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Quiescent infections occur during the spring and summer, and symptoms appear at fruit maturity or after harvest. Thus, fruit from citrus areas affected by CBS represent a risk for introduction of this pathogen into new areas. The effects of preventive field fungicide programs, postharvest fungicide drenches, packinghouse fungicide applications, and storage temperatures on postharvest symptom development and viability of G. citricarpa in lesions were evaluated in five experiments on Murcott tangor, Valencia oranges, and lemons. Preventive field treatments and fruit storage at 8°C consistently reduced postharvest CBS development, whereas a postharvest fungicide drench or packinghouse treatment with fungicides had no effect on postharvest symptom development. In a separate experiment, postharvest appearance of symptoms was related to the percentage of fruit with symptoms at harvest. The preventive field fungicide program also consistently reduced the percentage of isolation of G. citricarpa from affected fruit, whereas storage temperature and packinghouse fungicide treatment gave variable results. The viability of the fungus declined with storage time of fruit after harvest, but G. citricarpa could still be readily isolated regardless of treatment. In another experiment, the viability of the fungus in detached fruit or peel was minimally affected by temperature or moisture during storage. The frequency of successful isolation declined with time, but G. citricarpa was still recovered frequently from symptomatic tissue at later times. The most effective means to reduce postharvest development of symptoms is through preventive application of fungicides during the fruit growing season and storage of harvested fruit at cold temperatures. 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Citrus black spot caused by Guignardia citricarpa. CABI Crop Protection Compendium, CAB International, Oxford, UK.",{},{"id":24,"text":417,"url":24,"identifiers":418},"Robbs C. F., 1995, EMBRAPA - CTAAA, 19, 1",{},{"id":24,"text":420,"url":24,"identifiers":421},"10.1071\u002FEA9670593",{"doi":420},{"id":24,"text":423,"url":24,"identifiers":424},"Timmer, L. W. 1999. Diseases of fruit and foliage. Pages 107-115 in: Citrus Health Management. L. W Timmer and L. W. Duncan, eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.",{},{"id":24,"text":426,"url":24,"identifiers":427},"10.1590\u002FS0100-41582003000500004",{"doi":426},{"id":24,"text":429,"url":24,"identifiers":430},"Wild B. L., 1981, Rural Newsl., 79, 14",{},false,{"id":433,"createTime":434,"updateTime":435,"relativeEntities":436,"slug":437,"properties":438,"entityType":202,"verifyStatus":203,"verifyTime":434,"verifyNote":204,"languages":452,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":453,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":454,"publicationType":298,"publisherRelationship":546,"citationCount":600,"citationInfo":601,"publishDate":604,"publishYear":355,"citationAnalyzeStatus":359,"lastCitationAnalyze":605,"indexDatabases":606,"openAccess":24,"references":607,"isForceReanalyzing":431},"5ac64789-24d0-49b9-8050-1e155c658b1e","2024-08-31T17:59:15.099+00:00","2025-06-23T11:13:53.324+00:00",[],"Temperature-Sensitivity-and-Efficacy-of-i-Wheat-streak-mosaic-virus-i-Resistance-Derived-from-CO960293-Wheat",{"mag":439,"gsPaper":441,"openalex":442,"abstract":444,"title":446,"pm":448,"doi":450},{"VOID":440},"2005572298",{"VOID":191},{"VOID":443},"W2005572298",{"EN":445},"\u003Cjats:p> Wheat yields often are limited by infection by Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). Host plant resistance to WSMV can reduce losses. This study was conducted to characterize a new source of temperature-sensitive resistance found in CO960293 wheat. The source of the temperature-sensitive resistance in CO960293 is unknown. Parental and other wheat lines were tested for WSMV resistance using 51 WSMV isolates under different temperatures to determine the stability of the resistance, and yield trials were conducted in the field for 3 years. All parental wheat lines became infected by WSMV at all temperatures and were infective in back assay to ‘Tomahawk’ wheat. No WSMV isolate defeated the resistance of CO960293 at 18°C. Yield of CO960293 in field trials was reduced in only 1 of 3 years. Our data demonstrate that this wheat line can be a valuable source of resistance to WSMV in wheat programs, particularly in areas where temperatures are cool following planting in the fall. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":447},"Temperature Sensitivity and Efficacy of \u003Ci>Wheat streak mosaic virus\u003C\u002Fi> Resistance Derived from CO960293 Wheat",{"VOID":449},"30781139",{"VOID":451},"10.1094\u002Fpd-90-0623",[206],"https:\u002F\u002Fapsjournals.apsnet.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1094\u002FPD-90-0623",[455,472,491,508,527],{"id":456,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":457,"affiliations":458,"properties":467,"displayName":469,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"afa3819d-eeb7-44bb-8dde-bac98cd11534",[],[459],{"id":460,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":461,"properties":24},"e1db3bb3-5907-4649-809a-ffeea9c47cfd",{"id":460,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":462,"slug":24,"properties":463,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":466,"statistic":24},[],{"title":464},{"VI":465},"Professor",[],{"title":468,"openalex":470},{"EN":469},"Dallas L. 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H. 1979. Wheat Virus Disease in Southwestern Kansas. Coop. Ext. Rep. Kansas State University, Manhattan.",{},{"id":24,"text":624,"url":24,"identifiers":625},"Little, T. M., and Hills, F. J. Hills 1978. Transformation. Pages 139-165 in: Agricultural Experimentation: Design and Analysis. T. M. Little and F. J. Hills, eds. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.",{},{"id":24,"text":627,"url":24,"identifiers":628},"10.2135\u002Fcropsci1982.0011183X002200060042x",{"doi":627},{"id":24,"text":630,"url":24,"identifiers":631},"Martin T. J., 1992, Cereal Res. 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Kansas State University, Manhattan.",{},{"id":24,"text":663,"url":24,"identifiers":664},"10.1093\u002Fjee\u002F88.4.1032",{"doi":663},{"id":666,"createTime":667,"updateTime":668,"relativeEntities":669,"slug":670,"properties":671,"entityType":202,"verifyStatus":203,"verifyTime":667,"verifyNote":204,"languages":688,"translateLanguages":689,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":691,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":692,"publicationType":298,"publisherRelationship":772,"citationCount":827,"citationInfo":828,"publishDate":833,"publishYear":829,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":834,"openAccess":24,"references":835,"isForceReanalyzing":431},"eac55d5a-4f99-4e62-8cb8-1e1b725ebc3f","2024-10-11T00:04:46.954+00:00","2025-02-05T17:06:55.204+00:00",[],"Influence-of-pH-and-NaHCO-sub-3-sub-on-Effectiveness-of-Imazalil-to-Inhibit-Germination-of-i-Penicillium-digitatum-i-and-to-Control-Postharvest-Green-Mold-on-Citrus-Fruit",{"mag":672,"keywords":674,"openalex":676,"abstract":678,"title":681,"pm":684,"doi":686},{"VOID":673},"2009680030",{"VI":675},"Imazalil, Penicillium digitatum, pH, NaHCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub>, nấm mốc xanh, trái cây họ cam quýt",{"VOID":677},"W2009680030",{"EN":679,"VI":680},"\u003Cjats:p> In vitro, spores of Penicillium digitatum germinated without inhibition between pH 4 and 7, but were inhibited at higher pH. Estimated concentrations of imazalil (IMZ) in potato-dextrose broth-Tris that caused 50% reduction in the germination of spores (ED\u003Cjats:sub>50\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>) of an IMZ-sensitive isolate M6R at pH 4, 5, 6, and 7 were 0.16, 0.11, 0.015, and 0.006 μg\u002Fml, respectively. ED\u003Cjats:sub>50\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> IMZ concentrations of an IMZ-resistant isolate D201 at pH 4, 5, 6, and 7 were 5.9, 1.4, 0.26, and 0.07 μg\u002Fml, respectively. The natural pH within 2-mm-deep wounds on lemon was 5.6 to 5.1 and decreased with fruit age. IMZ effectiveness to control green mold and its residues increased with pH. The pH in wounds on lemon fruit 24 h after immersion in 1, 2, or 3% NaHCO\u003Cjats:sub>3\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> increased from pH 5.3 to 6.0, 6.3, and 6.7, respectively. NaHCO\u003Cjats:sub>3\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> dramatically improved IMZ performance. Green mold incidence among lemon fruit inoculated with M6R and treated 24 h later with IMZ at 10 μg\u002Fml, 1% NaHCO3, or their combination was 92, 55, and 22%, respectively. Green mold among lemon fruit inoculated with D201 and treated 24 h later with water, IMZ at 500 μg\u002Fml, 3% NaHCO\u003Cjats:sub>3\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>, or their combination was 96.3, 63.0, 44.4, and 6.5%, respectively. NaHCO\u003Cjats:sub>3\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> did not influence IMZ fruit residue levels. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p> Trong điều kiện in vitro, bào tử của Penicillium digitatum nảy mầm mà không bị ức chế ở pH từ 4 đến 7, nhưng bị ức chế ở pH cao hơn. Nồng độ ước tính của imazalil (IMZ) trong môi trường khoai tây-dextrose broth-Tris gây giảm 50% sự nảy mầm của bào tử (ED\u003Cjats:sub>50\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>) của một phân lập nhạy cảm với IMZ M6R ở các pH 4, 5, 6 và 7 lần lượt là 0.16, 0.11, 0.015 và 0.006 μg\u002Fml. Nồng độ ED\u003Cjats:sub>50\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> của IMZ đối với một phân lập kháng thuốc D201 ở pH 4, 5, 6 và 7 lần lượt là 5.9, 1.4, 0.26 và 0.07 μg\u002Fml. pH tự nhiên trong các vết thương sâu 2 mm trên trái chanh dao động từ 5.6 đến 5.1 và giảm theo độ tuổi của trái. Hiệu quả của IMZ trong việc kiểm soát nấm mốc xanh và lượng dư của nó tăng lên khi pH cao hơn. pH trong các vết thương trên trái cây chanh sau 24 giờ ngâm trong 1, 2 hoặc 3% NaHCO\u003Cjats:sub>3\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> tăng từ 5.3 lên 6.0, 6.3 và 6.7, tương ứng. NaHCO\u003Cjats:sub>3\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> đã cải thiện đáng kể hiệu suất của IMZ. Tỷ lệ nấm mốc xanh trên trái chanh được nhiễm M6R và được điều trị sau 24 giờ với IMZ ở 10 μg\u002Fml, 1% NaHCO3, hoặc sự kết hợp của chúng lần lượt là 92, 55 và 22%. Tỷ lệ nấm mốc xanh trên trái chanh được nhiễm D201 và được điều trị sau 24 giờ với nước, IMZ ở 500 μg\u002Fml, 3% NaHCO\u003Cjats:sub>3\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>, hoặc sự kết hợp của chúng lần lượt là 96.3, 63.0, 44.4 và 6.5%. NaHCO\u003Cjats:sub>3\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> không ảnh hưởng đến mức độ dư lượng IMZ trên trái. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":682,"VI":683},"Influence of pH and NaHCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub> on Effectiveness of Imazalil to Inhibit Germination of \u003Ci>Penicillium digitatum\u003C\u002Fi> and to Control Postharvest Green Mold on Citrus Fruit","Ảnh hưởng của pH và NaHCO\u003Csub>3\u003C\u002Fsub> đến hiệu quả của Imazalil trong việc ức chế sự nảy mầm của \u003Ci>Penicillium digitatum\u003C\u002Fi> và kiểm soát nấm mốc xanh sau thu hoạch trên trái cây họ cam quýt",{"VOID":685},"30795390",{"VOID":687},"10.1094\u002Fpd-89-0640",[206],[690],"VI","https:\u002F\u002Fapsjournals.apsnet.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1094\u002FPD-89-0640",[693,710,725,740,755],{"id":694,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":695,"affiliations":696,"properties":705,"displayName":707,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"9d9e2edf-a031-4de3-aad8-2a03ad405c08",[],[697],{"id":698,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":699,"properties":24},"7959f1ae-f90e-4093-af87-f30a52316d24",{"id":698,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":700,"slug":24,"properties":701,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":704,"statistic":24},[],{"title":702},{"EN":703},"United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648",[],{"title":706,"openalex":708},{"EN":707},"J. 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Soc., 74, 285",{},{"id":24,"text":968,"url":24,"identifiers":969},"10.1094\u002FPD-76-0513",{"doi":968},{"id":971,"createTime":972,"updateTime":973,"relativeEntities":974,"slug":975,"properties":976,"entityType":202,"verifyStatus":203,"verifyTime":972,"verifyNote":204,"languages":993,"translateLanguages":994,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":995,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":996,"publicationType":298,"publisherRelationship":1067,"citationCount":134,"citationInfo":1122,"publishDate":1125,"publishYear":1123,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1126,"openAccess":24,"references":1127,"isForceReanalyzing":431},"acd99891-f339-4ed4-b6ad-c70d5ebdb35f","2024-07-19T02:33:30.509+00:00","2025-02-05T17:05:54.637+00:00",[],"Detection-of-i-Clavibacter-michiganensis-i-subsp-i-sepedonicus-i-in-Potato-Tubers-by-BIO-PCR-and-an-Automated-Real-Time-Fluorescence-Detection-System",{"mag":977,"keywords":979,"openalex":981,"abstract":983,"title":986,"pm":989,"doi":991},{"VOID":978},"2043496715",{"VI":980},"clavibacter michiganensis, thối vòng, tách chiết mẫu khoai tây, BIO-PCR, TaqMan",{"VOID":982},"W2043496715",{"EN":984,"VI":985},"\u003Cjats:p> Ring rot of potato, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, is one of the most regulated diseases of potatoes world wide. The organism is often difficult to detect in symptomless tubers because of low populations and slow competitive growth on available media. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and a fluorescent probe for use in the Perkin Elmer 7700 automated real time PCR detection system (TaqMan) were designed from a C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus-specific genomic DNA fragment for development of a BIO-PCR assay for C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in potato tubers. Results of screening the primers with strains of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus and other bacteria showed the primers to be specific. A total of 30 naturally infected ring rot suspect tubers were sampled by the core extract, shaker incubation procedure and assayed by (i) plating aliquots onto agar media, (ii) classical PCR, and (iii) BIO-PCR. In all, 4 tubers were positive by agar plating and pathogenicity tests, 8 by classical TaqMan PCR, and 26 by TaqMan BIO-PCR. We conclude that BIO-PCR combined with the TaqMan automated closed detection system is a rapid, reliable method of assaying large numbers of potato tuber extracts for C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. Furthermore, for a large central laboratory running large numbers of PCR assays, the high-throughput TaqMan system can reduce costs per sample over the more labor-intensive classical PCR. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p> Bệnh thối vòng ở khoai tây, do vi khuẩn Clavibacter michiganensis phân loài sepedonicus gây ra, là một trong những bệnh được kiểm soát một cách nghiêm ngặt ở khoai tây trên toàn thế giới. Tổ chức này thường khó phát hiện ở những củ không có triệu chứng do số lượng vi khuẩn thấp và sự phát triển cạnh tranh chậm trên các môi trường có sẵn. Các primer phản ứng chuỗi polymerase (PCR) và một probe huỳnh quang được thiết kế để sử dụng trong hệ thống phát hiện PCR thời gian thực tự động Perkin Elmer 7700 (TaqMan) đã được phát triển từ một đoạn gen DNA đặc hiệu cho C. michiganensis phân loài sepedonicus nhằm phát triển một phương pháp xét nghiệm BIO-PCR cho C. michiganensis phân loài sepedonicus trong các củ khoai tây. Kết quả từ việc sàng lọc các primer với các chủng của C. michiganensis phân loài sepedonicus và các loại vi khuẩn khác cho thấy các primer có tính đặc hiệu. Tổng cộng đã lấy mẫu 30 củ khoai tây nghi ngờ bị nhiễm bệnh thối vòng bằng quy trình chiết xuất lõi và ủ lắc và được xét nghiệm bằng (i) cấy aliquots lên môi trường agar, (ii) PCR cổ điển, và (iii) BIO-PCR. Trong số đó, 4 củ cho kết quả dương tính qua cấy trên agar và thử nghiệm độc lực, 8 củ qua PCR cổ điển TaqMan, và 26 củ qua TaqMan BIO-PCR. Chúng tôi kết luận rằng BIO-PCR kết hợp với hệ thống phát hiện khép kín tự động TaqMan là một phương pháp nhanh chóng, đáng tin cậy trong việc phân tích số lượng lớn các mẫu chiết xuất từ củ khoai tây cho C. michiganensis phân loài sepedonicus. Hơn nữa, đối với một phòng thí nghiệm trung tâm lớn sử dụng số lượng lớn các xét nghiệm PCR, hệ thống TaqMan có thể giảm chi phí trên mỗi mẫu so với phương pháp PCR cổ điển tốn nhiều công sức hơn.",{"EN":987,"VI":988},"Detection of \u003Ci>Clavibacter michiganensis\u003C\u002Fi> subsp. \u003Ci>sepedonicus\u003C\u002Fi> in Potato Tubers by BIO-PCR and an Automated Real-Time Fluorescence Detection System","Phát hiện \u003Ci>Clavibacter michiganensis\u003C\u002Fi> phân loài \u003Ci>sepedonicus\u003C\u002Fi> trong củ khoai tây bằng phương pháp BIO-PCR và hệ thống phát hiện huỳnh quang tự động thời gian thực",{"VOID":990},"30841129",{"VOID":992},"10.1094\u002Fpdis.1999.83.12.1095",[206],[690],"https:\u002F\u002Fapsjournals.apsnet.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1094\u002FPDIS.1999.83.12.1095",[997,1014,1031,1048],{"id":998,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":999,"affiliations":1000,"properties":1009,"displayName":1011,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"0bf508a5-f28c-4d7a-af5c-8472c06eba42",[],[1001],{"id":1002,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1003,"properties":24},"56b0be98-5724-4805-bcf4-bcc7f1f2566c",{"id":1002,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1004,"slug":24,"properties":1005,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1008,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1006},{"EN":1007},"ARS-USDA Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Frederick, MD 21702",[],{"title":1010,"openalex":1012},{"EN":1011},"N. 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The study was conducted to assess if bread and durum cultivars widely grown in Manitoba and a resistant cultivar from South America react differently to the disease at temperatures characteristic of Manitoba summers, and to obtain information on conditions that would be used in differentiating resistant and susceptible cultivars under controlled conditions. The experiments were carried out under three temperature regimes. Factors that evaluated included inoculum concentration and duration of leaf wetness. Increasing incubation temperature, duration of leaf wetness, and inoculum concentration resulted in an increase in disease severity. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences for duration of leaf wetness and inoculum concentration within each cultivar. Pycnidia were observed 4 days earlier when incubation temperature increased from 18°C day\u002F15°C night to 22°C day\u002F15°C night or when inoculum concentration increased from 1 × 10\u003Cjats:sup>6\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> spores\u002Fml to 1 × 10\u003Cjats:sup>7\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> spores\u002Fml. There were more pycnidia when duration of leaf wetness was 72 h as opposed to 48 h and 60 h. The cultivar that was presumed to be resistant maintained its resistance under environmental conditions that are characteristic of Manitoba summers. We found that the optimal conditions for screening spring wheats for Septoria tritici blotch reaction were incubation temperatures of 18°C day\u002F15°C night, and 22°C day\u002F15°C night. 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Univ. of Saskatchewan.",{},{"id":24,"text":1368,"url":24,"identifiers":1369},"10.1146\u002Fannurev.py.19.090181.001421",{"doi":1368},{"id":24,"text":1371,"url":24,"identifiers":1372},"10.1094\u002FPhyto-66-781",{"doi":1371},{"id":24,"text":1374,"url":24,"identifiers":1375},"10.1094\u002FPhyto-65-761",{"doi":1374},{"id":24,"text":1377,"url":24,"identifiers":1378},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3059.1990.tb02501.x",{"doi":1377},{"id":24,"text":1380,"url":24,"identifiers":1381},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3059.1993.tb02674.x",{"doi":1380},{"id":24,"text":1383,"url":24,"identifiers":1384},"10.1007\u002FBF01978098",{"doi":1383},{"id":24,"text":1386,"url":24,"identifiers":1387},"10.1007\u002FBF02858957",{"doi":1386},{"id":24,"text":1389,"url":24,"identifiers":1390},"10.1094\u002FPhyto-78-762",{"doi":1389},{"id":24,"text":1392,"url":24,"identifiers":1393},"10.1094\u002FPD-75-0907",{"doi":1392},{"id":24,"text":1395,"url":24,"identifiers":1396},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3180.1974.tb01084.x",{"doi":1395},{"id":1398,"createTime":1399,"updateTime":1399,"relativeEntities":1400,"slug":1401,"properties":1402,"entityType":202,"verifyStatus":203,"verifyTime":1399,"verifyNote":204,"languages":1415,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1416,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1417,"publicationType":298,"publisherRelationship":1471,"citationCount":1525,"citationInfo":1526,"publishDate":1528,"publishYear":1326,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1529,"openAccess":24,"references":1530,"isForceReanalyzing":431},"c69f54da-d7ee-4344-95a0-2410ba4ade8e","2025-01-03T14:37:02.429+00:00",[],"Occurrence-of-Potyviruses-on-Yam-i-Dioscorea-i-spp-in-Colombia-and-First-Molecular-Characterization-of-i-Yam-mild-mosaic-virus-i-",{"openalex":1403,"mag":1405,"abstract":1407,"title":1409,"pm":1411,"doi":1413},{"VOID":1404},"W2063239761",{"VOID":1406},"2063239761",{"EN":1408},"\u003Cjats:p> A survey to determine the prevalence of potyviruses on yams, Dioscorea alata and D. cayenensis-rotundata, was undertaken in Colombia. Two hundred fifty leaf samples showing mottling symptoms were collected on the Atlantic coast and analyzed by antigen-coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with universal potyvirus monoclonal antibodies (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). Potyviruses were detected in 70% (165\u002F235) of the D. alata and in 66% (10\u002F15) of the D. cayenensis-rotundata samples. The presence of Yam mild mosaic virus (YMMV) was indicated in some of these samples by immunocapture reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction performed as previously reported (1). A 600-bp fragment that included the core and C-terminal region of the coat protein gene (CP) and the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) was amplified from a D. alata isolate using universal potyvirus primers (1), cloned, and sequenced (EMBL Acc. AJ311725). Comparison with the two previously published YMMV sequences revealed 96.1 and 97.4% identity for the deduced amino acid sequence in the CP region, 74.1 and 83.2% nucleotide identity in the 3′UTR for Papua New Guinea (AB022424 [2]) and Martinique (AJ250336) isolates, respectively. YMMV is known to be widespread on D. alata in Africa and the South Pacific and has been recently identified in the Caribbean (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of its occurrence in Colombia. A study of its incidence and genetic diversity in South America has been undertaken. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p> References: (1) M. Bousalem and S. Dallot. Plant Disease 84:200, 2000. (2) S. Fuji et al. Arch Virol. 144:1415, 1999. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1410},"Occurrence of Potyviruses on Yam (\u003Ci>Dioscorea\u003C\u002Fi> spp.) in Colombia and First Molecular Characterization of \u003Ci>Yam mild mosaic virus\u003C\u002Fi>",{"VOID":1412},"30823220",{"VOID":1414},"10.1094\u002Fpdis.2001.85.7.803d",[206],"https:\u002F\u002Fapsjournals.apsnet.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1094\u002FPDIS.2001.85.7.803D",[1418,1437,1456],{"id":1419,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1420,"affiliations":1421,"properties":1430,"displayName":1434,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"8d1ad65b-8eb7-4104-b483-760f6ef41563",[],[1422],{"id":1423,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1424,"properties":24},"cb530518-fa69-4d50-aab1-ef31a66547f9",{"id":1423,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1425,"slug":24,"properties":1426,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1429,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1427},{"EN":1428},"IRD, 911 av. 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Naturally infected Dioscorea alata plants showing mild mosaic were collected in 1998 on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean. Isolates were first screened by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with monoclonal antibodies raised against Yam mosaic virus (YMV) and antigen-coated plate ELISA with universal potyvirus monoclonal antibodies (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). A positive reaction was obtained only with the universal potyvirus antiserum. Immunocapture reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed for specific detection of Yam mild mosaic virus (YMMV [3]) and YMV. A product with the predicted size of 249 bp was obtained with YMMV primers. YMMV is a recently recognized distinct potyvirus infecting D. alata in West Africa and the South Pacific (2–4). It was originally described as Yam virus I and is synonymous with Dioscorea alata virus (4). To characterize the YMMV Martinique isolate, total RNA was extracted, and universal potyvirus degenerate primers (1) were used to amplify a 700-bp fragment that included the core and C-terminal region of the coat protein (CP) and 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR). Sequence information generated (EMBL AJ250336) from the cloned fragment was compared with sequences of other yam potyviruses. Sequence comparisons of the partial CP (453 nt) showed a similarity of 94.6% (amino acids [aa]) with the YMMV isolate from Papua New Guinea (EMBL AB022424 [2]); 72.2% (aa) with the Japanese yam mosaic virus (JYMV) isolate (EMBL AB016500); and 67 to 73% (aa) with 27 YMV isolates. These sequences are most diverse in the 3′UTR, which showed a similarity of 72.8% with the YMMV Papua New Guinea isolate, 30% with the JYMV isolate, and 26% with the YMV isolates. These results confirm, as previously shown by S. Fuji et al. (2), that YMMV should be classified as a new potyvirus of yam. This is the first report of the natural occurrence of YMMV in the Caribbean. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p> References: (1) Colinet et al. Phytopathology 84:65, 1994. (2) S. Fuji et al. Arch Virol. 144:1415, 1999. (3) R. A. Munford and S. E. Seal. J. Virol. Methods 69:73, 1997. (4) B. O. Odu et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 134:65, 1999. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1544},"First Report and Molecular Characterization of \u003Ci>Yam mild mosaic virus\u003C\u002Fi> in \u003Ci>Dioscorea alata\u003C\u002Fi> on the Island of Martinique",{"VOID":1546},"30841322",{"VOID":1548},"10.1094\u002Fpdis.2000.84.2.200b",[206],"https:\u002F\u002Fapsjournals.apsnet.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1094\u002FPDIS.2000.84.2.200B",[1552,1567],{"id":1553,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1554,"affiliations":1555,"properties":1564,"displayName":1468,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"95138aee-5e5e-4429-bef1-1597ece22d1e",[],[1556],{"id":1557,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1558,"properties":24},"6be7c712-21df-4852-b84d-06c505daebec",{"id":1557,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1559,"slug":24,"properties":1560,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1563,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1561},{"EN":1562},"Laboratoire de 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Variability of 45 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani (teleomorph Thanatephorus cucumeris) causing web blight (WB) of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, was examined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S subunit (5.8S) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat (ITS-5.8S-rDNA). Isolates were collected from diseased bean leaves from Argentina, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Panama, and Puerto Rico. These WB isolates belong to AG-1 and AG-2 based on anastomosis reaction. Isolates of AG-1 that cause WB were separated into three distinct groups of RFLP patterns from enzymatic digestion of a 740-bp PCR fragment. Microsclerotia-producing isolates (<1 mm) were differentiated from macrosclerotia-producing isolates (5 to 20 mm) based on PCR-RFLP patterns even though they are placed in the same AG1-1B subgroup by anastomosis reaction. WB isolates of AG-2 were separated into two distinct PCR-RFLP groups as previously reported. AG-1 macrosclerotial-producing isolates were the most virulent, whereas isolates of AG-2 were the least virulent. Genetic variability of the WB pathogen may have influenced the failure or success of management practices implemented in the past in Latin America. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1655},"Genetic Variation Among Isolates of the Web Blight Pathogen of Common Bean Based on PCR-RFLP of the ITS-rDNA Region",{"VOID":1657},"30812884",{"VOID":1659},"10.1094\u002Fpdis.2003.87.7.766",[206],"https:\u002F\u002Fapsjournals.apsnet.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1094\u002FPDIS.2003.87.7.766",[1663,1680,1697,1714],{"id":1664,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1665,"affiliations":1666,"properties":1675,"displayName":1677,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"ee1ebd10-1492-4254-a43a-c4c5a83c8778",[],[1667],{"id":1668,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1669,"properties":24},"3e9fbd07-3db8-4787-8601-bac9bb0be222",{"id":1668,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1670,"slug":24,"properties":1671,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1674,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1672},{"EN":1673},"Instituto Dominicano de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Centro Sur, San Juan de la Maguana, Dominican Republic.",[],{"title":1676,"openalex":1678},{"EN":1677},"G. 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mì, Lúa mạch, Bệnh thối đầu con gié Fusarium, Đại dịch, Quản lý bệnh hại, Nghiên cứu phối hợp",{"VOID":2003},"W2022718332",{"EN":2005,"VI":2006},"\u003Cjats:p> Wheat and barley are critical food and feed crops around the world. Wheat is grown on more land area worldwide than any other crop. In the United States, production of wheat and barley contributes to domestic food and feed use, and contributes to the export market and balance of trade. Fifteen years ago, Plant Disease published a feature article titled “Scab of wheat and barley: A re-emerging disease of devastating impact”. That article described the series of severe Fusarium head blight (FHB) epidemics that occurred in the United States and Canada, primarily from 1991 through 1996, with emphasis on the unparalleled economic and sociological impacts caused by the 1993 FHB epidemic in spring grains in the Northern Great Plains region. Earlier publications had dealt with the scope and damage caused by this disease in the United States, Canada, Europe, and China. Reviews published after 1997 further described this disease and its impact on North American grain production in the 1990s. This article reviews the disease and documents the information on U.S. FHB epidemics since 1997. The primary goal of this article is to summarize a sustained, coordinated, and collaborative research program that was put in place shortly after the 1993 epidemic, a program intended to quickly lead to improved management strategies and outreach implementation. This program serves as a model to deal with other emerging plant disease threats. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p> Lúa mì và lúa mạch là những cây lương thực và làm thức ăn gia súc quan trọng trên khắp thế giới. Lúa mì được trồng trên diện tích lớn hơn bất kỳ cây trồng nào khác trên toàn cầu. Tại Hoa Kỳ, sản xuất lúa mì và lúa mạch đóng góp vào nhu cầu lương thực và thức ăn gia súc trong nước, cũng như góp phần vào thị trường xuất khẩu và cán cân thương mại. Mười lăm năm trước, tạp chí Plant Disease đã xuất bản một bài viết nổi bật mang tiêu đề “Bệnh Thối Đầu Con Gié Lúa Mì và Lúa Mạch: Một căn bệnh tái xuất với tác động tàn phá”. Bài viết đó mô tả loạt các đại dịch bệnh thối đầu con gié (Fusarium head blight - FHB) nghiêm trọng xảy ra tại Hoa Kỳ và Canada, chủ yếu từ năm 1991 đến năm 1996, với nhấn mạnh vào những tác động kinh tế và xã hội chưa từng có gây ra bởi đại dịch bệnh FHB năm 1993 trên các loại hạt mùa xuân tại vùng Northern Great Plains. Các ấn phẩm trước đó đã xử lý phạm vi và thiệt hại do bệnh này tại Hoa Kỳ, Canada, châu Âu và Trung Quốc. Các đánh giá được công bố sau năm 1997 đã mô tả thêm về căn bệnh này và ảnh hưởng của nó đối với sản xuất ngũ cốc ở Bắc Mỹ trong thập niên 1990. Bài báo này đánh giá lại căn bệnh và tài liệu về các đại dịch bệnh FHB ở Hoa Kỳ kể từ năm 1997. Mục tiêu chính của bài báo này là tóm tắt một chương trình nghiên cứu phối hợp và hợp tác bền vững được triển khai ngắn sau đại dịch năm 1993, một chương trình nhằm nhanh chóng đưa đến các chiến lược quản lý cải tiến và triển khai việc tiếp cận cộng đồng. Chương trình này đóng vai trò như một mô hình để xử lý các mối đe dọa bệnh cây trồng mới nổi khác. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":2008,"VI":2009},"A Unified Effort to Fight an Enemy of Wheat and Barley: Fusarium Head Blight","Nỗ Lực Phối Hợp Để Chống Lại Kẻ Thù Của Lúa Mì và Lúa Mạch: Bệnh Thối Đầu Con Gié Fusarium",{"VOID":2011},"30727259",{"VOID":2013},"10.1094\u002Fpdis-03-12-0291-fe",[206],[690],"https:\u002F\u002Fapsjournals.apsnet.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1094\u002FPDIS-03-12-0291-FE",[2018,2035,2054,2073,2092,2109,2126],{"id":2019,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":2020,"affiliations":2021,"properties":2030,"displayName":2032,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"1de29789-00f6-47c9-b8c1-f9047e835712",[],[2022],{"id":2023,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2024,"properties":24},"67f400bf-95b6-4ce2-bf50-08941ed27469",{"id":2023,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2025,"slug":24,"properties":2026,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2029,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2027},{"VI":2028},"North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND",[],{"title":2031,"openalex":2033},{"EN":2032},"Michael S. 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F., 1921, Phytopathology, 11, 115",{},{"id":24,"text":2214,"url":24,"identifiers":2215},"Anderson, J. A., Glover, K., and Mergoum, M. 2011. Successful adoption of spring wheat cultivars with moderate resistance to FHB by growers in the north central region. Page 3 in: Proc. 2011 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum. S. Canty, A. Clark, A. Anderson-Scully, and D. Van Sanford, eds. St. Louis, MO.",{},{"id":24,"text":2217,"url":24,"identifiers":2218},"Anderson, T., and Ward, R. 2002. History of the U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative (1997-2002). U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative. http:\u002F\u002Fscabusa.org\u002Fmission.html",{},{"id":24,"text":2220,"url":24,"identifiers":2221},"Antanasoff D., 1920, J. Agric. Res., 20, 1",{},{"id":24,"text":2223,"url":24,"identifiers":2224},"Arthur J. C., 1891, Indiana Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull., 36, 129",{},{"id":24,"text":2226,"url":24,"identifiers":2227},"10.1094\u002FPD-78-0760",{"doi":2226},{"id":24,"text":2229,"url":24,"identifiers":2230},"10.1146\u002Fannurev.phyto.42.040803.140340",{"doi":2229},{"id":24,"text":2232,"url":24,"identifiers":2233},"Bergstrom, G. C., Waxman, K. D., Bradley, C. A., Hazelrigg, A. L., Hershman, D. E., Nagelkirk, M., Sweets, L. E., and Wegulo, S. N. 2011. Effects of local corn debris management on FHB and DON levels in seven U.S. wheat environments. Pages 119-121 in: Proc. 2011 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum. S. Canty, A. Clark, A. Anderson-Scully, and D. Van Sanford, eds. St. Louis, MO.",{},{"id":24,"text":2235,"url":24,"identifiers":2236},"Bergstrom, G. C., Waxman, K. D., Schmale, D. G., III, Bradley, C. A., Sweets, L. E., Wegulo, S. N., and Keller, M. D. 2010. Effects of withinfield corn debris in microplots on FHB and DON in eleven U.S. wheat environments in 2010. Pages 69-70 in: Proc. 2010 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum. S. Canty, A. Clark, A. Anderson-Scully, D. Ellis, and D. Van Sanford, eds. Milwaukee, WI.",{},{"id":24,"text":2238,"url":24,"identifiers":2239},"Bondalapati, K. D., and Stein, J. M. 2010. Validation of barley DON risk prediction model. Pages 71-73 in: Proc. 2010 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum. S. Canty, A. Clark, A. Anderson-Scully, D. Ellis, and D. Van Sanford, eds. Milwaukee, WI.",{},{"id":24,"text":2241,"url":24,"identifiers":2242},"10.1007\u002Fs11032-004-2734-5",{"doi":2241},{"id":24,"text":2244,"url":24,"identifiers":2245},"Bowden R. L., 2005, Fungal Genet. Newsl., 52, 60",{},{"id":24,"text":2247,"url":24,"identifiers":2248},"10.4141\u002Fcjps92-010",{"doi":2247},{"id":24,"text":2250,"url":24,"identifiers":2251},"Bradley, C. A., Adee, E. A., Ebelhar, S. A., Dill-Macky, R., Wiersma, J. J., Grybauskas, A. P., Kirk, W. W., McMullen, M. P., Halley, S., Milus, E. A., Osborne, L. E., Ruden, K. R., and Young, B. G. 2010. Multi-state uniform fungicide evaluations for control of Fusarium head blight and associated mycotoxins. Page 74 in: Proc. 2010 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum. S. Canty, A. Clark, A. Anderson-Scully, D. Ellis, and D. Van Sanford, eds. Milwaukee, WI.",{},{"id":24,"text":2253,"url":24,"identifiers":2254},"Bradley, C. A., Adee, E. A., Ebelhar, S. A, Grybauskas, A. P., Hollingsworth, C. R., Kirk, W. W., McMullen, M. P., Milus, E. A., Osborne, L. E., Ruden, K. R., and Young, B. G. 2009. Application timings of Caramba and Prosaro foliar fungicides for management of FHB and DON. Page 34 in: Proc. 2009 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum. S. Canty, A. Clark, J. Mundell, E. Walton, D. Ellis, and D. Van Sanford, eds. Orlando, FL.",{},{"id":24,"text":2256,"url":24,"identifiers":2257},"Bradley, C. A., and McMullen, M. P. 2008. Fungicides for FHB management: Past, present, and future. Page 12 in: Proc. 2008 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum. S. Canty, A. Clark, E. Walton, D. Ellis, J. Mundell, and D. Van Sanford, eds. Indianapolis, IN.",{},{"id":24,"text":2259,"url":24,"identifiers":2260},"Conservation in the 1990 Farm Bill. 1991. Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ers.usda.gov\u002Fpublications\u002Faib624\u002F",{},{"id":24,"text":2262,"url":24,"identifiers":2263},"Cowger, C., and Sutton, A. L. 2005. The southeastern U.S. Fusarium head blight epidemic of 2003. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094\u002FPHP2005-1026-01-RS",{"doi":2264},"10.1094\u002FPHP-2005-1026-01-RS",{"id":24,"text":2266,"url":24,"identifiers":2267},"Crane, J. M., Gibson, D. M., and Bergstrom, G. C. 2011. Ecology of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on wheat florets in relation to biological control of FHB\u002FDON. Page 131 in: Proc. 2011 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum. S. Canty, A. Clark, A. Anderson-Scully, and D. Van Sanford, eds. 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