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In this engine a sealing piston ring with an antiwear ceramic cover was developed. A computer simulation, which as model loads uses program KIVA3 for combustion engine work process computations, has been developed in this paper. This makes it possible to compute the pressure and temperature distributions and the motion of the charge in the combustion chamber at a particular point in the work cycle. The computer models render the design material features of the ring seal components. The models were discretized using EDS's Unigraphix software (UG Scenario, see Appendix) and tetra-nodal, tetrahedral elements. The piston ring coating (TiN-titanium nitride; PAPVD method) was modelled using quadrilateral plane elements. For the first time a coaction has been described between a ring seal of changing properties of piston ring outside layers and other elements, which is a unique achievement of the author. The finite element method (FEM) analysis (MSC\u002FNASTRAN was used as the solver in UG Scenario, see Appendix) allowed us to calculate the distribution of temperature range, heat flow, loads, reduced stresses, displacements, and reaction forces in a ring with coating and cylinder liner in the seal. Positive results of numerical calculation constitute the basis for further research on a real object. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":151},"Computer simulation of piston-piston ring—cylinder liner coactions in combustion engines",{"VOID":153},"10.1243\u002F0954407042707678","PUBLICATION","VERIFIED","Auto Verify",[158],"EN","https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1243\u002F0954407042707678",[161],{"id":162,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":163,"affiliations":164,"properties":175},"1318efde-9e12-43f7-a632-11e0f5c75eec",[],[165],{"id":166,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":167,"properties":24},"66038412-cb82-4eb4-9875-9ce1e29c5966",{"id":168,"createTime":169,"updateTime":169,"relativeEntities":170,"slug":171,"properties":172,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25},"377c054b-298b-47ba-8239-1cc4fece8352","2024-09-26T19:45:57.034+00:00",[],"Wroclaw-University-of-Technology-Institute-of-Machine-Design-and-Operation-Wroclaw-Poland",{"title":173},{"EN":174},"Wroclaw University of Technology Institute of Machine Design and Operation Wroclaw, Poland",{"openalex":176,"orcid":178,"title":180},{"VOID":177},"A5102751067",{"VOID":179},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0001-6135-5014",{"EN":181},"A. 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The surface free energy of the titanium and carbon-titanium nitrid PAPVD layer [in Polish]. In Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference on Light Industry 2000, No. 20\u002F2001 (Radom, Scientific Works), pp. 348–355.",{},{"id":24,"text":236,"url":24,"identifiers":237},"Kwaśniowski S., Modelling thermal loads in combustion engine components [in Polish]",{},{"id":24,"text":239,"url":24,"identifiers":240},"Rusinski E., Finite Element Method. COSMOS\u002FM System",{},{"id":24,"text":242,"url":24,"identifiers":243},"Sitnik L., The Kinetic of Wear",{},{"id":24,"text":245,"url":24,"identifiers":246},"Amsden A. A. KIVA3: A KIVA Program with Block Structured Mesh for Complex Geometries, Los Alamos National Laboratory LA-12503-MS.",{},{"id":24,"text":248,"url":24,"identifiers":249},"Han Z., Uludogan A., Hampson G. J., Reitz R. D. Mechanism of soot and NOx emission reduction using multiple-injection in a diesel engine, SAE Paper, No. 960633.",{},{"id":24,"text":251,"url":24,"identifiers":252},"Kong S.C., Han Z., Reitz R. D. The development and aplication of a diesel ignition and combustion model for multidimensional engine simulation, SAE Paper, 1995, No. 950278.",{"doi":253},"10.4271\u002F950278",{"id":24,"text":255,"url":24,"identifiers":256},"10.1080\u002F00102209508907782",{"doi":255},{"id":24,"text":258,"url":24,"identifiers":259},"Yakhot V., Orszag S. A. Renormalisation Group Analysis of Turbulence. I. Basic theory, J. Sci. Comput., 1, 3.",{"doi":260},"10.1007\u002FBF01061452",{"id":24,"text":262,"url":24,"identifiers":263},"Kays W. M., 1980, Convective Heat and Mass Transfer",{},{"id":24,"text":265,"url":24,"identifiers":266},"Reitz R. D., 1987, Atomiz. Spray Technol., 3, 309",{},{"id":24,"text":268,"url":24,"identifiers":269},"Wiśniewski P. Method of Matching Work Process Models and Object Design Structure as Applied to Combustion Engine [in Polish], Institute of Machines Design and Operation at Wroclaw University of Technology, PRE 10\u002F2000.",{},false,{"id":272,"createTime":273,"updateTime":273,"relativeEntities":274,"slug":275,"properties":276,"entityType":154,"verifyStatus":155,"verifyTime":273,"verifyNote":156,"syncStatus":23,"languages":288,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":289,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":290,"publicationType":182,"publisherRelationship":358,"citationCount":125,"citationInfo":396,"publishDate":398,"publishYear":399,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":24,"openAccess":24,"references":400,"isForceReanalyzing":270},"e6daf20e-7b55-4d79-875c-48b1765e8b9a","2024-09-12T16:46:12.755+00:00",[],"Modelling-and-optimizing-two-and-four-stroke-hybrid-pneumatic-engines",{"mag":277,"keywords":279,"openalex":280,"abstract":282,"title":284,"doi":286},{"VOID":278},"2001219937",{},{"VOID":281},"W2001219937",{"EN":283},"\u003Cjats:p> Hybrid pneumatic engines, which are designed to follow the downsizing and supercharging paradigm, offer a fuel-saving potential that is almost equal to that of hybrid electric powertrains while inducing much lower additional mass and cost penalties. This paper presents a systematic optimization of the operation of such an engine system. Both two-stroke and four-stroke modes are analysed. The optimized valve and throttle actuation laws for all modes and operating areas lead to generic maps that are independent of the engine size. So far, the pneumatic hybridization of internal combustion engines was thought to require two-stroke operation. This paper presents a novel hybrid pneumatic engine configuration that entails fixed camshafts for both intake and exhaust valves while utilizing variable valve actuation for one charge valve per cylinder only. This configuration is operated entirely in four-stroke modes. Such a configuration requires a careful optimization of its operating strategy to achieve its fuel economy potential. Compared with a full two-stroke operation, only small efficiency losses result from using four-stroke modes with these new operating strategies. Initial measurement results with such an engine system are presented in this paper to confirm the validity of the principles of operation. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":285},"Modelling and optimizing two- and four-stroke hybrid pneumatic engines",{"VOID":287},"10.1243\u002F09544070jauto972",[158],"http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1243\u002F09544070JAUTO972",[291,311,328,343],{"id":292,"sortIndex":111,"researcher":24,"roles":293,"affiliations":294,"properties":306},"9a9e5641-0f87-4de1-a429-472bc3ffdf72",[],[295],{"id":296,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":297,"properties":24},"db0e45c2-7970-48b4-89f8-c22359284a67",{"id":298,"createTime":299,"updateTime":300,"relativeEntities":301,"slug":302,"properties":303,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25},"3571e445-f803-4abb-9600-2f15968d469d","2023-12-14T15:54:17.002+00:00","2024-09-20T15:00:57.845+00:00",[],"Department-of-Mechanical-and-Process-Engineering-ETH-Zurich-Zurich-Switzerland",{"title":304},{"VI":305},"Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland",{"openalex":307,"title":309},{"VOID":308},"A5034304798",{"EN":310},"I Parvulescu Vasile",{"id":312,"sortIndex":118,"researcher":24,"roles":313,"affiliations":314,"properties":321},"37d9ca30-9adc-4b9c-ba64-89389e34ee5d",[],[315],{"id":316,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":317,"properties":24},"2e4221a7-db81-46b1-ae30-8f8eed02a2e1",{"id":298,"createTime":299,"updateTime":300,"relativeEntities":318,"slug":302,"properties":319,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25},[],{"title":320},{"VI":305},{"openalex":322,"orcid":324,"title":326},{"VOID":323},"A5056073231",{"VOID":325},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-8781-3199",{"EN":327},"Lino Guzzella",{"id":329,"sortIndex":114,"researcher":24,"roles":330,"affiliations":331,"properties":338},"f3a64746-464c-48d9-9bd8-bf4e496c0bdf",[],[332],{"id":333,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":334,"properties":24},"982c9779-b010-4bf7-bd44-b01985a5c0ca",{"id":298,"createTime":299,"updateTime":300,"relativeEntities":335,"slug":302,"properties":336,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25},[],{"title":337},{"VI":305},{"openalex":339,"title":341},{"VOID":340},"A5031548808",{"EN":342},"Christopher H. 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Thermodynamics, 5, 1",{},{"id":24,"text":405,"url":24,"identifiers":406},"Andersson M., SAE paper 2005–01-2137",{},{"id":24,"text":408,"url":24,"identifiers":409},"10.1243\u002F146808704773564596",{"doi":408},{"id":24,"text":411,"url":24,"identifiers":412},"Guzzella L., 2007, Vehicle propulsion systems, 2nd edition",{},{"id":24,"text":414,"url":24,"identifiers":415},"10.1007\u002F978-3-662-08003-0",{"doi":414},{"id":417,"createTime":418,"updateTime":419,"relativeEntities":420,"slug":421,"properties":422,"entityType":154,"verifyStatus":155,"verifyTime":418,"verifyNote":156,"syncStatus":23,"languages":434,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":435,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":436,"publicationType":182,"publisherRelationship":492,"citationCount":111,"citationInfo":523,"publishDate":24,"publishYear":24,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":525,"indexDatabases":24,"openAccess":24,"references":526,"isForceReanalyzing":270},"6f3ef32a-9710-4175-99c8-fbc45230a09a","2025-01-26T12:37:56.209+00:00","2025-08-28T16:08:48.114+00:00",[],"Control-of-noise-in-the-passenger-compartment-of-the-bus-due-to-structural-vibration",{"keywords":423,"gsPaper":424,"openalex":426,"abstract":428,"title":430,"doi":432},{},{"VOID":425},"[\"17575330003822594068\"]",{"VOID":427},"W4389389251",{"EN":429},"\u003Cjats:p> The design of the chassis with an appropriate structure is thought to be an efficient way for decreasing vibration and noise since chassis vibration is one of the key causes that generates noise in the bus passenger compartment. This study uses the Frequency Response Function Method (FRFM) and Modal Participation Method (MPM) to analyze an acoustic finite element model of a bus frame model THACO TB120S. To perform the noise radiation caused by the vibration of the bus frame structure, the chassis was triggered by a diesel engine. The bus engine has a six-cylinder, four-stroke, and in-line arrangement. The triggered frequencies from the engine were operated in the range of 1–100 Hz, while the maximum engine speed was 1900 rpm. The vibration of the roof array and the noise of the bus compartment was examined analytically at four locations on the bus structure. The results show that the performance of the bus structure with respect to the noise generation was significantly improved. The resonant frequencies of noise observed from analytic results are verified by experimental measurements in terms of sound pressure. The acoustic resonance in the bus passenger compartment mainly occurs in the frequency range from 15 to 70 Hz. The peak values of the sound pressure are significantly decreased when the roof modification technique was applied. An increase in the stiffness of the roof using the structural correction method could have a positive effect on noise reduction by approximately 60%. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":431},"Control of noise in the passenger compartment of the bus due to structural 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On the use of frequency response functions in the finite element model updating. PhD Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, 2016.",{},{"id":24,"text":594,"url":24,"identifiers":595},"Thaco Bus. Thaco BlueSky 120S, https:\u002F\u002Fthacobus.vn\u002Fthaco-bluesky-120s (2020, accessed 10 October 2023).",{},{"id":24,"text":597,"url":24,"identifiers":598},"Bus specifications. Thaco Bus TB120S-W336E4, https:\u002F\u002Fototaithaco.com\u002Fcar\u002Fxe-khach-bluesky-120s (2020, accessed 19 October 2023).",{},{"id":24,"text":600,"url":24,"identifiers":601},"Agico Group. Q345 steel specification and equivalent standard, http:\u002F\u002Fwww.steels-supplier.com\u002Fsteel-standard\u002Fq345-steel-specification-and-equivalent-standard.html (2016, accessed 19 October 2023).",{},{"id":24,"text":603,"url":24,"identifiers":604},"10.1121\u002F1.399073",{"doi":603},{"id":24,"text":606,"url":24,"identifiers":607},"10.3390\u002Fapp12094097",{"doi":606},{"id":24,"text":609,"url":24,"identifiers":610},"10.17485\u002Fijst\u002F2016\u002Fv9i48\u002F102876",{"doi":609},{"id":24,"text":612,"url":24,"identifiers":613},"10.1155\u002F2015\u002F627852",{"doi":612},{"id":615,"createTime":616,"updateTime":616,"relativeEntities":617,"slug":618,"properties":619,"entityType":154,"verifyStatus":155,"verifyTime":631,"verifyNote":156,"syncStatus":23,"languages":632,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":633,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":634,"publicationType":182,"publisherRelationship":706,"citationCount":118,"citationInfo":744,"publishDate":746,"publishYear":747,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":24,"openAccess":24,"references":748,"isForceReanalyzing":270},"64dacbf4-21ac-4ed3-8705-530696facdaf","2024-09-25T15:13:37.119+00:00",[],"Sound-transmission-modeling-and-numerical-analysis-for-automotive-seal-considering-non-uniform-compression",{"mag":620,"keywords":622,"openalex":623,"abstract":625,"title":627,"doi":629},{"VOID":621},"2783934742",{},{"VOID":624},"W2783934742",{"EN":626},"\u003Cjats:p> Automotive metal door panels and nonmetallic seals have complicated nonlinear interactions in their narrow mating sections, leading to non-uniform compression and complicating the sound transmission mechanism. Therefore, a new sound transmission modeling methodology and numerical analysis is developed for a refined sealing system by considering the geometrical boundaries and the non-uniform compression load. Nonlinear analysis is performed to obtain the geometrical parameters of the deformed seal, which are later input to the subsequent numerical acoustic model, by varying the compression ratios at different door locations under quantified nonlinear metal–seal interaction boundary conditions. A numerical prediction model of the sound transmission loss is constructed considering the deformed seal geometry using a double-wall-panel sound transmission model. Finite-element analysis and an infinite-element method are combined. Sound transmission loss experiments are conducted by varying the compression ratios of the seal. Experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical analysis. Furthermore, the sound transmission loss of the incident sound source with respect to a wide range of frequencies is numerically predicted for different compression magnitudes and directions using the verified methodology. This shows that the presented model and numerical methodology is valuable for optimizing the sound transmission loss performance of automotive door seals. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":628},"Sound transmission modeling and numerical analysis for automotive seal considering non-uniform 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97",{},{"id":24,"text":801,"url":24,"identifiers":802},"Cordioli JA, 2011, SAE Int J Passeng Cars Mech Syst, 4, 1320, 10.4271\u002F2011-01-1708",{"doi":803},"10.4271\u002F2011-01-1708",{"id":24,"text":805,"url":24,"identifiers":806},"Zhou J, 2013, Appl Acoust, 74, 1422, 10.1016\u002Fj.apacoust.2013.06.002",{"doi":807},"10.1016\u002Fj.apacoust.2013.06.002",{"id":24,"text":809,"url":24,"identifiers":810},"Kim TH, Proceedings of the FISIA world automotive congress, 383",{},{"id":24,"text":812,"url":24,"identifiers":813},"Park J., 2012, J Pharmaceut Biomed, 14, 169",{},{"id":24,"text":815,"url":24,"identifiers":816},"Vriend NM, 2004, Polym Test, 23, 369, 10.1016\u002Fj.polymertesting.2003.10.006",{"doi":817},"10.1016\u002Fj.polymertesting.2003.10.006",{"id":24,"text":819,"url":24,"identifiers":820},"Dikmen E, 2008, Vehicle Syst Dyn, 46, 975, 10.1080\u002F00423110701689610",{"doi":821},"10.1080\u002F00423110701689610",{"id":24,"text":823,"url":24,"identifiers":824},"Basdogan I, 2011, Exp Tech, 35, 29, 10.1111\u002Fj.1747-1567.2009.00599.x",{"doi":825},"10.1111\u002Fj.1747-1567.2009.00599.x",{"id":24,"text":827,"url":24,"identifiers":828},"Liu C, 2010, Appl Acoust, 71, 431, 10.1016\u002Fj.apacoust.2009.11.010",{"doi":829},"10.1016\u002Fj.apacoust.2009.11.010",{"id":24,"text":831,"url":24,"identifiers":832},"Wang DY., 2012, Numerical simulation and experimental verification for sound insulation performance of panel-type structures",{},{"id":834,"createTime":835,"updateTime":835,"relativeEntities":836,"slug":837,"properties":838,"entityType":154,"verifyStatus":155,"verifyTime":850,"verifyNote":156,"syncStatus":23,"languages":851,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":852,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":853,"publicationType":182,"publisherRelationship":898,"citationCount":128,"citationInfo":936,"publishDate":939,"publishYear":940,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":24,"openAccess":24,"references":941,"isForceReanalyzing":270},"326434e7-510c-4518-bd96-0c0f6f7e6eaa","2024-09-25T15:13:30.107+00:00",[],"Automotive-aeroacoustics-An-overview",{"mag":839,"keywords":841,"openalex":842,"abstract":844,"title":846,"doi":848},{"VOID":840},"2606405093",{},{"VOID":843},"W2606405093",{"EN":845},"\u003Cjats:p> Vehicle aeroacoustic performance has a major influence on customer perception and also has importance for safety and comfort. Wind noise performance was once differentiated by the quality of sealing. Today, achieving competitive wind noise performance also depends on minimising aeroacoustic noise sources generated by the vehicle form, and on attenuation in the noise pathway from sources on the exterior to the vehicle interior. The reduction in noise transmission, especially through glazed surfaces, will continue to play an important role in controlling cabin noise, with a particular emphasis on achieving attenuation efficiently in terms of component mass. The human brain is not only sensitive towards the level of steady broadband noise, but distinctive features such as tonality or modulation draw the attention of the vehicle occupant and impact negatively on perception. Complex indices are often required to define good wind noise performance. This includes the consideration of multiple frequency bands and effects of the range of yaw angles experienced on-road. 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A novel, comprehensive framework is presented for model-based parametric optimization of hybrid electric vehicle powertrains, while accounting for the degradation of the electric battery and its impact on fuel consumption and battery replacement. This is achieved by integrating a powertrain simulation model, an electrochemical battery model capable of predicting degradation, and a lifecycle economic analysis (including net present value, payback period, and internal rate of return). An example design study is presented here to optimize the sizing of the electric motor and battery pack for the North American transit bus application. The results show that the optimal design parameters depend on the metric of interest (i.e. net present value, payback period, etc.). Finally, it is also observed that the fuel consumption increases by up to 10% from “day 1” to the end of battery life. 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spark ignition engines because of its considerable advantages over gasoline. However, the LPG engine suffers a torque loss because the vapour-phase LPG displaces a larger volume of air than do gasoline droplets. In order to improve engine power as well as fuel consumption and air-fuel ratio control, considerable research has been devoted to improving the LPG injection system. In the liquid-phase LPG injection systems, the injection rate of an injector is affected by the fuel temperature, injection pressure, and driving voltage. When injection conditions change, the air-fuel ratio should be accurately controlled in order to reduce exhaust emissions. In this study, correction factors for the fuel injection rate are developed on the basis of fuel temperature, injection pressure, and injector driving voltage. A compensation method to control the amount of injected fuel is proposed for a liquid-phase LPG injection control system. The experimental results show that the liquid-phase LPG injection system works well over the entire range of engine speeds and load conditions, and the air-fuel ratio can be accurately controlled by using the proposed compensation algorithm. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1817},"A study on the injection characteristics of a liquid-phase liquefied petroleum gas injector for air-fuel ratio 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An experimental and theoretical study of liquid LPG injection. SAE paper 922363, 1992.",{"doi":1945},"10.4271\u002F922363",{"id":24,"text":1947,"url":24,"identifiers":1948},"Lutz B. R., Stanglmaier R. H., Matthews R. D., Cohen J. T., Wicker R. The effects of fuel composition, system design, and operating conditions on in-system vaporization and hot start of a liquid-phase LPG injection system. SAE paper 981388, 1998.",{"doi":1949},"10.4271\u002F981388",{"id":24,"text":1951,"url":24,"identifiers":1952},"Kim J. C., Cho G. B., Jeong D. S. Characteristics of spray and combustion in direct injection LPG engine according to combustion chamber shapes. In Spring Conference Proceedings of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, 2000, Vol. I, pp. 73–78.",{},{"id":24,"text":1954,"url":24,"identifiers":1955},"10.1243\u002F0954407041580058",{"doi":1954},{"id":24,"text":1957,"url":24,"identifiers":1958},"Vialle Alternative Fuel Systems BV, 2001 http:\u002F\u002Fwww.vialle.nl\u002F",{},{"id":24,"text":1960,"url":24,"identifiers":1961},"Han B. J., 2001, Trans. Korean Soc. Automot. Engrs, 9, 46",{},{"id":24,"text":1963,"url":24,"identifiers":1964},"1979, LP Gas Technology",{},{"id":24,"text":1966,"url":24,"identifiers":1967},"Song C. S., 1995, J. Korean Soc. Precision Engng, 12, 122",{},{"id":24,"text":1969,"url":24,"identifiers":1970},"Heywood J. B., 1988, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals",{},{"id":1972,"createTime":1973,"updateTime":1973,"relativeEntities":1974,"slug":1975,"properties":1976,"entityType":154,"verifyStatus":155,"verifyTime":1988,"verifyNote":156,"syncStatus":23,"languages":1989,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1990,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1991,"publicationType":182,"publisherRelationship":2028,"citationCount":2066,"citationInfo":2067,"publishDate":2069,"publishYear":2070,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":24,"openAccess":24,"references":2071,"isForceReanalyzing":270},"441a9d8b-d420-436d-89a0-179910247736","2024-10-10T10:42:05.606+00:00",[],"Speciated-hydrocarbon-emissions-from-a-gas-fuelled-spark-ignition-engine-with-various-operating-parameters",{"mag":1977,"keywords":1979,"openalex":1980,"abstract":1982,"title":1984,"doi":1986},{"VOID":1978},"2086200998",{},{"VOID":1981},"W2086200998",{"EN":1983},"\u003Cjats:p> For natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), measurements of the concentrations of individual exhaust hydrocarbon (HC) species have been made under various engine operating conditions in a 2 litre four-cylinder engine using gas chromatography. Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) in addition to the species of HC and other emissions such as CO\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>, CO and NO\u003Cjats:sub>x\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> were examined for natural gas and LPG at 1800 r\u002Fmin for two compression ratios (8.6 and 10.6), various brake mean effective pressure (b.m.e.p.) values (250-800 kPa), spark timings (before top dead centre 10°-55°) and exhaust gas recirculation ratios up to 7 per cent. Fuel conversion efficiencies were also investigated together with emissions to study the effect of engine parameters on the combustion performance in gas engines, especially under the lean burn conditions. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p> It was found that CO\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> emission decreased with smaller C value of fuel, leaner mixture strength, higher compression ratio, higher b.m.e.p. and the ignition near the maximum brake torque spark timing. HC emissions from the LPG engine consisted primarily of propane (C\u003Cjats:sub>3\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> H\u003Cjats:sub>8\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>) (more than 60 per cent), ethylene and propylene (C\u003Cjats:sub>3\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> H\u003Cjats:sub>6\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>), while the main emissions from natural gas were methane (more than 60 per cent), ethane, ethylene and propane. Natural gas was shown to have less of a tendency to form ozone than LPG. This was accomplished by reducing the emissions of propylene, which has a relatively high maximum incremental reactivity factor, and propane, which forms a large portion of LPG. In addition, natural gas shows a benefit in the other emissions (i.e. NMHC, NO\u003Cjats:sub>x\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> and CO\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>), specific reactivity and brake specific reactivity values except fuel conversion efficiency. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1985},"Speciated hydrocarbon emissions from a gas-fuelled spark-ignition engine with various operating parameters",{"VOID":1987},"10.1243\u002F0954407001527655","2024-10-10T10:42:05.605+00:00",[158],"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1243\u002F0954407001527655",[1992,2013],{"id":1993,"sortIndex":111,"researcher":24,"roles":1994,"affiliations":1995,"properties":2006},"1d0be392-0f33-459f-94a3-088f172c6c54",[],[1996],{"id":1997,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1998,"properties":24},"8d64e9ef-ced6-4f16-b349-0360011efdb5",{"id":1999,"createTime":2000,"updateTime":2000,"relativeEntities":2001,"slug":2002,"properties":2003,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25},"2c17f22d-13f4-477b-a51e-a2fd732130f2","2024-10-10T10:42:05.625+00:00",[],"Korea-Advanced-Institute-of-Science-and-Technology-Department-of-Mechanical-Engineering-Taejon-Korea",{"title":2004},{"EN":2005},"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Taejon, Korea",{"openalex":2007,"orcid":2009,"title":2011},{"VOID":2008},"A5058970950",{"VOID":2010},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-7574-1933",{"EN":2012},"Choongsik Bae",{"id":2014,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":2015,"affiliations":2016,"properties":2023},"97bd6fda-570e-4850-b8aa-070156f8c0ad",[],[2017],{"id":2018,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2019,"properties":24},"e85983fd-4bd8-435c-8148-b8b60d4e1f46",{"id":1999,"createTime":2000,"updateTime":2000,"relativeEntities":2020,"slug":2002,"properties":2021,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25},[],{"title":2022},{"EN":2005},{"openalex":2024,"title":2026},{"VOID":2025},"A5039524524",{"EN":2027},"Cu Kim",{"url":24,"publisher":2029,"properties":2059},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":2030,"slug":10,"properties":2031,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"subjectFields":2037,"manageAffiliations":2038,"indexDatabases":2039,"url":108,"thumbnailPath":24,"statistic":2054,"gsStatistic":24,"type":24,"analyzePriority":24},[],{"country":2032,"issn":2033,"introduce":2034,"eissn":2035,"title":2036},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"EN":17},{"VOID":19},{"EN":21},[],[],[2040,2047],{"id":89,"indexDatabase":2041,"url":102,"indexYears":103,"academicFieldIds":2046,"indexDatabaseRanking":107},{"id":91,"createTime":92,"updateTime":93,"relativeEntities":2042,"label":2043,"description":2044,"key":99,"publicationTags":2045,"standard":24},[],{"EN":96,"VI":96},{"EN":96,"VI":98},[101],[105,106],{"id":69,"indexDatabase":2048,"url":84,"indexYears":24,"academicFieldIds":2053,"indexDatabaseRanking":24},{"id":71,"createTime":72,"updateTime":73,"relativeEntities":2049,"label":2050,"description":2051,"key":80,"publicationTags":2052,"standard":24},[],{"EN":76,"VI":76},{"VI":78,"EN":79},[82,83],[86,87],{"impactFactor":25,"impactFactorByYear":2055,"i10Index":115,"i10IndexLast5Year":111,"totalPublication":116,"totalPublicationByYear":2056,"totalCitation":119,"totalCitationByYear":2057,"totalCitationPerPublication":130,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":2058,"hindexLast5Year":115,"hindex":115},{"2013":65,"2014":111,"2017":112,"2018":113,"2019":114,"2020":111,"2021":114,"2022":114},{"2000":118,"2001":111,"2004":111,"2005":111,"2007":111,"2009":111,"2012":111,"2016":111,"2017":111,"2019":111,"2020":111},{"2000":121,"2001":122,"2004":112,"2005":123,"2007":124,"2009":125,"2012":126,"2016":127,"2017":128,"2019":118,"2020":129},{"2000":132,"2001":122,"2004":112,"2005":123,"2007":124,"2009":125,"2012":126,"2016":127,"2017":128,"2019":118,"2020":129},{"volume":2060,"pages":2062,"issue":2064},{"VOID":2061},"214",{"VOID":2063},"795-808",{"VOID":2065},"7",11,{"total":2066,"publishYear":24,"statisticByYear":2068},{"2016":111,"2020":111,"2022":111,"2023":111},"2000-07-01",2000,[2072,2076,2080,2084,2088,2091,2094,2098,2101,2105,2109,2113,2116,2120,2123],{"id":24,"text":2073,"url":24,"identifiers":2074},"Kaiser E. W., Siegl W. O., Anderson R. W. Fuel structure and nature of engine-out emissions. SAE paper 941960, 1994.",{"doi":2075},"10.4271\u002F941960",{"id":24,"text":2077,"url":24,"identifiers":2078},"Kaiser E. W., Siegl W. O., Trinker F. H., Cotton D. F., Cheng W. K., Drobot K. Effect of engine operating parameters on hydrocarbon oxidation in the exhaust port and runner of a SI engine. SAE paper 950159, 1995.",{"doi":2079},"10.4271\u002F950159",{"id":24,"text":2081,"url":24,"identifiers":2082},"Jensen T. E., Siegl W. O., Richert J. F. O., Lipari F., Loo J. F., Prostak A., Sigsby J. E. Advanced emission speciation methodologies for the auto\u002Foil air quality improvement research program—I. Hydrocarbons and others. SAE paper 920320, 1992.",{"doi":2083},"10.4271\u002F920320",{"id":24,"text":2085,"url":24,"identifiers":2086},"Siegl W. O., Richert J. F. O., Jensen T. E., Schuetzle D., Swarin S.J., Loo J. F., Prostak A., Nagy D., Schlenker A. M. Improved emissions speciation methodology for phase II of the auto\u002Foil air quality improvement research program—hydrocarbons and oxygenates. SAE paper 930142, 1993.",{"doi":2087},"10.4271\u002F930142",{"id":24,"text":2089,"url":24,"identifiers":2090},"10.1126\u002Fscience.247.4939.201",{"doi":2089},{"id":24,"text":2092,"url":24,"identifiers":2093},"Weaver C. S., Austine T. C., Rubenstein G. S. Ozone benefits of alternative fuels; a reevaluation based on actual emissions data and updated reactivity factors. Sierra Research, 13 April 1990.",{},{"id":24,"text":2095,"url":24,"identifiers":2096},"Hirita T., Kojima K., Yakushiji K., Inoue T. Effects of exhaust emission control devices and fuel composition on speciated emissions of SI engine. SAE paper 922180, 1992.",{"doi":2097},"10.4271\u002F922180",{"id":24,"text":2099,"url":24,"identifiers":2100},"10.1080\u002F00102208308923660",{"doi":2099},{"id":24,"text":2102,"url":24,"identifiers":2103},"Poulsen J. H., Wallace J. S. Operating parameter effects on the speciated hydrocarbon emissions from a natural gas fueled engine. SAE paper 942007, 1994.",{"doi":2104},"10.4271\u002F942007",{"id":24,"text":2106,"url":24,"identifiers":2107},"Whitney K. A., Bailey B. K. Determination of combustion products from alternative fuels—part I: LPG and CNG combustion products. SAE paper 941903, 1994.",{"doi":2108},"10.4271\u002F941903",{"id":24,"text":2110,"url":24,"identifiers":2111},"Russ S. G., Kaiser E. W., Siegl W. O., Podsiadlik D. H., Barrett K. M. Compression ratio and coolant temperature effects on HC emissions from a SI engine. SAE paper 950163, 1995.",{"doi":2112},"10.4271\u002F950163",{"id":24,"text":2114,"url":24,"identifiers":2115},"10.1016\u002F0010-2180(94)90149-X",{"doi":2114},{"id":24,"text":2117,"url":24,"identifiers":2118},"Kubo S., Yamamoto M., Kizaki Y., Yamazaki S., Tamaka T., Nakanishi K. Speciated hydrocarbon emissions of SI engine during cold start and warm-up. SAE paper 932706, 1993.",{"doi":2119},"10.4271\u002F932706",{"id":24,"text":2121,"url":24,"identifiers":2122},"Heywood J. B., 1989, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals",{},{"id":24,"text":2124,"url":24,"identifiers":2125},"Fleming R. D., O'Neal G. B. Potential for improving the efficiency of an SI engine for natural gas fuel. SAE paper 852073, 1983.",{},{"id":2127,"createTime":2128,"updateTime":2128,"relativeEntities":2129,"slug":2130,"properties":2131,"entityType":154,"verifyStatus":155,"verifyTime":2128,"verifyNote":156,"syncStatus":23,"languages":2143,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":2144,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":2145,"publicationType":182,"publisherRelationship":2235,"citationCount":123,"citationInfo":2272,"publishDate":2274,"publishYear":2275,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":24,"openAccess":24,"references":2276,"isForceReanalyzing":270},"7b605288-68ef-4c9b-beb2-b65c4a026d96","2024-12-05T10:12:29.579+00:00",[],"The-meshing-of-timing-belt-teeth-in-pulley-grooves",{"mag":2132,"keywords":2134,"openalex":2135,"abstract":2137,"title":2139,"doi":2141},{"VOID":2133},"1974173221",{},{"VOID":2136},"W1974173221",{"EN":2138},"\u003Cjats:p> The work described here has been carried out to obtain a better understanding of the tooth root cracking failure mode of timing belts. Previous work has demonstrated the close dependence of this on the tooth deflections of fully meshed teeth, generated by torque transmission, but has not considered the additional distortions generated in the partially meshed conditions at entry to and exit from a pulley groove. Approximate compatibility and constitutive equations are combined with a rigorous consideration of tooth equilibrium in partial meshing to show how bending moments are generated at both exit from a driven pulley and entry to a driving pulley. Experimentally determined belt lives correlate very well with a combined measure of fully meshed tooth strain and strain due to bending at entry or exit. The analysis also shows that this strain measure reduces with increasing belt tooth stiffness, confirming the importance of a high tooth stiffness for a long belt life. Tooth force variations through the partial meshing cycle have also been predicted and compared with measurements obtained from a special strain gauge instrumented pulley. A greater pulley rotation than is predicted is required for a belt tooth to seat in a pulley groove. There is room for improvement in the modelling. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":2140},"The meshing of timing belt teeth in pulley grooves",{"VOID":2142},"10.1243\u002F0954407971526362",[158],"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1243\u002F0954407971526362",[2146,2167,2186,2203,2218],{"id":2147,"sortIndex":111,"researcher":24,"roles":2148,"affiliations":2149,"properties":2160},"12f7be2f-017f-4622-8070-355ece9f5e13",[],[2150],{"id":2151,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2152,"properties":24},"c6e22402-6d1d-49b9-86d5-01aa6af0e303",{"id":2153,"createTime":2154,"updateTime":2154,"relativeEntities":2155,"slug":2156,"properties":2157,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25},"f4efc35b-583f-4441-a11f-b0590acbdc71","2024-12-05T10:12:29.589+00:00",[],"University-of-Leeds-Department-of-Mechanical-Engineering",{"title":2158},{"EN":2159},"University of Leeds Department of Mechanical Engineering",{"openalex":2161,"orcid":2163,"title":2165},{"VOID":2162},"A5010869087",{"VOID":2164},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-4522-8044",{"EN":2166},"Kenny Dalgarno",{"id":2168,"sortIndex":65,"researcher":24,"roles":2169,"affiliations":2170,"properties":2181},"0b1ebaa9-0e0c-49cc-9bd1-2545e37489b0",[],[2171],{"id":2172,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2173,"properties":24},"1e0ca821-7ac5-431a-ac4d-42f35b228c71",{"id":2174,"createTime":2175,"updateTime":2175,"relativeEntities":2176,"slug":2177,"properties":2178,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25},"7271d248-1e5e-4984-b347-b1673c4f802a","2024-12-05T10:12:29.614+00:00",[],"University-of-Bradford-Department-of-Mechanical-Engineering",{"title":2179},{"EN":2180},"University of Bradford Department of Mechanical Engineering",{"openalex":2182,"title":2184},{"VOID":2183},"A5114009075",{"EN":2185},"A J Day",{"id":2187,"sortIndex":114,"researcher":24,"roles":2188,"affiliations":2189,"properties":2196},"c8449657-6430-4253-875b-bf3a550fb8c5",[],[2190],{"id":2191,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2192,"properties":24},"13cee917-5220-4a8e-bf35-ee0e4b8c29a8",{"id":2153,"createTime":2154,"updateTime":2154,"relativeEntities":2193,"slug":2156,"properties":2194,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25},[],{"title":2195},{"EN":2159},{"openalex":2197,"orcid":2199,"title":2201},{"VOID":2198},"A5006256269",{"VOID":2200},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-4674-9397",{"EN":2202},"Mehdi Hojjati",{"id":2204,"sortIndex":118,"researcher":24,"roles":2205,"affiliations":2206,"properties":2213},"25eae723-1105-4b72-b85a-8e816adaade3",[],[2207],{"id":2208,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2209,"properties":24},"71d02cd2-866c-4b9f-983d-620514baf981",{"id":2153,"createTime":2154,"updateTime":2154,"relativeEntities":2210,"slug":2156,"properties":2211,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25},[],{"title":2212},{"EN":2159},{"openalex":2214,"title":2216},{"VOID":2215},"A5034026914",{"EN":2217},"M. 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J., 1994, Drives and Seals, a Tribology Handbook",{},{"id":24,"text":2281,"url":24,"identifiers":2282},"Murakami Y., Watanabe M. Study of belt strength through an examination of strain on belt cords. SAE paper 880415, 1988.",{"doi":2283},"10.4271\u002F880415",{"id":24,"text":2285,"url":24,"identifiers":2286},"10.1111\u002Fj.1460-2695.1994.tb00809.x",{"doi":2285},{"id":24,"text":2288,"url":24,"identifiers":2289},"Dalgarno K. W., 1994, Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, PartD, 208, 37, 10.1243\u002FPIME_PROC_1994_208_007_02",{"doi":2290},"10.1243\u002FPIME_PROC_1994_208_007_02",{"id":24,"text":2292,"url":24,"identifiers":2293},"Childs T. H. C., Parker I. K., Day A. J., Coutsoucos A., Dalgarno K. W. Tooth loading and life of automotive timing belts. Proceedings of 17th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology, 1991, pp. 341–348 (Elsevier, Amsterdam).",{"doi":2294},"10.1016\u002FS0167-8922(08)70150-0",{"id":24,"text":2296,"url":24,"identifiers":2297},"10.1299\u002Fjsme1958.22.988",{"doi":2296},{"id":24,"text":2299,"url":24,"identifiers":2300},"Childs T. H. C., Coutsoucos A., Dalgarno K. W., Day A. J., Parker I. K. Life prediction of automotive timing belts. Proceedings of International Conference on Motion and Power Transmission, 1991, pp. 376–381 (Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers, Tokyo).",{},{"id":24,"text":2302,"url":24,"identifiers":2303},"10.1017\u002FCBO9781139171731",{"doi":2302},{"id":24,"text":2305,"url":24,"identifiers":2306},"National Algorithm Library (NAG) routine C05NBF.",{}]