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The School of Health and Related Research Technology Appraisal Group at the University of Sheffield was commissioned to act as the independent Evidence Review Group (ERG). The ERG produced a detailed review of the evidence for the clinical and cost effectiveness of the technology, based upon the company’s submission to NICE. The clinical effectiveness evidence in the company’s submission for CZP was based predominantly on six randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of CZP against placebo. The clinical effectiveness review identified no head-to-head evidence on the efficacy of CZP against the comparators within the scope; therefore, the company performed a network meta-analysis (NMA). The company’s NMA concluded that CZP had a similar efficacy to that of its comparators. The company submitted a Markov model that assessed the incremental cost effectiveness of CZP versus comparator biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) for the treatment of RA from the perspective of the National Health Service for three decision problems, each of which followed an inadequate response to a TNFi. These were (1) a comparison against rituximab (RTX) in combination with methotrexate (MTX); (2) a comparison against bDMARDs when RTX was contraindicated or withdrawn due to an adverse event; and (3) a comparison against bDMARDs when MTX was contraindicated or withdrawn due to an adverse event. Results from the company’s economic evaluation showed that CZP resulted in a similar number of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) produced at similar or lower costs compared with comparator bDMARDs. The commercial-in-confidence patient access schemes for abatacept and tocilizumab could not be incorporated by the company, but were incorporated by the ERG in a confidential appendix for the NICE Appraisal Committee (AC). The company estimated that the addition of CZP before RTX in a sequence for patients who could receive MTX produced more QALYs at an increased cost, with a cost per QALY of £33,222. Following a critique of the model, the ERG undertook exploratory analyses that did not change the conclusions reached based on the company’s economic evaluation in relation to the comparison with bDMARDs. The ERG estimated that where CZP replaced RTX, CZP was dominated, as it produced fewer QALYs at an increased cost. The AC concluded that there was little difference in effectiveness between CZP and comparator bDMARDs and that equivalence among bDMARDs could be accepted. The AC consequently recommended CZP plus MTX for people for whom RTX is contraindicated or not tolerated and CZP monotherapy for people for whom MTX is contraindicated or not tolerated. The AC concluded that CZP plus MTX could not be considered a cost-effective use of National Health Service resources when RTX plus MTX is a treatment option.",{"EN":135,"VI":136},"Certolizumab Pegol for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis Following Inadequate Response to a TNF-α Inhibitor: An Evidence Review Group Perspective of a NICE Single Technology Appraisal","Certolizumab pegol trong điều trị viêm khớp dạng thấp sau đáp ứng không đầy đủ với thuốc ức chế TNF-α: góc nhìn của nhóm đánh giá bằng chứng từ thẩm định công nghệ đơn lẻ của NICE",{"VOID":138},"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Guide to the methods of technology appraisal. 2013. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nice.org.uk\u002Farticle\u002Fpmg9\u002F. Accessed 27 Apr 2017.\nStevenson M, et al. Adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, golimumab, tocilizumab and abatacept for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis not previously treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and after the failure of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs only: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2016;20(35):1–610.\nNational Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Certolizumab pegol for treating rheumatoid arthritis after inadequate response to a TNF-alpha inhibitor. 2016. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nice.org.uk\u002Fguidance\u002Fta415. Accessed 27 Apr 2017.\nScott DL, Steer S. The course of established rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21(5):943–67.\nPincus T, et al. Early radiographic joint space narrowing and erosion and later malalignment in rheumatoid arthritis: a longitudinal analysis. J Rheumatol. 1998;25(4):636–40.\nDrossaers-Bakker KW, et al. Radiographic damage of large joints in long-term rheumatoid arthritis and its relation to function. Rheumatology. 2000;39(9):998–1003.\nAllaire S, et al. Current risk factors for work disability associated with rheumatoid arthritis: recent data from a US national cohort. Arthritis Care Res. 2009;61(3):321–8.\nNaz SM, Symmons DPM. Mortality in established rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21(5):871–83.\nDadoun S, et al. Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis over the last fifty years: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Joint Bone Spine. 2013;80(1):29–33.\nMeune C, et al. Trends in cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis over 50 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Rheumatology. 2009;48(10):1309–13.\nThe National Audit Office. Services for people with rheumatoid arthritis. 2009 [cited 2016 24 March]. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nao.org.uk\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2009\u002F07\u002F0809823.pdf. Accessed 27 Apr 2017.\nSymmons DPM, et al. The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United Kingdom: results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register. Rheumatology. 1994;33(8):735–9.\nAlamanos Y, Drosos AA. Epidemiology of adult rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2005;4(3):130–6.\nFelson DT, et al. American college of rheumatology preliminary definition of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(6):727–35.\nvan Gestel AM, et al. Development and validation of the european league against rheumatism response criteria for rheumatoid arthritis: Comparison with the preliminary american college of rheumatology and the world health organization\u002Finternational league against rheumatism criteria. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39(1):34–40.\nFelson DT. Assessing the efficacy and safety of rheumatic disease treatments: Obstacles and proposed solutions. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(7):1781–7.\nNational Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Rheumatoid arthritis: national clinical guideline for management and treatment in adults. 2009. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmedhealth\u002FPMH0009576\u002F. Accessed 27 Apr 2017.\nNational Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, certolizumab pegol, golimumab, tocilizumab and abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis not previously treated with DMARDs or after conventional DMARDs only have failed. 2016. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nice.org.uk\u002Fguidance\u002Fta375. Accessed 27 Apr 2017.\nNational Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, rituximab and abatacept for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis after the failure of a TNF inhibitor. 2010. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nice.org.uk\u002Fguidance\u002Fta195. Accessed 27 Apr 2017.\nNational Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Tocilizumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. 2012. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nice.org.uk\u002Fguidance\u002Fta247. Accessed 27 Apr 2017.\nNational Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Golimumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis after the failure of previous disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. 2011. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nice.org.uk\u002Fguidance\u002Fta225. Accessed 27 Apr 2017.\nWu EQ, et al. Mapping FACT-P and EORTC QLQ-C30 to patient health status measured by EQ-5D in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients. Value Health. 2007;10:408–14.\nUCB Pharma. Certolizumab Pegol for treating rheumatoid arthritis after inadequate response to a TNF inhibitor. 2016. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nice.org.uk\u002Fguidance\u002Fta415\u002Fdocuments\u002Fcommittee-papers. Accessed 27 Apr 2017.\nWeinblatt ME, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol in a broad population of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: results from the REALISTIC phase IIIb study. Rheumatology. 2012;51(12):2204–14.\nFurst DE, et al. Two dosing regimens of certolizumab pegol in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67(2):151–60.\nCurtis JR, et al. A randomized trial comparing disease activity measures for the assessment and prediction of response in rheumatoid arthritis patients initiating certolizumab pegol. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(12):3104–12.\nSchiff MH, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis secondary non-responders to TNF can attain an efficacious and safe response by switching to certolizumab pegol: a phase IV, randomised, multicentre, double-blind, 12-week study, followed by a 12-week open-label phase. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(12):2174–7.\nYamamoto K, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate in Japanese rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate: the J-RAPID randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Mod Rheumatol. 2014;24(5):715–24.\nYamamoto K, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol without methotrexate co-administration in Japanese patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: the HIKARI randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Mod Rheumatol. 2014;24(4):552–60.\nChatzidionysiou K, et al. Effectiveness and survival-on-drug of certolizumab pegol in rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice: results from the national Swedish register. Scand J Rheumatol. 2015;44(6):431–7.\nEmery P, et al. IL-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumour necrosis factor biologicals: results from a 24-week multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(11):1516–23.\nGenovese MC, et al. Efficacy and safety of olokizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to TNF inhibitor therapy: outcomes of a randomised Phase IIb study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(9):1607–15.\nCohen SB, et al. Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(9):2793–806.\nCombe B, et al. AB0516 An open-label randomized controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of etanercept (ETN) versus rituximab (RTX), in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis previously treated with RTX and TNF blockers. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;71(Suppl 3):667.\nGenovese MC, et al. Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(11):1114–23.\nSmolen JS, et al. Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (GO-AFTER study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9685):210–21.\nKang Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol with concomitant methotrexate in Korean rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with an inadequate response to MTX. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(3):666.\nBrennan A, et al. Modelling the cost effectiveness of TNF-α antagonists in the management of rheumatoid arthritis: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Registry. Rheumatology. 2007;46(8):1345–54.\nNorton S, et al. Trajectories of functional limitation in early rheumatoid arthritis and their association with mortality. Rheumatology. 2013;52(11):2016–24.\nPersonal Social Services Research Unit. Unit costs of health and social care. 2015. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.pssru.ac.uk\u002Fproject-pages\u002Funit-costs\u002F2015\u002F. Accessed 27 Apr 2017.\nBritish National Formulary. BNF June 2015. 2015. www.bnf.org\u002F. Accessed 27 Apr 2017.\nDeparment of Health. NHS reference Costs 2014 to 2015. 2015 [cited 2016 24 March]. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fuploads\u002Fsystem\u002Fuploads\u002Fattachment_data\u002Ffile\u002F480791\u002F2014-15_National_Schedules.xlsx. Accessed 27 Apr 2017.\nHernández Alava M, et al. The relationship between EQ-5D, HAQ and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2013;52(5):944–50.\nHernández Alava M, Wailoo AJ, Ara R. Tails from the peak district: adjusted limited dependent variable mixture models of EQ-5D questionnaire health state utility values. Value Health. 2012;15:550–61.\nNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Abbreviated technology appraisal process consultation. 2016. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nice.org.uk\u002Fabout\u002Fwhat-we-do\u002Four-programmes\u002Fnice-guidance\u002Fnice-technology-appraisal-guidance\u002Fabbreviated-technology-appraisal-process-consultation. Accessed 27 Apr 2017.\nNational Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Certolizumab pegol for treating rheumatoid arthritis after inadequate response to a TNF-alpha inhibitor—final appraisal determination. 2016. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nice.org.uk\u002Fguidance\u002Fta415\u002Fdocuments\u002Ffinal-appraisal-determination-document. 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Recently, rivaroxaban, a novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) which offers some distinct advantages over warfarin, the standard of care in a world without NOACs, has been introduced and is now recommended by international guidelines. The aim of this study was to evaluate, from a Belgian healthcare payer perspective, the cost-effectiveness of rivaroxaban versus use of warfarin for the treatment of patients with non-valvular AF at moderate to high risk. A Markov model was designed and populated with local cost estimates, safety-on-treatment clinical results from the pivotal phase III ROCKET AF trial and utility values obtained from the literature. Rivaroxaban treatment was associated with fewer ischemic strokes and systemic embolisms (0.308 vs. 0.321 events), intracranial bleeds (0.048 vs. 0.063), and myocardial infarctions (0.082 vs. 0.095) per patient compared with warfarin. Over a lifetime time horizon, rivaroxaban led to a reduction of 0.042 life-threatening events per patient, and increases of 0.111 life-years and 0.094 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) versus warfarin treatment. This resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €8,809 per QALY or €7,493 per life-year gained. These results are based on valuated data from 2010. Sensitivity analysis indicated that these results were robust and that rivaroxaban is cost-effective compared with warfarin in 87 % of cases should a willingness-to-pay threshold of €35,000\u002FQALY gained be considered. The present analysis suggests that rivaroxaban is a cost-effective alternative to warfarin therapy for the prevention of stroke in patients with AF in the Belgian healthcare setting.",{"EN":342,"VI":343},"Cost-Effectiveness of Rivaroxaban Versus Warfarin for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation in the Belgian Healthcare Setting","Hiệu quả chi phí của rivaroxaban so với warfarin trong dự phòng đột quỵ do rung nhĩ tại bối cảnh y tế Bỉ",{"VOID":345},"Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly: the Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147:1561–4.\nMarini C, De Santis F, Sacco S, et al. Contribution of atrial fibrillation to incidence and outcome of ischemic stroke: results from a population-based study. Stroke. 2005;36:1115–9.\nStrong K, Mathers C, Bonita R. Preventing stroke: saving lives around the world. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:182–7.\nMackay J, Menash GA, Greenlund K. The atlas of heart disease and stroke. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.\nDevroey D, Van Casteren V, Buntinx F. Registration of stroke through the Belgian sentinel network and factors influencing stroke mortality. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16:272–9.\nCamm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GYH, et al. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibriliation. The Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrilation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2369–429.\nBritish Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on oral anticoagulation: third edition. Br J Haematol. 1998;101:374–87.\nBayer HealthCare. Data on file: Cegedim report 2010.\nEvers T, O’Neil WM, Ogilvie IM, et al. PCV144—Stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation: inappropriate anticoagulation and poor INR control. Value Health. 2011;14:A390.\nAnsell J, Hirsch J, Hylek E, et al. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists. Chest. 2008;133(suppl):S160–98.\nPatel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:883–91.\nStuart J, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1139–51.\nGranger B, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:981–92.\nCamm AJ, Lip GYH, De Caterina R, et al. 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:2719–47.\nROCKET AF Study Investigators. Rivaroxaban-once daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibition compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation: rationale and design of the ROCKET AF study. Am Heart J. 2010;159:340–7.\nSanchez MM, Chen X. Choosing the analysis population in non-inferiority studies: per protocol or intent-to-treat. Stat Med. 2006;25:1169–81.\nUS Department of Health and Human Services. Guidance for industry: non-inferiority clinical trials (draft guidance). Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), 2010.\nBriggs AHE, Claxton K, Sculpher M. Decision modelling for health economic evaluation. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006.\nFederal Public Service Economy, SMEs, Self-Employed and Energy. Life tables Belgium 1998–2009. [Online]. http:\u002F\u002Fstatbel.fgov.be\u002Fnl\u002Fmodules\u002Fpublications\u002Fstatistiques\u002Fbevolking\u002Fdownloads\u002Fbevolking_sterftetafels.jsp. Accessed 8 Jan 2013.\nHoit BD, Gilpin EA, Henninh H, et al. Myocardial infarction in young patients: an analysis by age subsets. Circulation. 1986;74:712–21.\nGailly J, Gerkens S, Van Den Bruel A, et al. Use of point-of care devices in patients with oral anticoagulation: a Health Technology Assessment. Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre. Report number: 117C, 2009.\nCleemput I, Van Wilder P, Vrijens F, et al. Guidelines for pharmacoeconomic evaluations in Belgium. Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre. Report number: 78C, 2008.\nProtheroe J, Fahey T, Montgomery AA, et al. The impact of patients’ preferences on the treatment of atrial fibrillation: observational study of patient based decision analysis. BMJ. 2000;320:1380–4.\nGage BF, Cardinalli AB, Owens DK. The effect of stroke and stroke prophylaxis with aspirin or warfarin on quality of life. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1829–36.\nNational Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in people with atrial fibrillation: NICE technology appraisal guidance 256. Report number: TA256, 2012.\nLee S, Anglade MW, Pisacane R, et al. Cost-effectiveness of rivaroxaban compared to warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:845–51.\nWouters et al. Cost-effectiveness of dabigatran etexilate in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation in Belgium. J Med Econ. Epub 2013 Jan 22\nHAS, Department of Medecines Assessment. Indirect comparisons methods and validity [Online] Available from: www.has-sante.fr. 2009; July:35.\nLimone et al. Novel anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of cost-effectiveness models. PLOS One. 2013;8(4):e62183.\nClaes N. Quality of oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation: a cross-sectional study in general practice. Eur J Gen Pract. 2006;12:163–8.\nHylek EM, Go AS, Chang Y, et al. Effect of intensity of oral anticoagulation on stroke severity and mortality in atrial fibrillation. New Engl J Med. 2003;349:1019–26.\nBayer Plc. Submission to National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Single Technology Appraisal (STA) of Rivaroxaban (Xarelto®). 2011.\nRIZIV\u002FINAMI. Nomenclature codes 101010, 101032, 101076, 103110, 103132, 592815, 592830, 554573. [Online]. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.inami.fgov.be\u002Fhomefr.htm. Accessed August 2011.\nRIZIV\u002FINAMI. APR DRG codes 045 and 813 - nomenclature codes 460821, 591603, 598021, 598043, 598146, 700000 766065, 766264, and 799621. [Online]. Available from: http:\u002F\u002Fwww.inami.fgov.be\u002Fhomefr.htm. Accessed August 2011.\nDagres N, Nieuwlaat R, Vardas PE, et al. Gender-related differences in presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients with atrial fibrillation in Europe: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:572–7.\nRobinson A, Thomson R, Parkin D, et al. How patients with atrial fibrillation value different health outcomes: a standard gamble study. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2001;6:92–8.\nHallan S, Asberg A, Indredavik B, et al. Quality of life after cerebrovascular stroke: a systematic study of patients’ preferences for different functional outcomes. J Intern Med. 1999;246:309–16.\nSullivan PW, Arant TW, Ellis SL, et al. The cost-effectiveness of anticoagulation management services for patients with atrial fibrillation and at high risk for stroke in the US. Pharmacoeconomics. 2006;24:1021–33.\nLenert LA, Soetikno RM. Automated computer interviews to elicit utilities: potential applications in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1997;4:49–56.\nHaacke C, Althaus A, Spottke A, et al. Long-term outcome after stroke: evaluating health-related quality of life using utility measurements. Stroke. 2006;37:193–8.\nSanders GD, Hlatky MA, Every NR, et al. Potential cost-effectiveness of prophylactic use of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator or amiodarone after myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:870–83.\nRobinson MB, Thompson E, Black NA. A model for estimating the cost-utility of clinical audit. The example of thrombolysis for suspected acute myocardial infarction. 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               Objective: To assess the cost effectiveness of tapered versus abrupt discontinuation of a microemulsion formulation of cyclosporin in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. \n                Methods: A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed in parallel with a nonblind, multicentre, international clinical trial of the safety and efficacy of intermittent short courses of cyclosporin. Direct and indirect costs were considered within a 1-year period following randomisation. \n                Patients: Patients with chronic plaque psoriasis inadequately controlled with topical treatment. \n                Study perspective: The studywas conducted froma societal perspective and was performed using data from Canada, Spain, Turkey and the UK. \n                Main outcomes measures: The health outcome used was the total number of systemic therapy-free days (STFDs) over the first year. The mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was determined by dividing the differences in average cost per patient by the differences in average STFDs per patient. \n                Results: The overall ICER was dominant because tapered discontinuation was associated with both lower costs and improved efficacy in comparison with abrupt discontinuation. Further analyses showed that tapered discontinuation was a cost-effective alternative to abrupt discontinuation therapy, even when a conservative definition for cost effectiveness was adopted. \n                Conclusion: This cost-effectiveness analysis demonstrated that tapering cyclosporin wasmore cost effective than abruptly stopping cyclosporin in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis.",{"EN":630},"The Cost Effectiveness of Tapered versus Abrupt Discontinuation of Oral Cyclosporin Microemulsion for the Treatment of Psoriasis",{"VOID":632},"[\"3224272595884969488\"]",{"VOID":634},"Farber EM. Epidemiology: natural history and genetics. In: Roenigk HH, Maibach HI, editors. Psoriasis. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Marcel Dekker Inc., 1991: 209–58\nLomholt G. Psoriasis. Prevalence, spontaneous course and genetics. A census study on the prevalence of skin diseases on the Faroe Islands [dissertation]. Copenhagen: G.E.C. Gad, 1963\nPeckham PE, Weinstein GD, McCullough JL. The treatment of severe psoriasis: a national survey. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123 (10): 1303–7\nCamp RDR. Psoriasis. In: Rook A, Wilkinson DS, Ebling FJG, et al., editors. Textbook of dermatology. 5th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992: 1391–457\nvan der Kuy A, editor. Pharmacotherapeutic guide 1996 [in Dutch]. Amstelveen: Dutch Health Executive Board, 1996\nHo VC, Griffiths CEM, Albrecht G, et al., for the PISCES study group. Intermittent short courses of cyclosporin for psoriasis unresponsive to topical therapy: a 1-year multicentre, randomized study. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141: 283–91\nFinzi AF, Ippolito F, Panconesi E, et al. Cyclosporin therapy in psoriasis: recommendations for treatment. Dermatology 1993; 187 Suppl. 1: 38–40\nMihatsch MJ, Wolff K. Consensus conference on cyclosporin A for psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1992; 126: 621–3\nBerth-Jones J, Henderson CA, Munro CS, et al. Treatment of psoriasis with intermittent short course (Neoral). A multicentre study. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136: 527–30\nEinarson TR, Addis A, Iskedjian M. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of venlafaxine in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Pharmacoeconomics 1997; 12 (2 Pt 2): 286–96\nMonthly Index of Medical Specialities (MIMS). London: Haymarket Publishing Services Ltd, 1997 Aug\nNetten A, Dennet J. Unit costs of health and social care 1997. Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, 1997\nVademecum Internacional (V-I). Especialidades Farmacéuticas y Biologicas productos y Articulos de parafarmacia Métodos de Diagnostico. Madrid: Medicom Trigesimoctava Edicion 1997, 1997\nOrganization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). OECD health data [software package]. Credes: 1998\nDrummond MF, O’Brien B, Stoddart GL, et al. Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. 2nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press, 1997\nvan Hout BA, Al MJ, Gordon GS, et al. Costs, effects and C\u002FE-ratios alongside a clinical trial. Health Econ 1994; 3: 309–19\nBriggs A, Fenn P. Confidence intervals or surfaces? Uncertainty on the cost-effectiveness plane. Health Econ 1998; 7: 723–40\nDrummond M, Ferraz MB, Mason J. Assessing the cost effectiveness of NSAID: an international perspective. J Rheum 1995; 22: 1408–11\nFinlay AY, Khan GK. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) — a simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994; 19: 210–6\nTouw CR, Hakkaart-van Roijen L, Verboom P, et al. Intermittent treatment with cyclosporin microemulsion improves quality of life in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 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There is a global need to estimate the population-level value of developing new antimicrobials and to ensure the effective use of existing antimicrobials as strategies to counteract antimicrobial resistance. To this aim, population-level value criteria need to be considered alongside conventional value measures.  The objective of this study was to develop a novel modelling approach to estimate the value of new antimicrobials, considering the transmission, diversity and enablement elements of STEDI value. We developed a population-based mathematical model for the assessment of antimicrobial value considering both prophylactic use of antimicrobials and the treatment of selected serious hospital-acquired infections in hospitals in the USA at a population level. Large-scale clinical and population healthcare data were used to inform a modelling-based analysis assessing the impact of introducing a new antimicrobial compared with continuing with no new antimicrobial, accounting for the transmission, diversity and enablement value of antimicrobial agents. Over a 10-year period, the addition of a new antimicrobial as part of an antimicrobial stewardship strategy in the USA was estimated to result in a proportional reduction of 9.03% in projected antimicrobial resistance levels. This yielded an estimated reduction of $64.3 million in hospitalization costs and a gain of over 153,000 quality-adjusted life-years at an economic value of over $15.4 billion over 10 years. Considering input uncertainty, the estimate of monetary benefit ranged from $11.1 to $21.4 billion. The use of a new antimicrobial for treatment and prophylactic indications yields considerable clinical and economic benefits including transmission diversity and enablement value. These findings may provide decision makers with important evidence to support investment in new antimicrobials and antimicrobial stewardship policy that address the patient, population and system burden associated with antimicrobial resistance.",{"EN":789},"Estimating the Treatment and Prophylactic Economic Value of New Antimicrobials in Managing Antibiotic Resistance and Serious Infections for Common Pathogens in the USA: A Population Modelling Study",{"VOID":791},"[]",{"VOID":793},"Murray CJL, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Robles Aguilar G, Gray A, et al. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022;399(10325):629–55.\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States. 2019. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fdrugresistance\u002Fpdf\u002Fthreats-report\u002F2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf. Accessed 22 Jan 2021.\nHM Government. Tackling antimicrobial resistance 2019-2024. 2019. https:\u002F\u002Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fuploads\u002Fsystem\u002Fuploads\u002Fattachment_data\u002Ffile\u002F784894\u002FUK_AMR_5_year_national_action_plan.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2021.\nInfectious Diseases Society of America. PASTEUR Act will build antibiotic arsenal, protect existing medicines. 2020. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.idsociety.org\u002Fnews-publications-new\u002Farticles\u002F2020\u002Fpasteur-act-will-build-antibiotic-arsenal-protect-existing-medicines\u002F. Accessed 16 Nov 2023.\nTeillant A, Gandra S, Barter D, Morgan DJ, Laxminarayan R. Potential burden of antibiotic resistance on surgery and cancer chemotherapy antibiotic prophylaxis in the USA: a literature review and modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(12):1429–37.\nJonas O, Irwin A, Berthe F, Le Gall F, Marquez P. Drug-resistant infections: a threat to our economic future (Vol. 2): final report (English). HNP\u002FAgriculture Global Antimicrobial Resistance Initiative. Washington, DC: World Bank Group; 2017.\nBoucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, Edwards JE, Gilbert D, Rice LB, et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(1):1–12.\nProjan SJ. Why is big Pharma getting out of antibacterial drug discovery? Curr Opin Microbiol. 2003;6(5):427–30.\nTowse A, Sharma P. Incentives for R&D for new antimicrobial drugs. Int J Econ Business. 2011;18(2):331–50.\nAMR Industry Alliance. AMR Industry Alliance, 2020 progress report. AMR Industry Alliance. Geneva; 2020.\nRothery C, Woods B, Schmitt L, Claxton K, Palmer S, Sculpher M. Framework for value assessment of new antimicrobials. Sheffield: EEPRU; 2018.\nColson AR, Morton A, Årdal C, Chalkidou K, Davies SC, Garrison LP, et al. Antimicrobial resistance: is health technology assessment part of the solution or part of the problem? Value Health. 2021;24(12):1828–34.\nOutterson K, Rex JH. Evaluating for-profit public benefit corporations as an additional structure for antibiotic development and commercialization. Transl Res. 2020;220:182–90.\nGordon J, Darlington O, McEwan P, Lumley M, Taie A, Hicks M, et al. Estimating the value of new antimicrobials in the context of antimicrobial resistance: development and application of a dynamic disease transmission model. Pharmacoeconomics. 2020;38:857–69.\nJit M, Ng DHL, Luangasanatip N, Sandmann F, Atkins KE, Robotham JV, et al. Quantifying the economic cost of antibiotic resistance and the impact of related interventions: rapid methodological review, conceptual framework and recommendations for future studies. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):38.\nWeiner LM, Webb AK, Limbago B, Dudeck MA, Patel J, Kallen AJ, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011–2014. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(11):1288–301.\nWeiner-Lastinger LM, Abner S, Edwards JR, Kallen AJ, Karlsson M, Magill SS, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with adult healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015–2017. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(1):1–18.\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. NHSN reports. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fnhsn\u002Fdatastat\u002Findex.html. Accessed 19 Feb 2021.\nKalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, Muscedere J, Sweeney DA, Palmer LB, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(5):e61-111.\nNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pyelonephritis (acute): antimicrobial prescribing [NG111]. 2018; https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nice.org.uk\u002Fguidance\u002Fng111. Accessed 16 Nov 2023.\nSolomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, Rodvold KA, Goldstein EJC, Baron EJ, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(2):133–64.\nThomson Kenneth S, Moland ES. Cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and the inoculum effect in tests with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45(12):3548–54.\nSila Çetin Akhan FCOTHV. Conjugative resistance to tazobactam plus piperacillin among extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33(7):512–5.\nCenters for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Cost reports 2019. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cms.gov\u002Fresearch-statistics-data-and-systems\u002Fdownloadable-public-use-files\u002Fcost-reports\u002F. Accessed 7 Jan 2021.\nInstitute for Clinical Economic Review. ICER’s reference case for economic evaluations: principles and rationale. 2020. https:\u002F\u002Ficer.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F10\u002FICER_Reference_Case_013120.pdf. Accessed 7 Jan 2021.\nGordon J, Gheorghe M, Goldenberg S, Miller R, Dennis J, Al-Taie A. Capturing Value Attributes in the economic evaluation of ceftazidime with avibactam for treating severe aerobic Gram-negative bacterial infections in the United Kingdom. Pharmacoeconomics. 2023;41(12):1657–73.\nJohnston KJ, Thorpe KE, Jacob JT, Murphy DJ. The incremental cost of infections associated with multidrug-resistant organisms in the inpatient hospital setting: a national estimate. Health Serv Res. 2019;54(4):782–92.\nMichaelidis CI, Fine MJ, Lin CJ, Linder JA, Nowalk MP, Shields RK, et al. The hidden societal cost of antibiotic resistance per antibiotic prescribed in the United States: an exploratory analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):655.\nThorpe KE, Joski P, Johnston KJ. Antibiotic-resistant infection treatment costs have Ddubled since 2002, now exceeding $2 billion annually. Health Aff (Millwood). 2018;37(4):662–9.\nOECD. Stemming the superbug tide: just a few dollars more. Paris: OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing; 2018.\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. Core elements of hospital antibiotic stewardship programs. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fantibiotic-use\u002Fcore-elements\u002Fhospital.html. Accessed 22 Jan 2021.\nNathwani D, Varghese D, Stephens J, Ansari W, Martin S, Charbonneau C. Value of hospital antimicrobial stewardship programs [ASPs]: a systematic review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8(1):35.\nAliabadi S, Anyanwu P, Beech E, Jauneikaite E, Wilson P, Hope R, et al. Effect of antibiotic stewardship interventions in primary care on antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli bacteraemia in England (2013–18): a quasi-experimental, ecological, data linkage study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(12):1689–700.\nGotham D, Moja L, van der Heijden M, Paulin S, Smith I, Beyer P. Reimbursement models to tackle market failures for antimicrobials: approaches taken in France, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Health Policy. 2021;25(3):296–306.\nFerraro JS, Towse A, Mestre-Ferrandiz J. Office for Health Economics Briefing. Incentives for new drugs to tackle anti-microbial resistance. 2017. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ohe.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fincentives-new-drugs-tackle-anti-microbial-resistance. Accessed 19 Feb 2021.\nNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Models for the evaluation and purchase of antimicrobials. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nice.org.uk\u002Fabout\u002Fwhat-we-do\u002Flife-sciences\u002Fscientific-advice\u002Fmodels-for-the-evaluation-and-purchase-of-antimicrobials. Accessed 19 Feb 2021.\nDorgali MV, Longo A, Vass C, Shields G, Harrison R, Scarpa R, et al. A general public study on preferences and welfare impacts of antimicrobial resistance in the United Kingdom. Pharmaceconomics. 2022;40(1):65–76.\nChen J, Vullikanti A, Santos J, Venkatramanan S, Hoops S, Mortveit H, et al. Epidemiological and economic impact of COVID-19 in the US. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):20451.\nMaital S, Barzani E. The global economic impact of COVID-19: A summary of research. Samuel Neaman Institute for National Policy Research. 2020. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.neaman.org.il\u002FEN\u002FThe-Global-Economic-Impact-of-COVID-19-A-Summary-of-Research.\nShang Y, Li H, Zhang R. Effects of pandemic outbreak on economies: evidence from business history context. 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aim of this study was to test the feasibility of estimating preference weights for all health states defined by the Child Health Utility 9D (CHU9D), a new generic measure of health-related quality of life for children aged 7–11 years. The estimation of preference weights will allow the calculation of QALYs for use in paediatric economic evaluation. Valuation interviews were undertaken with 300 members of the UK adult general population to obtain preference weights for a sample of the health states in the CHU9D descriptive system. Both standard gamble and ranking valuation methods were used. Regression modelling was undertaken to estimate models that could predict a value for every health state defined by the system. A range of models were tested and were evaluated based on their predictive performance. Models estimated on the standard gamble data performed better than the rank model. All models had a few inconsistencies or insignificant levels and so further modelling was done to estimate a parsimonious consistent regression model using the general-to-specific approach, by combining inconsistent levels and removing non-significant levels. The final preferred model was an ordinary least squares (OLS) model. All the coefficients in this model were significant, there were no inconsistencies and the model had the best predictive performance and a low mean absolute error. This research has demonstrated it is feasible to value the CHU9D descriptive system, and preference weights for each health state can be generated to allow the calculation of QALYs. The CHU9D can now be used in the economic evaluation of paediatric healthcare interventions. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of children’s preferences for the health states and what methods could be used to obtain these preferences.",{"EN":1004},"Valuation of the Child Health Utility 9D Index",{"VOID":1006},"[\"7601964176088179542\"]",{"EN":1008},"",{"VOID":1010},"Brazier JE, Ratcliffe J, Salomon J, et al. Measuring and valuing health benefits for economic evaluation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007\nUngar WJ, Gerber A. The uniqueness of child health and challenges to measuring costs and consequences. In: Ungar WJ, editor. Economic evaluation in child health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010: 3–33\nTorrance G, Feeny D, Furling W, et al. Multiattribute utility function for a comprehensive health status classification system: Health Utilities Index mark 2. Med Care 1996; 34: 702–22\nRavens-Sieberer U, Wille N, Badia X, et al. Feasibility, reliability, and validity of the EQ-5D-Y: results from a multinational study. Qual Life Res 2010; 19(6): 887–97\nMoodie M, Richardson J, Rankin B, et al. Predicting time trade-off health state valuations of adolescents in four pacific countries using the AQoL-6D instrument. Value Health 2010; 13: 1014–27\nStevens KJ. Developing a descriptive system for a new preference-based measure of health related quality of life for children. Qual Life Res 2009; 18(8): 1105–13\nStevens KJ. Working with children to develop dimensions for a preference-based, generic, pediatric health-related quality-of-life measure. Qual Health Res 2010; 20(3): 340–51\nStevens K. Assessing the performance of a new generic measure of health-related quality of life for children and refining it for use in health state valuation. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2011; 9(3): 157–69\nGold MR, Siegel JE, Russell LB, et al. Cost effectiveness in health and medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996\nBrazier JE, Deverill M, Harper R, et al. A review of the use of health status measures in economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 1999; 3(9): i–iv, 1–164\nNational Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Guide to the methods of technology appraisal. London: NICE, 2004 Apr\nBrazier JE, Roberts J, Deverill M. The estimation of a preference based measure of health from the SF-36. J Health Econ 2002; 21(2): 271–92\nMcCabe C, Stevens K, Roberts J, et al. Health state values for the HUI2 descriptive system: results from a UK survey. Health Econ 2005; 14(3): 231–44\nStevens KJ, Brazier JE, McKenna SP, et al. The development of a preference-based measure of health in children with atopic dermatitis. Br J Derm 2005; 153: 372–7\nMVH Group, Dolan P, Gudex C, et al. The measurement and valuation of health: first report on the main survey. York: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, 2004\nAFD Names and Numbers® [computer program]. Ramsey: AFD Software [online]. Available from URL: http:\u002F\u002Fwww.afd.co.uk\u002Fmanuals\u002Fnamesandnumbers\u002Fcontents.htm [Accessed 2008 Mar 7]\nDolan P. Modelling valuations for EuroQol health states. Med Care 1997; 35(11): 1095–108\nPatrick DL, Starks HE, Cain KC, et al. Measuring preferences for health states worse than death. Med Decis Making 1994; 14: 9–18\nMcCabe C, Brazier JE, Gilks P, et al. Using rank data to estimate health state utility models. J Health Econ 2006; 25: 418–31\nO’Brien BJ, Drummond MF. Statistical versus quantitative significance in the socioeconomic evaluation of medicines. Pharmacoeconomics 1994; 5(5): 389–98\nLjung G, Box G. On a measure of lack of fit in time series models. Biometrika 1979; 66: 265–70\nBrazier JE, Roberts JR. The estimation of a preference-based measure of health from the SF-12. Med Care 2004; 42(9): 851–9\nWalters SJ, Brazier JE. Comparison of the minimally important difference for two health state utility measures: EQ-5D and SF-6D. Qual Life Res 2005; 14: 1523–32\nLloyd A. Threats to the estimation of benefit: are preference estimation methods accurate? Health Econ 2003; 12: 393–402\nRatcliffe J, Couzner L, Flynn T, et al. Valuing Child Health Utility 9D health states with a young adolescent sample: a feasibility study to compare best-worst scaling discrete-choice experiment, standard gamble and time trade-off methods. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2011; 9(1): 15–27\nRatcliffe J, Flynn T, Terlich F, et al. A pilot study to apply best worst scaling discrete choice experiment methods to obtain adolescent specific values for the Child Health Utility 9D [Flinders Centre for Clinical Change and Health Care Research working paper no. 2011\u002F1]. Adelaide: Flinders University, 2011\nPetrou S. Methodological issues raised by preference-based approaches to measuring the health status of children. Health Econ 2003; 12(8): 697–702\nUngar WJ. Challenges in health state valuation in paediatric economic evaluation: are QALYs contraindicated? Pharmacoeconomics 2011; 29(8): 641–52\nRatcliffe J, Brazier JE, Tsuchiya A, et al. Using DCE and ranking data to estimate cardinal values for health states for deriving a preference-based single index from the sexual quality of life questionnaire. Health Econ 2009; 18(11): 1261–76\nBrazier J, Rowen D, Yang Y, et al. Comparison of health state utility values derived using TTO, rank and DCE data anchored on the full health-dead scale. Eur J Health Econ 2010; 11:215–25\nSung L, Young NL, Greenberg ML, et al. Health-related quality of life (HRQL) scores reported from parents and their children with chronic illness differed depending on utility elicitation method. J Clin Epidemiol 2004 Nov; 57(11): 1161–6",{"VOID":1012},"10.2165\u002F11599120-000000000-00000","2024-05-04T08:56:44.728+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.2165\u002F11599120-000000000-00000",[1016],{"id":1017,"sortIndex":20,"researcher":19,"roles":1018,"affiliations":1019,"properties":1028,"displayName":1030,"givenName":19,"familyName":19},"858f3f0c-96ec-4e45-8649-42a4e2c68bd3",[152],[1020],{"id":1021,"sortIndex":20,"affiliation":1022,"properties":19},"63548154-22d3-43a3-93e7-3ef7c6fe80c7",{"id":1021,"createTime":19,"updateTime":19,"relativeEntities":1023,"slug":19,"properties":1024,"entityType":19,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":19,"verifyNote":19,"languages":19,"translateLanguages":19,"viewCount":19,"url":19,"parentIds":1027,"statistic":19},[],{"title":1025},{"VI":1026},"Health Economics and Decision Science (HEDS), School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield Regent Court, Sheffield, UK",[],{"title":1029},{"VI":1030},"Katherine Stevens",{"url":19,"publisher":1032,"properties":19},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":1033,"slug":10,"properties":1034,"entityType":17,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":19,"verifyNote":19,"languages":19,"translateLanguages":19,"viewCount":20,"subjectFields":1038,"manageAffiliations":1051,"indexDatabases":1062,"url":109,"thumbnailPath":19,"statistic":1084,"gsStatistic":19,"type":120,"analyzePriority":19},[],{"issn":1035,"title":1036,"eissn":1037},{"VOID":13},{"EN":10},{"VOID":16},[1039,1043,1047],{"id":23,"createTime":19,"updateTime":19,"relativeEntities":1040,"label":1041,"description":1042,"parentId":19,"standard":19,"scholarHubFieldId":19},[],{"EN":26},{},{"id":29,"createTime":19,"updateTime":19,"relativeEntities":1044,"label":1045,"description":1046,"parentId":19,"standard":19,"scholarHubFieldId":19},[],{"EN":32},{},{"id":35,"createTime":19,"updateTime":19,"relativeEntities":1048,"label":1049,"description":1050,"parentId":19,"standard":19,"scholarHubFieldId":19},[],{"EN":38},{},[1052,1057],{"id":42,"createTime":19,"updateTime":19,"relativeEntities":1053,"slug":19,"properties":1054,"entityType":19,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":19,"verifyNote":19,"languages":19,"translateLanguages":19,"viewCount":19,"url":19,"parentIds":1056,"statistic":19},[],{"title":1055},{"EN":46},[],{"id":49,"createTime":19,"updateTime":19,"relativeEntities":1058,"slug":19,"properties":1059,"entityType":19,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":19,"verifyNote":19,"languages":19,"translateLanguages":19,"viewCount":19,"url":19,"parentIds":1061,"statistic":19},[],{"title":1060},{"EN":53},[],[1063,1070,1077],{"id":57,"indexDatabase":1064,"url":68,"indexYears":69,"academicFieldIds":1069,"indexDatabaseRanking":74},{"id":59,"createTime":19,"updateTime":19,"relativeEntities":1065,"label":1066,"description":1067,"key":65,"publicationTags":1068,"standard":19},[],{"EN":62,"VI":62},{"EN":62,"VI":64},[67],[71,72,73],{"id":76,"indexDatabase":1071,"url":89,"indexYears":19,"academicFieldIds":1076,"indexDatabaseRanking":19},{"id":78,"createTime":19,"updateTime":19,"relativeEntities":1072,"label":1073,"description":1074,"key":85,"publicationTags":1075,"standard":19},[],{"EN":81,"VI":81},{"EN":83,"VI":84},[87,88],[91,92],{"id":94,"indexDatabase":1078,"url":89,"indexYears":19,"academicFieldIds":1083,"indexDatabaseRanking":19},{"id":96,"createTime":19,"updateTime":19,"relativeEntities":1079,"label":1080,"description":1081,"key":103,"publicationTags":1082,"standard":19},[],{"EN":99,"VI":99},{"EN":101,"VI":102},[105,88],[107,108],{"impactFactor":20,"impactFactorByYear":1085,"i10Index":20,"i10IndexLast5Year":20,"totalPublication":112,"totalPublicationByYear":1086,"totalCitation":20,"totalCitationByYear":1087,"totalCitationPerPublication":20,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":1088,"hindexLast5Year":20,"hindex":20},{},{"2012":114,"2013":115,"2014":116,"2015":117,"2017":115,"2018":115,"2019":116,"2020":117,"2021":117,"2024":115},{},{},{"total":20,"publishYear":773,"statisticByYear":1090},{},"2012-12-23","2026-07-28T05:18:01.356+00:00",[87,105,74],{"id":1095,"createTime":1096,"updateTime":1097,"relativeEntities":1098,"slug":1099,"properties":1100,"entityType":141,"verifyStatus":142,"verifyTime":1110,"verifyNote":144,"languages":19,"translateLanguages":19,"viewCount":20,"primaryUrl":1111,"fullTextUrl":19,"authors":1112,"publicationType":264,"publisherRelationship":1141,"citationCount":19,"citationInfo":19,"publishDate":775,"publishYear":773,"citationAnalyzeStatus":991,"lastCitationAnalyze":1204,"indexDatabases":1205,"openAccess":19,"references":19,"isForceReanalyzing":331},"f6fb6450-2337-40a2-8159-af65c4f07ba2","2023-12-26T02:38:14.437+00:00","2026-07-23T18:35:53.803+00:00",[],"The-economics-of-follow-on-drug-research-and-development",{"abstract":1101,"title":1103,"gsPaper":1105,"references":1106,"doi":1108},{"EN":1102},"\n                Objectives: The development of so-called ‘me-too’, or ‘follow-on’, drugs by the pharmaceutical industry has been viewed by some as duplicative and wasteful, while others have argued that these drugs often provide needed therapeutic options and inject some price competition into the marketplace. This study examines data on the trends in the speed with which competitive entry has occurred in the pharmaceutical marketplace and the competitive nature of the industry’s development of these drugs. \n                Data and methods: We examined data on the entry rates of drugs in a large number of therapeutic classes over time, as well as detailed survey information on the relative timing of the development of drugs in the classes. Classes were defined according to chemical structure or pharmacologic mode of action and similarity of clinical use. We determined average times to initial and subsequent entry in drug classes by period and examined the timing of development milestones achieved by what have turned out to be follow-on drugs in relation to the development and approval of the first drug in a class to be approved. \n                Results: We found that the period of marketing exclusivity that the breakthrough drug in a new class enjoys has fallen dramatically over time (a median of 10.2 years in the 1970s to 1.2 years for the late 1990s). Approximately one-third of follow-on new drugs received a priority rating from the US FDA. The vast majority of the follow-on drugs for drug classes that were created in the last decade were in clinical development prior to the approval of the class breakthrough drug. \n                Conclusions: The data suggest that entry barriers have fallen over time for new drug introductions. The increased competitiveness of the pharmaceutical marketplace was likely fueled by changes over time on both the supply and demand sides. The development histories of entrants to new drug classes suggest that development races better characterise new drug development than does a model of post hoc imitation. Thus, the usual distinctions drawn between breakthrough and ‘me-too’ drugs may not be very meaningful.",{"EN":1104},"The economics of follow-on drug research and development",{"VOID":791},{"VOID":1107},"Wastila LJ, Ulcickas ME, Lasagna L. The World Health Organization’s essential drug list. J Clin Res Drug Dev 1989; 3: 105–15\nKemp BA. The follow-on development process and the market for diuretics. In: Helms RB, editor. Drug development and marketing. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1975\nWerthheimer A, Levy R, O’Connor T. Too many drugs? The clinical and economic value of incremental innovations. In: Research in human capital and development. Vol. 14, Investing in Health: The Social and Economic Benefits of Health Care Innovation., Sorkin A, Summers K, Farquhar, eds., Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press, 2001: 77–118\nLu ZJ, Comanor WS. Strategic pricing of new pharmaceuticals. Rev Econ Stat 1998; 80 (1): 108–18\nTowse A, Leighton T. The changing nature of NCE pricing of second and subsequent entrants. In: Sussex J, Marchant N, editors. Risk and return in the pharmaceutical industry. London: Office of Health Economics, 1999 Aug: 91–105\nDiMasi JA. Price trends for prescription pharmaceuticals: 1995–1999, a background report prepared for the Department of Health and Human Services, August 8–9, 2000[online]. Available from URL: http:\u002F\u002Faspe.hhs.gov\u002Fhealth\u002Freports\u002FDrugpapers\u002Fdimassi\u002Fdimasi-final.htm [Accessed September 14, 2004]\nLee TH. ’Me-too’ products: friend or foe? N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 211–2\nAgarwal R, Gort M. First-mover advantage and the speed of competitive entry, 1887–1986. J Law Econ 2001; 44 (April): 161–77\nBain JS. Barriers to new competition. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, 1956\nKettler HE. Competition through innovation, innovation through competition. London: Office of Health Economics, 1998 Nov\nScrip’s yearbook. Richmond, UK: PJB Publications, 1987–2003\nGrabowski HG, Vernon J, DiMasi JA. Returns on R&D for 1990s new drug introductions. Pharmacoeconomics 2002; 20 Suppl. 3: 11–29\nDiMasi JA, Hansen RW, Grabowski HG. The price of innovation: new estimates of drug development costs. J Health Econ 2003; 22 (2): 151–85\nDiMasi JA. Risks in new drug development: approval success rates for investigational drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001; 69 (5): 297–307\nDiMasi JA. New drug development in the United States: 1963–1999. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001; 69 (5): 286–96\nLichtenberg FR, Philipson TJ. The dual effects of intellectual property regulations: within- and between-patent competition in the US pharmaceuticals industry. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, October 2002, Working Paper 9303 [online]. Available from URL: http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nber.org\u002Fpapers\u002Fw9303.pdf [Accessed September 14, 2004]\nCockburn IM. The changing structure of the pharmaceutical industry. Health Aff 2004 Jan\u002FFeb; 23 (1): 10–22\nDiMasi JA. New drug innovation and pharmaceutical industry structure: trends in the output of pharmaceutical firms. Drug Inf J 2000; 34 (4): 1169–94\nDanzon PM, Pauly MV. Health insurance and the growth in pharmaceutical expenditures. J Law Econ 2002; 45 (Oct-): 587–613\nBaumol WJ. The free-market innovation machine: analyzing the growth miracle of capitalism. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002: 33\nLichtenberg FR. Are the benefits of newer drugs worth their cost? Evidence from the 1996 MEPS. Health Aff 2001 Sep\u002FOct; 20 (5): 241–51\nLichtenberg FR. Benefits and costs of newer drugs. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, June 2002, Working Paper 8996 [online]. Available from URL: http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nber.org\u002Fpapers\u002Fw8996.pdf [Accessed September 14, 2004]\nLichtenberg FR. The impact of new drug launches on longevity: evidence from longitudinal disease-level data from 52 countries, 1982–2001. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, June 2003, Working Paper 9754 [online]. Available from URL: http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nber.org\u002Fpapers\u002Fw9754.pdf [Accessed September 14, 2004]\nAngell M. The pharmaceutical industry: to whom is it accountable? New Engl J Med 2000; 342 (25): 1902–4\nRelman AS, Angell M. America’s other drug problem: how the drug industry distorts medicine and politics. The New Republic 2002; 587 (4); 27–41\nEditorial. Comparing prescription drugs. New York Times 2003 Aug 27; Sect. A: 20\nGoozner M. Prescription for reform. Washington Post 2003 Dec 1; Sect. A: 23\nF-D-C Reports. AHRQ comparative study agenda should emphasize lit reviews — McClellan. Pink Sheet 2004 May 31; 66 (22): 26–7\nHenderson R, Cockburn I. Scale, scope, and spillovers: the determinants of research productivity in drug discovery. RAND J Econ Spring 1996; 27 (1): 32–59\nF-D-C Reports. CMS will focus on value, not price, of medicines, McClellan pledges. Pink Sheet 2004 Mar 29; 66 (13): 9–10",{"VOID":1109},"10.2165\u002F00019053-200422002-00002","2024-06-25T04:57:43.623+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.2165\u002F00019053-200422002-00002",[1113,1128],{"id":1114,"sortIndex":20,"researcher":19,"roles":1115,"affiliations":1116,"properties":1125,"displayName":1127,"givenName":19,"familyName":19},"7dafe245-4dfa-42de-8406-606de1e0210e",[152],[1117],{"id":1118,"sortIndex":20,"affiliation":1119,"properties":19},"84d37293-fe25-4ea8-bdca-7409c46337df",{"id":1118,"createTime":19,"updateTime":19,"relativeEntities":1120,"slug":19,"properties":1121,"entityType":19,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":19,"verifyNote":19,"languages":19,"translateLanguages":19,"viewCount":19,"url":19,"parentIds":1124,"statistic":19},[],{"title":1122},{"VI":1123},"Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, Tufts University, Boston, USA",[],{"title":1126},{"VI":1127},"Joseph A. 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