1023\u002FA:1007096511628",[253],{"id":254,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":255,"affiliations":256,"properties":265},"ef5c83e6-af9e-4950-aff2-86efdec11f3b",[164],[257],{"id":258,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":259,"properties":20},"7c2d3458-25d7-49e0-83c2-41933dd36283",{"id":258,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":260,"slug":20,"properties":261,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":264,"statistic":20},[],{"title":262},{"VI":263},"Savannah River Technology Center, Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Aiken",[],{"title":266},{"VI":267},"G. 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The primary sources of data for our risk assessment were two long-term oncogenicity studies in male Fischer rats conducted to assess the potential pathogenic effects associated with prolonged inhalation of RCF. An interesting feature of the data was the availability of the temporal profile of fiber burden in the lungs of experimental animals. Because of this information, we were able to conduct both exposure–response and dose–response analyses. Our risk assessment was conducted within the framework of a biologically based model for carcinogenesis, the two-stage clonal expansion model, which allows for the explicit incorporation of the concepts of initiation and promotion in the analyses. We found that a model positing that RCF was an initiator had the highest likelihood. We proposed an approach based on biological considerations for the extrapolation of risk to humans. This approach requires estimation of human lung burdens for specific exposure scenarios, which we did by using an extension of a model due to Yu. Our approach acknowledges that the risk associated with exposure to RCF depends on exposure to other lung carcinogens. We present estimates of risk in two populations: (1) a population of nonsmokers and (2) an occupational cohort of steelworkers not exposed to coke oven emissions, a mixed population that includes both smokers and nonsmokers.",{"EN":339},"Quantitative Assessment of the Risk of Lung Cancer Associated with Occupational Exposure to Refractory Ceramic Fibers",{"VOID":341},"Man-made Mineral Fibers and Radon, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 1, (IARC, Lyon, France, 1988).\nR. Saracci, L. Simonato, E. D. Acheson, A. Anderson, P. A. Bertazzi, et al.,''Mortality and Incidence of Cancer of Workers in the Man Made Vitreous Fibres Producing Industry: An International Investigation at 13 European Plants,'' Br.J.Ind.Med.41425–436 (1984).\nM. J. Gardner, P. D. Winter, B. Pannett, M. J. C. Simpson, C. Hamilton, and E. D. Acheson, ''Mortality Study of Workers in the Man-Made Mineral Fiber Production Industry in the United Kingdom,'' Scand.J.Work Environ.Health 12(Suppl. 1), 85–93 (1986).\nO. S. Miettinen and C. E. Rossiter, ''Man-Made Mineral Fibers and Lung Cancer,'' Scand.J.Work Environ.Health 16221–231 (1990).\nP. Gustavsson, N. Plato, O. Axelson, H. N. Brage, C. Hogsted, G. Ringback, G. Tornling, and G. Wingren, ''Lung Cancer Risk Among Workers Exposed to Man-made Mineral Fibers (MMMF) in the Swedish Prefabricated House Industry,'' Am.J.Indust.Med.21825–834 (1992).\nJ. E. Lockey, G. K. Lemasters, C. H. Rice, R. T. McKay, and P. S. Gartside, ''A Retrospective Cohort Morbidity, Mortality and Nested Case-Control study of the Respiratory Health of Individuals Manufacturing Refractory Ceramic Fiber andRCF Products'' (Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 1993).\nC. P. Yu, L. Zhang, G. Oberdoster, R. W. Mast, L. D. Maxim, and M. J. Utell, ''Deposition of Refractory Ceramic Fibers (RCF) in the Human Respiratory Tract and Comparison with Rodent Studies,'' Aer.Sci.Tech.23291 (1995).\nS. H. Moolgavkar and A. G. Knudson, ''Mutation and Cancer: A Model for Human Carcinogenesis,'' J.Natl.Cancer Inst.661037–1052.\nS. H. Moolgavkar and G. Luebeck, ''Two-Event Model for Carcinogenesis: Biological, Mathematical and Statistical Considerations,'' Risk Analysis 10323–341 (1990).\nA. G. Knudson, ''Mutation and Cancer: Statistical Study of Retinoblastoma,'' Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 68820–823 (1971).\nBeir V., National Research Council, Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1990).\nR. Doll and R. Peto, ''Cigarette Smoking and Bronchial Carcinoma: Dose and Time Relationships Among Regular Smokers and Lifelong Non-smokers,'' J.Epidemiol.Comm.Health 32303–313 (1978).\nE. G. Luebeck, S. B. Curtis, F. T. Cross, and S. H. Moolgavkar, ''Two-Stage Model of Radon-Induced Malignant Lung Tumors in Rats: Effects of Cell Killing,'' Radiat.Res 145163–173 (1996).\nS. H. Moolgavkar, E. G. Luebeck, A. Buchmann, and K. W. Bock, ''Quantitative Analysis of Enzyme-Altered Liver Foci in Rats Initiated with Diethylnitrosamine and Promoted with 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin,'' Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol.13831–42 (1996).\nS. H. Moolgavkar, E. G. Luebeck, D. Krewski, and J. M. Zielinski, ''Radon, Cigarette Smoke and Lung Cancer: A Reanalysis of the Colorado Plateau Uranium Miners' Data,'' Epidemiology 4204–217 (1993).\nM. Kai, E. G. Luebeck, and S. H. Moolgavkar, ''Analysis of Solid Cancer Incidence Among Atomic Bomb Survivors Using a Two-Stage Model of Carcinogenesis,'' Radiat.Res.148348–358 (1997).\nM. P. Little, ''Generalisation of the Two-Mutation and Classical Multi-Stage Models of Carcinogenesis Fitted to the Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivor Data,'' J.Radiol.Protect.167–24 (1996).\nM. P. Little, C. R. Muirhead, and C. A. Stiller, ''Modelling Lymphocytic Leukemia Incidence in England and Wales Using Generalizations of the Two-Mutation Model of Carcinogenesis of Moolgavkar, Venzon and Knudson,'' Stat.Med.151003–1022, (1996).\nC. E. Rossiter and J. R. Chase, ''Statistical Analysis of Results of Carcinogenicity Studies of Synthetic Vitreous Fibres at Research and Consulting Company, Geneva,'' Ann.Occup.Hyg.39759–769 (1995).\nS. M. Cohen and L. B. Ellwein, ''Cell Proliferation in Carcinogenesis,'' Science 2491007–1011 (1990).\nP. Armitage and R. Doll, ''The Age Distribution of Cancer and a Multi-stage Theory of Carcinogenesis,'' Br.J.Cancer 81–12 (1954).\nS. H. Moolgavkar and D. J. Venzon, ''Two-Event Models for Carcinogenesis: Incidence Curves for Childhood and Adult Tumors,'' Math.Biosci.4755–77 (1979).\nS. H. Moolgavkar and E. G. Luebeck, ''Multistage Carcinogenesis: A Population-Based Model for Colon Cancer,'' J.Natl.Cancer Inst.84610–618 (1992).\nW. F. Heidenreich, ''On the parameters of the clonal expansion model,'' Radiat.Environ.Biophys.35127–129 (1996).\nW. F. Heidenreich, E. G. Luebeck, and S. H. Moolgavkar, ''Some Properties of the Hazard Function of the Two-Mutation Clonal Expansion Model,'' Risk Analysis 17391–399 (1997).\nW. R. Gilks, S. Richardson, and D. J. Spiegelhalter (eds.), Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice(Chapman and Hall, New York, 1996).\nA. F. Raftery and S. M. Lewis, ''Implementing MCMC,'' in W. R. Wilks, S. Richardson, and D. J. Spiegelhalter (eds.), Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice(Chapman and Hall, New York, 1996), pp. 115–130.\nS. H. Moolgavkar and E. G. Luebeck, ''A Two-Mutation Model for Radiation Carcinogenesis in Humans and Rodents,'' in O. H. Iversen (ed.), New Frontiers in Cancer Causation(Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC, 1993), pp. 199–210.\nR. Peto, A. D. Lopez, J. Boreham, M. Thun, and C. Heath, Jr., ''Mortality from Tobacco in Developed Countries: Indirect Estimation from National Vital Statistics,'' Lancet 3391268–1278 (1992).\nJ. C. Barrett, P. W. Lamb, and R. W. Wiseman, ''Multiple Mechanisms for the Carcinogenic Effects of Asbestos and Other Mineral Fibers,'' Environ.Health Perspect.8181–92 (1989).\nP. Voytek, M. Anver, T. Thorslund, J. Conley, and E. Anderson, ''Mechanisms of Asbestos Carcinogenicity,'' J.Am.College Toxicol.9541–550 (1990).\nJ. I. Everitt, ''Mechanisms of Fiber-Induced Diseases: Implications for the Safety Evaluation of Synthetic Vitreous Fibers,'' Regul.Toxicol.Pharmacol.20S68-S75 (1994).\nD. W. Berman, K. S. Crump, E. J. Chatfield, J. M. G. Davis, and A. D. Jones, ''The Sizes, Shapes, and Mineralogy of Asbestos Structures That Induce Lung Tumors or Mesothelioma in AF\u002FHAN Rats Following Inhalation,'' Risk Analysis 15181–195 (1995).\nU. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Methods for Derivation of Inhalation Reference Concentrations and Application in Inhalation Dosimetry,EPA\u002F600\u002F8–90–066F (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1994).\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Exposure Factors Handbook(Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, 1989).\nC. P. Yu, Y. J. Ding, L. Zhang, G. Oberdoster, R. W. Mast, L. D. Maxim, and M. J. Utell, ''Retention Modeling of Refractory Ceramic Fibers (RCF) in Humans,'' Regul.Toxicol.Pharmac.2518–25 (1997).",{"VOID":343},"10.1023\u002FA:1007025417989","https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fresolve\u002Fdoi?DOI=10.1023\u002FA:1007025417989",[346,370,383,396],{"id":347,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":348,"affiliations":349,"properties":367},"d93f473b-d209-4f12-a100-d5a6a99ad078",[164],[350,358],{"id":351,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":352,"properties":20},"1b845adc-873a-4f99-bcaa-344b388aecd7",{"id":351,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":353,"slug":20,"properties":354,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":357,"statistic":20},[],{"title":355},{"VI":356},"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle",[],{"id":359,"sortIndex":113,"affiliation":360,"properties":366},"701c131f-b27d-4800-971d-42cf80a20f20",{"id":359,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":361,"slug":20,"properties":362,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":365,"statistic":20},[],{"title":363},{"VI":364},"Sciences International, Inc, Alexandria",[],{},{"title":368},{"VI":369},"Suresh H. Moolgavkar",{"id":371,"sortIndex":113,"researcher":20,"roles":372,"affiliations":373,"properties":380},"6c75c826-7034-4aa0-be39-93f874a9430e",[164],[374],{"id":351,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":375,"properties":20},{"id":351,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":376,"slug":20,"properties":377,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":379,"statistic":20},[],{"title":378},{"VI":356},[],{"title":381},{"VI":382},"E. Georg Luebeck",{"id":384,"sortIndex":105,"researcher":20,"roles":385,"affiliations":386,"properties":393},"2c9c3a0b-a7d0-424f-9bc4-93c23ac6540c",[164],[387],{"id":359,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":388,"properties":20},{"id":359,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":389,"slug":20,"properties":390,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":392,"statistic":20},[],{"title":391},{"VI":364},[],{"title":394},{"VI":395},"Jay Turim",{"id":397,"sortIndex":106,"researcher":20,"roles":398,"affiliations":399,"properties":406},"2f91de83-eab2-49f1-9e7e-0e3433ebd5c7",[164],[400],{"id":359,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":401,"properties":20},{"id":359,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":402,"slug":20,"properties":403,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":405,"statistic":20},[],{"title":404},{"VI":364},[],{"title":407},{"VI":408},"Linda Hanna",{"url":344,"publisher":410,"properties":463},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":411,"slug":10,"properties":412,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":416,"manageAffiliations":425,"indexDatabases":436,"url":102,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":458,"gsStatistic":20,"type":136,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":413,"title":414,"eissn":415},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},{"VOID":17},[417,421],{"id":24,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":418,"label":419,"description":420,"parentId":20,"standard":20,"scholarHubFieldId":20},[],{"EN":27},{},{"id":30,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":422,"label":423,"description":424,"parentId":20,"standard":20,"scholarHubFieldId":20},[],{"EN":33},{},[426,431],{"id":37,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":427,"slug":20,"properties":428,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":430,"statistic":20},[],{"title":429},{"EN":41},[],{"id":44,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":432,"slug":20,"properties":433,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":435,"statistic":20},[],{"title":434},{"EN":48},[],[437,444,451],{"id":52,"indexDatabase":438,"url":65,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":443,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":54,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":439,"label":440,"description":441,"key":61,"publicationTags":442,"standard":20},[],{"EN":57,"VI":57},{"EN":59,"VI":60},[63,64],[67,68],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":445,"url":81,"indexYears":82,"academicFieldIds":450,"indexDatabaseRanking":86},{"id":72,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":446,"label":447,"description":448,"key":78,"publicationTags":449,"standard":20},[],{"EN":75,"VI":75},{"EN":75,"VI":77},[80],[84,85],{"id":88,"indexDatabase":452,"url":65,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":457,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":90,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":453,"label":454,"description":455,"key":97,"publicationTags":456,"standard":20},[],{"EN":93,"VI":93},{"EN":95,"VI":96},[99,64],[101],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":459,"i10Index":110,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":111,"totalPublicationByYear":460,"totalCitation":116,"totalCitationByYear":461,"totalCitationPerPublication":129,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":462,"hindexLast5Year":135,"hindex":135},{"2012":105,"2014":106,"2015":107,"2016":108,"2017":109},{"1988":113,"1998":114,"1999":115,"2000":105,"2001":113,"2005":105,"2009":113,"2010":113,"2013":113,"2014":113,"2015":113},{"1988":118,"1998":119,"1999":120,"2000":121,"2001":122,"2005":123,"2009":124,"2010":125,"2013":126,"2014":127,"2015":128},{"1988":118,"1998":131,"1999":132,"2000":133,"2001":122,"2005":134,"2009":124,"2010":125,"2013":126,"2014":127,"2015":128},{"pages":464,"volume":466},{"VOID":465},"599-611",{"VOID":326},"1999-08-01",[63,99,86],{"id":470,"createTime":471,"updateTime":472,"relativeEntities":473,"slug":474,"properties":475,"entityType":156,"verifyStatus":157,"verifyTime":472,"verifyNote":158,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":484,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":485,"publicationType":177,"publisherRelationship":514,"citationCount":20,"citationInfo":20,"publishDate":573,"publishYear":574,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":575,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":235},"89796c27-657a-4db6-b2e8-45ae5c5ceda6","2024-01-11T01:24:50.086+00:00","2025-02-22T22:41:49.756+00:00",[],"Evaluating-Risk-Communication-Examining-Target-Audience-Perceptions-About-Four-Presentation-Formats-for-Fish-Consumption-Health-Advisory-Information",{"abstract":476,"title":478,"references":480,"doi":482},{"EN":477},"Information format can influence the extent to which target audiences understand and respond to risk-related information. This study examined four elements of risk information presentation format. Using printed materials, we examined target audience perceptions about: (a) reading level; (b) use of diagrams vs. text; (c) commanding versus cajoling tone; and (d) use of qualitative vs. quantitative information presented in a risk ladder. We used the risk communication topic of human health concerns related to eating noncommercial Great Lakes fish affected by chemical contaminants. Results from the comparisons of specific communication formats indicated that multiple formats are required to meet the needs of a significant percent of anglers for three of the four format types examined. Advisory text should be reviewed to ensure the reading level is geared to abilities of the target audience. For many audiences, a combination of qualitative and quantitative information, and a combination of diagrams and text may be most effective. For most audiences, a cajoling rather than commanding tone better provides them with the information they need to make a decision about fish consumption. Segmenting audiences regarding information needs and communication formats may help clarify which approaches to take with each audience.",{"EN":479},"Evaluating Risk Communication: Examining Target Audience Perceptions About Four Presentation Formats for Fish Consumption Health Advisory Information",{"VOID":481},"B. A. Knuth, “Risk Communication: A New Dimension in Sport-fishery Management,” North Am. J. Fisheries Mgmt. 10(4), 374–381 (1990).\nM. Smith, Persuasion and Human Action (Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, CA, 1982).\nP. Slovic, “Informing and Educating the Public About Risk,” Risk Anal. 6(4), 403–415 (1987).\nW. R. Freudenburg and J. A. Rursch, “The Risks of ‘Putting the Numbers in Context’: A Cautionary Tale,” Risk Anal. 14(6), 949–958 (1994).\nB. J. Nordenstam and J. F. DiMento, “Right-to-Know: Implications of Risk Communication Research for Regulatory Policy,” U.S. Davis Law Rev. 23(2), 333–374 (1990).\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories: Volume 4: Risk Communication (Office of Science and Technology, USEPA, Washington, D.C., 1995).\nC. M. Velicer and B. A. Knuth, “Communicating Contaminant Risks From Sport-Caught Fish: The Importance of Target Audience Assessment,” Risk Anal. 14(5), 833–841 (1994).\nC. Chess, K. L. Salomone, B. J. Hance, and A. Saville, “Results of a National Symposium on Risk Communication: Next Steps for Government Agencies,” Risk Anal. 15(2), 115–125 (1995).\nC. Chess, K. L. Salomone, and B. J. Hance, “Improving Risk Communication in Government: Research Priorities,” Risk Anal. 15(2), 127–135 (1995).\nP. Slovic, B. Fischoff, and S. Lichtenstein, “Informing People About Risk,” in L. Morris, M. Mazis, and B. Barofsky (eds.), Banbury Report 6: Product Labeling and Health Risks (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1980), pp. 165–181.\nP. M. Sandman, N. D. Weinstein, and P. Miller, “High Risk or Low: How Location on a ‘Risk Ladder’ Affects Perceived Risk,” Risk Anal. 14(1), 35–45 (1994).\nN. D. Weinstein and P. M. Sandman, “Some Criteria for Evaluating Risk Messages,” Risk Anal. 13(1), 103–114 (1993).\nP. A. Cunningham, S. L. Smith, J. P. Tippett, and A. Greene, “A National Fish Consumption Advisory Data Base: A Step Toward Consistency,” Fisheries 19(5), 14–23 (1994).\nB. A. Knuth and N. A. Connelly, Objectives and Evaluation Criteria for Great Lakes Health Advisories: Perspectives from Fishery, Health, and Environmental Quality Agencies. Human Dimensions Research Unit Series No. 91–11 (Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1991).\nR. E. Reinert, B. A. Knuth, M. A. Kamrin, and Q. J. Stober, “Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and Fish Consumption Advisories in the United States,” Fisheries 16(6), 5–12 (1991).\nH. A. Anderson, J. F. Amrhein, P. Shubat, and J. Hesse, Protocol for a Uniform Great Lakes Sport Fish Consumption Advisory (Great Lakes Sport Fish Advisory Task Force, Madison, WI, 1993).\nM. J. Regan and W. H. Desvouges, Communicating Environmental Risks: A Guide to Practical Evaluations (Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, EPA 230–01–91–001, USEPA, Washington, D.C., 1990).\nH. Ibrekk and M. G. Morgan, “Graphical Communication of Uncertain Quantities to Nontechnical People,” Risk Anal. 7(4), 519–529 (1987).\nR. S. Adler and R. D. Pittle, “Cajolery or Command: Are Education Campaigns an Adequate Substitution for Regulation?” Yale J. Reg. 1, 159–193 (1984).\nD. Golding, S. Krimsky, and A. Plough, “Evaluating Risk Communication: Narrative Versus Technical Presentation of Information About Radon,” Risk Anal. 12(1), 27–35 (1992).\nV. K. Smith, W. H. Desvouges, F. R. Johnson, and A. Fisher, “Can Public Information Programs Affect Risk Perceptions?” J. Policy Anal. Mgmt. 9(1), 41–59 (1990).\nU. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1985 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation (U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1988).\nQue Software, Rightwriter, Version 4.0 (Macmillan Computer Publishing, Carmel, IN, 1990).\nSPSS Inc., Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Users Guide; 2nd Ed. (SPSS, Inc. Chicago, IL, 1986).\nT. L. Brown and B. T. Wilkins, “Clues to Reasons for Nonresponse, and its Effect on Variable Estimates,” J. Leisure Res. 10(3), 226–231 (1978).\nN. A. Connelly, T. L. Brown, and B. A. Knuth, New York Statewide Angler Survey, 1988 (New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY, 1990).\nN. A. Connelly, B. A. Knuth, and C. A. Bisogni, Effects of the Health Advisory and Advisory Changes on Fishing Habits and Fish Consumption in New York Sport Fisheries. Human Dimensions Research Unit Series No. 92–9 (Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1992).\nU. S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1993 (U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1993).\nD. A. Hayes and J. E. Readence, “Transfer of Learning from Illustration-Dependent Text,” J. Educ. Res. 76(4), 245–248 (1983).\nD. A. Hayes and W. A. Henk, Facilitative Effects of Analogies and Illustrations on Understanding and Remembering Written Directions, Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, Canada (April 1993).\nV. K. Smith, W. H. Desvouges, A. Fisher, and F. R. Johnson, “Learning About Radon's Risk,” J. Risk Uncert. 1, 233–258 (1988).\nU. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation (U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1993).\nD. J. Moschandreas and P. E. Chang, “On the Use of a Risk Ladder: Linking Public Perception of Risks Associated with Indoor Air with Cognitive Elements and Attitudes Toward Risk Reduction,” Atmos. Environ. 28(19), 3093–3098 (1994).\nN. A. Connelly and B. A. Knuth, Great Lakes Fish Consumption Health Advisories: Angler Response to Advisories and Evaluation of Communication Techniques. Human Dimensions Research Unit Series No. 93–3 (Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1993).\nH. E. B. Humphrey, “Chemical Contaminants in the Great Lakes: The Human Health Aspect,” in M. S. Evans (ed.), Toxic Contaminants and Ecosystem Health: A Great Lakes Focus (John Wiley and Sons, NY, 1988), pp. 153–165.",{"VOID":483},"10.1023\u002FB:RIAN.0000005938.42563.13","https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1539-6924.1998.tb00377.x",[486,501],{"id":487,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":488,"affiliations":489,"properties":498},"62b6b913-2cf2-4878-af2a-fe8717020fda",[164],[490],{"id":491,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":492,"properties":20},"022e09d0-db24-4d33-8e87-c5f8b6ce2287",{"id":491,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":493,"slug":20,"properties":494,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":497,"statistic":20},[],{"title":495},{"VI":496},"Human Dimensions Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York",[],{"title":499},{"VI":500},"Nancy A. 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O., and Hammonds, J. S. “Propagation of Uncertainty in Risk Assessments: The Need to Distinguish Between Uncertainty due to Lack of Knowledge and Uncertainty due to Variability,” Risk Anal. 14(5), 707–712 (1994).\nHoffman, F. O., and Thiessen, K. M. “The Use of Chernobyl Data to Test Model Predictions for Interindividual Variability of 137Cs Concentrations in Humans,” Reliabil.Engin.Sys.Safety 54197–202 (1996).\nHoffman, F. O., Simon, S. L., and Thiessen, K. M. “The Role of Uncertainty Analysis in Dose Reconstruction and Risk Assessment,” Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Meeting of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements;Proceedings No. 17, April 1995 (Environmental Dose Reconstruction and Risk Implications, NCRP, Bethesda, MD, 1996) pp. 107–134.\nIAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), Evaluating the Reliability of Predictions Made Using Environmental Transfer Models, IAEA Safety Series 100(Vienna, Austria, 1989).\nIAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), “Validation of Models Using Chernobyl Fallout Data from the Central Bohemia Region of the Czech Republic—Scenario CB,” First Report of the VAMP Multiple Pathways Assessment Working Group, IAEA-TECDOC-795 (1995).\nIAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), “Validation of Models Using Chernobyl Fallout Data From Southern Finland— Scenario S,” Second Report of the VAMP Multiple Pathways Assessment Working Group, IAEA-TECDOC-904 (1996).\nKaplan, S. “Expert Information Versus Expert Opinions. Another Approach to the Problem of Eliciting\u002FCombining\u002FUsing Expert Knowledge in PRA,” Reliabil.Eng.Syst.Safety 3561–72 (1992).\nKöhler, H., Peterson, S.-R., and Hoffman, F. O. (eds.), “Multiple Model Testing Using Chernobyl Fallout Data of I-131 in Forage and Milk and Cs-137 in Forage, Milk, Beef and Grain,” BIOMOVS Technical Report 13, Vol. I-II, Scenario A4 (1991).\nNCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements), “A Guide for Uncertainty Analysis in Dose and Risk Assessments Related to Environmental Contamination,” NCRP Commentary No. 14, Bethesda, MD (1996).\nNRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission), “Probabilistic Accident Consequence Uncertainty Analysis: Dispersion and Deposition Uncertainty Assessment,” Commission of the European Communities, NUREG\u002FCR-6244, EUR 15855EN, SAND94-1453, Vol. 1 and 2 (1994).",{"VOID":588},"10.1023\u002FA:1006914628988","https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fresolve\u002Fdoi?DOI=10.1023\u002FA:1006914628988",[591,606],{"id":592,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":593,"affiliations":594,"properties":603},"9277592e-76a1-4a61-87ac-577e47ca67a3",[164],[595],{"id":596,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":597,"properties":20},"d56549ce-3a07-4e12-8b14-1ae1ded4ddf2",{"id":596,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":598,"slug":20,"properties":599,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":602,"statistic":20},[],{"title":600},{"VI":601},"SENES Oak Ridge Inc., Center for Risk Analysis, Oak Ridge",[],{"title":604},{"VI":605},"F. 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This debate has centered on the issue of whether software failures can be modeled probabilistically. This paper describes a “context-based” approach to software risk assessment that explicitly recognizes the fact that the behavior of software is not probabilistic. The source of the perceived uncertainty in its behavior results from both the input to the software as well as the application and environment in which the software is operating. Failures occur as the result of encountering some context for which the software was not properly designed, as opposed to the software simply failing “randomly.” The paper elaborates on the concept of “error-forcing context” as it applies to software. 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Apostolakis and N. Siu, ''Foreword,'' in Proceedings of the International Topical Meeting on Probabilistic Safety Assessment, PSA '96(Park City, Utah, Sept. 29- Oct. 3, 1996).",{"id":20,"text":786,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"H. Kumamoto and E. J. Henley, Probabilistic Risk Assessment and Management for Engineers and Scientists(IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1996).",{"id":20,"text":788,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"N. Leveson, ''Software Safety in Embedded Computer Systems,'' Commun.ACM 3434–46 (February 1991).",{"id":20,"text":790,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"National Research Council, Digital Instrumentation and Control Systems in Nuclear Power Plants: Safety and Reliability Issues(National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1997).",{"id":20,"text":792,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"ANSI\u002FIEEE, Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology(STD-729-1991, ANSI\u002FIEEE, 1991).",{"id":20,"text":794,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"N. Leveson, Safeware: System Safety and Computers(Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1995).",{"id":20,"text":796,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"P. G. Nuemann, ''SomeComputer-related Disasters and Other Egregious Horrors,'' ACM Software Engin.Notes 106–7 (January 1985).",{"id":20,"text":798,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"S. E. Cooper, A. M. Ramey-Smith, J. Wreathall, G. W. Parry, D. C. Bley, W. J. Luckas, J. H. Taylor, and M. T. Barriere, A Technique for Human Error Analysis (ATHEANA)(NUREG\u002FCR-6350, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1996).",{"id":20,"text":800,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"E. Hollnagel, Human Reliability Analysis: Context and Control(Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1993).",{"id":20,"text":802,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"J. T. Reason, Human Error(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990).",{"id":20,"text":804,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"P. Boenhert, Memorandum to H. Lewis, Chairman, Computers in Nuclear Power Plant Operations Subcommittee, Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. (September 25, 1990).",{"id":20,"text":806,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"N. G. Leveson and P. R. Harvey, ''Analyzing Software Safety,'' IEEE Trans.Software Engin. 9(1983).",{"id":20,"text":808,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"F. Redmill, M. F. Chudleigh, and J. R. Catmur, ''Principles Underlying aGuideline for Applying HAZOP to Programmable Electronic Systems,'' Rel.Engin.Syst.Safety 55283–293 (1997).",{"id":20,"text":810,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"C. Garrett, S. Guarro, and G. Apostolakis, ''The Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology for Assessing the Dependability of Embedded Systems,'' IEEE Trans.Syst.Man Cybernet. 25824–840 (May 1995).",{"id":20,"text":812,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"M. Yau, S. Guarro, and G. Apostolakis, ''Demonstration of the Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology Using the Titan II Space Launch Vehicle Digital Flight Control System,'' Reli.Engin.Syst.Safety 49335–353 (1995).",{"id":20,"text":814,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"S. B. Guarro, M. K. Yau, and M. E. Motamed, Development of Tools for Safety Analysis of Control Software in Advanced Reactors(NUREG\u002FCR-6465, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., 1996).",{"id":20,"text":816,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"M. Yau, G. Apostolakis, and S. Guarro, ''The Use of Prime Implicants in Dependability Analysis of Software Controlled Systems,'' Rel.Engin.Syste.Safety 6223–32 (1998).",{"id":20,"text":818,"url":20,"identifiers":20},"R. C. Bertucio and J. A. Julius, Analysis of Core Damage Frequency: Surry, Unit 1 Internal Events(NUREG\u002FCR-4550, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., 1990).",{"id":820,"createTime":821,"updateTime":822,"relativeEntities":823,"slug":824,"properties":825,"entityType":156,"verifyStatus":157,"verifyTime":834,"verifyNote":158,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":835,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":836,"publicationType":177,"publisherRelationship":852,"citationCount":20,"citationInfo":20,"publishDate":232,"publishYear":233,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":910,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":235},"2ad3462c-bb5a-4a65-b1be-433b9f6d4505","2024-02-21T05:07:46.734+00:00","2025-02-21T03:52:25.430+00:00",[],"On-Intergenerational-Equity-and-Its-Clash-with-Intragenerational-Equity-and-on-the-Need-for-Policies-to-Guide-the-Regulation-of-Disposal-of-Wastes-and-Other-Activities-Posing-Very-Long-Term-Risks",{"abstract":826,"title":828,"references":830,"doi":832},{"EN":827},"This article begins with some history of the derivation of 40 CFR Part 191, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard that governs the geologic disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level and transuranic radioactive wastes. This is followed by criticisms of the standard that were made by a Sub-Committee of the EPA Science Advisory Board, by the staff of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and by a panel of the National Academies of Science and Engineering. The large disparity in the EPA approaches to regulation of disposal of radioactive wastes and disposal of hazardous, long-lived, nonradioactive chemical waste is illustrated. An examination of the intertwined matters of intergenerational equity and the discounting of future health effects follows, together with a discussion of the conflict between intergenerational equity and intragenerational equity. Finally, issues related to assumptions in the regulations concerning the future state of society and the biosphere are treated, as is the absence of any national philosophy or guiding policy for how to deal with societal activities that pose very long-term risks.",{"EN":829},"On Intergenerational Equity and Its Clash with Intragenerational Equity and on the Need for Policies to Guide the Regulation of Disposal of Wastes and Other Activities Posing Very Long-Term Risks",{"VOID":831},"Environmental Protection Agency, 40 CFR Part 191– Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Management and Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel, High-Level and Transuranic Wastes: Final Rule, Federal Register 50(182), 38066–38089(1985).\nF. L. Galpin, R. L. Clark, and C. Petti, An Inside Look at the 40 CFR 191 Containment Requirements, Proc. Int Conf. on Waste Management, Las Vegas, April 1992.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, High-Level and Transuranic Wastes: Background Information Document for Final Rule, EPA 520\u002F1–85–023, August 1985.\nJ. Martin, Recollections, Talk presented to the Board on Radioactive Waste Management, National Academy of Science, September 22, 1992.\nNational Academy of Sciences, Waste Isolation Systems Panel, AStudy of the Isolation System for Geologic Disposal of Radioactive Wastes (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1983).\nEnvironmental Protection Agency Science Advisory Board, Report on the Review of Proposed Environmental Standards for the Management and Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel, High-Level and Transuranic Radioactive Wastes (40 CFR 191), High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Advisory Subcommittee, January 1984.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, High-Level and Transuranic Wastes: Response to Comments for Final Rule, EPA 520\u002F 1–85–024–2, 1985.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, “40 CFR Part 191: Environmental Standards for the Management and Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel, High-Level and Transuranic Radioactive Wastes, Proposed Rule”, Federal Register 47, 58196 (1982).\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, 40 CFR Part 191, Working Draft 2, January 31, 1990.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, 40 CFR Part 191, Working Draft 3, April 26, 1991.\nU.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Letter dated August 27, 1990 from R. F. Browning of USNRC to R. Guimond of EPA.\nU.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Letter dated October 23, 1991 from R. M. Bernero of USNRC to M. Oge of EPA.\nAdvisory Committee on Nuclear Waste, Letter dated December 21, 1989to Hon. K. M. Carr, Chairman, USNRC, Subject: Comments on Proposed Revisions of EPA's High-Level Waste Standards.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, Population Risks from Uranium Ore Bodies, EPA520\u002F3–8–009, October 1980.\nNational Academy of Sciences, Board on Radioactive Waste Management, Rethinking High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1990).\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, Regulatory Impact Analysis for EPA's High-Level Waste Standard (40 CFR Part 191), Draft, 402–R-92–007, August 1992.\nC. E. Foutes, Economic Aspects of EPA's HLW Draft Proposed Legislation, Proc. Conf. Waste Management’ 91, Tucson, February 24–28, 1991.\nNational Energy Policy Act of 1992, Public Law 102–486, 106 Stat. 2776 et seq., 42 U.S.C. 13201 et seq.\nA. Cornelissen, Development on Criteria for Geologic Waste Disposal in the Netherlands, Proc. of NEA Workshop, Paris, November 5–7, 1991, 71–80.\nD. Okrent, On Intergenerational Equity and Policies to Guide the Regulation of Disposal of Wastes Posing very Long-Term Risks, University of California, Los Angeles Report, UCLA ENG-22–94.\nB. Ross, Disposal Safety, Personal communication.\nT. P. Wagner, The Complete Guide to the Hazardous Waste Regulations (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991).\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, Report to Congress: Wastes from the Combustion of Coal by Electric Utility Power Plants, EPA\u002F530–SW-88–002, 1988.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, “40 CFR Part 261, Regulatory Determination for Wastes from the Extraction and Bene-ficiation of Ore and Minerals,” Federal Register 51(128), pp. 24496–24502(1986).\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, “40 CFR Part 261, Special Wastes from Mineral Processing (Mining Waste Exclusion): Final Regulatory Determination and Final Rule,” Federal Register 56,(114), pp. 27300–27330(1991).\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, Unfinished Business: A Comparative Assessment of Environmental Problems, Office of Policy Analysis, February 1987.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, Stabilization\u002FSolidification ofCERCLAandRCRAWastes,EPA\u002F625\u002F6–89\u002F022,May1989.\nScience Advisory Board, EPA, Risk: Setting Priorities and Strategies for Environmental Protection, SAB-EC-90–021, September 1990.\nJ. V. Rodricks, Brett, S. M., and Renn, G. C., “Significant Risk Decisions in Federal Regulatory Agencies,” Regulatory Toxicol.Pharmacol. 7, 307–320(1987).\nC. B. Doty and C. C. Travis, “The Superfund Remedial Action Decision Process: A Review of Fifty Records of Decision”, JAPCA Journal, 39(12), 1535 (1989).\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, “40 CFR Part 300, National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan: Final Rule,” Federal Register 55(46), 8666–8865(1990).\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, “40 CFR Part 91, Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for the Management and Disposal of Spent Nuclear fuel, High-Level and Transuranic Radioactive Wastes, Final Rule,” Federal Register 58(242), 66398–66416(1993).\nD. Okrent and L. Xing, “Future Risk from a Hypothesized RCRA Site Disposing of Carcinogenic Metals, Should a Loss of Societal Memory Occur,”J.Hazardous Materials, 38, 363–384 (1993).\nR. Z. Shu and D. Okrent, On the Need for Policy Regarding Risks Arising Hundreds or Thousands of Years in the Future from Hazardous Waste Sites and Municipal Land Fills, Proc. Int. Conf. Probabilistic Safety assessment and Management (PSAM 4), Vol. 2, New York City, September 13–18, 1998, pp. 1675–1680.\nE. Brown Weiss, In Fairness to Future Generations (Transnational Publishers, 1989).\nA. C. Kadak, The Societal Fairness of Intergenerational Equity, Proc. Int. conf. Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM 4), Vol. 2, New York City, September 13–18, 1998, pp. 1005–1010.\nR. Coulon, Criteria and Basic Objectives for Radiological Protection: An Overview of Existing International Criteria and Recommendations to Evaluate High Activity Wastes, in Proc. Of OECD Nuclear Energy Agency W, Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Wastes: Radiation Protection and Safety Criteria, Paris, November 5–7, 1991.\nNational Academy of Sciences, Decision Making in the Environmental Protection Agency (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1977).\nR. L. Keeney, “Understanding Life-Threatening Risks.” Risk Analysis 15(6), 627 (1995).\nK. J. Arrow, “Is There a Role for Benefit-Cost Analysis in Environmental, Health and Safety Regulation?,” Science 272, 221 (1996).\nR. B. Belzer, Star-Trek Economics: Discounting and Warps in the Space-Time Continuum, Proc. Int. Conf. On Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM 4), New York City, Vol. 4, September 13–18, 1998, pp. 2359–2364.\nD. E. MacLean, “Comparing Values in Environmental Policies: Moral Issues and Moral Arguments” in Valuing Health Risks, Costs and Benefits for Environmental Decision Making (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1990).\nB. L. Cohen, “Discounting in Assessment of Future Radiation Effects,” Health Physics 45(3), 4687 (1983).\nD. J. Egan, Jr., “EPA's Environmental Standards for High Level Radioactive Waste Disposal,” Waste Management 1, 31 (1983).\nICRP, Radiation Protection Principals for the Disposal of Solid Radioactive Waste, Publication 46, Annals of the International Commission on Radiological Protection 15(4) (1985).\nNordic Authorities, Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste-Consideration of Some Basic Criteria-AConsultative Document, Report of Radiation Protection and Safety Authorities in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, 1989.\nNational Academy of Sciences, Technical Bases for Yucca Mountain Standards, (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1995).\nM. L. Cropper, S. K. Aydede, and P. R. Portney, Discounting Human Lives (Resources for the Future, June 1991).\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, 40 CFR Part 191: Environmental Standards for the Management and Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel, High-Level and Transuranic Wastes, Draft Federal Register Notice dated February 3, 1992.\nS. Kaplan, and B. J. Garrick, Towards a Realistic Assessment of the Intrusion Scenario, Proc. EPRI Workshop 1, September 24–26, 1991.\nJ. Jowett, and N. A. Chapman, UK Studies of Intrusion Frequency, Proc. Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) Workshop, Paris, June 5–7, 1989.\nS. C. Hora, D. von Winterfeldt, and K. M. Trauth, Expert Judgment on Inadvertent Human Intrusion into the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, Sandia National Laboratories Report, SAND-3063, December 1991.\nB. L. Cohen, Situations in Which the Problem Disappears, p. C-77 of SAND-3063, ibid.\nNordic Authorities, Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste: Consideration of Some Basic Criteria, The Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Authorities in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, 1993.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency, Background Information Document for the Repromulgation of 40 CFR Part 191, Environmental Standards for the Management and Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel, High-Level and Transuranic Radioactive Wastes, Final Draft, September 1989.\nK. D. Walker, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Personal communication, 1993.",{"VOID":833},"10.1023\u002FA:1007014510236","2025-02-21T03:52:25.429+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fresolve\u002Fdoi?DOI=10.1023\u002FA:1007014510236",[837],{"id":838,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":839,"affiliations":840,"properties":849},"fd090f8b-bfb0-4185-a46a-6349a43ee938",[164],[841],{"id":842,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":843,"properties":20},"37c63c6a-ef9b-4b63-bc7a-3b9d68760c2a",{"id":842,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":844,"slug":20,"properties":845,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":848,"statistic":20},[],{"title":846},{"VI":847},"University of California, Los Angeles",[],{"title":850},{"VI":851},"David Okrent",{"url":835,"publisher":853,"properties":906},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":854,"slug":10,"properties":855,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":859,"manageAffiliations":868,"indexDatabases":879,"url":102,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":901,"gsStatistic":20,"type":136,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":856,"title":857,"eissn":858},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},{"VOID":17},[860,864],{"id":24,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":861,"label":862,"description":863,"parentId":20,"standard":20,"scholarHubFieldId":20},[],{"EN":27},{},{"id":30,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":865,"label":866,"description":867,"parentId":20,"standard":20,"scholarHubFieldId":20},[],{"EN":33},{},[869,874],{"id":37,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":870,"slug":20,"properties":871,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":873,"statistic":20},[],{"title":872},{"EN":41},[],{"id":44,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":875,"slug":20,"properties":876,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":878,"statistic":20},[],{"title":877},{"EN":48},[],[880,887,894],{"id":52,"indexDatabase":881,"url":65,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":886,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":54,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":882,"label":883,"description":884,"key":61,"publicationTags":885,"standard":20},[],{"EN":57,"VI":57},{"EN":59,"VI":60},[63,64],[67,68],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":888,"url":81,"indexYears":82,"academicFieldIds":893,"indexDatabaseRanking":86},{"id":72,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":889,"label":890,"description":891,"key":78,"publicationTags":892,"standard":20},[],{"EN":75,"VI":75},{"EN":75,"VI":77},[80],[84,85],{"id":88,"indexDatabase":895,"url":65,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":900,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":90,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":896,"label":897,"description":898,"key":97,"publicationTags":899,"standard":20},[],{"EN":93,"VI":93},{"EN":95,"VI":96},[99,64],[101],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":902,"i10Index":110,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":111,"totalPublicationByYear":903,"totalCitation":116,"totalCitationByYear":904,"totalCitationPerPublication":129,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":905,"hindexLast5Year":135,"hindex":135},{"2012":105,"2014":106,"2015":107,"2016":108,"2017":109},{"1988":113,"1998":114,"1999":115,"2000":105,"2001":113,"2005":105,"2009":113,"2010":113,"2013":113,"2014":113,"2015":113},{"1988":118,"1998":119,"1999":120,"2000":121,"2001":122,"2005":123,"2009":124,"2010":125,"2013":126,"2014":127,"2015":128},{"1988":118,"1998":131,"1999":132,"2000":133,"2001":122,"2005":134,"2009":124,"2010":125,"2013":126,"2014":127,"2015":128},{"pages":907,"volume":909},{"VOID":908},"877-901",{"VOID":326},[63,99,86],{"id":912,"createTime":913,"updateTime":914,"relativeEntities":915,"slug":916,"properties":917,"entityType":156,"verifyStatus":157,"verifyTime":914,"verifyNote":158,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":926,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":927,"publicationType":177,"publisherRelationship":1118,"citationCount":20,"citationInfo":20,"publishDate":1176,"publishYear":574,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":1177,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":235},"57f94969-e5c6-4347-b001-8fa00e3afd6a","2024-01-18T19:03:39.703+00:00","2025-02-18T02:09:19.620+00:00",[],"Principles-for-Conduct-of-Pest-Risk-Analyses-Report-of-an-Expert-Workshop",{"abstract":918,"title":920,"references":922,"doi":924},{"EN":919},"The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) have focused attention on risk assessment of potential insect, weed, and animal pests and diseases of livestock. These risks have traditionally been addressed through quarantine protocols ranging from limits on the geographical areas from which a product may originate, postharvest disinfestation procedures like fumigation, and inspections at points of export and import, to outright bans. To ensure that plant and animal protection measures are not used as nontariff trade barriers, GATT and NAFTA require pest risk analysis (PRA) to support quarantine decisions. The increased emphasis on PRA has spurred multiple efforts at the national and international level to design frameworks for the conduct of these analyses. As approaches to pest risk analysis proliferate, and the importance of the analyses grows, concerns have arisen about the scientific and technical conduct of pest risk analysis. In January of 1997, the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis (HCRA) held an invitation-only workshop in Washington, D.C. to bring experts in risk analysis and pest characterization together to develop general principles for pest risk analysis. Workshop participants examined current frameworks for PRA, discussed strengths and weaknesses of the approaches, and formulated principles, based on years of experience with risk analysis in other setting and knowledge of the issues specific to analysis of pests. The principles developed highlight the both the similarities of pest risk analysis to other forms of risk analysis, and its unique attributes.",{"EN":921},"Principles for Conduct of Pest Risk Analyses: Report of an Expert Workshop",{"VOID":923},"Cohen, A. N., and Carlton, J. T., “Accelerating Invasion Rate in a Highly Invaded Estuary,” Science 279, 555–558 (1998).\nDerby, S. L., and Keeney, R. L., “Risk Analysis: Understanding How Safe Is Safe Enough?” Risk Anal. 1, 217–224 (1981).\nFAO, “International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures—Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis,” Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1996).\nFirko, M., “Plant Pest Risk Assessments for Export\u002FImport of Fruits and Vegetables Using Monte Carlo Simulations,” Poster Presentation Entomological Association of America Annual Meeting (1995).\nHammitt, J. K., and Cave, J. A. K., “Research Planning for Food Safety: A Value-of-Information Approach,” Rand Report R-3946-ASPE\u002FNCTR (1991).\nHopper, B. E., “Pest Risk Analysis: Defining the Concept,” in International Approaches to Plant Pest Risk Analysis (North American Plant Protection Organization, Bulletin No. 11, 1993), pp. 19–30.\nHoward, R., Matheson, and North, D. W., “The Decision to Seed Hurricanes,” Science 176, 1191–1202 (1972).\nKaplan, S., “The General Theory of Quantitative Risk Assessment—Its Role in the Regulation of Agricultural Pests,” in International Approaches to Plant Pest Risk Analysis (North American Plant Protection Organization Bulletin No. 11, 1993), pp. 23–146.\nKeeney, R. L., and von Winterfeldt, D., “On the Use of Expert Judgment on Complex Technical Problems,” IEEE Trans. Engin. Manage. 36, 83–86 (1989).\nMorgan, M. G., and Henrion, M., Uncertainty. A Guide to Dealing with Uncertainty in Quantitative Risk and Policy Analysis (Cambridge University Press, (1990).\nNational Research Council, Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., (1994).\nNational Research Council, Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society (National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., (1996).\nNorth American Plant Protection Organization, “International Approaches to Plant Pest Risk Analysis,” NAPPO Bulletin No. 11, Proceedings of the APHIS\u002FNAPPO International Workshop on the Identification, Assessment, and Management of Risks due to Exotic Agricultural Pests (1993).\nOtway, H., and von Winterfeldt, D., “Expert Judgment in Risk Analysis and Management: Process, Context, and Pitfalls,” Risk Anal. 12, 83–93 (1992).\nPaté-Cornell, M. E., and Bea, R. G., “Management Errors and System Reliability: A Probabilistic Approach and Application to Offshore Platforms,” Risk Anal. 12, 1–18 (1992).\nPaul, R. E., and Armstrong, J. W., “Introduction,” in R. E. Paul and J. W. Armstrong (eds.), Insect Pests and Fresh Horticultural Products: Treatments and Responses (CAB International, 1994).\nPresidential\u002FCongressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management, Final Report, Vol. 1—Framework for Environmental Health Risk Management (1997).\nU. S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States, OTA-F-565 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1993).\nUnited States Department of Agriculture, Importation of Japanese Unshu Orange Fruits (Citrus Reticulata Blanco var. Unshu Swingle) into Citrus Producing States: Pest Risk Analysis (USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Biological Assessment and Taxonomic Support, Riverdale, MD, 1995).\nUnited States Department of Agriculture, Guideline for Plant Pest Risk Analysis of Imported Commodities (Commodity Pest Risk Analysis Branch, Biological Assessment and Taxonomic Support, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Riverdale, MD, 1996).",{"VOID":925},"10.1023\u002FB:RIAN.0000005922.65955.69","https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fresolve\u002Fdoi?DOI=10.1023\u002FB:RIAN.0000005922.65955.69",[928,943,958,973,988,1007,1023,1039,1055,1071,1087,1103],{"id":929,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":930,"affiliations":931,"properties":940},"7ec521ad-fa3e-4e49-b45e-3c630121095a",[164],[932],{"id":933,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":934,"properties":20},"129b09e7-f82e-4305-9198-24d3467761a4",{"id":933,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":935,"slug":20,"properties":936,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":939,"statistic":20},[],{"title":937},{"VI":938},"Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Boston",[],{"title":941},{"VI":942},"George M. Gray",{"id":944,"sortIndex":113,"researcher":20,"roles":945,"affiliations":946,"properties":955},"5273d8aa-3726-4277-bbee-617aa45188a8",[164],[947],{"id":948,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":949,"properties":20},"bda75371-e5e8-410f-9b43-509d58ef99f8",{"id":948,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":950,"slug":20,"properties":951,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":954,"statistic":20},[],{"title":952},{"VI":953},"Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, USA",[],{"title":956},{"VI":957},"Jon C. Allen",{"id":959,"sortIndex":105,"researcher":20,"roles":960,"affiliations":961,"properties":970},"79867fc2-80f7-4458-9caf-0383ebf02824",[164],[962],{"id":963,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":964,"properties":20},"ef1132cb-ac1f-43aa-acdf-28c93db9bcea",{"id":963,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":965,"slug":20,"properties":966,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":969,"statistic":20},[],{"title":967},{"VI":968},"Alceon Corp, USA",[],{"title":971},{"VI":972},"David E. Burmaster",{"id":974,"sortIndex":106,"researcher":20,"roles":975,"affiliations":976,"properties":985},"877156ce-98a8-437d-a35b-931c116a37ff",[164],[977],{"id":978,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":979,"properties":20},"33c4a3de-e0fd-4780-ab5e-d7b21282a593",{"id":978,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":980,"slug":20,"properties":981,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":984,"statistic":20},[],{"title":982},{"VI":983},"Department of Entomology, Michigan State University USA",[],{"title":986},{"VI":987},"Stuart H. Gage",{"id":989,"sortIndex":990,"researcher":20,"roles":991,"affiliations":992,"properties":1004},"b350d255-5dcf-40e8-9faa-2077b9e768d3",4,[164],[993],{"id":994,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":995,"properties":1001},"ca5a98cc-5b66-458d-a0fe-6da9f1bf886d",{"id":994,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":996,"slug":20,"properties":997,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1000,"statistic":20},[],{"title":998},{"VI":999},"Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, United States",[],{"title":1002},{"VI":1003},"Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, USA",{"title":1005},{"VI":1006},"James K. Hammitt",{"id":1008,"sortIndex":1009,"researcher":20,"roles":1010,"affiliations":1011,"properties":1020},"ff5df40d-947d-4a4c-8180-b8e88b38c1c2",5,[164],[1012],{"id":1013,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1014,"properties":20},"f8b3331e-9610-480c-9199-9a4b34288ac4",{"id":1013,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1015,"slug":20,"properties":1016,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1019,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1017},{"VI":1018},"Bayesian Systems Inc, USA",[],{"title":1021},{"VI":1022},"Stanley Kaplan",{"id":1024,"sortIndex":1025,"researcher":20,"roles":1026,"affiliations":1027,"properties":1036},"e44e6e5a-50f4-44b9-be30-7ce3555d547e",6,[164],[1028],{"id":1029,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1030,"properties":20},"425db032-a3b0-426a-a694-05ef131df1a9",{"id":1029,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1031,"slug":20,"properties":1032,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1035,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1033},{"VI":1034},"University of Southern California USA",[],{"title":1037},{"VI":1038},"Ralph L. Keeney",{"id":1040,"sortIndex":1041,"researcher":20,"roles":1042,"affiliations":1043,"properties":1052},"32ea7177-8bcd-491b-bfa9-df8f75ba3147",7,[164],[1044],{"id":1045,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1046,"properties":20},"2c9af0b6-af2b-4383-8acd-a5467f8fc0bc",{"id":1045,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1047,"slug":20,"properties":1048,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1051,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1049},{"VI":1050},"Center for Exotic Pest Research and Department of Entomology, University of California at Riverside, USA",[],{"title":1053},{"VI":1054},"Joseph G. Morse",{"id":1056,"sortIndex":1057,"researcher":20,"roles":1058,"affiliations":1059,"properties":1068},"4e11da9f-da02-40aa-a843-b0a737a4d569",8,[164],[1060],{"id":1061,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1062,"properties":20},"70ecfbe1-d64e-4b3a-9162-cd12714f7c1d",{"id":1061,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1063,"slug":20,"properties":1064,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1067,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1065},{"VI":1066},"Decision Focus, Inc, USA",[],{"title":1069},{"VI":1070},"D. Warner North",{"id":1072,"sortIndex":1073,"researcher":20,"roles":1074,"affiliations":1075,"properties":1084},"ac2f4a36-e0fd-4a9e-a21a-b73adbe14b9f",9,[164],[1076],{"id":1077,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1078,"properties":20},"90704805-f206-4d18-a646-fc7993d2b549",{"id":1077,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1079,"slug":20,"properties":1080,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1083,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1081},{"VI":1082},"Department of Entomology, Cornell University, USA",[],{"title":1085},{"VI":1086},"Jan P. Nyrop",{"id":1088,"sortIndex":1089,"researcher":20,"roles":1090,"affiliations":1091,"properties":1100},"76856db9-fb9a-4caf-b36c-d0fa132842c7",10,[164],[1092],{"id":1093,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1094,"properties":20},"79492399-4a18-4a11-8ad8-113c89a98296",{"id":1093,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1095,"slug":20,"properties":1096,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1099,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1097},{"VI":1098},"Plant Health Risk Assessment Unit, Agriculture Canada, Canada",[],{"title":1101},{"VI":1102},"Alina Stahevitch",{"id":1104,"sortIndex":109,"researcher":20,"roles":1105,"affiliations":1106,"properties":1115},"526b4e9c-11f7-440d-a066-0cb0aaacba01",[164],[1107],{"id":1108,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1109,"properties":20},"97b03566-05f8-48be-a738-6e0ba30da88c",{"id":1108,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1110,"slug":20,"properties":1111,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1114,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1112},{"VI":1113},"Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Economics Branch, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, USA",[],{"title":1116},{"VI":1117},"Richard Williams",{"url":926,"publisher":1119,"properties":1172},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":1120,"slug":10,"properties":1121,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":1125,"manageAffiliations":1134,"indexDatabases":1145,"url":102,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":1167,"gsStatistic":20,"type":136,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":1122,"title":1123,"eissn":1124},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},{"VOID":17},[1126,1130],{"id":24,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1127,"label":1128,"description":1129,"parentId":20,"standard":20,"scholarHubFieldId":20},[],{"EN":27},{},{"id":30,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1131,"label":1132,"description":1133,"parentId":20,"standard":20,"scholarHubFieldId":20},[],{"EN":33},{},[1135,1140],{"id":37,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1136,"slug":20,"properties":1137,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1139,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1138},{"EN":41},[],{"id":44,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1141,"slug":20,"properties":1142,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1144,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1143},{"EN":48},[],[1146,1153,1160],{"id":52,"indexDatabase":1147,"url":65,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":1152,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":54,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1148,"label":1149,"description":1150,"key":61,"publicationTags":1151,"standard":20},[],{"EN":57,"VI":57},{"EN":59,"VI":60},[63,64],[67,68],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":1154,"url":81,"indexYears":82,"academicFieldIds":1159,"indexDatabaseRanking":86},{"id":72,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1155,"label":1156,"description":1157,"key":78,"publicationTags":1158,"standard":20},[],{"EN":75,"VI":75},{"EN":75,"VI":77},[80],[84,85],{"id":88,"indexDatabase":1161,"url":65,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":1166,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":90,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1162,"label":1163,"description":1164,"key":97,"publicationTags":1165,"standard":20},[],{"EN":93,"VI":93},{"EN":95,"VI":96},[99,64],[101],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":1168,"i10Index":110,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":111,"totalPublicationByYear":1169,"totalCitation":116,"totalCitationByYear":1170,"totalCitationPerPublication":129,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":1171,"hindexLast5Year":135,"hindex":135},{"2012":105,"2014":106,"2015":107,"2016":108,"2017":109},{"1988":113,"1998":114,"1999":115,"2000":105,"2001":113,"2005":105,"2009":113,"2010":113,"2013":113,"2014":113,"2015":113},{"1988":118,"1998":119,"1999":120,"2000":121,"2001":122,"2005":123,"2009":124,"2010":125,"2013":126,"2014":127,"2015":128},{"1988":118,"1998":131,"1999":132,"2000":133,"2001":122,"2005":134,"2009":124,"2010":125,"2013":126,"2014":127,"2015":128},{"pages":1173,"volume":1175},{"VOID":1174},"773-780",{"VOID":572},"1998-12-01",[63,99,86],{"id":1179,"createTime":1180,"updateTime":1181,"relativeEntities":1182,"slug":1183,"properties":1184,"entityType":156,"verifyStatus":157,"verifyTime":1181,"verifyNote":158,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":1193,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":1194,"publicationType":177,"publisherRelationship":1225,"citationCount":20,"citationInfo":20,"publishDate":1283,"publishYear":233,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":1284,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":235},"6b936290-a688-409b-aef3-831c7539bcf6","2024-02-14T14:47:18.691+00:00","2025-02-16T08:06:07.829+00:00",[],"Adverse-Health-Experiences-Environmental-Attitudes-and-Pesticide-Usage-Behavior-of-Farm-Operators",{"abstract":1185,"title":1187,"references":1189,"doi":1191},{"EN":1186},"Water pollution from agricultural pesticides continues to be a public concern. Given that the use of such pesticides on the farm is largely governed by voluntary behavior, it is important to understand what drives farmer behavior. Health belief models in public health and social psychology argue that persons who have adverse health experiences are likely to undertake preventive behavior. An analogous hypothesis set was tested here: farmers who believe they have had adverse health experiences from pesticides are likely to have heightened concerns about pesticides and are more likely to take greater precautions in dealing with pesticides. This work is based on an original survey of a population of 2700 corn and soybean growers in Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania using the U.S. Department of Agriculture data base. It was designed as a mail survey with telephone follow-up, and resulted in a 60 percent response rate. Farm operators report experiencing adverse health problems they believe are associated with pesticides that is equivalent to an incidence rate that is higher than the reported incidence of occupational pesticide poisonings, but similar to the reported incidence of all pesticide poisonings. Farmers who report experiencing such problems have more heightened concerns about water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides, and illness and injury from mixing, loading, and applying pesticides than farmers who have not experienced such problems. Farmers who report experiencing such problems also are more likely to report using alternative pest management practices than farmers who do not report having such problems. This implies that farmers who have had such experiences do care about the effects of application and do engage in alternative means of pest management, which at least involve the reduction in pesticide use.",{"EN":1188},"Adverse Health Experiences, Environmental Attitudes, and Pesticide Usage Behavior of Farm Operators",{"VOID":1190},"B. A Cohen, and R. Wiles, Tough to Swallow. How Pesticide Companies Profit from Poisoning America's TapWater(Environmental Working Group, Washington, DC, 1997).\nB. A. Cohen, R. Wiles, and E. Bondoc, Weed Killers by the Glass(Environmental Working Group, Washington, DC, 1995).\nD. A. Goolsby, W. A. Battaglin, and E. M. Thurman, ''Occurrence and Transport of Agricultural Chemicals in the Mississippi River Basin, July through August 1993,'' USGS Survey Circular 1120-B (USGS, Denver, CO, 1993).\nG. R. Hallberg, ''Pesticide pollution of groundwater in the humid United States,'' Agric.Ecosyst.Environ. 26299-368 (1989).\nU.S. EPA, Office of Water and Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, ''National Survey of Pesticides in Drinking Water Wells: Phase I Report,'' Pub. No. EPA 570\u002F9-90-015 (National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1990).\nU.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, ''A National Program for Soil and Water Conservation'' (U.S. DOA, SCS, Washington, DC, 1988).\nR. Levine, ''Recognized and Possible Effects of Pesticides in Humans,'' in W. J. Hayes and E. R. Laws, Jr, eds., Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, vol. 1 (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1991).\nK. T. Maddy, S. Edmiston, and D. Richmond, ''Illness, injuries, and deaths from pesticide exposures in California 1949-1988,'' Rev.Environ.Contamination Toxicol. 11457-123 (1990).\nD. S. Sharp, B. Eskenazi, R. Harrison, P. Callas, and A. H. Smith, ''Delayed health hazards of pesticide exposure,'' Ann.Rev.Public Health 7441-471 (1986).\nA. Blair, H. Malker, K. P. Cantor, L. Burmeister, and K. Wiklund, ''Cancer among farmers: A review.'' Scand.J.Work Environ.Health 11397-407 (1985).\nA. Blair, and S. H. Zahm, ''Cancer among farmers.'' In D. H. Cordes, and D. F. Rea, eds., Health Hazards of Farming.Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviewsvol. 6 (Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia, PA, 1991), pp. 335-354.\nN. Pearce, and J. S. Reif, ''Epidemiologic studies of cancer in agricultural workers,'' Am.J.Ind.Med. 18133-142 (1990).\nA. Blair, and S. H. Zahm, ''Agricultural health: Pesticides & cancer,'' Health Environ.Digest 61-4 (September 1992).\nS. H. Zahm, M.H. Ward, and A. Blair, ''Pesticides and cancer,'' Occupational Med.State of the Art Rev. 12269-289 (April-June 1997).\nD. Kahneman, P. Slovic, and A. Tversky, Judgment under Uncertainty(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1982). Reprints of A. Tversky and D. Kahneman, ''Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability,'' Cognitive Psychol. 5207-232 (1973); A. Tversky and D. Kahneman, ''Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases,'' Science 1851124-1131 (1974).\nP. Slovic, ''Informing and educating the public about risk,'' Risk Anal. 6403-415 (1986).\nR. J. Burby, and D. E. Strong, ''Coping with chemicals. Blacks, whites, planners, and industrial pollution,'' J.Am.Planning Assoc. 63469-480 (1997).\nM. Becker, D. P. Haefner, S. V. Kasl, J. P. Kirscht, L. A. Maiman, and I. M. Rosentock, ''Selected psychosocial models and correlates of individual health-related behaviors,'' Med.Care 15(suppl), 27-46 (1977).\nN. K. Janz, and M. H. Becker, ''The health belief model: a decade later,'' Health Ed.Q. 111-47 (1984).\nJ. D. Westaby, and M. Fishbein, ''Factors underlying behavioral choice: Testing a new reasons theory approach,'' J.Appl.Soc.Psychol. 261307-1323 (1996).\nS. Taplin, C. Anderman, and L. Grothaus, ''Breast cancer risk and participation in mammographic screening,'' AJPH 791494-1498 (November 1989).\nT. L. Napier, and D. E. Brown, ''Factors affecting attitudes toward groundwater pollution among Ohio farmers,'' J.Soil Water Conservation 48432-439 (1993).\nT. L. Napier, S. E. McCarter, and J. R. McCarter, ''Willingness of Ohio land owner-operators to participate in a wetlands trading system,'' J.Soil Water Conservation 50648-656 (1995).\nM. Tucker, and T. L. Napier, ''Perceptions of risk associated with use of farm chemicals: Implications for conservation initiatives,'' Environ.Management 22575-587 (1998).\nU.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Farm Business Economics Report, 1995(U.S. DOA, Washington, DC, September 1997).\nU.S. Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), Technology, Public Policy, and the Changing Structure of American Agriculture. OTA-F-285 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1986).\nU.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Structural and Financial Characteristics of U.S.Farms, 1994: 19th Annual Family Farm Report to Congress(USDA, Washington, DC, 1997).\nU.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Census of Agriculture, 1992(Washington, DC, Bureau of the Census, 1995).\nR. Zimmerman, and E. Lichtenberg, ''Acceptance and adoption by farmers of pesticide use alternatives for water quality protection,'' Submitted to the U.S. EPA,ORD(NYU, Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York, NY, August 1997).\nM. Gerrard, and T. D. Warner, ''Comparison of marine and college women's HIV\u002FAIDS-relevant sexual behaviors,'' J.Appl.Soc.Psychol. 24959-980 (1994).",{"VOID":1192},"10.1023\u002FA:1006929812285","https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fresolve\u002Fdoi?DOI=10.1023\u002FA:1006929812285",[1195,1210],{"id":1196,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":1197,"affiliations":1198,"properties":1207},"2ff5e6ff-4b99-40af-995d-c27027d3d45e",[164],[1199],{"id":1200,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1201,"properties":20},"e418fb8f-e38c-4c3d-92e9-f41bd065d0be",{"id":1200,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1202,"slug":20,"properties":1203,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1206,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1204},{"VI":1205},"Professor of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, College Park",[],{"title":1208},{"VI":1209},"Erik Lichtenberg",{"id":1211,"sortIndex":113,"researcher":20,"roles":1212,"affiliations":1213,"properties":1222},"e0205244-12fe-4423-bf9c-d150933685aa",[164],[1214],{"id":1215,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1216,"properties":20},"7c57b032-af01-462e-a634-ec12818239af",{"id":1215,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1217,"slug":20,"properties":1218,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1221,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1219},{"VI":1220},"New York University, Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York",[],{"title":1223},{"VI":1224},"Rae Zimmerman",{"url":1193,"publisher":1226,"properties":1279},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":1227,"slug":10,"properties":1228,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":1232,"manageAffiliations":1241,"indexDatabases":1252,"url":102,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":1274,"gsStatistic":20,"type":136,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":1229,"title":1230,"eissn":1231},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},{"VOID":17},[1233,1237],{"id":24,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1234,"label":1235,"description":1236,"parentId":20,"standard":20,"scholarHubFieldId":20},[],{"EN":27},{},{"id":30,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1238,"label":1239,"description":1240,"parentId":20,"standard":20,"scholarHubFieldId":20},[],{"EN":33},{},[1242,1247],{"id":37,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1243,"slug":20,"properties":1244,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1246,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1245},{"EN":41},[],{"id":44,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1248,"slug":20,"properties":1249,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1251,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1250},{"EN":48},[],[1253,1260,1267],{"id":52,"indexDatabase":1254,"url":65,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":1259,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":54,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1255,"label":1256,"description":1257,"key":61,"publicationTags":1258,"standard":20},[],{"EN":57,"VI":57},{"EN":59,"VI":60},[63,64],[67,68],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":1261,"url":81,"indexYears":82,"academicFieldIds":1266,"indexDatabaseRanking":86},{"id":72,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1262,"label":1263,"description":1264,"key":78,"publicationTags":1265,"standard":20},[],{"EN":75,"VI":75},{"EN":75,"VI":77},[80],[84,85],{"id":88,"indexDatabase":1268,"url":65,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":1273,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":90,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1269,"label":1270,"description":1271,"key":97,"publicationTags":1272,"standard":20},[],{"EN":93,"VI":93},{"EN":95,"VI":96},[99,64],[101],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":1275,"i10Index":110,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":111,"totalPublicationByYear":1276,"totalCitation":116,"totalCitationByYear":1277,"totalCitationPerPublication":129,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":1278,"hindexLast5Year":135,"hindex":135},{"2012":105,"2014":106,"2015":107,"2016":108,"2017":109},{"1988":113,"1998":114,"1999":115,"2000":105,"2001":113,"2005":105,"2009":113,"2010":113,"2013":113,"2014":113,"2015":113},{"1988":118,"1998":119,"1999":120,"2000":121,"2001":122,"2005":123,"2009":124,"2010":125,"2013":126,"2014":127,"2015":128},{"1988":118,"1998":131,"1999":132,"2000":133,"2001":122,"2005":134,"2009":124,"2010":125,"2013":126,"2014":127,"2015":128},{"pages":1280,"volume":1282},{"VOID":1281},"283-294",{"VOID":326},"1999-04-01",[63,99,86],{"id":1286,"createTime":1287,"updateTime":1288,"relativeEntities":1289,"slug":1290,"properties":1291,"entityType":156,"verifyStatus":157,"verifyTime":1288,"verifyNote":158,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":1300,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":1301,"publicationType":177,"publisherRelationship":1436,"citationCount":20,"citationInfo":20,"publishDate":327,"publishYear":233,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":20,"indexDatabases":1494,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":235},"6733ec99-aa8b-45d0-aeb6-219729b04e56","2024-01-25T22:43:30.537+00:00","2025-02-15T23:19:57.837+00:00",[],"Distribution-of-Exposure-Concentrations-and-Doses-for-Constituents-of-Environmental-Tobacco-Smoke",{"abstract":1292,"title":1294,"references":1296,"doi":1298},{"EN":1293},"The ultimate goal of the research reported in this series of three articles is to derive distributions of doses of selected environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)-related chemicals for nonsmoking workers. This analysis uses data from the 16-City Study collected with personal monitors over the course of one workday in workplaces where smoking occurred. In this article, we describe distributions of ETS chemical concentrations and the characteristics of those distributions (e.g., whether the distribution was log normal for a given constituent) for the workplace exposure. Next, we present population parameters relevant for estimating dose distributions and the methods used for estimating those dose distributions. Finally, we derive distributions of doses of selected ETS-related constituents obtained in the workplace for people in smoking work environments. Estimating dose distributions provided information beyond the usual point estimate of dose and showed that the preponderance of individuals exposed to ETS in the workplace were exposed at the low end of the dose distribution curve. The results of this analysis include estimations of hourly maxima and time-weighted average (TWA) doses of nicotine from workplace exposures to ETS (extrapolated from 1 day to 1 week) and doses derived from modeled lung burdens of ultraviolet-absorbing particulate matter (UVPM) and solanesol resulting from workplace exposures to ETS (extrapolated from 1 day to 1 year).",{"EN":1295},"Distribution of Exposure Concentrations and Doses for Constituents of Environmental Tobacco Smoke",{"VOID":1297},"R. A. Jenkins, M. R. Guerin, A. Palausky, R. W. Counts, C. K. Bayne, and A. B. Dindal, “Determination of Human Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS): A Study Conducted in 16 U.S. Cities,” draft final report by Oak Ridge National Laboratory for Center for Indoor Air Research, Lin-thicum, Maryland (1996a).\nR. A. Jenkins, A. Palausky, R. W. Counts, C. K. Bayne, A. B. Dindal, and M. R. Guerin, “Exposure to Environmental To-bacco Smoke in Sixteen Cities in the United States as Deter-mined by Personal Breathing Zone Air Sampling,” J.Exposure Anal.Environ.Epidemiol. 6(4), 473–502(1996b).\nW. R. Ott, “A Physical Explanation of the Lognormality of Pollutant Concentrations,” J.Air Waste Manage.Assoc. 401378–1383(1990).\nU.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), “Guiding Principles for Monte Carlo Analysis,” Risk Assessment Fo-rum, Washington, D.C., EPA\u002F630\u002FR-97\u002F001 (March 1997).\nJ. Brainard and D. E. Burmaster, “Bivariate Distributions for Height and Weight of Men and Women in the United States,” Risk Anal. 12(2), 267–275(1992).\nAmerican Industrial Health Council (AIHC), Exposure Fac-tors Sourcebook. Washington, D.C. (1994).\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Exposure Factors Handbook” Exposure Assessment Group, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C., EPA\u002F600\u002FP-95\u002F 002Ba (August 1996a).\nT. R. Johnson, J. E. Capel, E. Olaguer, and L. Wijnberg, “Estimation of Carbon Monoxide Exposures by Urban Resi-dents Using a Probabilistic Version of NEM,” report by IT Air Quality Services for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Re-search Triangle Park, North Carolina (1992).\nT. R. Johnson, “A Study of Human Activity Patterns in Cincin-nati, Ohio,” report by PEI Associates, Inc., for Electric Power Research Institute, available from Ted R. Johnson, IT Corpo-ration, 3710 University Drive, Durham, NC 27707 (1987).\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter: Vols.I, II, and IIIOffice of Research and Development, Washington, D.C., EPA\u002F600\u002FP-95\u002F 001aF (April 1996b).\nA. C. James, A. M. Jarabek, P. E. Morrow, R. B. Schlesinger, M. B. Snipes, and C. P. 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