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DsRNA molecules of between 1 and 6 kb were found in 33 of 39 isolates tested. The dsRNA profiles of individual isolates remained unchanged after repeated subculturing of hyphal tips, after storage under water for 2 years, or when single zoospores were used to generate subcultures. However, dsRNA profiles varied between isolates, and even within individual populations; in the one case eight different dsRNA types were recovered upon testing 17 isolates from a single wheatfield. Isometric virus‐like particles (VLPs) of approximately 45 nm were found in isolates containing dsRNA, while no such particles could be found in isolates in which dsRNA was not detected. Electrophoretic profiles of dsRNA extracted from partial purifications of VLPs were identical to those of dsRNA extracted from whole mycelium, suggesting that the dsRNA is at least partially encapsidated. Attempts to transmit dsRNA between isolates by hyphal anastomosis or by coinfection in wheat plants were unsuccessful, with only parental types being recovered. Analysis of 29 isolates representing 14 other \u003Cjats:italic>Pythium\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> species failed to detect dsRNA, even when co‐isolated with \u003Cjats:italic>P. irregulare\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> known to contain dsRNA\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":124},"Detection of double‐stranded RNA and virus‐like particles in Australian isolates of \u003Ci>Pythium irregulare\u003C\u002Fi>",{"VOID":126},"[]",{"VOID":128},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3059.1993.tb01466.x","PUBLICATION","VERIFIED","2024-12-25T03:15:05.086+00:00","Auto Verify",[134],"EN","https:\u002F\u002Fbsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3059.1993.tb01466.x",[137,156,172],{"id":138,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":139,"affiliations":140,"properties":149,"displayName":153,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"92213183-d97b-42cf-9ac9-09242568425f",[],[141],{"id":142,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":143,"properties":24},"08e3a86a-b469-40f5-95ad-6f6e10bab7a5",{"id":142,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":144,"slug":24,"properties":145,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":148,"statistic":24},[],{"title":146},{"EN":147},"Plant Pathology Branch, Biological and Chemical Research Institute, NSW Agriculture and Fisheries, PMB 10, Rydalmere. 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infected by grapevine leafroll‐associated closterovirus III (GLRaV III) using phenol‐chloroform extraction, chromatography on CF‐11 cellulose minicolumns and enzymatic digestion. Complementary (c) DNA fragments of various lengths, obtained by random priming denatured dsRNA templates, were cloned into the plasmid pUC‐18 at the \u003Cjats:italic>Smal\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> site in \u003Cjats:italic>Escherichia coli\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> strain DH5α. Two \u003Cjats:sup>32\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>P‐labelled cDNA clones denoted p16ds (c. 1100 bp) and p23ds (c. 1500 bp) were successfully used as probes for detecting GLRaV III sequences in grapevine extracts from leaves and petioles, or cortical tissues. Probe p23ds was virus‐specific and did not hybridize with total RNA from healthy controls, or from vines infected by grapevine leafroll‐associated closterovirus I (GLRaV I), or with genomic RNA from purified grapevine closterovirus A (GVA) and B (GVB). A riboprobe (pGEM23ds) transcribed from p23ds in transcription vector pGEM3zf specifically recognized GLRaV III sequences, but not GLRaV I or GVA sequences, in extracts from differently infected vines. Moreover, in Northern blots, the same probe hybridized also with smaller dsRNA components, which may be replicative forms of subgenomic RNAs.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":383},"Detection of grapevine leafroll‐associated closterovirus III by molecular hybridization",{"VOID":385},"[\"14501531109561292425\"]",{"VOID":387},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3059.1994.tb00557.x",[134],"https:\u002F\u002Fbsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3059.1994.tb00557.x",[391,412,429,444],{"id":392,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":393,"affiliations":394,"properties":403,"displayName":407,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"1235ef05-d085-4206-b0a0-9be83da100ca",[],[395],{"id":396,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":397,"properties":24},"6d724e8c-48e8-40dc-b791-ea7578aa5325",{"id":396,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":398,"slug":24,"properties":399,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":402,"statistic":24},[],{"title":400},{"EN":401},"Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Università degli Studi and Centro di Studio del CNR sui Virus e le Virosi delle Colture Mediterranee, Via Amendola 165\u002FA, 70126 Bari, Italy",[],{"orcid":404,"title":406,"gsAuthor":408,"openalex":410},{"VOID":405},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-8633-7813",{"EN":407},"Pasquale Saldarelli",{"VOID":409},"[\"gDqKtMIAAAAJ\"]",{"VOID":411},"A5049684201",{"id":413,"sortIndex":158,"researcher":24,"roles":414,"affiliations":415,"properties":422,"displayName":426,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"0284956f-af3e-4bae-879f-3ab14be222d2",[],[416],{"id":396,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":417,"properties":24},{"id":396,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":418,"slug":24,"properties":419,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":421,"statistic":24},[],{"title":420},{"EN":401},[],{"orcid":423,"title":425,"openalex":427},{"VOID":424},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-0547-7129",{"EN":426},"A. 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Valos 1990, 40",{},{"id":24,"text":554,"url":24,"identifiers":555},"Gugerli P, 1990, Monoclonal Antibodies in Agriculture, 47",{},{"id":24,"text":557,"url":24,"identifiers":558},"10.1111\u002Fj.1744-7348.1992.tb03440.x",{"doi":557},{"id":24,"text":560,"url":24,"identifiers":561},"10.1099\u002F0022-1317-73-10-2517",{"doi":560},{"id":24,"text":563,"url":24,"identifiers":564},"10.1111\u002Fj.1439-0434.1990.tb04247.x",{"doi":563},{"id":24,"text":566,"url":24,"identifiers":567},"Hu JS, 1991, Comparison of rapid detection assays for leafroll disease associated closteroviruses, Vitis, 30, 87",{},{"id":24,"text":569,"url":24,"identifiers":570},"10.1016\u002F0735-0651(88)90017-9",{"doi":569},{"id":24,"text":572,"url":24,"identifiers":573},"Milne RG, 1977, Rapid immunoelectron microscopy of virus preparations, Methods in Virology, 6, 265",{},{"id":24,"text":575,"url":24,"identifiers":576},"Minafra A, 1992, Further studies on the use of molecular probes to grapevine closterovirus A, Vitis, 31, 87",{},{"id":24,"text":578,"url":24,"identifiers":579},"Monette PL, 1989, Comparison of RNA extracts from in vitro shoot tip cultures of leafroll‐affected and leafroll‐free grapevine cultivars, Vitis, 28, 229",{},{"id":24,"text":581,"url":24,"identifiers":582},"10.1080\u002F00288233.1985.10430447",{"doi":581},{"id":24,"text":584,"url":24,"identifiers":585},"10.1016\u002F0166-0934(91)90170-5",{"doi":584},{"id":24,"text":587,"url":24,"identifiers":588},"Rosciglione B, 1989, Proceedings of the 9th Meeting of ICVG, 67",{},{"id":24,"text":590,"url":24,"identifiers":591},"Saldarelli P, 1993, A survey of grapevine fanleaf nepovirus for the presence of satellite RNA, Vitis, 32, 99",{},{"id":24,"text":593,"url":24,"identifiers":594},"Sambrook J, 1989, Molecular Cloning, a Laboratory Manual",{},{"id":24,"text":596,"url":24,"identifiers":597},"TanneE Ben‐DovY RaccahB 1989.Transmission of closterolike particles associated with grapevine leaf‐roll by mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) in Israel. In:Proceedings of the 9th Meeting of ICVG. Kiryat Anavim1987 119–23.",{},{"id":24,"text":599,"url":24,"identifiers":600},"Tanne E, 1991, Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of ICVG. Volos 1990, 247",{},{"id":24,"text":602,"url":24,"identifiers":603},"10.1094\u002FPhyto-77-1427",{"doi":602},{"id":24,"text":605,"url":24,"identifiers":606},"10.1111\u002Fj.1439-0434.1990.tb01178.x",{"doi":605},{"id":608,"createTime":609,"updateTime":609,"relativeEntities":610,"slug":611,"properties":612,"entityType":129,"verifyStatus":130,"verifyTime":623,"verifyNote":132,"languages":624,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":625,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":626,"publicationType":188,"publisherRelationship":661,"citationCount":719,"citationInfo":720,"publishDate":728,"publishYear":721,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":729,"openAccess":24,"references":730,"isForceReanalyzing":368},"f7b07457-6f1e-43bc-8742-c3931812fd08","2025-02-05T06:11:33.580+00:00",[],"Effects-of-inoculum-concentration-wetness-duration-and-plant-age-on-development-of-early-blight-i-Alternaria-solani-i-and-on-shedding-of-leaves-in-tomato-plants",{"openalex":613,"mag":615,"abstract":617,"title":619,"doi":621},{"VOID":614},"W2058064585",{"VOID":616},"2058064585",{"EN":618},"\u003Cjats:p>Effects of inoculum concentration, wetness duration and plant age on the development of tomato early blight were evaluated in relation to host susceptibility under controlled environmental conditions. The main effect of early blight was premature defoliation, which was linearly related to the percentage of leaf area showing symptoms. As ln(inoculum concentration, conidia mL\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>) increased from 6·2 to 11·5, the percentages of leaf area affected and of defoliation increased linearly. Four h of leaf wetness after inoculation were sufficient to initiate the disease on plants of hybrid Skala RZ but not on those of cv. Rio Rojo, for which at least 6 h leaf wetness were needed. As wetness duration increased up to 24 h, there was an increase in the percentage leaf area showing symptoms and in the percentage of defoliation, but thereafter there was no significant increase in either parameter. Tomato plants were susceptible to \u003Cjats:italic>Alternaria solani\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> at all growth stages, but susceptibility increased as plants matured. There were no significant differences in susceptibility between tomato cultivars and hybrids.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":620},"Effects of inoculum concentration, wetness duration and plant age on development of early blight (\u003Ci>Alternaria solani\u003C\u002Fi>) and on shedding of leaves in tomato plants",{"VOID":622},"10.1046\u002Fj.1365-3059.2000.00462.x","2025-02-05T06:11:33.579+00:00",[134],"https:\u002F\u002Fbsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1046\u002Fj.1365-3059.2000.00462.x",[627,646],{"id":628,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":629,"affiliations":630,"properties":639,"displayName":643,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"e45cb428-8bb1-4270-b9d2-9f7f8c72515e",[],[631],{"id":632,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":633,"properties":24},"c965005b-c48e-473c-b793-92356f0c5775",{"id":632,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":634,"slug":24,"properties":635,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":638,"statistic":24},[],{"title":636},{"EN":637},"Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Plant Pathology Department, 8 S. Delta Street, 145 61 Kifissia, Athens, Greece",[],{"orcid":640,"title":642,"openalex":644},{"VOID":641},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-2886-1200",{"EN":643},"Irene Vloutoglou",{"VOID":645},"A5084877352",{"id":647,"sortIndex":158,"researcher":24,"roles":648,"affiliations":649,"properties":656,"displayName":658,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"034dde6a-484d-46f5-aa26-db8054aaa9c8",[],[650],{"id":632,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":651,"properties":24},{"id":632,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":652,"slug":24,"properties":653,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":655,"statistic":24},[],{"title":654},{"EN":637},[],{"title":657,"openalex":659},{"EN":658},"S. N. 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M, 1979, Pathogens causing Alternaria diseases of Brassica seed crops in western Washington, Plant Disease Reporter, 63, 815",{},{"id":24,"text":735,"url":24,"identifiers":736},"10.1094\u002FPhyto-64-1035",{"doi":735},{"id":24,"text":738,"url":24,"identifiers":739},"Basu PK, 1974, Measuring early blight, its progress and influence on fruit losses in nine tomato cultivars, Canadian Plant Disease Survey, 54, 45",{},{"id":24,"text":741,"url":24,"identifiers":742},"10.1111\u002Fj.1744-7348.1975.tb01596.x",{"doi":741},{"id":24,"text":744,"url":24,"identifiers":745},"Datar VV, 1982, Conidial dispersal of Alternaria solani in tomato, Indian Phytopathology, 35, 68",{},{"id":24,"text":747,"url":24,"identifiers":748},"10.1007\u002FBF02862935",{"doi":747},{"id":24,"text":750,"url":24,"identifiers":751},"Gupta RBL, 1986, Effect of age of host, inoculum concentration and duration of high relative humidity on development of purple blotch of onion, Phytophylactica, 18, 151",{},{"id":24,"text":753,"url":24,"identifiers":754},"10.1111\u002Fj.1744-7348.1995.tb06673.x",{"doi":753},{"id":24,"text":756,"url":24,"identifiers":757},"Jones JB, 1993, Compendium of Tomato Diseases.",{},{"id":24,"text":759,"url":24,"identifiers":760},"10.1094\u002FPhyto-68-1354",{"doi":759},{"id":24,"text":762,"url":24,"identifiers":763},"Moore WD, 1942, Some factors affecting the infection of tomato seedlings by Alternaria solani, Phytopathology, 42, 399",{},{"id":24,"text":765,"url":24,"identifiers":766},"10.1111\u002Fj.1744-7348.1991.tb05647.x",{"doi":765},{"id":24,"text":768,"url":24,"identifiers":769},"Pound GS, 1951, Effect of air temperature on incidence and development of the early blight disease of tomato, Phytopathology, 41, 127",{},{"id":24,"text":771,"url":24,"identifiers":772},"Rotem J, 1994, The Genus Alternaria: Biology, Epidemiology and Pathogenicity.",{},{"id":24,"text":774,"url":24,"identifiers":775},"Rotem J, 1990, The effect of age, nutrition and soil moisture on predisposition of cotton to infection by Alternaria macrospora, Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 29, 19",{},{"id":24,"text":777,"url":24,"identifiers":778},"Saregiannis JA, 1936, Liste (II) des maladies des plantes cultivées et autres de la Gréce, Annals Institut Phytopathologique Benaki, 2, 8",{},{"id":24,"text":780,"url":24,"identifiers":781},"10.1094\u002FPhyto-69-618",{"doi":780},{"id":24,"text":783,"url":24,"identifiers":784},"10.1016\u002F0885-5765(89)90034-9",{"doi":783},{"id":24,"text":786,"url":24,"identifiers":787},"10.1094\u002FPD-72-0522",{"doi":786},{"id":24,"text":789,"url":24,"identifiers":790},"10.4141\u002Fcjps76-127",{"doi":789},{"id":24,"text":792,"url":24,"identifiers":793},"VloutoglouI 1994.Epidemiology ofAlternaria linicolaon linseed (Linum usitatissimumL.).PhD Thesis University of Nottingham UK.",{},{"id":24,"text":795,"url":24,"identifiers":796},"Vloutoglou I, 1999, Evaluation of tomato cultivars and hybrids for resistance to Alternaria solani infection, Annals of Applied Biology, 134, 48",{},{"id":24,"text":798,"url":24,"identifiers":799},"Waggoner PE, 1969, Epidem: A Simulator of Plant Disease written for a Computer.",{},{"id":801,"createTime":802,"updateTime":802,"relativeEntities":803,"slug":804,"properties":805,"entityType":129,"verifyStatus":130,"verifyTime":802,"verifyNote":132,"languages":816,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":817,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":818,"publicationType":188,"publisherRelationship":885,"citationCount":941,"citationInfo":942,"publishDate":252,"publishYear":249,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":944,"openAccess":24,"references":945,"isForceReanalyzing":368},"1266232d-5b3c-4121-853c-5883f2cf5551","2025-01-06T10:30:52.342+00:00",[],"Viral-inclusions-in-monocotyledons-infected-by-maize-streak-and-related-geminiviruses",{"openalex":806,"mag":808,"abstract":810,"title":812,"doi":814},{"VOID":807},"W2066022097",{"VOID":809},"2066022097",{"EN":811},"\u003Cjats:p>Isolates of maize streak virus (MSV) were examined by thin‐section electron microscopy in plants, assessed for characteristic features of infection and compared with other related geminiviruses infecting monocotyledons from Africa, islands in the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Island of Vanuatu. Arrays of virus particles, often crystalline, were most often seen in the nucleus. The morphology of the nuclear crystalline arrays was characteristic of certain isolates or groups of isolates (strains). Infected nuclei could be seen in cells from the phloem parenchyma, vascular bundle sheath and mesophyll tissue, and also in epidermal guard cells of plants infected with the maize strain of MSV. The particle arrays varied in morphology from regular rows of virions forming distinctive blocks, to randomly arranged aggregates in certain areas of the nucleus. We consistently failed to find viral crystalline arrays associated with infection of panicum streak virus (PSV) and sugar cane streak virus (SSV) isolates either in these hosts or in maize. Occasionally arrays of MSV particles were found outside the nuclear envelope in physiologically active cells. Accumulations or sheets of MSV particles were seen lining the walls of some phloem companion cells. Crystalline aggregates of particles were frequently observed in the cell vacuole, after lysis of the nuclear membrane of dead cells which made up the chlorotic lesions, the typical symptom of virus infection. Virus preparations from all hosts contained typical geminate particles regardless of the morphology of the virion arrays. The effect on chloroplasts appeared to vary between isolates and this is discussed in relation to lesion colour. The arrangement of virions in the nucleus as a taxonomic character is diagnostic for MSV. 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Distribution, habitats and performance in the Antarctic botanical zone, British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, 26, 1",{},{"id":24,"text":1275,"url":24,"identifiers":1276},"10.1007\u002F978-94-011-1494-3",{"doi":1275},{"id":24,"text":1278,"url":24,"identifiers":1279},"Hodges CF, 1985, Pythium‐induced root dysfunction of secondary roots of Agrostis palustris, Plant Disease, 69, 336",{},{"id":24,"text":1281,"url":24,"identifiers":1282},"10.1098\u002Frstb.1967.0021",{"doi":1281},{"id":24,"text":1284,"url":24,"identifiers":1285},"10.1128\u002FAEM.69.3.1488-1491.2003",{"doi":1284},{"id":24,"text":1287,"url":24,"identifiers":1288},"IwayamaS 1933.On a new snow‐rot disease of cereal plants caused byPythiumsp.Pamphlet of the Agricultural Experiment Station Toyama‐Ken Japan.",{},{"id":24,"text":1290,"url":24,"identifiers":1291},"10.1094\u002FPhyto-68-1760",{"doi":1290},{"id":24,"text":1293,"url":24,"identifiers":1294},"10.1094\u002FPDIS-91-5-0632C",{"doi":1293},{"id":24,"text":1296,"url":24,"identifiers":1297},"10.1007\u002FBF00238428",{"doi":1296},{"id":24,"text":1299,"url":24,"identifiers":1300},"10.2307\u002F3758109",{"doi":1299},{"id":24,"text":1302,"url":24,"identifiers":1303},"Komárková V, 1985, Summer die‐back due to desiccation of Deschampsia antarctica Desv. and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Barth. on the largest Stepping Stone Island, Arthur Harbor, Anvers Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 66, 211",{},{"id":24,"text":1305,"url":24,"identifiers":1306},"10.2307\u002F1550865",{"doi":1305},{"id":24,"text":1308,"url":24,"identifiers":1309},"10.2307\u002F1551725",{"doi":1308},{"id":24,"text":1311,"url":24,"identifiers":1312},"10.1128\u002FAEM.70.10.5963-5972.2004",{"doi":1311},{"id":24,"text":1314,"url":24,"identifiers":1315},"10.1017\u002FS0953756204001431",{"doi":1314},{"id":24,"text":1317,"url":24,"identifiers":1318},"10.2307\u002F3759566",{"doi":1317},{"id":24,"text":1320,"url":24,"identifiers":1321},"10.1094\u002FPhyto-70-794",{"doi":1320},{"id":24,"text":1323,"url":24,"identifiers":1324},"10.2307\u002F2402144",{"doi":1323},{"id":24,"text":1326,"url":24,"identifiers":1327},"Martin FN, 1993, Methods for Research on Soilborne Phytopathogenic Fungi, 39",{},{"id":24,"text":1329,"url":24,"identifiers":1330},"Olech M, 1996, Dactylospora dobrowolskii sp. nov. and additions to the flora of lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Bunger Oasis, East Antarctica, Polish Polar Research, 17, 165",{},{"id":24,"text":1332,"url":24,"identifiers":1333},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-2745.2005.01017.x",{"doi":1332},{"id":24,"text":1335,"url":24,"identifiers":1336},"Paterson RA, 1971, Aquatic fungi: their occurrence on Ross Island and in the dry valleys, Antarctic Journal of the US, 6, 107",{},{"id":24,"text":1338,"url":24,"identifiers":1339},"10.1111\u002Fj.1574-6968.2002.tb11073.x",{"doi":1338},{"id":24,"text":1341,"url":24,"identifiers":1342},"10.2307\u002F4110020",{"doi":1341},{"id":24,"text":1344,"url":24,"identifiers":1345},"Van Der Plaats‐Niterink J, 1981, Studies in Mycology",{},{"id":24,"text":1347,"url":24,"identifiers":1348},"Sinclair JB, 1995, Basic Plant Pathology Methods",{},{"id":24,"text":1350,"url":24,"identifiers":1351},"Smiley RW, 1992, Compendium of Turfgrass Diseases",{},{"id":24,"text":1353,"url":24,"identifiers":1354},"10.1017\u002FS0954102094000064",{"doi":1353},{"id":24,"text":1356,"url":24,"identifiers":1357},"10.1007\u002FBF00627745",{"doi":1356},{"id":24,"text":1359,"url":24,"identifiers":1360},"Walton DWH, 1982, The Signy Island Terrestrial Reference sites: XV. Microclimate monitoring. 1972–74, British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, 55, 111",{},{"id":1362,"createTime":1363,"updateTime":1364,"relativeEntities":1365,"slug":1366,"properties":1367,"entityType":129,"verifyStatus":130,"verifyTime":1363,"verifyNote":132,"languages":1382,"translateLanguages":1383,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1385,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1386,"publicationType":188,"publisherRelationship":1436,"citationCount":1494,"citationInfo":1495,"publishDate":1511,"publishYear":1496,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1512,"openAccess":24,"references":1513,"isForceReanalyzing":368},"c5f72950-7fb9-4236-b693-f65deda99da8","2024-09-01T07:11:39.162+00:00","2024-12-24T15:47:28.824+00:00",[],"-i-Fusarium-i-ear-blight-scab-in-small-grain-cereals-a-review",{"openalex":1368,"mag":1370,"abstract":1372,"title":1375,"keywords":1378,"doi":1380},{"VOID":1369},"W2059506482",{"VOID":1371},"2059506482",{"EN":1373,"VI":1374},"\u003Cjats:p>This review of Fusarium ear blight (scab) of small grain cereals has shown that up to 17 causal organisms have been associated with the disease, which occurs in most cereal‐growing areas of the world. The most common species were Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae), F. culmorum, F, avenaceum (G, avenacea), F, poae and Microdochium nivale (Monographella nivalis). The disease was recorded most frequently under hot, wet climatic conditions where significant yield losses and mycotoxin accumulation in grain were reported. Possible sources of inoculum were reported as crop debris, alternative hosts and Fusarium seedling blight and foot rot of cereals. The mode of dispiersal of inoculum to ears remains unclear, but contaminated arthropod vectors, systemic fungal growth through plants, and wind and rain‐splash dispersal of spores have been proposed. Infection of wheat ears was shown to occur mainly during anthesis, and it has been demonstrated that fungal growth stimulants may be present in anthers. Despite the importance of the disease, particularly during epidemic years, control methods are limited. Much effort has gone into breeding resistant wheat varieties and into improving our understanding of the possible mechanisms and genetic basis of resistance, with only moderate success. There are also surprisingly few reports of successful fungicidal or biological control of the disease in the field.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Tổng quan này về bệnh Fusarium trên hạt nhỏ ngũ cốc cho thấy có tới 17 loại tác nhân gây bệnh đã được xác định có liên quan đến căn bệnh đang phổ biến ở hầu hết các khu vực trồng ngũ cốc trên thế giới. Các loài phổ biến nhất là Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae), F. culmorum, F. avenaceum (G. avenacea), F. poae và Microdochium nivale (Monographella nivalis). Bệnh được ghi nhận phổ biến nhất trong điều kiện khí hậu nóng ẩm, nơi các thiệt hại năng suất đáng kể và sự tích lũy mycotoxin trong hạt đã được báo cáo. Các nguồn bệnh khả thi được xác định bao gồm tàn dư của cây trồng, các vật chủ thay thế và bệnh thối rễ Fusarium ở giai đoạn mầm. Phương thức truyền bệnh đến tai lúa vẫn chưa rõ ràng, nhưng khả năng do côn trùng bị nhiễm, sự phát triển nấm có hệ thống qua cây trồng, và sự phân tán do gió và mưa đã được đề xuất. Sự nhiễm bệnh lên tai lúa mì xảy ra chủ yếu trong giai đoạn thụ phấn, và đã có bằng chứng cho thấy có thể có các chất kích thích nấm trong nhụy hoa. Dù căn bệnh quan trọng này diễn ra đặc biệt nghiêm trọng trong những năm dịch bệnh, các phương pháp kiểm soát vẫn còn hạn chế. Nhiều nỗ lực đã được tập trung vào việc lai tạo giống lúa mì kháng bệnh và cải thiện hiểu biết về các cơ chế có thể và cơ sở di truyền kháng cự, dù chỉ đạt được thành công ở mức độ vừa phải. Cũng có rất ít báo cáo về sự kiểm soát thành công của bệnh bằng thuốc chống nấm hay thông qua phương pháp sinh học trên thực địa.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1376,"VI":1377},"\u003Ci>Fusarium\u003C\u002Fi> ear blight (scab) in small grain cereals—a review","Một tổng quan về bệnh lúa mì Fusarium hạt nhỏ ngũ cốc - Fusarium ear blight (scab)",{"VI":1379},"Fusarium, nấm bệnh, ngũ cốc, bệnh lúa mì, Fusarium graminearum, kiểm soát sinh học, kháng bệnh, mycotoxin, khí hậu nhiệt đới",{"VOID":1381},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3059.1995.tb02773.x",[134],[1384],"VI","https:\u002F\u002Fbsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3059.1995.tb02773.x",[1387,1404,1419],{"id":1388,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1389,"affiliations":1390,"properties":1399,"displayName":1401,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"6c257d38-e238-41a5-9650-f95d2cdbc4a1",[],[1391],{"id":1392,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1393,"properties":24},"24dcf883-5cb9-4807-a6be-c0e5373e3460",{"id":1392,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1394,"slug":24,"properties":1395,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1398,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1396},{"VI":1397},"Crop and Environment Research Centre, Harper Adams Agricultural College, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK",[],{"title":1400,"openalex":1402},{"EN":1401},"D. 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Crop loss analysis, Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschulz, 1, 42",{},{"id":24,"text":1524,"url":24,"identifiers":1525},"Andersen AL., 1948, The development of Gibberella zeae headblight of wheat, Phytopathology, 38, 595",{},{"id":24,"text":1527,"url":24,"identifiers":1528},"AndersonMG.1986.Winter wheat disease survey. 1985Annual Report Research Station Kentville Nova Scotia 53–5.",{},{"id":24,"text":1530,"url":24,"identifiers":1531},"Anonymous. (1988).Issues in Food Safety. Beijing Peoples Republic of China.October 1720 1988.Toxicology Forum. Washington DC 55–63.",{},{"id":24,"text":1533,"url":24,"identifiers":1534},"Anonymous. (1989).Workshop on Fusarium Headblight and Related Mycotoxins.April 1989. CIMMYT Mexico 22 pp.",{},{"id":24,"text":1536,"url":24,"identifiers":1537},"Arthur JC., 1891, Wheat scab, Indiana Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin, 36, 129",{},{"id":24,"text":1539,"url":24,"identifiers":1540},"Atanasoff D., 1920, Fusarium blight (scab) of wheat and other cereals, Journal of Agricultural Research, 20, 1",{},{"id":24,"text":1542,"url":24,"identifiers":1543},"Atanasoff D., 1924, Fusarium blight of the cereal crops, Mededelingen van de Landbouwhogeschool, 27, 1",{},{"id":24,"text":1545,"url":24,"identifiers":1546},"Ayres JE, 1975, Environmental factors associated with occurrence of ascospores of Gibberella zeae in corn and wheat fields, Phytopathology, 65, 835",{},{"id":24,"text":1548,"url":24,"identifiers":1549},"Bai GH, 1989, Studies on the inheritance of scab resistance in six wheat varieties, Acta Agriculturae Shanghai, 5, 17",{},{"id":24,"text":1551,"url":24,"identifiers":1552},"BakerJJ.(1972).Report on diseases of cultivated plants in England and Wales for the years 1957–1968. 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Because cross‐resistance with the valinamide fungicides iprovalicarb and benthiavalicarb and the cinnamic acid amide fungicides dimethomorph and flumorph was postulated, all five compounds are classified as carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides. To support this classification, cross‐resistance among these compounds with field isolates and the segregation of resistance in F\u003Cjats:sub>1\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> and F\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> progeny of \u003Cjats:italic>P. viticola\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> were evaluated. A bimodal distribution of sensitivity in field isolates and cross‐resistance among all CAAs for the vast majority of isolates were detected. Crosses between sensitive (s) and CAA‐resistant (r) isolates of opposite mating types, P1 and P2, yielded abundant oospores. All F\u003Cjats:sub>1\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>‐progeny isolates were sensitive to CAAs (s:r segregation 1:0), whereas in F\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> progeny segregation of about 9:1 (s:r) was observed suggesting that resistance to CAA fungicides is controlled by two recessive nuclear genes. Mating type segregated in a ratio P1:P2 of \u003Cjats:italic>c\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. 2:1 in F\u003Cjats:sub>1\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> and 1:1 in F\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> progeny. In the same crosses, resistance to the phenylamide fungicide mefenoxam segregated in a ratio of \u003Cjats:italic>c\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. 1:3:2 (sensitive:intermediate:resistant), reflecting the monogenic, semidominant nature of resistance. The risk of resistance in \u003Cjats:italic>P. viticola\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> was classified as high for phenylamide and moderate for CAA fungicides. 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The concentration of yeast suspension influenced spore germination and germ tube growth of \u003Cjats:italic>R. stolonifer in vitro,\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> as well as disease incidence and lesion development in fruits. There were significant negative relationships between the suspension concentrations of the yeasts and the growth as well as infectivity of the pathogen. The addition of calcium resulted in lower spore germination rates and slower growth of germ tubes \u003Cjats:italic>in vitro\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, as well as in lower disease incidences and smaller lesion diameters compared with treatments with yeast antagonists alone. When yeast cell suspensions reached a concentration of 5 × 10\u003Cjats:sup>8\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> CFU mL\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>, growth of the pathogen was completely limited \u003Cjats:italic>in vitro\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, and no infection was found in peach and nectarine fruits treated with or without calcium.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":2420},"Effects of calcium on biocontrol activity of yeast antagonists against the postharvest fungal pathogen \u003Ci>Rhizopus 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In Jiangsu Province of China, quinone‐outside inhibitor fungicides (QoIs) have been extensively sprayed as disease control for more than 10 years. A spore germination assay of 64 isolates obtained from 32 commercial vineyards was used to assess isolate sensitivity to azoxystrobin and 62 were found to be resistant to azoxystrobin. The biological fitness of QoI‐resistant (QoI\u003Cjats:sup>R\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>) isolates was significantly lower than the sensitive isolates (QoI\u003Cjats:sup>S\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>) in terms of mycelial growth and conidiation. Nucleotide sequence alignment of \u003Cjats:italic>CgCytb\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> genes from the QoI\u003Cjats:sup>R\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> and QoI\u003Cjats:sup>S\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> isolates revealed that two point mutations (F129L and G143A) are involved in the QoI resistance. Isolates with the G143A mutation expressed high resistance to azoxystrobin, whereas isolates carrying the F129L mutation exhibited moderate resistance. Positive cross‐resistance was observed between azoxystrobin and kersoxim‐methyl, pyraclostrobin, or benzothiostrobin, but not with fluazinam. 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identity of \u003Cjats:italic>Colletotrichum acutatum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> as the causal pathogen of grape ripe‐rot, which causes yield loss and a bitter taint that lowers wine quality in Australian subtropical wine‐grape regions, was confirmed using species‐specific primers. Cultural, morphological and molecular methods (RAPD‐PCR and sequencing of parts of the 5·8S‐ITS regions and the β‐tubulin‐2 gene) were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships of Australian \u003Cjats:italic>C. acutatum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> isolates from wine grapes and other horticultural crops. A combination of RAPD‐PCR and β‐tubulin‐2 gene data showed that all wine‐grape ripe‐rot isolates from northern regions of New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland belong to a proposed new \u003Cjats:italic>C. acutatum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> group (A9), together with isolates from Australian strawberry, mango, blueberry and olive. The 5·8S‐ITS sequences for these grape pathogens were identical to published sequences for an isolate from \u003Cjats:italic>Cyclamen\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> (the Netherlands) and differed by 1 bp from isolates from \u003Cjats:italic>Capsicum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> (Taiwan) and orange (Costa Rica). The grape ripe‐rot isolates from the Shoalhaven Valley (southern NSW) were clustered within two other \u003Cjats:italic>C. acutatum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> groups: A2 and A5. \u003Cjats:italic>In vitro\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> infection studies showed that Australian \u003Cjats:italic>C. acutatum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> isolates from almond, blueberry, chilli, grape, mango, olive, strawberry and tomato were able to infect grape and could also infect blueberry and strawberry, indicating a lack of host specificity. 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