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Report No. TCP‐31. World Meteorological Organization Geneva Switzerland",{},{"id":24,"text":1291,"url":24,"identifiers":1292},"Oikonomou E. K., 2005, The evaluation of the ozone and water vapour fields from the ECMWF re‐analysis ERA‐40 during 1991–99 in comparison with UARS satellite and MOZAIC aircraft observations, J. Geophys. Res.",{},{"id":24,"text":1294,"url":24,"identifiers":1295},"Onogi K.2000‘The long‐term performance of the radiosonde observing system to be used in ERA‐40’. ECMWF ERA‐40 Project Report Series No. 2. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Shinfield Reading UK (available fromwww.ecmwf.int\u002Fpublications)",{},{"id":24,"text":1297,"url":24,"identifiers":1298},"10.1175\u002FBAMS-85-6-853",{"doi":1297},{"id":24,"text":1300,"url":24,"identifiers":1301},"Parrish D. F., 1992, The National Meteorological Center's spectral statistical‐interpolation analysis system, Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 2083, 10.1175\u002F1520-0493(1992)120\u003C1747:TNMCSS>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1302},"10.1175\u002F1520-0493(1992)120\u003C1747:TNMCSS>2.0.CO;2",{"id":24,"text":1304,"url":24,"identifiers":1305},"10.1016\u002F0273-1177(81)90067-3",{"doi":1304},{"id":24,"text":1307,"url":24,"identifiers":1308},"10.1175\u002F1520-0493(1992)120\u003C2083:FRAG>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1307},{"id":24,"text":1310,"url":24,"identifiers":1311},"10.1002\u002Fqj.49712656415",{"doi":1310},{"id":24,"text":1313,"url":24,"identifiers":1314},"10.1016\u002Fj.dynatmoce.2003.10.001",{"doi":1313},{"id":24,"text":1316,"url":24,"identifiers":1317},"10.1175\u002F1520-0469(1998)055\u003C0163:SCAQVI>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1316},{"id":24,"text":1319,"url":24,"identifiers":1320},"10.1175\u002F1520-0442(2004)017\u003C0986:TSIOMC>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1319},{"id":24,"text":1322,"url":24,"identifiers":1323},"Rayner N. A.2002‘HadISST1 and the Reynoldset al.analysis’. Pp.169–176in ECMWF ERA‐40 Project Report Series No. 3. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Shinfield Reading UK (available fromwww.ecmwf.int\u002Fpublications)",{},{"id":24,"text":1325,"url":24,"identifiers":1326},"10.1029\u002F2002JD002670",{"doi":1325},{"id":24,"text":1328,"url":24,"identifiers":1329},"10.1002\u002Fqj.49708837711",{"doi":1328},{"id":24,"text":1331,"url":24,"identifiers":1332},"10.1175\u002F1520-0442(2002)015\u003C1609:AIISAS>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1331},{"id":24,"text":1334,"url":24,"identifiers":1335},"Ringer M. A., 2004, Evaluating climate model simulations of tropical cloud, Tellus, 56, 308, 10.3402\u002Ftellusa.v56i4.14419",{"doi":1336},"10.3402\u002Ftellusa.v56i4.14419",{"id":24,"text":1338,"url":24,"identifiers":1339},"Saarinen S.andSokka N.2002‘Merging of the observation sources’. Pp.71–87in ECMWF ERA‐40 Project Report Series No. 3. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Shinfield Reading UK (available fromwww.ecmwf.int\u002Fpublications)",{},{"id":24,"text":1341,"url":24,"identifiers":1342},"10.1029\u002F2004JD005075",{"doi":1341},{"id":24,"text":1344,"url":24,"identifiers":1345},"10.1002\u002Fqj.1999.49712555615",{"doi":1344},{"id":24,"text":1347,"url":24,"identifiers":1348},"10.1175\u002F1520-0469(1960)017\u003C0575:STCATA>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1347},{"id":24,"text":1350,"url":24,"identifiers":1351},"10.1029\u002F2002JD002652",{"doi":1350},{"id":24,"text":1353,"url":24,"identifiers":1354},"Schubert S. Park C.‐K. Wu C.‐Y. Higgins W. Kondratyeva Y. Molod A. Takacs L. Seablom M.andRood R.1995‘A multi‐year assimilation with the GEOS‐1 system: Overview and results’. NASA Tech. Rep. series on global modelling and data assimilation No. 6. Ed. M. J. Suarez. NASA Goddard Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA",{},{"id":24,"text":1356,"url":24,"identifiers":1357},"10.1175\u002F1520-0442(2004)017\u003C2039:ICITWS>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1356},{"id":24,"text":1359,"url":24,"identifiers":1360},"Serreze M. C.andEtringer A. J.2002‘Representation of Arctic precipitation in ERA‐40’. Pp.317–331in ECMWF ERA‐40 Project Report Series No. 3. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Shinfield Reading UK (available fromwww.ecmwf.int\u002Fpublications)",{},{"id":24,"text":1362,"url":24,"identifiers":1363},"Simmons A. J.2004‘Representation of the stratosphere in ECMWF operations and ERA‐40’. Pp.1–17in Proceedings of ECMWF\u002FSPARC workshop on modelling and assimilation for the stratosphere and tropopause June 2003. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Shinfield Reading UK 1–17 (available fromwww.ecmwf.int\u002Fpublications)",{},{"id":24,"text":1365,"url":24,"identifiers":1366},"10.1175\u002F1520-0493(1981)109\u003C0758:AEAAMC>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1365},{"id":24,"text":1368,"url":24,"identifiers":1369},"10.1256\u002F003590002321042135",{"doi":1368},{"id":24,"text":1371,"url":24,"identifiers":1372},"10.1002\u002Fqj.49710945905",{"doi":1371},{"id":24,"text":1374,"url":24,"identifiers":1375},"10.1002\u002Fqj.49712555318",{"doi":1374},{"id":24,"text":1377,"url":24,"identifiers":1378},"10.1029\u002F2004JD005306",{"doi":1377},{"id":24,"text":1380,"url":24,"identifiers":1381},"10.1175\u002FJAS-3322.1",{"doi":1380},{"id":24,"text":1383,"url":24,"identifiers":1384},"10.1175\u002F1520-0442(2004)017\u003C3866:OTIORP>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1383},{"id":24,"text":1386,"url":24,"identifiers":1387},"10.1002\u002Fjoc.1175",{"doi":1386},{"id":24,"text":1389,"url":24,"identifiers":1390},"10.1029\u002F2003JD004057",{"doi":1389},{"id":24,"text":1392,"url":24,"identifiers":1393},"Teixeira J.1999‘The impact of increased boundary layer resolution on the ECMWF forecast system’. ECMWF Tech. Memo. No. 268. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Shinfield Reading UK (available fromwww.ecmwf.int\u002Fpublications)",{},{"id":24,"text":1395,"url":24,"identifiers":1396},"10.1002\u002Fqj.49712757107",{"doi":1395},{"id":24,"text":1398,"url":24,"identifiers":1399},"10.1175\u002F1520-0493(1958)086\u003C0023:AACISC>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1398},{"id":24,"text":1401,"url":24,"identifiers":1402},"10.1175\u002F1520-0442(1995)008\u003C2255:EOTGAM>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1401},{"id":24,"text":1404,"url":24,"identifiers":1405},"10.1175\u002F1520-0477(1988)069\u003C1047:AEAIOG>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1404},{"id":24,"text":1407,"url":24,"identifiers":1408},"10.1175\u002FJCLI-3299.1",{"doi":1407},{"id":24,"text":1410,"url":24,"identifiers":1411},"10.1175\u002F1520-0442(2001)014\u003C1499:QORITT>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1410},{"id":24,"text":1413,"url":24,"identifiers":1414},"Troccoli A.andKållberg P.2004‘Precipitation correction in the ERA‐40 reanalysis’. ECMWF ERA‐40 Project Report Series No. 13. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Shinfield Reading UK 6pp (available fromwww.ecmwf.int\u002Fpublications)",{},{"id":24,"text":1416,"url":24,"identifiers":1417},"10.1256\u002Fqj.03.173",{"doi":1416},{"id":24,"text":1419,"url":24,"identifiers":1420},"Untch A.andSimmons A. J.1999‘Increased stratospheric resolution in the ECMWF forecasting system’. Pp.2–8in ECMWF Newsletter No. 82. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Shinfield Reading UK (available fromwww.ecmwf.int\u002Fpublications)",{},{"id":24,"text":1422,"url":24,"identifiers":1423},"Uppala S.1997‘Observing system performance in ERA’. ECMWF ERA‐15 Project Report Series No. 3. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Shinfield Reading UK (available fromwww.ecmwf.int\u002Fpublications)",{},{"id":24,"text":1425,"url":24,"identifiers":1426},"Uppala S. Kållberg P. Hernandez A. Saarinen S. Fiorino M. Li X. Onogi K. Sokka N. Andrae U.andDa Costa Bechtold V.2004‘ERA‐40: ECMWF's 45‐year reanalysis of the global atmosphere and surface conditions 1957–2002’. Pp.2–21in ECMWF Newsletter No. 101. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Shinfield Reading UK (available fromwww.ecmwf.int\u002Fpublications)",{},{"id":24,"text":1428,"url":24,"identifiers":1429},"van de Berg L. Gustafsson J.andYildirim A.2002‘Reprocessing of atmospheric motion vectors from Meteosat image data’. Pp.159–168in ECMWF ERA‐40 Project Report Series No. 15. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Shinfield Reading UK (available fromwww.ecmwf.int\u002Fpublications)",{},{"id":24,"text":1431,"url":24,"identifiers":1432},"van den Hurk B. J. J. M. Viterbo P. Beljaars A. C. M.andBetts A. K.2000‘Offline validation of the ERA40 surface scheme’. ECMWF Tech. Memo. No. 295. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Shinfield Reading UK (available fromwww.ecmwf.int\u002F publications)",{},{"id":24,"text":1434,"url":24,"identifiers":1435},"10.1029\u002F2004JD004586",{"doi":1434},{"id":24,"text":1437,"url":24,"identifiers":1438},"10.1029\u002F1998JD200076",{"doi":1437},{"id":24,"text":1440,"url":24,"identifiers":1441},"10.1002\u002Fqj.49712555904",{"doi":1440},{"id":24,"text":1443,"url":24,"identifiers":1444},"Wedi N. P.1999‘The numerical coupling of the physical parametrizations to the ‘dynamical’ equations in a forecast model’. ECMWF Tech. Memo. No. 274. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Shinfield Reading UK (available fromwww.ecmwf.int\u002F publications)",{},{"id":24,"text":1446,"url":24,"identifiers":1447},"10.1029\u002F96JC01751",{"doi":1446},{"id":24,"text":1449,"url":24,"identifiers":1450},"Wentz F. J.andFrancis E. A.1992‘Nimbus‐7 SMMR Ocean Products 1979–1984’. Remote Sensing Systems Technical Report 033192. Remote Sensing Systems 1101 College Avenue Suite 220 Santa Rosa CA 95404 USA",{},{"id":24,"text":1452,"url":24,"identifiers":1453},"10.1175\u002F1520-0469(1998)055\u003C1613:SIRRWA>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1452},{"id":24,"text":1455,"url":24,"identifiers":1456},"10.1175\u002F1520-0493(2004)132\u003C1190:RWRUED>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1455},{"id":24,"text":1458,"url":24,"identifiers":1459},"WMO1985‘GARP Special Reports Nos. 42 43 and 44’. World Meteorological Organization Geneva Switzerland",{},false,{"id":1462,"createTime":1463,"updateTime":1464,"relativeEntities":1465,"slug":1466,"properties":1467,"entityType":172,"verifyStatus":173,"verifyTime":1479,"verifyNote":174,"languages":1480,"translateLanguages":1481,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1482,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1483,"publicationType":965,"publisherRelationship":2193,"citationCount":2244,"citationInfo":2245,"publishDate":2253,"publishYear":2246,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":2254,"openAccess":24,"references":2255,"isForceReanalyzing":1460},"c0a6e640-bb0c-4c60-8959-a6dcb76f021a","2024-08-30T19:17:11.729+00:00","2026-09-11T15:12:59.400+00:00",[],"The-ERA5-global-reanalysis",{"openalex":1468,"mag":1470,"abstract":1472,"title":1474,"doi":1477},{"VOID":1469},"W3025949386",{"VOID":1471},"3025949386",{"EN":1473},"\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), ECMWF is producing the ERA5 reanalysis which, once completed, will embody a detailed record of the global atmosphere, land surface and ocean waves from 1950 onwards. This new reanalysis replaces the ERA‐Interim reanalysis (spanning 1979 onwards) which was started in 2006. ERA5 is based on the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) Cy41r2 which was operational in 2016. ERA5 thus benefits from a decade of developments in model physics, core dynamics and data assimilation. In addition to a significantly enhanced horizontal resolution of 31 km, compared to 80 km for ERA‐Interim, ERA5 has hourly output throughout, and an uncertainty estimate from an ensemble (3‐hourly at half the horizontal resolution). This paper describes the general set‐up of ERA5, as well as a basic evaluation of characteristics and performance, with a focus on the dataset from 1979 onwards which is currently publicly available. Re‐forecasts from ERA5 analyses show a gain of up to one day in skill with respect to ERA‐Interim. Comparison with radiosonde and PILOT data prior to assimilation shows an improved fit for temperature, wind and humidity in the troposphere, but not the stratosphere. A comparison with independent buoy data shows a much improved fit for ocean wave height. The uncertainty estimate reflects the evolution of the observing systems used in ERA5. The enhanced temporal and spatial resolution allows for a detailed evolution of weather systems. For precipitation, global‐mean correlation with monthly‐mean GPCP data is increased from 67% to 77%. In general, low‐frequency variability is found to be well represented and from 10 hPa downwards general patterns of anomalies in temperature match those from the ERA‐Interim, MERRA‐2 and JRA‐55 reanalyses.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1475,"VI":1476},"The ERA5 global reanalysis","Bộ dữ liệu tái phân tích toàn cầu 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Stockdale T. Balmaseda M.A. Balsamo G. Buizza R. Ferranti L. Magnusson L. Mogensen K. Palmer T.N.andVitart F.(2011).The new ECMWF Seasonal Forecast System (System 4). Technical Memorandum 656 ECMWF Reading UK.",{},{"id":24,"text":2628,"url":24,"identifiers":2629},"10.1029\u002F89JD01597",{"doi":2628},{"id":24,"text":2631,"url":24,"identifiers":2632},"10.1175\u002F2008MWR2363.1",{"doi":2631},{"id":24,"text":2634,"url":24,"identifiers":2635},"10.1029\u002F2011JD017187",{"doi":2634},{"id":24,"text":2637,"url":24,"identifiers":2638},"Muñoz‐Sabater J., 2019, First ERA5‐Land dataset to be released this spring, ECMWF Newsletter, 159, 8",{},{"id":24,"text":2640,"url":24,"identifiers":2641},"10.1256\u002Fqj.02.229",{"doi":2640},{"id":24,"text":2643,"url":24,"identifiers":2644},"10.1002\u002Fqj.2505",{"doi":2643},{"id":24,"text":2646,"url":24,"identifiers":2647},"NOAA(2006).2‐Minute Gridded Global Relief Data (ETOPO2) v2. 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Viterbo P. Beljaars A.andBetts A.(2000).Offline validation of the ERA40 surface scheme. Technical Memorandum 295 ECMWF Reading UK.",{},{"id":24,"text":2764,"url":24,"identifiers":2765},"10.1256\u002F003590002321042036",{"doi":2764},{"id":24,"text":2767,"url":24,"identifiers":2768},"10.1002\u002Fjoc.2103",{"doi":2767},{"id":24,"text":2770,"url":24,"identifiers":2771},"Xu X., 2019, Evaluation of variability among different precipitation products in the Northern Great Plains, Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 24",{},{"id":24,"text":2773,"url":24,"identifiers":2774},"Zuo H. Balmaseda M.A. Mogensen K.andTietsche S.(2018).OCEAN5: The ECMWF Ocean Reanalysis System and its real‐time analysis component. 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The ERA‐Interim project was conducted in part to prepare for a new atmospheric reanalysis to replace ERA‐40, which will extend back to the early part of the twentieth century. This article describes the forecast model, data assimilation method, and input datasets used to produce ERA‐Interim, and discusses the performance of the system. Special emphasis is placed on various difficulties encountered in the production of ERA‐40, including the representation of the hydrological cycle, the quality of the stratospheric circulation, and the consistency in time of the reanalysed fields. We provide evidence for substantial improvements in each of these aspects. We also identify areas where further work is needed and describe opportunities and objectives for future reanalysis projects at ECMWF. 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Inc.",{},{"id":24,"text":4052,"url":24,"identifiers":4053},"10.1175\u002F1520-0469(1965)022\u003C0412:ANEIBC>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":4052},{"id":24,"text":4055,"url":24,"identifiers":4056},"10.1175\u002F1520-0469(1962)019\u003C0492:COIMOA>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":4055},{"id":24,"text":4058,"url":24,"identifiers":4059},"10.1175\u002F1520-0469(1963)020\u003C0407:TEOAMC>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":4058},{"id":24,"text":4061,"url":24,"identifiers":4062},"Ogura Y.andCharney J. G.1962‘A numerical model of thermal convection in the atmosphere ’Proc. International Symposium on Numerical Weather Prediction Tokyo Japan Nov. 7–13 1960 Met. Soc. of Japan Tokyo Mar. 1962 pp.431–451.",{},{"id":24,"text":4064,"url":24,"identifiers":4065},"10.1175\u002F1520-0469(1965)022\u003C0684:ANSOTI>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":4064},{"id":24,"text":4067,"url":24,"identifiers":4068},"10.1175\u002F1520-0469(1968)025\u003C0385:AWEOTI>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":4067},{"id":24,"text":4070,"url":24,"identifiers":4071},"Pastushkov R. S., 1973, The effect of vertical wind shear on the development of convective clouds, Izv. Acad. Sci., USSR, Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 9, 5",{},{"id":24,"text":4073,"url":24,"identifiers":4074},"10.1175\u002F1520-0469(1973)030\u003C0879:ACBAAS>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":4073},{"id":24,"text":4076,"url":24,"identifiers":4077},"10.1175\u002F1520-0469(1967)024\u003C0036:ASOTEO>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":4076},{"id":24,"text":4079,"url":24,"identifiers":4080},"10.1175\u002F1520-0469(1973)030\u003C0414:ATDMOC>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":4079},{"id":24,"text":4082,"url":24,"identifiers":4083},"10.1175\u002F1520-0469(1971)028\u003C0350:NSOAPC>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":4082},{"id":24,"text":4085,"url":24,"identifiers":4086},"10.1175\u002F1520-0469(1972)029\u003C1295:TPPATN>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":4085},{"id":4088,"createTime":4089,"updateTime":4089,"relativeEntities":4090,"slug":4091,"properties":4092,"entityType":172,"verifyStatus":173,"verifyTime":4103,"verifyNote":174,"languages":4104,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":4105,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":4106,"publicationType":965,"publisherRelationship":4139,"citationCount":4190,"citationInfo":4191,"publishDate":4194,"publishYear":4192,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":4195,"openAccess":24,"references":4196,"isForceReanalyzing":1460},"94c18553-eb79-411c-ac6a-36b082539012","2025-02-10T14:34:09.408+00:00",[],"On-the-non-hydrostatic-equations-in-pressure-and-sigma-coordinates",{"openalex":4093,"mag":4095,"abstract":4097,"title":4099,"doi":4101},{"VOID":4094},"W2088924040",{"VOID":4096},"2088924040",{"EN":4098},"\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>The non‐hydrostatic equations governing the inviscid, adiabatic motion of a perfect gas are formulated using pressure as vertical coordinate; and M. J. Miller's 1974 approximate quasi‐non‐hydrostatic pressure coordinate equations are derived by applying a systematic scale analysis and power series expansion. The derivation makes clear that these equations are the pressure coordinate counterparts of the anelastic height coordinate equations obtained by Y. Ogura and N. A. Phillips in 1962. The two sets cannot be interconverted by coordinate transformation and so they are not physically equivalent; but the differences are small at the order of validity of both sets. Consideration of a quasi‐hydrostatic approximation emphasizes the non‐hydrostatic character of Miller's equations. Sigma coordinate quasi‐non‐hydrostatic equations are obtained by direct transformation of the pressure coordinate forms, and consistent energy equations are derived for both sets. Convenient diagnostic partial differential equations for the geopotential field are obtained for both pressure and sigma coordinate forms. As shown by Miller, the quasi‐non‐hydrostatic formulation does not permit vertically propagating acoustic waves. Horizontally propagating acoustic waves (Lamb waves) are in general allowed, but can be removed from the pressure coordinate system by applying suitable boundary conditions. Some aspects of the treatment of the Lamb wave problem are corrected in this study. The quasi‐non‐hydrostatic sigma coordinate system permits Lamb waves, but it may still be considered suitable for convective and (especially) mesoscale modelling with or without orography. The possible use of the quasi‐non‐hydrostatic system in large‐scale theory and modelling is also discussed.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":4100},"On the non‐hydrostatic equations in pressure and sigma coordinates",{"VOID":4102},"10.1002\u002Fqj.49711046413","2025-02-10T14:34:09.407+00:00",[176],"https:\u002F\u002Frmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Fqj.49711046413",[4107,4122],{"id":4108,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":4109,"affiliations":4110,"properties":4119,"displayName":3931,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"e6ad1890-a7a4-4fe8-ae50-b8cd32780022",[],[4111],{"id":4112,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":4113,"properties":24},"4fb75728-96c1-43d9-9f15-48845f424b3a",{"id":4112,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":4114,"slug":24,"properties":4115,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":4118,"statistic":24},[],{"title":4116},{"EN":4117},"Atmospheric Physics Group, Imperial College",[],{"title":4120,"openalex":4121},{"EN":3931},{"VOID":3933},{"id":4123,"sortIndex":100,"researcher":24,"roles":4124,"affiliations":4125,"properties":4134,"displayName":4136,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"a2b8019e-1a8f-4f9f-b5b9-b739b02adc9b",[],[4126],{"id":4127,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":4128,"properties":24},"540d04c9-1399-4eca-92e1-8725a15c99e1",{"id":4127,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":4129,"slug":24,"properties":4130,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":4133,"statistic":24},[],{"title":4131},{"EN":4132},"Meteorological Office, Bracknell",[],{"title":4135,"openalex":4137},{"EN":4136},"A. 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Ann., Oslo, 4, 123",{},{"id":24,"text":4667,"url":24,"identifiers":4668},"U.S. Weather Bureau1938Atlas of climatic charts of the Oceans No. 1247 Washington.",{},{"id":24,"text":4670,"url":24,"identifiers":4671},"Wust G., 1936, Oberflachensalzgehalt, Verdunstung, und Niederschlag auf dern Weltmeene, 347",{},{"id":4673,"createTime":4674,"updateTime":4674,"relativeEntities":4675,"slug":4676,"properties":4677,"entityType":172,"verifyStatus":173,"verifyTime":4674,"verifyNote":174,"languages":4688,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":4689,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":4690,"publicationType":965,"publisherRelationship":4725,"citationCount":4776,"citationInfo":4777,"publishDate":4780,"publishYear":4778,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":4781,"openAccess":24,"references":4782,"isForceReanalyzing":1460},"c79ea98d-5987-4671-bff0-fca7a9d50f41","2025-02-06T08:58:13.782+00:00",[],"Retrieval-of-microphysical-and-morphological-properties-of-volcanic-ash-plumes-from-satellite-data-Application-to-Mt-Ruapehu-New-Zealand",{"openalex":4678,"mag":4680,"abstract":4682,"title":4684,"doi":4686},{"VOID":4679},"W2161669521",{"VOID":4681},"2161669521",{"EN":4683},"\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>A quantitative analysis of the properties of several Mt Ruapehu, New Zealand, ash plumes has been performed using multispectral satellite data from the AVHRR‐2 and ATSR‐2 instruments. The analysis includes: identification of the plume from background clouds using the ‘reverse’ absorption effect in the thermal channels: modelling and retrieval of particle sizes; determination of the plume height from cloud shadows, stereoscopy and meteorological data; and estimates of the mass of fine particles (radii less than 10 μm). A new spectral technique for identifying opaque, silica‐rich ash clouds is demonstrated by utilizing the near‐infrared (1.6 μm) and visible (0.67 μm) channels of the ATSR‐2, and the optical properties of a simple volcanic cloud are presented for use in radiative transfer studies. It is found that the Ruapehu eruption cloud contained silica‐rich ash particles with radii generally less than a few micrometres. The distribution of fine particles is monomodal with a dominant mode peak of about 3 μm radius. Mass loadings of fine particles are found to be in the range ≈︁1 to ≈︁7 mg m\u003Cjats:sup>−3\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>, and are consistent with estimates of mass loadings of volcanic clouds from eruptions of other volcanoes. The height of the plume top, derived from radiosonde data and plume‐top temperatures in the opaque regions, was found to be between 7.5 and 8.5 km, while the plume thickness was estimated to be between 1.5 and 3 km. Cloud height derived from ATSR‐2 stereoscopy on a different plume gave heights in the range 5 to 8 km.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>The results of this study provide important information on the optical properties of nascent volcanic eruption plumes. This information may prove useful in determining the potential effects of volcanic clouds on local climate, and in assessing any hazard to aviation.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":4685},"Retrieval of microphysical and morphological properties of volcanic ash plumes from satellite data: Application to Mt Ruapehu, New Zealand",{"VOID":4687},"10.1002\u002Fqj.49712757615",[176],"https:\u002F\u002Frmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Fqj.49712757615",[4691,4710],{"id":4692,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":4693,"affiliations":4694,"properties":4703,"displayName":4707,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"caf66598-5151-49a5-907d-8ca9a943a83f",[],[4695],{"id":4696,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":4697,"properties":24},"2b8a9b3f-4a04-409d-ba9e-191dd3e9ec6b",{"id":4696,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":4698,"slug":24,"properties":4699,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":4702,"statistic":24},[],{"title":4700},{"VI":4701},"CSIRO, Australia",[],{"orcid":4704,"title":4706,"openalex":4708},{"VOID":4705},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0001-9285-9565",{"EN":4707},"A. 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S.1994The concentration of ash in volcanic plumes inferred from dispersal data. Pp.19–29in Proceedings of the first international symposium on volcanic ash and aviation safety July 1991. US Geological Survey Bulletin 2047 Seattle Washington USA",{},{"id":24,"text":4811,"url":24,"identifiers":4812},"10.1029\u002FJC084iC11p06961",{"doi":4811},{"id":24,"text":4814,"url":24,"identifiers":4815},"Casadevall T. J., 1994, Proceedings of the first international symposium on volcanic ash and aviation safety, July, 1991",{},{"id":24,"text":4817,"url":24,"identifiers":4818},"10.1126\u002Fscience.211.4484.830",{"doi":4817},{"id":24,"text":4820,"url":24,"identifiers":4821},"Evans B. T. N.1988‘An interactive program for estimating extinction and scattering properties of most particulate clouds’. Department of Defence Report MRL‐R‐1123 Defence Science and Technology Organisation Materials Research Laboratory. 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N., 1983, A case study of two eruptions of Mount Galunggung and an investigation of volcanic eruption cloud characteristics using remote sensing techniques, Aust. Meteorol. Mag., 31, 171",{},{"id":24,"text":4850,"url":24,"identifiers":4851},"10.1126\u002Fscience.211.4484.816",{"doi":4850},{"id":24,"text":4853,"url":24,"identifiers":4854},"Hofmann D. J., 1984, Balloonborne particle counter observations of the El Chichón aerosol layers in the 0.01‐1.8 μm radius range, Geofis. Int., 23, 155, 10.22201\u002Figeof.00167169p.1984.23.2.836",{"doi":4855},"10.22201\u002Figeof.00167169p.1984.23.2.836",{"id":24,"text":4857,"url":24,"identifiers":4858},"10.1007\u002FBF00258183",{"doi":4857},{"id":24,"text":4860,"url":24,"identifiers":4861},"10.1029\u002F94JB03137",{"doi":4860},{"id":24,"text":4863,"url":24,"identifiers":4864},"10.1016\u002F0377-0273(95)00054-2",{"doi":4863},{"id":24,"text":4866,"url":24,"identifiers":4867},"Hunt G. E., 1973, Radiative properties of terrestrial clouds at visible and infrared thermal window wavelengths, Q. J. R. Meteorl. Soc., 99, 356",{},{"id":24,"text":4869,"url":24,"identifiers":4870},"Ivlev L. S., 1973, The complex refractive indices of substances in the atmosphericaerosol dispersed phase, Atmos. Oceanic Phys., 9, 587",{},{"id":24,"text":4872,"url":24,"identifiers":4873},"10.1175\u002F1520-0450(1984)023\u003C1121:AMOTRP>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":4872},{"id":24,"text":4875,"url":24,"identifiers":4876},"Kinoshita K. Masumizu T.andTsutsumi K.1992‘Analysis of satellite images of volcanic ash clouds from Mount Sakurajima’. Pp. 2003‐2008 in Proceedings of the 18th international symposium on space technology and science. Kagoshima Japan",{},{"id":24,"text":4878,"url":24,"identifiers":4879},"10.1038\u002F373399a0",{"doi":4878},{"id":24,"text":4881,"url":24,"identifiers":4882},"10.1016\u002F0004-6981(85)90254-9",{"doi":4881},{"id":24,"text":4884,"url":24,"identifiers":4885},"10.1016\u002F0034-4257(90)90077-Y",{"doi":4884},{"id":24,"text":4887,"url":24,"identifiers":4888},"10.1038\u002F203824a0",{"doi":4887},{"id":24,"text":4890,"url":24,"identifiers":4891},"Mutlow C. T.1999‘ATSR‐1\u002F2 User Guide’. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Report 15 June 1999 Issue 1 RAL Didcot Oxon UK (Alsohttp:\u002F\u002Fwww.atsr.rl.ac.uk\u002Fuser_documentation.html).",{},{"id":24,"text":4893,"url":24,"identifiers":4894},"Newell R. E., 1982, Mount St Helens eruptions of 1980: Atmospheric effects and potential climate impact",{},{"id":24,"text":4896,"url":24,"identifiers":4897},"10.1080\u002F014311698214307",{"doi":4896},{"id":24,"text":4899,"url":24,"identifiers":4900},"10.1364\u002FAO.14.000208",{"doi":4899},{"id":24,"text":4902,"url":24,"identifiers":4903},"10.1175\u002F1520-0450-30.7.973",{"doi":4902},{"id":24,"text":4905,"url":24,"identifiers":4906},"Planet W. G.1988‘Data extraction and calibration of TIROS‐N\u002FNOAA radiometers’. NOAA Technical Report NESS 107‐Rev. 1 National Environment Satellite Data and Information Services. Washington. 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J.1994‘Impact of volcanic ash from 15 December 1989 Redoubt volcano eruption on GE CF6‐80C2 turbofan engines’. Pp. 129‐135 in Proceedings of the first international symposium on volcanic ash and aviation safety July 1991. US Geological Survey Bulletin 2047 Seattle Washington USA",{},{"id":24,"text":4929,"url":24,"identifiers":4930},"Rao C. R. N. Sullivan J. T. Walton C. C. Brown J. W.andEvans R. H.1993‘Nonlinearity corrections for the thermal infrared channels of the advanced very high resolution radiometer: Assessment and recommendations’. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 69. National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service Washington DC USA",{},{"id":24,"text":4932,"url":24,"identifiers":4933},"10.1029\u002F93JB02062",{"doi":4932},{"id":24,"text":4935,"url":24,"identifiers":4936},"Rose W. I., 1997, Atmospheric corrections for two band infrared volcanic cloud discriminations and retrievals, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 818",{},{"id":24,"text":4938,"url":24,"identifiers":4939},"10.1098\u002Frsta.2000.0605",{"doi":4938},{"id":24,"text":4941,"url":24,"identifiers":4942},"10.1038\u002F375477a0",{"doi":4941},{"id":24,"text":4944,"url":24,"identifiers":4945},"Sawada Y.1987‘Study on analysis of volcanic eruptions based on eruption cloud image data obtained by Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS)’. Technical Report 22 Meteorological Institute of Japan Tokyo",{},{"id":24,"text":4947,"url":24,"identifiers":4948},"10.1029\u002F1998JD200073",{"doi":4947},{"id":24,"text":4950,"url":24,"identifiers":4951},"10.1016\u002FS0377-0273(97)00037-1",{"doi":4950},{"id":24,"text":4953,"url":24,"identifiers":4954},"Sehmel G. A., 1982, Atmospheric effects and potential climatic impact of the 1980 eruptions of Mount St Helens, 283",{},{"id":24,"text":4956,"url":24,"identifiers":4957},"Self S., 1996, Fire and mud: Eruptions and lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, 1089",{},{"id":24,"text":4959,"url":24,"identifiers":4960},"Simkin T., 1994, Volcanoes of the world",{},{"id":24,"text":4962,"url":24,"identifiers":4963},"Smithsonian Institution, 1996, Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 21",{},{"id":24,"text":4965,"url":24,"identifiers":4966},"Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA (http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nmnh.si.edu\u002Fgvp\u002Fgvn\u002Fbulletin.htm)",{},{"id":24,"text":4968,"url":24,"identifiers":4969},"10.1029\u002F1998JD200048",{"doi":4968},{"id":24,"text":4971,"url":24,"identifiers":4972},"10.1175\u002F1520-0469(1981)038\u003C0387:ANLATD>2.0.CO;2",{"doi":4971},{"id":24,"text":4974,"url":24,"identifiers":4975},"Stephens G. L.1979‘Optical properties of eight water cloud types’. CSIRO Atmospheric physics technical paper No. 36 CSIRO Aspendale Victoria. 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Turbulence quantities, such as drag coefficient, displacement height and roughness length, appear similar to those reported in the literature concerning surface‐layer turbulence over flat uniform terrain. The analysis of the non‐dimensional standard deviations (σ\u003Cjats:sub>\u003Cjats:italic>u\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>, σ\u003Cjats:sub>\u003Cjats:italic>v\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>, σ\u003Cjats:sub>\u003Cjats:italic>w\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>) legitimates the adoption, for all the wind components, of the same Monin—Obukhov similarity relationship in the form \u003Cjats:styled-content>$\\sigma_{i}\u002Fu_{\\ast}=\\alpha_{i}\\left(1+\\beta_{i}\\left|\\zeta\\right|\\right)^{1\u002F3}$\u003Cjats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\u002Ftex2gif-ueqn-1.gif\" xlink:title=\"equation image\" \u002F>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>, originally proposed only for flat uniform terrain under steady state conditions, and the extension of this expression to the case of winds over a valley floor in slowly varying situations. The coefficients α\u003Cjats:sub>\u003Cjats:italic>i\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> are very similar for along‐valley and cross‐valley winds, as are the β\u003Cjats:sub>\u003Cjats:italic>i\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> ones. Moreover the α\u003Cjats:sub>\u003Cjats:italic>u\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> values are only slightly larger than the α\u003Cjats:sub>\u003Cjats:italic>v\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>, contrary to what is reported in the literature. Conversely, σ\u003Cjats:sub>θ\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>\u002Fθ\u003Cjats:sub>*\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> shows distinctly different behaviour in the stable and unstable regimes. In particular, in the latter case a large scatter in the data is observed. However, since the most scattered data turn out to occur in transition periods (i.e. sunrise and sunset), after a specific data selection the best‐fit parameters are more accurately estimated. In addition, emphasis is laid on the relevance of an appropriate formulation and use of a suitable recursive filter to separate the low‐frequency unsteadiness of the mean flow from the turbulence signal. 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