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Manuscripts published in this journal will be available to all worldwide, with no barriers to access, immediately following acceptance. However, authors retain the copyright of their material and may use it, or distribute it, as they wish. Manuscripts on all aspects of the basic and applied biology of parasites, intermediate hosts, vectors and vector-borne pathogens will be considered. In addition to the traditional and well-established areas of science in these fields, we also aim to provide a vehicle for publication of the rapidly developing resources and technology in parasite, intermediate host and vector genomics and their impacts on biological research. We are able to publish large datasets and extensive results, frequently associated with genomic and post-genomic technologies, which are not readily accommodated in traditional journals. Manuscripts addressing broader issues, for example economics, social sciences and global climate change in relation to parasites, vectors and disease control, are also welcomed.","PUBLISHER","PENDING",null,17,[26,32],{"id":27,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":28,"label":29,"description":31,"parentId":23,"standard":23,"scholarHubFieldId":23},"268e0bac-4950-4047-b56d-2c6d091b1e2d",[],{"EN":30},"Parasitology",{},{"id":33,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":34,"label":35,"description":37,"parentId":23,"standard":23,"scholarHubFieldId":23},"837c26ad-ce88-445d-9621-a6d173c82561",[],{"EN":36},"Infectious Diseases",{},[39,46],{"id":40,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":41,"slug":23,"properties":42,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":45,"statistic":23},"c5894808-4e99-4047-bbce-594f58821845",[],{"title":43},{"EN":44},"BioMed Central Ltd.",[],{"id":47,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":48,"slug":23,"properties":49,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":52,"statistic":23},"67883518-0c98-470e-b6b0-160ab49bb03d",[],{"title":50},{"EN":51},"BMC",[],[54,72],{"id":55,"indexDatabase":56,"url":66,"indexYears":67,"academicFieldIds":68,"indexDatabaseRanking":71},"211ee50a-2836-4b05-ae9b-39beac895cb7",{"id":57,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":58,"label":59,"description":61,"key":63,"publicationTags":64,"standard":23},"3c7051d4-eb7d-4c57-a56b-36fc74c5d1e9",[],{"EN":60,"VI":60},"Scopus - Elsevier",{"EN":60,"VI":62},"Cơ sở dữ liệu Scopus thuộc Elsevier","scopus",[65],"SCOPUS","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scopus.com\u002Fsourceid\u002F17500154721","2008-2025",[69,70],"dc2675ec-5c86-4689-936e-6d41e5e50f9c","1a7c8bc3-0575-4f8d-b22c-aec346a0168a","NONE",{"id":73,"indexDatabase":74,"url":86,"indexYears":23,"academicFieldIds":87,"indexDatabaseRanking":23},"0556cbfb-ecdf-4358-8812-81cd76e15c61",{"id":75,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":76,"label":77,"description":79,"key":82,"publicationTags":83,"standard":23},"a4921856-b128-4d9f-8f1f-e80813d3bbd4",[],{"EN":78,"VI":78},"ISI\u002FSCIE - Science Citation Index Expanded",{"EN":80,"VI":81},"SCIE database","Cơ sở dữ liệu SCIE","scie",[84,85],"SCIE","ISI","https:\u002F\u002Fmjl.clarivate.com\u002Fsearch-results?issn=1756-3305",[88,89],"981885c8-2d23-406a-991e-8b643dd7ab21","c2445d05-4773-4cac-9aeb-76edd35f4463","https:\u002F\u002Fparasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\u002F",{"impactFactor":92,"impactFactorByYear":93,"i10Index":92,"i10IndexLast5Year":92,"totalPublication":94,"totalPublicationByYear":95,"totalCitation":92,"totalCitationByYear":113,"totalCitationPerPublication":92,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":114,"hindexLast5Year":92,"hindex":92},0,{},3800,{"2008":96,"2009":97,"2010":98,"2011":99,"2012":100,"2013":101,"2014":102,"2015":103,"2016":104,"2017":105,"2018":106,"2019":107,"2020":108,"2021":109,"2022":110,"2023":111,"2024":112},24,39,72,125,153,181,356,354,307,338,370,318,333,332,225,254,19,{},{},{"meta":116,"data":118},{"total":117},"4979",[119,352,471,634,818,1024,1367,1526,1728,2152],{"id":120,"createTime":121,"updateTime":122,"relativeEntities":123,"slug":124,"properties":125,"entityType":137,"verifyStatus":138,"verifyTime":139,"verifyNote":140,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":141,"viewCount":92,"primaryUrl":143,"fullTextUrl":23,"authors":144,"publicationType":299,"publisherRelationship":300,"citationCount":23,"citationInfo":23,"publishDate":348,"publishYear":349,"citationAnalyzeStatus":22,"lastCitationAnalyze":23,"indexDatabases":350,"openAccess":23,"references":23,"isForceReanalyzing":351},"0fee70c1-fe5f-4647-aa63-fdcd7f67d144","2024-04-06T17:06:00.305+00:00","2026-09-10T05:15:03.940+00:00",[],"A-cyst-forming-coccidian-with-large-geographical-range-infecting-forest-and-commensal-rodents-Sarcocystis-muricoelognathis-sp-nov-",{"abstract":126,"title":128,"keywords":131,"references":133,"doi":135},{"EN":127},"The geographic distribution and host-parasite interaction networks of Sarcocystis spp. in small mammals in eastern Asia remain incompletely known. Experimental infections, morphological and molecular characterizations were used for discrimination of a new Sarcocystis species isolated from colubrid snakes and small mammals collected in Thailand, Borneo and China. We identified a new species, Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov., that features a relatively wide geographic distribution and infects both commensal and forest-inhabiting intermediate hosts. Sarcocystis sporocysts collected from rat snakes (Coelognathus radiatus, C. flavolineatus) in Thailand induced development of sarcocysts in experimental SD rats showing a type 10a cyst wall ultrastructure that was identical with those found in Rattus norvegicus from China and the forest rat Maxomys whiteheadi in Borneo. Its cystozoites had equal sizes in all intermediate hosts and locations, while sporocysts and cystozoites were distinct from other Sarcocystis species. Partial 28S rRNA sequences of S. muricoelognathis from M. whiteheadi were largely identical to those from R. norvegicus in China but distinct from newly sequenced Sarcocystis zuoi. The phylogeny of the nuclear 18S rRNA gene placed S. muricoelognathis within the so-called S. zuoi complex, including Sarcocystis attenuati, S. kani, S. scandentiborneensis and S. zuoi, while the latter clustered with the new species. However, the phylogeny of the ITS1-region confirmed the distinction between S. muricoelognathis and S. zuoi. Moreover, all three gene trees suggested that an isolate previously addressed as S. zuoi from Thailand (KU341120) is conspecific with S. muricoelognathis. Partial mitochondrial cox1 sequences of S. muricoelognathis were almost identical with those from other members of the group suggesting a shared, recent ancestry. Additionally, we isolated two partial 28S rRNA Sarcocystis sequences from Low’s squirrel Sundasciurus lowii that clustered with those of S. scandentiborneensis from treeshews. Our results provide strong evidence of broad geographic distributions of rodent-associated Sarcocystis and host shifts between commensal and forest small mammal species, even if the known host associations remain likely only snapshots of the true associations. \n\n                  \n                    \n                  \n                ",{"EN":129,"VI":130},"A cyst-forming coccidian with large geographical range infecting forest and commensal rodents: Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov.","Loài cầu trùng tạo nang có vùng phân bố địa lý rộng lây nhiễm cho các loài gặm nhấm sống trong rừng và cộng sinh: Sarcocystis muricoelognathis sp. nov.",{"EN":132},"",{"VOID":134},"Ashford RW. Sarcocystis cymruensis n. sp., a parasite of rats Rattus norvegicus and cats Felis catus. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1978;72:37–43.\nJäkel T, Khoprasert Y, Sorger I, Kliemt D, Seehabutr V, Suasa-ard K, et al. Sarcosporidiasis in rodents from Thailand. J Wildl Dis. 1997;33:860–7.\nHu JJ, Liao JY, Meng Y, Guo YM, Chen XW, Zuo YX. Identification of Sarcocystis cymruensis in wild Rattus flavipectus and Rattus norvegicus from Peoples Republic of China and its transmission to rats and cats. J Parasitol. 2011;97:421–4.\nAntunes Murata FH, Cerqueira-Cezar CK, Thompson PC, Tiwari K, Mowery JD, Verma SK, et al. Sarcocystis cymruensis: discovery in Western Hemisphere in the Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) from Grenada, West Indies: redescription, molecular characterization, and transmission to IFN-gamma gene knockout mice via sporocysts from experimentally infected domestic cat (Felis catus). Parasitol Res. 2018;117:1195–204.\nZeng H, Guo Y, Ma C, Deng S, Hu J, Zhang Y. Redescription and molecular characterization of sarcocysts of Sarcocystis cymruensis from Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and Sarcocystis ratti from black rats (R. rattus) in China. Parasitol Res. 2020;119:3785–91.\nJäkel T, Raisch L, Richter S, Wirth M, Birenbaum D, Ginting S, et al. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2023;22:184–98.\nMunday BL, Mason RW. Sarcocystis and related organisms in Australian wildlife: III. Sarcocystis murinotechis sp.n. life cycle in rats (Rattus, Pseudomys and Mastocomys spp.) and tiger snakes (Notechis ater). J Wildl Dis. 1980;16:83–8.\nPrakas P, Kirillova V, Gavarane I, Gravele E, Butkauskas D, Rudaityte-Lukosiene E, et al. Morphological and molecular description of Sarcocystis ratti n. sp. from the black rat (Rattus rattus) in Latvia. 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Parasitology. 2010;137:815–40.\nMarandykina-Prakiene A, Butkauskas D, Gudiskis N, Juozaityte-Ngugu E, Bagdonaite DL, Kirjusina M, et al. Sarcocystis species richness in sheep and goats from Lithuania. Vet Sci. 2013. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fvetsci10080520.\nMatuschka FR. Reptiles as intermediate and\u002For final hosts of Sarcosporidia. Parasitol Res. 1987;73:22–32.\nBarta JR, Martin DS, Liberator PA, Dashkevicz M, Anderson JW, Feighner SD, et al. Phylogenetic relationships among eight Eimeria species infecting domestic fowl inferred using complete small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. J Parasitol. 1997;83:262–71.\nFischer S, Odening K. Characterization of bovine Sarcocystis species by analysis of their 18S ribosomal DNA sequences. J Parasitol. 1998;84:50–4.\nFenger CK, Granstrom DE, Langemeier JL, Stamper S, Donahue JM, Patterson JS, et al. Identification of opossums (Didelphis virginiana) as the putative definitive host of Sarcocystis neurona. J Parasitol. 1995;81:916–9.\nMugridge NB, Morrison DA, Johnson AM, Luton K, Dubey JP, Votypka J, et al. Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Frenkelia: a review of its history and new knowledge gained from comparison of large subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequences. 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control is of paramount importance in the reduction of vector populations. Previous observations have suggested that, larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.l occur more often in small temporary habitats while other studies showed that long-lasting stable habitats are more productive than unstable habitats. In addition, the physical and biological conditions and stability of larval habitats can change rapidly in natural conditions. Therefore, we examined the effect of larval habitat age on productivity, larval survival and oviposition preference of Anopheles gambiae. We sampled the three different habitat ages (10, 20 and 30 days) on a daily basis for a period of six months to determine mosquito larval abundance. In addition, we tested the effect of age of water (habitat age) on the oviposition choice preference of An. gambiae, larval development time and survivorship, and wing lengths of emerging adults. Additionally, chlorophyll a and abundance of mosquito larval predators in these habitats were monitored. Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae were significantly more abundant (P=0.0002) in habitats that were cleared every 10 days compared to the other habitats. In particular, there were 1.7 times more larvae in this habitat age compared to the ones that were cleared every 30 days. There were significantly (P\u003C0.001) more mosquito larval predators in the ‘30 day’ habitats compared to the other habitats. Oviposition experiments revealed that significantly more eggs (P\u003C0.05) were laid in fresh water and water that was 5 days old compared to water that was 10 and 15 days old. However, pupation rate, development times and wing lengths of male and female An. gambiae in the different habitat ages was statistically insignificant (P>0.05). The current study confirmed that age of the habitat significantly influences the productivity of malaria vectors in western Kenya highlands. Given that malaria vectors were found in all habitats with varying ages of water, simple environmental methods of maintaining the drainage ditches in the valley bottoms can help reduce larval abundance of malaria vectors. Such inexpensive methods of controlling mosquito breeding could be promoted to supplement other vector control methods, especially in areas where scarce resources are available for intensive mosquito control.",{"EN":362,"VI":363},"Response of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) to larval habitat age in western Kenya highlands","Đáp ứng của Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) đối với tuổi của sinh cảnh ấu trùng tại vùng cao nguyên phía tây Kenya",{"VOID":365},"Gillies MT, De Meillon B: The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). 1968, Johannesburg: Publication of the South Africa Institute for Medical Research\nSunahara T, Ishazaka K, Mogi M: Habitat size: a factor determining the opportunity for encounter between mosquito larvae and aquatic predators. J Vect Ecol. 2002, 27: 7-20.\nMinakawa N, Sonye G, Yan G: Relationship between occurrence of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) and size and stability of larval habitats. J Med Entomol. 2005, 42: 295-300. 10.1603\u002F0022-2585(2005)042[0295:RBOOAG]2.0.CO;2.\nGimnig JE, Ombok M, Kamau L, Hawley WA: Characteristics of Anopheline (Diptera:Culicidae) Habitats in western Kenya. J Med Entomol. 2001, 38: 282-288. 10.1603\u002F0022-2585-38.2.282.\nMinakawa N, Mutero CM, Githure JI, Beier JC, Yan G: Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of anopheline mosquito larvae in Western Kenya. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 1999, 61: 1010-6.\nMunga S, Minakawa N, Zhou G, Githeko AK, Yan G: Survivorship of immature stages of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in natural habitats in western Kenya highlands. J Med Entomol. 2007, 44: 758-64. 10.1603\u002F0022-2585(2007)44[758:SOISOA]2.0.CO;2.\nKweka EJ, Zhou G, Lee MC, Gilbreath TM, Mosha F, Munga S, Githeko AK, Guiyan Y: Evaluation of two methods of estimating larval habitat productivity in western Kenya highlands. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 110-10.1186\u002F1756-3305-4-110.\nHay SI, Noor AM, Simba M, Busolo M, Guyatt HL, Ochola SA, Snow RW: Clinical Epidemiology of Malaria in the Highlands of Western Kenya. Emerg Infec Dis. 2002, 8: 619-624. 10.3201\u002Feid0806.010271.\nBrooks TM, Pimm SL, Oyugi JO: Time lag between deforestation and bird extinction in tropical forest fragments. Conservation Biol. 1999, 13: 1140-1150. 10.1046\u002Fj.1523-1739.1999.98341.x.\nWhitmore TC: Tropical forest disturbance, disappearance, and species loss. Tropical Forest Remnants. Edited by: Laurence WL, Bierregaard RO Jr. 1997, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 78-89.\nWalsh JF, Molyneux DH, Birley MH: Deforestation: Effects on vector borne disease. Parasitology. 1993, 106 (Suppl): 55-75.\nPatz JA, Graczyk TK, Geller N, Vittor AY: Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases. Int J Parasitol. 2000, 30: 1395-1405. 10.1016\u002FS0020-7519(00)00141-7.\nGarros C, Ngugi N, Githeko AK, Tuno N, Yan G: Gut content identification of larvae of the Anopheles gambiae complex in western Kenya using a barcoding approach. Mol Ecol Notes. 2008, 8: 512-518.\nKaufman MG, Wanja E, Maknojia S, Bayoh MN, Vulule JM, Walker ED: Importance of algal biomass to growth and development of Anopheles gambiae larvae. J Med Entomol. 2006, 45: 669-676.\nGillies MT, Coetzee M: A Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara. 1987, Johannesburg: The South African Institute for Medical Research\nMwangangi JM, Mbogo CM, Muturi EJ, Nzovu JG, Kabiru EW, Githure JI, Novak RJ, Beier JC: Influence of biological and physicochemical characteristics of larval habitats on the body size of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) along the Kenyan coast. J Vector Borne Dis. 2007, 44: 122-127.\nService MW: Studies on sampling larval populations of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Bull World Health Organ. 1971, 45: 169-180.\nService MW: Mortalities of the larvae of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex and detection of predators by the precipitin test. Bull Entomol Res. 1973, 62: 359-369. 10.1017\u002FS0007485300003862.\nService MW: Mortalities of the immature stages of species B of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Kenya: comparison between rice fields and temporary pools, identification of predators and effects of insecticidal spraying. J Med Entomol. 1977, 13: 535-545.\nImpoinvil DE, Mbogo CM, Keating J, Beier JC: The role of unused swimming pools as a habitat for anopheles immature stages in urban malindi, Kenya. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2008, 24: 457-459. 10.2987\u002F5739.1.\nMinakawa N, Seda P, Yan G: Influence of host and larval habitat distribution on the abundance of African malaria vectors in western Kenya. AmJTrop Med Hyg. 2002, 67: 32-38.\nMunga S, Minakawa N, Zhou G, Barrack O-OJ, Githeko AK, Yan G: Oviposition site preference and egg hatchability of Anopheles gambiae: Effects of land cover type. J Med Entomol. 2005, 42: 993-997. 10.1603\u002F0022-2585(2005)042[0993:OSPAEH]2.0.CO;2.\nKweka EJ, Zhou G, Munga S, Lee MC, Atieli H, Nyindo M, Githeko AK, Yan G: Anopheline larval habitats seasonality and species distribution: A prerequisite for effective targeted larval habitats control programme. PLoS One. 2012, 7: e52084-10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0052084.\nCastro MC, Kanamori S, Kannady K, Mkude S, Killeen GF, Fillinger U: The importance of drains for the larval development of lymphatic filariasis and malaria vectors in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010, 4: e693-10.1371\u002Fjournal.pntd.0000693.\nSattler MA, Mtasiwa D, Kiama M, Premji Z, Tanner M, Killeen GF, Lengeler C: Habitat characterization and spatial distribution of Anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) during an extended dry period. 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Kweka",{"url":370,"publisher":416,"properties":463},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":417,"slug":10,"properties":418,"entityType":21,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":24,"subjectFields":423,"manageAffiliations":432,"indexDatabases":443,"url":90,"thumbnailPath":23,"statistic":458,"gsStatistic":23,"type":23,"analyzePriority":23},[],{"country":419,"eissn":420,"issn":421,"title":422},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"VOID":15},{"EN":18},[424,428],{"id":27,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":425,"label":426,"description":427,"parentId":23,"standard":23,"scholarHubFieldId":23},[],{"EN":30},{},{"id":33,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":429,"label":430,"description":431,"parentId":23,"standard":23,"scholarHubFieldId":23},[],{"EN":36},{},[433,438],{"id":40,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":434,"slug":23,"properties":435,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":437,"statistic":23},[],{"title":436},{"EN":44},[],{"id":47,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":439,"slug":23,"properties":440,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":442,"statistic":23},[],{"title":441},{"EN":51},[],[444,451],{"id":55,"indexDatabase":445,"url":66,"indexYears":67,"academicFieldIds":450,"indexDatabaseRanking":71},{"id":57,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":446,"label":447,"description":448,"key":63,"publicationTags":449,"standard":23},[],{"EN":60,"VI":60},{"EN":60,"VI":62},[65],[69,70],{"id":73,"indexDatabase":452,"url":86,"indexYears":23,"academicFieldIds":457,"indexDatabaseRanking":23},{"id":75,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":453,"label":454,"description":455,"key":82,"publicationTags":456,"standard":23},[],{"EN":78,"VI":78},{"EN":80,"VI":81},[84,85],[88,89],{"impactFactor":92,"impactFactorByYear":459,"i10Index":92,"i10IndexLast5Year":92,"totalPublication":94,"totalPublicationByYear":460,"totalCitation":92,"totalCitationByYear":461,"totalCitationPerPublication":92,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":462,"hindexLast5Year":92,"hindex":92},{},{"2008":96,"2009":97,"2010":98,"2011":99,"2012":100,"2013":101,"2014":102,"2015":103,"2016":104,"2017":105,"2018":106,"2019":107,"2020":108,"2021":109,"2022":110,"2023":111,"2024":112},{},{},{"pages":464,"volume":466},{"VOID":465},"1-6",{"VOID":467},"6","2013-01-16",2013,[65,84],{"id":472,"createTime":473,"updateTime":474,"relativeEntities":475,"slug":476,"properties":477,"entityType":137,"verifyStatus":138,"verifyTime":487,"verifyNote":140,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":488,"viewCount":92,"primaryUrl":489,"fullTextUrl":23,"authors":490,"publicationType":299,"publisherRelationship":579,"citationCount":23,"citationInfo":23,"publishDate":631,"publishYear":632,"citationAnalyzeStatus":22,"lastCitationAnalyze":23,"indexDatabases":633,"openAccess":23,"references":23,"isForceReanalyzing":351},"010979be-63cb-4cea-ace2-5ebe9f1651cd","2024-01-08T12:40:55.719+00:00","2026-09-07T10:16:26.920+00:00",[],"Treatment-and-control-of-bovine-hypodermosis-with-ivermectin-long-acting-injection-IVOMEC-GOLD-",{"abstract":478,"title":480,"references":483,"doi":485},{"EN":479},"The studies reported here were conducted to assess the efficacy of ivermectin long-acting injection (IVM LAI; IVOMEC® GOLD, Merial; 3.15 % w\u002Fv ivermectin) for the treatment and control of natural infestations of cattle by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum, which are the most economically important oestrid flies of cattle in the northern hemisphere. Cattle selected from herds with a history of Hypoderma infestation were grouped into blocks of three (Italy, 33 cattle; Germany, 30 cattle) or two (USA, 16 cattle) animals each, on the basis of positivity at the pre-treatment anti-Hypoderma antibody titres. Within each block, animals were randomly allocated to one of the following treatment regimens: saline (control); IVM LAI, administered at the predicted time of occurrence of first-instar larvae (Italy, Germany, USA); IVM LAI, administered at the predicted time of occurrence of second- and\u002For third-instar larvae (Italy, Germany). All treatments were administered by subcutaneous injection in correspondence of the area anterior to the shoulder at 1 ml\u002F50 kg body weight, which corresponds to 630 mcg IVM\u002Fkg for IVM LAI. No Hypoderma larvae emerged from animals treated with IVM LAI, whereas live H. lineatum (Italy) or H. bovis (Germany, USA) larvae were collected from saline-treated animals (P \u003C 0.01). No adverse reactions to treatments were in any of the animals enrolled in the study. The results from this study demonstrate that ivermectin in a long-acting formulation is 100 % efficacious in the treatment of cattle naturally infested by H. bovis and H. lineatum larvae at all stages of development. IVM LAI can, therefore, be used as ‘prophylactic’ treatment for Hypoderma spp. infestations in absence of external evidence of their presence and thus prior to skin and carcass damage, and as ‘therapeutic’ treatment, when warbles are already present.",{"EN":481,"VI":482},"Treatment and control of bovine hypodermosis with ivermectin long-acting injection (IVOMEC® GOLD)","Điều trị và kiểm soát bệnh dòi da bò bằng thuốc tiêm tác dụng kéo dài ivermectin (IVOMEC® GOLD)",{"VOID":484},"Zumpt F. Myiasis in man and animals in the old world. London: Butterworth’s; 1965.\nHall MJR, Wall R. Myiasis in humans and domestic animals. Adv Parasitol. 1995;35:257–334.\nScholl PJ. Biology and control of cattle grubs. Ann Rev Entomol. 1993;39:53–70.\nOtranto D, Paradies P, Testini G, Lia RP, Giangaspero A, Traversa D, et al. First description of the endogenous life cycle of Hypoderma sinense affecting yaks and cattle in China. Med Vet Entomol. 2006;20:325–8.\nReist M, Medjitna TD, Braun U, Pfister K. Effect of a treatment with eprinomectin or trichlorfon on the yield and quality of milk produced by multiparous cows. Vet Rec. 2002;151:377–80.\nHassan M, Khan MN, Abubakar M, Waheed HM, Iqbal Z, Hussain M. Bovine hypodermosis - a global aspect. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2010;42:1615–25.\nAnderson JR. Oestrid myiasis of humans. In: Colwell DD, Hall MJR, Scholl PJ, editors. The oestrid flies: biology, host-parasite relationships, impact and management. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; 2006. p. 201–9.\nPuente S, Otranto D, Panadero R, Herrero MD, Rivas P, Ramírez-Olivencia G, et al. First diagnosis of an imported human myiasis caused by Hypoderma sinense (Diptera: Oestridae), detected in an European traveler returning from India. J Travel Med. 2010;17:419–23.\nPanadero-Fontán R, Otranto D. Arthropods affecting the human eye. Vet Parasitol. 2015;208:84–93.\nBoulard C. Durably controlling bovine hypodermosis. Vet Res. 2002;33:455–64.\nMinář J. Results of the monitoring of cattle hypodermosis in the Czech and Slovak Republics in the period 1998–2002. In: Good M, Hall MJ, Losson B, O’Brien D, Pithan K, Sol J, editors. COST Action 833: Mange and Myiasis of Livestock. Brussels: European Commission; 2003. p. 144–9.\nHaine D, Boelaert F, Pfeiffer DU, Saegerman C, Lonneux J-F, Losson B, et al. Herd-level seroprevalence and risk-mapping of bovine hypodermosis in Belgian cattle herds. Prev Vet Med. 2004;65:93–104.\nCitterio CV, Marconi P, Timini M. Esperienze di monitoraggio su alcune parassitosi nei bovini della montagna lombarda. Quaderno SOZOOALP. 2005;2:127–9.\nOtranto D, Lia RP, Agostini A, Traversa D, Milillo P, Capelli G. Efficacy of moxidectin injectable and pour-on formulations in a pilot control program against bovine hypodermosis in southern Italy. Prev Vet Med. 2005;69:153–9.\nPanadero R, Sánchez-Andrade R, Morrondo P, López C, Paz A, Suarez JL, et al. Estado actual de las miasis que afectan a los ruminates domesticos en la Península Ibérica. Actas del XIV Congreso Internacional de la Federación Mediterránea de Sanidad y Producción de Rumiantes, 12–15 de Julio 2006, Lugo-Santiago de Compostela, España, p. 461–6. (in Spanish)\nPanadero R, Fernandez M, Vazquez L, López C, Dacal V, Cienfuegos S, et al. Occurrence and larval growth of Hypoderma lineatum in the oesophagi of cattle from northwest Spain: influence of geographical and climatic conditions. Med Vet Entomol. 2007;21:225–30.\nPanadero R, Vazquez L, Colwell DD, López C, Dacal V, Morrondo P, et al. Evaluation of an antigen capture ELISA for the early diagnosis of Hypoderma lineatum in cattle under field conditions. Vet Parasitol. 2007;147:297–302.\nRambozzi L, Rimella R, Curcio A, Sala L, Rossi L. Field efficacy of minidosed eprinomectin against Hypoderma spp. in dairy cattle. Vet Parasitol. 2006;135:89–91.\nZygutiene M, Narkeviciute I, Mudeniene V, Ziliukiene J. A case of myiasis due to Hypoderma bovis, Lithuania, 2004. Euro Surveill. 2006;11:E1–2.\nMémeteau S, Bronner A, Erimund S. Report on surveillance of bovine hypodermosis in 2010: detection of two outbreaks associated with neighbouring countries. Bulletin Epidémiologique, Santé Animale Alimentation. 2010;46:21–3.\nBednarko-Młynarczyk E, Szetyn J, Białobrzewski I, Wiszniewska-Łaszczych A, Liedtke K. The presence of anti-Hypoderma antibodies in udder milk samples, and correlation with selected parameters of dairy performance. Polish J Vet Sci. 2012;15:487–91.\nColwell DD. Out of sight but not gone: sero-surveillance for cattle grubs, Hypoderma spp., in western Canada between 2008 and 2010. Vet Parasitol. 2013;197:297–303.\nRehbein S, Holste JE, Smith LL, Lloyd LJ. The efficacy of eprinomectin extended-release injection against Hypoderma spp. (Diptera: Oestridae) in cattle. Vet Parasitol. 2013;192:353–8.\nPfister K, Charbon J-L. Die erfolgreiche Bekämpfung der Hypodermose in der Schweiz: ein Blick zurück. Schweiz Arch Tierheilk. 2014;156:39–43.\nPapadopoulos E. Hypodermosis in Greece. Chin J Vet Parasitol. 2004;12:20–3.\nOtranto D, Zalla P, Testini G, Zanaj S. Cattle grub infestation by Hypoderma sp. in Albania and risk for European countries. Vet Parasitol. 2005;128:157–62.\nStepanova EA, Yakubovskij MV. Gipodermatoz krupnogo rogatogo skota. Epizootol Immunobiol Farmakol Sanit. 2009;1:4–9 (in Russian).\nZalla P, Shoshi N, Bizhga B, Postoli R, Rapti D. Impact of the management system on the presence of hypodermosis in cattle. Macedonian J Anim Sci. 2012;2:235–40.\nGorcea FC, Călescu N, Gherman CM, Mihalca AD, Cozma V. Diagnostic values of clinical, pathological and serological findings in cattle hypodermosis in Peştişani, Gorj County Romania. Sci Parasitol. 2011;12:173–6.\nNepoklonov AA, Prohorova IA, Mavrin NA. Control of prophylaxis of bovine hypodermosis in Russia and in the world. 2011. http:\u002F\u002Fvetkuban.com\u002Fnum5_20117.html. Accessed 22 May 2016 (in Russian).\nSylejmani D, Robaj A, Ismalji A. Incidenca e hipodermozës në kushte ambulatore në disa rrethe të Kosovës. Aktet. 2012;3:84–8 (in Albanian).\nZuko A. Ectoparasitoses in ruminants in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Proceedings of the 3rd International Epizootiological Days & 15th Serbian Epizootiological Days, 8–11 May 2013, Niš, Serbia, p. 204–8.\nBecskei Z, Ilić T, Pavlićević N, Kiskároly F, Petrović T, Dimitrijević S. Hypodermosis in northern Serbia (Vojvodina). 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Rev Sci Techn, Off Int Epizoot. 2012;31:959–68.\nKaratepe M, Simsek S, Karatepe B, Cayvaz M, Sevgili M, Balkaya I. Seroprevalence of hypodermosis in cattle in Nigde province of Turkey by comparison of commercial and indirect-ELISA methods. Israel J Vet Med. 2013;68:38–42.\nYadav A, Katoch R, Khaiuria JK, Godara R, Agrawal R. Prevalence of Hypoderma lineatum in cattle in Jammu region. J Parasitol Dis. 2013;37:196–8.\nJaiswal AK, Sudan V, Kumar P, Srivastava A, Shanker D. Bovine hypodermosis in indigenous cattle herd and its successful therapeutic management. J Parasitic Dis. 2016;40:166–8.\nScholl PJ. Management and control of oestrid flies. In: Colwell DD, Hall MJR, Scholl PJ, editors. The oestrid flies: biology, host-parasite relationships, impact and management. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; 2006. p. 210–9.\nCady SM, Cheifetz PM, Galeska I. Veterinary long-acting injections and implants. In: Rathbone MJ, McDowell A, editors. Long-acting animal health drug products. Fundamentals and applications. New York: Springer; 2013. p. 271–94.\nCruz JB, Cox JL, Maciel AE, Barrick RA. Efficacy of ivermectin long-acting injection against Dermatobia hominis in cattle. In: Abstracts of the 44th Meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists, 10–13 July 1999, New Orleans, LA, USA; 1999. p. 50.\nSerra-Freire MN, Lopes LM, Famadas KM, Cruz JB, Alva R, Barrick RA. Comparative efficacy of ivermectin long-acting injection against Dermatobia hominis in cattle. In: Abstracts of the 26th World Veterinary Congress, 23–26 September 1999, No. 635. Lyon, France; 1999.\nHoldsworth PA, Vercruysse J, Rehbein S, Peter RJ, De Bruin C, Letonja T, et al. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against myiasis causing parasites on ruminants. Vet Parasitol. 2006;136:15–28.\nColwell DD, Baron RW, Lysyk TJ. Influence of parasiticide treatment on kinetics of antigen specific antibody response in cattle infested with Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera, Oestridae). Vet Parasitol. 1997;68:175–86.\nJames MT. The flies that cause myiasis in man. USDA Misc Publ No 631, Washington, DC 1947.\nGrunin KJ. Hypodermatidae Teil. In: Lindner E, editor. Die Fliegen der paläarktischen Region. Stuttgart: Schweizerbarth’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung; 1965. p. 62.\nSinclair IJ, Tarry DW, Wassal DA. Persistence of antibody in calves after an infection with Hypoderma bovis. Res Vet Sci. 1984;37:383–4.\nBoulard C. Avantages de l’immunodiagnostic de l’hypodermose bovine établi par hémagglutination passive et par ELISA, à partir du sérum et du lactosérum, sur la numération des varons. Ann Rech Vét. 1985;16:335–43.\nColwell DD, Baron RW. Early detection of cattle grub infestation (Hypoderma lineatum De Vill. and H. bovis L.) (Diperta: Oestridae) using ELISA. Med Vet Entomol. 1990;4:35–42.\nRehbein S, Knaus M, Visser M, Winter R, Yoon S, Anderson A, et al. Activity of ivermectin long-acting injectable (IVOMEC® Gold) in first-season grazing cattle exposed to natural challenge conditions in Germany. Parasitol Res. 2015;114:47–54.\nRehbein S, Knaus M, Visser M, Winter R, Yoon S. Control of parasitic infection with ivermectin long-acting injection (IVOMEC® GOLD) and production benefit in first-season grazing cattle facing a high level larval challenge in Germany. Parasitol Res. 2016. doi:10.1007\u002Fs00436-016-5256-2.\nDrummond RO. Control of larvae of the common cattle grub with animal systemic insecticides. J Econ Entomol. 1984;77:402–6.\nBoulard C, Alvinerie M, Argenté G, Languille J, Paget L, Petit E. A successful, sustainable and low cost control-programme for bovine hypodermosis in France. Vet Parasitol. 2008;158:1–10.\nO’Brien DJ. Warble fly prevalence in Europe 1997 after COST 811. In: Boulard C, Sol J, O’Brien D, Webster K, Sampimon OC, editors. COST 811: Improvements in the Control Methods for Warble Fly in Livestock. Brussels: European Commission; 1998. p. 20–7.\nScholl PJ. The current situation of hypodermosis in North America. In: Boulard C, Sol J, O’Brien D, Webster K, Sampimon OC, editors. COST 811: Improvements in the Control Methods for Warble Fly in Livestock. Brussels: European Commission; 1998. p. 38–41.\nColwell DD. Persistence of hypodermosis in North America and prospects for the development of vaccines. In: Good M, Hall MJ, Losson B, O’Brien D, Pithan K, Sol J, editors. COST Action 833: Mange and Myiasis of Livestock. Brussels: European Commission; 2002. p. 7–15.\nColebrook E, Wall R. Ectoparasites of livestock in Europe and the Mediterranean region. Vet Parasitol. 2004;120:251–74.",{"VOID":486},"10.1186\u002Fs13071-016-1823-8","2025-02-13T03:06:12.457+00:00",[142],"https:\u002F\u002Fparasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13071-016-1823-8",[491,506,521,536,551,564],{"id":492,"sortIndex":92,"researcher":23,"roles":493,"affiliations":494,"properties":503,"displayName":505,"givenName":23,"familyName":23},"05f0acdb-98ab-4dca-85fc-4f39ff66e3c8",[148],[495],{"id":496,"sortIndex":92,"affiliation":497,"properties":23},"48154dd1-1800-4794-8c14-dd0074f45e33",{"id":496,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":498,"slug":23,"properties":499,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":502,"statistic":23},[],{"title":500},{"VI":501},"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy",[],{"title":504},{"VI":505},"Domenico Otranto",{"id":507,"sortIndex":163,"researcher":23,"roles":508,"affiliations":509,"properties":518,"displayName":520,"givenName":23,"familyName":23},"1b8e6172-ff32-4ce9-bdc5-b6739c66c2a5",[148],[510],{"id":511,"sortIndex":92,"affiliation":512,"properties":23},"abe920a6-f29b-4d26-ad82-86ede6f316d0",{"id":511,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":513,"slug":23,"properties":514,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":517,"statistic":23},[],{"title":515},{"VI":516},"Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA",[],{"title":519},{"VI":520},"Greg Johnson",{"id":522,"sortIndex":187,"researcher":23,"roles":523,"affiliations":524,"properties":533,"displayName":535,"givenName":23,"familyName":23},"88254b47-2d9f-4903-89b9-e4edce202d08",[148],[525],{"id":526,"sortIndex":92,"affiliation":527,"properties":23},"32fe7b8c-fb98-4326-9980-ff0ce9df947b",{"id":526,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":528,"slug":23,"properties":529,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":532,"statistic":23},[],{"title":530},{"VI":531},"Summit Research, Helena, USA",[],{"title":534},{"VI":535},"Kevin Syvrud",{"id":537,"sortIndex":201,"researcher":23,"roles":538,"affiliations":539,"properties":548,"displayName":550,"givenName":23,"familyName":23},"9c9d43d7-807f-45dc-9f8e-7c72a4fe8e52",[148],[540],{"id":541,"sortIndex":92,"affiliation":542,"properties":23},"4dfa45d0-5b09-4aa6-b1ca-49abd30a0c3a",{"id":541,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":543,"slug":23,"properties":544,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":547,"statistic":23},[],{"title":545},{"EN":546},"Merial, Inc., Duluth, USA",[],{"title":549},{"VI":550},"Stephen Yoon",{"id":552,"sortIndex":217,"researcher":23,"roles":553,"affiliations":554,"properties":561,"displayName":563,"givenName":23,"familyName":23},"61df8a6c-902f-40b3-a445-fe2861f2e9f8",[148],[555],{"id":541,"sortIndex":92,"affiliation":556,"properties":23},{"id":541,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":557,"slug":23,"properties":558,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":560,"statistic":23},[],{"title":559},{"EN":546},[],{"title":562},{"VI":563},"James S. 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Out of these six species, two have been reported as putative malaria vectors, An. campestris and An. wejchoochotei. Five species are present in Thailand, An. barbirostris, An. campestris, An. dissidens, An. saeungae and An. wejchoochotei, while An. vanderwulpi occurs in Indonesia. As these species cannot be accurately differentiated by morphological characters, there is a crucial lack of information on their bionomics and role in the transmission of malaria and filariasis agents. For differentiating the six species, an allele-specific amplification (AS-PCR) based on the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) sequence was developed. From 862 mosquitoes in the Barbirostris Complex collected in 23 provinces throughout Thailand, the AS-PCR was able to identify five species and its validation was undertaken on 185 specimens. This multiplex-PCR assay is potentially able to definitely identify all six species of the Barbirostris Complex and was validated on five species present in Thailand.",{"EN":644,"VI":645},"A multiplex PCR assay for the identification of five species of the Anopheles barbirostris complex in Thailand","Xét nghiệm multiplex PCR để định danh năm loài thuộc phức hợp Anopheles barbirostris tại Thái Lan",{"VOID":647},"Harbach RE. Anopheles classification. Mosquito taxonomic inventory. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.info\u002F. 2018 (updated on 04\u002F12\u002F2018). Accessed 17 Jan 2019.\nTaai K, Harbach RE. Systematics of the Anopheles barbirostris species complex (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) in Thailand. Zool J Linn Soc. 2015;174:244–64.\nHarrison BA, Scanlon JE. Medical entomology studies-II. The subgenus Anopheles in Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib Am Entomol Inst (Ann Arbor). 1975;12:1–307.\nRattanarithikul R, Harrison BA, Harbach RE, Panthusiri P, Coleman RE, Panthusiri P. Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. IV. Anopheles. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2006;37(Suppl. 2):1–128.\nTainchum K, Kongmee M, Manguin S, Bangs MJ, Chareonviriyaphap T. Anopheles species diversity and distribution of the malaria vectors of Thailand. Trends Parasitol. 2015;31:109–19.\nScanlon JE, Peyton EL, Gould DJ. An annotated checklist of the Anopheles of Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae). In: Thai National Science Papers, Fauna Series, Bangkok: Applied Science Research Corporation of Thailand, 1968. Vol. 2, p. 1–35.\nSinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Chareonviriyaphap T, Patil AP, Temperley WH, et al. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia-Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:89.\nTownson H, Dyer N, McAlister E, Satoto TBT, Bangs MJ, Harbach RE. Systematics of Anopheles barbirostris Van der Wulp and a sibling species of the Barbirostris Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in easter Java, Indonesia. Syst Entomol. 2013;38:180–91.\nDe Zulueta J, Lachance F. A malaria-control experiment in the interior of Borneo. Bull World Health Organ. 1956;15:673–93.\nApiwathnasor C, Prommongkol S, Samung Y, Limrat D, Rojruthai B. Potential for Anopheles campestris (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit malaria parasites in Pa Rai subdistrict (Aranyaprathet, Sa Kaeo Province), Thailand. J Med Entomol. 2002;39:583–6.\nLimrat D, Rojruthai B, Apiwathnasorn C, Samung Y, Prommongkol S. Anopheles barbirostris\u002Fcampestris as a probable vector of malaria in Aranyaprathet, Sa Kaeo Province. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001;32:739–44.\nAtmosoedjono S, Partono F, Dennis DT. Anopheles barbirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) as a vector of the timor filaria on Flores Island: preliminary observations. J Med Entomol. 1977;13:611–3.\nCooper RD, Edstein MD, Frances SP, Beebe NW. Malaria vectors of Timor-Leste. Malar J. 2010;9:40.\nDe Zulueta J. Malaria in Sarawak and Brunei. Bull World Health Organ. 1956;15:651–71.\nPoolphol P, Harbach RE, Sriwichai P, Aupalee K, Sattabongkot J, Kumpitak C, et al. Natural Plasmodium vivax infections in Anopheles mosquitoes in a malaria endemic area of northeastern Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2017;116:3349–59.\nSriwichai P. Potential Plasmodium vivax malaria vector of Anopheles campestris in focal endemic area along Thai–Cambodia border. In: 14th Young Researcher Meet Senior Scholar of Thailand Research Fund Organization. Bangkok: Thai Research Fund Organization; 2014. p. 170.\nThongsahuan S, Baimai V, Junkum A, Saeung A, Min GS, Joshi D, et al. Susceptibility of Anopheles campestris-like and Anopheles barbirostris species complexes to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in Thailand. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2011;106:105–12.\nGarros C, Koekemoer LL, Coetzee M, Coosemans M, Manguin S. A single multiplex assay to identify major malaria vectors within the African Anopheles funestus and the Oriental An. minimus groups. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:583–90.\nHempolchom C, Otsuka Y, Baimai V, Thongsahuan S, Saeung A, Taai K, et al. Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the identification of eight species members of the Thai Hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae). Appl Entomol Zool. 2013;48:469–76.\nWalton C, Handley JM, Kuvangkadilok C, Collins FH, Harbach RE, Baimai V, et al. Identification of five species of the Anopheles dirus complex from Thailand, using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. Med Vet Entomol. 1999;13:24–32.\nWalton C, Somboon P, O’Loughlin SM, Zhang S, Harbach RE, Linton YM, et al. Genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the Anopheles maculatus group using the ITS2 region of rDNA. Infect Genet Evol. 2007;7:93–102.\nManonmani A, Townson H, Adeniran T, Jambulingam P, Sahu S, Vijayakumar T. rDNA-ITS2 polymerase chain reaction assay for the sibling species of Anopheles fluviatilis. Acta Trop. 2001;78:3–9.\nParedes-Esquivel C, Donnelly MJ, Harbach RE, Townson H. A molecular phylogeny of mosquitoes in the Anopheles barbirostris Subgroup reveals cryptic species: implications for identification of disease vectors. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2009;50:141–51.\nParedes-Esquivel CC, Townson H. Functional constraints and evolutionary dynamics of the repeats in the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 2 of members of the Anopheles barbirostris group. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:106.\nSaeung A, Baimai V, Otsuka Y, Rattanarithikul R, Somboon P, Junkum A, et al. Molecular and cytogenetic evidence of three sibling species of the Anopheles barbirostris Form A (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2008;102:499–507.\nCorpet F. Multiple sequence alignment with hierarchical clustering. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988;16:10881–90.\nRozen S, Skaletsky H. Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. Methods Mol Biol. 2000;132:365–86.\nBeebe NW, Saul A. Discrimination of all members of the Anopheles punctulatus complex by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;53:478–81.\nAtomosoedjono S, Van Peenen PF, Putrali J. Anopheles barbirostris (Van der Wulp) still an efficient vector of Brugia malayi in Central Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1976;70:259.\nLien JC, Kawengian BA, Partono F, Lami B, Cross JH. A brief survey of the mosquitoes of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, with special reference to the identity of Anopheles barbirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Margolembo area. J Med Entomol. 1977;13:719–27.\nReid JA, Harrison BA, Atmosoedjono S. Variation and vector status in Anopheles barbirostris. Mosq Syst. 1979;11:235–51.\nElyazar IR, Sinka ME, Gething PW, Tarmidzi SN, Surya A, Kusriastuti R, et al. The distribution and bionomics of Anopheles malaria vector mosquitoes in Indonesia. Adv Parasitol. 2013;83:173–266.\nGajapathy K, Jude PJ, Goodacre SL, Peiris LB, Ramasamy R, Surendran SN. Molecular characterization of the malaria vector Anopheles barbirostris van der Wulp in Sri Lanka. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:348.\nAlam MS, Khan MG, Chaudhury N, Deloer S, Nazib F, Bangali AM, et al. Prevalence of anopheline species and their Plasmodium infection status in epidemic-prone border areas of Bangladesh. Malar J. 2010;9:15.\nTri Baskoro TS. Cryptic species within Anopheles barbirostris Van der Wulp, 1884, inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequence variation. PhD Thesis, Liverpool University, Liverpool, UK; 2001.\nSuwannamit S, Baimai V, Otsuka Y, Saeung A, Thongsahuan S, Tuetun B, et al. Cytogenetic and molecular evidence for an additional new species within the taxon Anopheles barbirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2009;104:905–18.\nManguin S, Vas D. Towards malaria elimination: A leap forward. London, UK: IntechOpen; 2018. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Ftowards-malaria-elimination-a-leap-forward\nSaeung A, Otsuka Y, Baimai V, Somboon P, Pitasawat B, Tuetun B, et al. Cytogenetic and molecular evidence for two species in the Anopheles barbirostris complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2007;101:1337–44.",{"VOID":649},"10.1186\u002Fs13071-019-3494-8","2025-02-22T09:16:30.777+00:00",[142],"https:\u002F\u002Fparasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13071-019-3494-8",[654,669,684,699,712,734,749],{"id":655,"sortIndex":92,"researcher":23,"roles":656,"affiliations":657,"properties":666,"displayName":668,"givenName":23,"familyName":23},"f473be73-353d-4dab-854a-e1a7e4fe417a",[148],[658],{"id":659,"sortIndex":92,"affiliation":660,"properties":23},"60c6bbf0-e26d-4935-8500-412da0d3d2b9",{"id":659,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":661,"slug":23,"properties":662,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":665,"statistic":23},[],{"title":663},{"VI":664},"HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France",[],{"title":667},{"VI":668},"Laura Brosseau",{"id":670,"sortIndex":163,"researcher":23,"roles":671,"affiliations":672,"properties":681,"displayName":683,"givenName":23,"familyName":23},"f9495f42-4c47-43fa-8e34-f70d71260224",[148],[673],{"id":674,"sortIndex":92,"affiliation":675,"properties":23},"ac063759-90bb-422a-91c8-9a92568e40e0",{"id":674,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":676,"slug":23,"properties":677,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":680,"statistic":23},[],{"title":678},{"VI":679},"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand",[],{"title":682},{"VI":683},"Chanya Udom",{"id":685,"sortIndex":187,"researcher":23,"roles":686,"affiliations":687,"properties":696,"displayName":698,"givenName":23,"familyName":23},"8df043bb-3cb5-4467-9569-60e994cd962c",[148],[688],{"id":689,"sortIndex":92,"affiliation":690,"properties":23},"696e531d-a199-4740-92aa-9c105a5fc29a",{"id":689,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":691,"slug":23,"properties":692,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":695,"statistic":23},[],{"title":693},{"VI":694},"Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand",[],{"title":697},{"VI":698},"Chutipong Sukkanon",{"id":700,"sortIndex":201,"researcher":23,"roles":701,"affiliations":702,"properties":709,"displayName":711,"givenName":23,"familyName":23},"1f492311-0ee6-4eff-b4d6-707a6cf25484",[148],[703],{"id":689,"sortIndex":92,"affiliation":704,"properties":23},{"id":689,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":705,"slug":23,"properties":706,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":708,"statistic":23},[],{"title":707},{"VI":694},[],{"title":710},{"VI":711},"Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap",{"id":713,"sortIndex":217,"researcher":23,"roles":714,"affiliations":715,"properties":731,"displayName":733,"givenName":23,"familyName":23},"18afecd4-6e8e-4ad2-834c-77b868fa4e14",[148],[716,722],{"id":689,"sortIndex":92,"affiliation":717,"properties":23},{"id":689,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":718,"slug":23,"properties":719,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":721,"statistic":23},[],{"title":720},{"VI":694},[],{"id":723,"sortIndex":163,"affiliation":724,"properties":730},"3c0b4803-18a0-4211-a6c1-48058150978d",{"id":723,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":725,"slug":23,"properties":726,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":729,"statistic":23},[],{"title":727},{"VI":728},"Department of Public Health and Malaria Control, International SOS, Papua, Indonesia",[],{},{"title":732},{"VI":733},"Michael J. 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Infections of humans occur through ingestion of embryonated eggs of T. canis or T. cati, when playing with soils contaminated with dogs or cats feces. Accordingly, the assessment of potential contamination of these areas with these roundworms eggs is paramount. A duplex quantitative real-time PCR (2qPCR) targeting the ribosomal RNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) has been developed and used for rapid and specific identification of T. canis and T. cati eggs in fecal and soil samples. The assay was set up on DNA samples extracted from 53 adult worms including T. canis, T. cati, T. leonina, Ascaris suum (A. suum) and Parascaris equorum (P. equorum). The assay was used to assess the presence of T. cati eggs in several samples, including 12 clean soil samples spiked with eggs of either T. cati or A. suum, 10 actual soil samples randomly collected from playgrounds in Brussels, and fecal samples from cats, dogs, and other animals. 2qPCR results on dogs and cats fecal samples were compared with results from microscopic examination. 2qPCR assay allowed specific detection of T. canis and T. cati, whether adult worms, eggs spiked in soil or fecal samples. The 2qPCR limit of detection (LOD) in spiked soil samples was 2 eggs per g of soil for a turnaround time of 3 hours. A perfect concordance was observed between 2qPCR assay and microscopic examination on dogs and cats feces. The newly developed 2qPCR assay can be useful for high throughput prospective or retrospective detection of T.canis and\u002For T. cati eggs in fecal samples as well as in soil samples from playgrounds, parks and sandpits.",{"EN":828,"VI":829},"Duplex quantitative real-time PCR assay for the detection and discrimination of the eggs of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati (Nematoda, Ascaridoidea) in soil and fecal samples","Xét nghiệm real-time PCR định lượng duplex nhằm phát hiện và phân biệt trứng của Toxocara canis và Toxocara cati (Nematoda, Ascaridoidea) trong các mẫu đất và phân",{"VOID":831},"Smith H, Holland C, Taylor M, Magnaval JF, Schantz P, Maizels R: How common is human toxocariasis? Towards standardizing our knowledge. Trends Parasitol. 2009, 25 (4): 182-188. 10.1016\u002Fj.pt.2009.01.006.\nChen J, Zhou DH, Nisbet AJ, Xu MJ, Huang SY, Li MW, Wang CR, Zhu XQ: Advances in molecular identification, taxonomy, genetic variation and diagnosis of Toxocara spp. Infect Genet Evol. 2012, 12: 1344-1348. 10.1016\u002Fj.meegid.2012.04.019.\nDeplazes P, Van Knapen F, Schweiger A, Overgaauw PA: Role of pet dogs and cats in the transmission of helminthic zoonoses in Europe, with a focus on echinococcosis and toxocarosis. Vet Parasitol. 2011, 182 (1): 41-53. 10.1016\u002Fj.vetpar.2011.07.014.\nDado D, Izquierdo F, Vera O, Montoya A, Mateo M, Fenoy S, Galván AL, García S, García A, Aránguez E, López L, Del Águila C, Miró G: Detection of zoonotic intestinal parasites in public parks of Spain, Potential epidemiological role of microsporidia. Zoonoses Public Health. 2012, 59 (1): 23-28. 10.1111\u002Fj.1863-2378.2011.01411.x.\nMattia S, Colli CM, Adami CM, Guilherme GF, Nishi L, Rubinsky-Elefant G, Marchioro AA, Gomes ML, Falavigna-Guilherme AL: Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in children and environmental contamination of urban areas in Paraná State, Brazil. J Helminthol. 2011, 25: 1-6.\nBrochier B, De Blander H, Hanosset R, Berkvens D, Losson B, Saegerman C: Echinococcus multilocularis and Toxocara canis in urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Brussels, Belgium. Prev Vet Med. 2007, 80 (1): 65-73. 10.1016\u002Fj.prevetmed.2007.01.004.\nRobardet E, Giraudoux P, Caillot C, Augot D, Boue F, Barrat J: Fox defecation behaviour in relation to spatial distribution of voles in an urbanised area: An increasing risk of transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis?. Int J Parasitol. 2011, 41 (2): 145-154. 10.1016\u002Fj.ijpara.2010.08.007.\nDespommier D: Toxocariasis: clinical aspects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003, 16 (2): 265-272. 10.1128\u002FCMR.16.2.265-272.2003.\nOtranto D, Eberhard M: Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 41-10.1186\u002F1756-3305-4-41.\nChen J, Xu M-J, Zhou D-H, Song H-Q, Wang C-H, Zhu X-Q: Canine and feline parasitic zoonoses in China. Parasit Vectors. 2012, 5: 152-10.1186\u002F1756-3305-5-152.\nReinhard KJ, Confalonieri UE, Herrmann B, Ferreira LF, De Araujo AJG: Recovery of Parasite Remains From Coprolites and Latrines: Aspects of Paleoparasitological Technique. Homo. 1986, 37 (4): 217-239.\nBorecka A, Gawor J: Modification of gDNA extraction from soil for PCR designed for the routine examination of soil samples contaminated with Toxocara spp. eggs. J Helminthol. 2008, 82: 119-122.\nUga S, Matsuo J, Kimura D, Rai SK, Koshino Y, Igarashi K: Differentiation of Toxocara canis and T. cati eggs by light and scanning electron microscopy. Vet Parasitol. 2000, 92: 287-294. 10.1016\u002FS0304-4017(00)00323-X.\nWise ME, Sorvillo FJ, Shafir SC, Ash LR, Berlin OG: Severe and fatal central nervous system disease in humans caused by Baylisascaris procyonis, the common roundworm of raccoons: a review of current literature. Microbes Infect. 2005, 7 (2): 317-323. 10.1016\u002Fj.micinf.2004.12.005.\nJacobs DE, Zhu X, Gasser RB, Chilton NB: PCR-based methods for identification of potentially zoonotic ascaridoid parasites of the dog, fox and cat. Acta Trop. 1997, 68: 191-200. 10.1016\u002FS0001-706X(97)00093-4.\nFogt-Wyrwas R, Jarosz W, Mizgajska-Wiktor H: Utilizing a polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of Toxocara canis and T. cati eggs in soil. J Helminthol. 2007, 81: 75-78.\nLi MW, Lin RQ, Chen HH, Sani RA, Song HQ, Zhu XQ: PCR tools for the verification of the specific identity of ascaridoid nematodes from dogs and cats. Mol Cell Probes. 2007, 21: 349-354. 10.1016\u002Fj.mcp.2007.04.004.\nAltschul SF, Madden TL, Schäffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ: Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997, 25 (17): 3389-3402. 10.1093\u002Fnar\u002F25.17.3389.\nWong ML, Medrano JF: Real-time PCR for mRNA quantification. Biotechniques. 2005, 39: 1-11.\nLecouvet F, Irenge L, Vandercam B, Nzeusseu A, Hamels S, Gala JL: The etiologic diagnosis of infectious discitis is improved by amplification-based DNA analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 2985-2994. 10.1002\u002Fart.20462.\nEpe C, Meuwissen M, Stoye M, Schnieder T: Transmission trials, ITS2-PCR and RAPD-PCR show identity of Toxocara canis isolates from red fox and dog. Vet Parasitol. 1999, 84: 101-112. 10.1016\u002FS0304-4017(99)00080-1.\nSaegerman C, De Blander H, Hanosset R, Berkvens D, Losson B, Brochier B: Evaluation des risques liés à la présence d’Echinococcus multilocularis et de Toxocara canis dans la population vulpine en région bruxelloise. Epidémiol. et santé anim. 2006, 50: 97-104.\nRuff MD: Important parasites in poultry production systems. Vet Parasitol. 1999, 84: 337-347. 10.1016\u002FS0304-4017(99)00076-X.\nBouchaud O, Houze S, Schiemann R: Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: a prospective study, with assessment of therapy with Ivermectin. 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               \u003Cjats:title>Background\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:italic>Aedes albopictus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> is a vector of numerous devastating arboviruses and places heavy burdens on global public health. Chitin is one of the important components of cuticles and targeting chitin metabolism is a promising strategy for preventing mosquito dispersal and mosquito-borne diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in various physiological processes of insects.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Methods\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>A previous analysis suggested that the microRNA miR-989 is potentially involved in chitin metabolism in \u003Cjats:italic>Ae. albopictus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> pupae. In the present study, we found that the expression level of miR-989 was significantly overexpressed after injection of agomir. A dual-luciferase assay was used to determine the direct target of miR-989. Survival rate, eclosion rate and malformation rate were statistically analyzed to evaluate the potential effect of miR-989. Hematoxylin–eosin staining and chitin staining were used to evaluate the microstructural changes in the cuticles of \u003Cjats:italic>Ae. albopictus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> pupae.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Results\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>Overexpression of miR-989 resulted in a significantly reduced survival rate and eclosion rate of pupae and an elevated malformation rate of adults. The results suggested that miR-989 acted as a regulator of chitin metabolism in \u003Cjats:italic>Ae. albopictus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> pupae by affecting the transcript levels of the \u003Cjats:italic>Ae. albopictus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> genes encoding chitin synthase 1 (\u003Cjats:italic>AaCHS\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>1) and chitinase 10 (\u003Cjats:italic>AaCht\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>10). The altered expression levels of the two chitin metabolism-related enzymes (CHS1 and Cht10, respectively) caused the structural changes in cuticles and further affected the pupal-adult transition process of \u003Cjats:italic>Ae. albopictus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. XM_029863591.1 was proven to be the target gene of miR-989 and displayed similar effects on pupae as miR-989.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Conclusions\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>The microRNA miR-989 was found to be essential for chitin metabolism in old and new cuticles of \u003Cjats:italic>Ae. albopictus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> pupae. The results of the current study suggested that miR-989 could be used as a potential target to control \u003Cjats:italic>Ae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. \u003Cjats:italic>albopictus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Graphical Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>",{"EN":1036,"VI":1037},"MicroRNA-989 controls Aedes albopictus pupal-adult transition process by influencing cuticle chitin metabolism in pupae","MicroRNA-989 kiểm soát quá trình chuyển tiếp từ nhộng sang muỗi trưởng thành ở Aedes albopictus bằng cách tác động đến chuyển hóa chitin lớp biểu bì của 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Species profile: Aedes albopictus. 2023. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucngisd.org\u002Fgisd\u002Fspeciesname\u002FAedes+albopictus. Accessed 27 July 2023.",{},{"id":23,"text":1205,"url":23,"identifiers":1206},"Azlan A, Obeidat SM, Theva Das K, Yunus MA, Azzam G. Genome-wide identification of Aedes albopictus long noncoding RNAs and their association with dengue and Zika virus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15:e0008351.",{"doi":1207},"10.1371\u002Fjournal.pntd.0008351",{"id":23,"text":1209,"url":23,"identifiers":1210},"Bhatt S, Gething PW, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Farlow AW, Moyes CL, et al. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature. 2013;496:504–7.",{"doi":1211},"10.1038\u002Fnature12060",{"id":23,"text":1213,"url":23,"identifiers":1214},"Moyes CL, Vontas J, Martins AJ, Ng LC, Koou SY, Dusfour I, et al. Contemporary status of insecticide resistance in the major Aedes vectors of arboviruses infecting humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005625.",{"doi":1215},"10.1371\u002Fjournal.pntd.0005625",{"id":23,"text":1217,"url":23,"identifiers":1218},"Namias A, Jobe NB, Paaijmans KP, Huijben S. The need for practical insecticide-resistance guidelines to effectively inform mosquito-borne disease control programs. Elife. 2021;10:e65655.",{"doi":1219},"10.7554\u002FeLife.65655",{"id":23,"text":1221,"url":23,"identifiers":1222},"Merzendorfer H, Zimoch L. Chitin metabolism in insects: structure, function and regulation of chitin synthases and chitinases. J Exp Biol. 2003;206:4393–412.",{"doi":1223},"10.1242\u002Fjeb.00709",{"id":23,"text":1225,"url":23,"identifiers":1226},"Muthukrishnan S, Mun S, Noh MY, Geisbrecht ER, Arakane Y. Insect cuticular chitin contributes to form and function. Curr Pharm Des. 2020;26:3530–45.",{"doi":1227},"10.2174\u002F1381612826666200523175409",{"id":23,"text":1229,"url":23,"identifiers":1230},"Cohen E. Chitin synthesis and inhibition: a revisit. Pest Manag Sci. 2001;57:946–50.",{"doi":1231},"10.1002\u002Fps.363",{"id":23,"text":1233,"url":23,"identifiers":1234},"Merzendorfer H. The cellular basis of chitin synthesis in fungi and insects: common principles and differences. Eur J Cell Biol. 2011;90:759–69.",{"doi":1235},"10.1016\u002Fj.ejcb.2011.04.014",{"id":23,"text":1237,"url":23,"identifiers":1238},"Arakane Y, Muthukrishnan S, Kramer KJ, Specht CA, Tomoyasu Y, Lorenzen MD, et al. The Tribolium chitin synthase genes TcCHS1 and TcCHS2 are specialized for synthesis of epidermal cuticle and midgut peritrophic matrix. Insect Mol Biol. 2005;14:453–63.",{"doi":1239},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-2583.2005.00576.x",{"id":23,"text":1241,"url":23,"identifiers":1242},"Arakane Y, Specht CA, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S, Beeman RW. Chitin synthases are required for survival, fecundity and egg hatch in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. 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Trends Parasitol. 2013;29:295–303.",{"doi":1259},"10.1016\u002Fj.pt.2013.04.003",{"id":23,"text":1261,"url":23,"identifiers":1262},"Lucas KJ, Roy S, Ha J, Gervaise AL, Kokoza VA, Raikhel AS. MicroRNA-8 targets the Wingless signaling pathway in the female mosquito fat body to regulate reproductive processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:1440–5.",{"doi":1263},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.1424408112",{"id":23,"text":1265,"url":23,"identifiers":1266},"Bryant B, Macdonald W, Raikhel AS. microRNA miR-275 is indispensable for blood digestion and egg development in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:22391–8.",{"doi":1267},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.1016230107",{"id":23,"text":1269,"url":23,"identifiers":1270},"Chen J, Liang Z, Liang Y, Pang R, Zhang W. Conserved microRNAs miR-8-5p and miR-2a-3p modulate chitin biosynthesis in response to 20-hydroxyecdysone signaling in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. 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J Asia Pac Entomol. 2016;19:963–8.",{"doi":1366},"10.1016\u002Fj.aspen.2016.08.011",{"id":1368,"createTime":1369,"updateTime":1370,"relativeEntities":1371,"slug":1372,"properties":1373,"entityType":137,"verifyStatus":138,"verifyTime":1384,"verifyNote":140,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":92,"primaryUrl":1385,"fullTextUrl":23,"authors":1386,"publicationType":299,"publisherRelationship":1466,"citationCount":92,"citationInfo":1519,"publishDate":1522,"publishYear":1520,"citationAnalyzeStatus":1523,"lastCitationAnalyze":1524,"indexDatabases":1525,"openAccess":23,"references":23,"isForceReanalyzing":351},"96ca7474-8538-42df-8102-1fd07e3a120d","2023-11-26T18:26:14.472+00:00","2026-08-24T21:20:38.553+00:00",[],"Invasion-of-Aedes-albopictus-Diptera-Culicidae-into-central-Africa-what-consequences-for-emerging-diseases-",{"abstract":1374,"title":1376,"gsPaper":1378,"references":1380,"doi":1382},{"EN":1375},"\n                Aedes albopictus, a mosquito native to Asia, has invaded all five continents during the past three decades. It was reported in central Africa in the 2000s, first in Cameroon, and, since then, has colonised almost all countries of the region. The species, originally considered a secondary vector of dengue viruses, has been showed to play a major role in transmission of chikungunya virus in numerous countries, including in the central African region. We review the current spread of Ae. albopictus in central Africa, its larval ecology and its impact on indigenous species such as Ae. aegypti. We explore the potential of Ae. albopictus to affect the epidemiology of emerging or re-emerging arboviruses and discuss the conventional means for its control, while emphasizing the importance of data on its susceptibility to insecticides to cope with potential outbreaks.",{"EN":1377},"Invasion of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) into central Africa: what consequences for emerging diseases?",{"VOID":1379},"[\"17062091185797407166\"]",{"VOID":1381},"Enserink M. Entomology. A mosquito goes global. 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Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:79.",{"VOID":1383},"10.1186\u002Fs13071-015-0808-3","2024-05-15T21:59:14.768+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Fparasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13071-015-0808-3",[1387,1402,1415,1428,1453],{"id":1388,"sortIndex":92,"researcher":23,"roles":1389,"affiliations":1390,"properties":1399,"displayName":1401,"givenName":23,"familyName":23},"ab902335-cc37-4e1c-9ed3-5478188c8c7a",[148],[1391],{"id":1392,"sortIndex":92,"affiliation":1393,"properties":23},"5bc96807-a9c9-47d6-8090-01c534b2d572",{"id":1392,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":1394,"slug":23,"properties":1395,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":1398,"statistic":23},[],{"title":1396},{"EN":1397},"Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic",[],{"title":1400},{"VI":1401},"Carine 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Pinpointing P450s associated with pyrethroid metabolism in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti: developing new tools to combat insecticide resistance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1595.",{"doi":1966},{"id":1962,"text":2117,"url":1964,"identifiers":2118},"Davies TE, O'Reilly AO, Field LM, Wallace B, Williamson MS. Knockdown resistance to DDT and pyrethroids: from target-site mutations to molecular modelling. Pest Manag Sci. 2008;64:1126–30.",{"doi":1966},{"id":2120,"text":2121,"url":2122,"identifiers":2123},"be30ff54-a598-4f8d-bc03-cc22be6eec83","Price DRG, Gatehouse JA. RNAi-mediated crop protection against insects. Trends Biotechnol. 2008;26:393–400.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0167779908001376",{"doi":2124},"10.1016\u002Fj.tibtech.2008.04.004",{"id":1962,"text":2126,"url":1964,"identifiers":2127},"Hoa NT, Keene KM, Olson KE, Zheng L. Characterization of RNA interference in an Anopheles gambiae cell line. Insect Biochem Molec. 2003;33:949–57.",{"doi":1966},{"id":1962,"text":2129,"url":1964,"identifiers":2130},"Ranson H, N'Guessan R, Lines J, Moiroux N, Nkuni Z, Corbel V. Pyrethroid resistance in African Anopheline mosquitoes: what are the implications for malaria control? Trends Parasitol. 2011;27:91–8.",{"doi":1966},{"id":1962,"text":2132,"url":1964,"identifiers":2133},"Stenhouse SA, Plernsub S, Yanola J, Lumjuan N, Dantrakool A, Choochote W, et al. Detection of the V1016G mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) by allele-specific PCR assay, and its distribution and effect on deltamethrin resistance in Thailand. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:253.",{"doi":1966},{"id":1962,"text":2135,"url":1964,"identifiers":2136},"David JP, Ismail HM, Chandor-Proust A, Paine MJ. Role of cytochrome P450s in insecticide resistance: impact on the control of mosquito-borne diseases and use of insecticides on Earth. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2013;368:20120429.",{"doi":1966},{"id":2138,"text":2139,"url":2140,"identifiers":2141},"99d58e95-05f4-48db-8e33-d84a3452d164","Dong K. Insect sodium channels and insecticide resistance. Invertebr Neurosci. 2007;7:17–30.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10158-006-0036-9",{"doi":2142},"10.1007\u002Fs10158-006-0036-9",{"id":1962,"text":2144,"url":1964,"identifiers":2145},"Dong K, Du Y, Rinkevich F, Nomura Y, Xu P, Wang L, et al. Molecular biology of insect sodium channels and pyrethroid resistance. Insect Biochem Molec Biol. 2014;50:1–17.",{"doi":1966},{"id":1962,"text":2147,"url":1964,"identifiers":2148},"Zhang X, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Chitosan\u002Fdouble-stranded RNA nanoparticle-mediated RNA interference to silence chitin synthase genes through larval feeding in the African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae). Cell. 2016;165:683–693.",{"doi":1966},{"id":1962,"text":2150,"url":1964,"identifiers":2151},"Sarkies P, Miska EA. Small RNAs break out: the molecular cell biology of mobile small RNAs. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014;15:525–35.",{"doi":1966},{"id":2153,"createTime":2154,"updateTime":2155,"relativeEntities":2156,"slug":2157,"properties":2158,"entityType":137,"verifyStatus":138,"verifyTime":2169,"verifyNote":140,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":92,"primaryUrl":2170,"fullTextUrl":23,"authors":2171,"publicationType":299,"publisherRelationship":2228,"citationCount":23,"citationInfo":23,"publishDate":2280,"publishYear":2281,"citationAnalyzeStatus":2282,"lastCitationAnalyze":2283,"indexDatabases":2284,"openAccess":23,"references":23,"isForceReanalyzing":351},"0a5329e2-3e05-45db-8183-c87be9baa466","2023-12-20T06:29:56.216+00:00","2026-08-18T05:02:26.235+00:00",[],"Biting-midges-Ceratopogonidae-as-vectors-of-avian-trypanosomes",{"abstract":2159,"title":2161,"gsPaper":2163,"references":2165,"doi":2167},{"EN":2160},"Although avian trypanosomes are widespread parasites, the knowledge of their vectors is still incomplete. Despite biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are considered as potential vectors of avian trypanosomes, their role in transmission has not been satisfactorily elucidated. Our aim was to clarify the potential of biting midges to sustain the development of avian trypanosomes by testing their susceptibility to different strains of avian trypanosomes experimentally. Moreover, we screened biting midges for natural infections in the wild. Laboratory-bred biting midges Culicoides nubeculosus were highly susceptible to trypanosomes from the Trypanosoma bennetti and T. avium clades. Infection rates reached 100%, heavy infections developed in 55–87% of blood-fed females. Parasite stages from the insect gut were infective for birds. Moreover, midges could be infected after feeding on a trypanosome-positive bird. Avian trypanosomes can thus complete their cycle in birds and biting midges. Furthermore, we succeeded to find infected blood meal-free biting midges in the wild. Biting midges are probable vectors of avian trypanosomes belonging to T. bennetti group. Midges are highly susceptible to artificial infections, can be infected after feeding on birds, and T. bennetti-infected biting midges (Culicoides spp.) have been found in nature. Moreover, midges can be used as model hosts producing metacyclic avian trypanosome stages infective for avian hosts.",{"EN":2162},"Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of avian trypanosomes",{"VOID":2164},"[]",{"VOID":2166},"Zidkova L, Cepicka I, Szabova J, Svobodova M. Biodiversity of avian trypanosomes. Infect Genet Evol. 2012;12:102–12.\nVotypka J, Szabova J, Radrova J, Zidkova L, Svobodova M. Trypanosoma culicavium sp. nov., an avian trypanosome transmitted by Culex mosquitoes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2012;62:745–54.\nSlapeta J, Morin-Adeline V, Thompson P, Mcdonell D, Shiels M, Gilchrist K, et al. Intercontinental distribution of a new trypanosome species from Australian endemic Regent Honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia). Parasitology. 2015;143:1012–25.\nSvobodova M, Volf P, Votypka J. Trypanosomatids in ornithophilic bloodsucking Diptera. Med Vet Entomol. 2015;29:444–7.\nBennett GF. On specificity and transmission of some avian trypanosomes. Can J Zool. 1961;39:17–33.\nVotypka J, Svobodova M. Trypanosoma avium: experimental transmission from black flies to canaries. Parasitol Res. 2004;92:147–51.\nBaker JR. Studies on Trypanosoma avium Danilewsky 1885. 2. Transmission by Ornithomyia avicularia L. Parasitology. 1956;46:321–38.\nVotypka J, Lukes J, Obornik M. Phylogenetic relationship of Trypanosoma corvi with other avian trypanosomes. Acta Protozool. 2004;43:225–31.\nKirkpatrick CE, Terwaythompson CA, Iyengar MR. Biochemical-characterization of some raptor trypanosomes. 2. Enzyme studies, with a description of Trypanosoma bennetti n. sp. Can J Zool. 1986;64:195–203.\nSvobodova M, Zidkova L, Cepicka I, Obornik M, Lukes J, Votypka J. Sergeia podlipaevi gen. nov., sp. nov. (Trypanosomatidae, Kinetoplastida), a parasite of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2007;57:423–32.\nMiltgen F, Landau I. [Culicoides nubeculosus, an experimental vector of a new trypanosome from psittaciforms: Trypanosoma bakeri n. sp.] Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. 1982;57:423–8 (In French).\nMaslov DA, Lukeš J, Jirků M, Simpson L. Phylogeny of trypanosomes as inferred from the small and large subunit rRNAs: implications for the evolution of parasitism in the trypanosomatid protozoa. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1996;75:197–205.\nVotýpka J, Rádrová J, Skalický T, Jirků M, Jirsová D, Mihalca AD, et al. A tsetse and tabanid fly survey of African great apes habitats reveals the presence of a novel trypanosome lineage but the absence of Trypanosoma brucei. Int J Parasitol. 2015;45:741–8.\nKatoh K, Misawa K, Kuma K, Miyata T. MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002;30:3059–66.\nHall T. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\u002F98\u002FNT. 1999. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser. 1999;41:95–8.\nStamatakis A. RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:1312–3.\nChvála M, editor. [Ceratopogonidae. In: Krevsající mouchy a střečci - Diptera. Fauna ČSSR 22]. Prague: Academia; 1980, p. 20–143 (In Czech).\nDelecolle JC. Nouvelle contribution a l’étude systematique et iconographique des especes du genre Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) du Nord-Est de la France. 1985; MSc Thesis, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg.\nDougall AM, Alexander B, Holt DC, Harris T, Sultan AH, Bates PA, et al. Evidence incriminating midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as potential vectors of Leishmania in Australia. Int J Parasitol. 2011;41:571–9.\nSeblova V, Sadlova J, Vojtkova B, Votypka J, Carpenter S, Bates PA, Volf P. The biting midge Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is capable of developing late stage infections of Leishmania enriettii. PLoS Negl Tropl Dis. 2015;9:e0004060.\nPodlipaev S, Votypka J, Jirku M, Svobodova M, Lukes J. Herpetomonas ztiplika n. sp (Kinetoplastida : Trypanosomatidae): A parasite of the blood-sucking biting midge Culicoides kibunensis Tokunaga, 1937 (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae). J Parasitol. 2004;90:342–7.\nZidkova L, Cepicka I, Votypka J, Svobodova M. Herpetomonas trimorpha sp. nov. (Trypanosomatidae, Kinetoplastida), a parasite of the biting midge Culicoides truncorum (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2010;60:2236–46.\nGalková Z. [Tiplíci jako přenašeči infekčních onemocnění a jejich výskyt na území ČR.] 2010; MSc Thesis, Charles University Prague (In Czech).\nSeblova V, Sadlova J, Carpenter S, Volf P. 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Host preferences of ornithophilic biting midges of the genus Culicoides in the Eastern Balkans. Med Vet Entomol. 2015;29:290–6.\nPettersson E, Bensch S, Ander M, Chirico J, Sigvald R, Ignell R. Molecular identification of bloodmeals and species composition in Culicoides biting midges. Med Vet Entomol. 2013;27:104–12.\nMartinez-dela Puente J, Figuerola J, Soriguer R. Fur or feather? Feeding preferences of species of Culicoides biting midges in Europe. Trends Parasitol. 2015;31:16–22.",{"VOID":2168},"10.1186\u002Fs13071-017-2158-9","2024-08-31T14:45:59.447+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Fparasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13071-017-2158-9",[2172,2187,2200,2215],{"id":2173,"sortIndex":92,"researcher":23,"roles":2174,"affiliations":2175,"properties":2184,"displayName":2186,"givenName":23,"familyName":23},"dba997bd-5245-4bf0-b660-a1b4cd1d4f0f",[148],[2176],{"id":2177,"sortIndex":92,"affiliation":2178,"properties":23},"4d7ac3e8-4770-40aa-b591-9ec8714d34b3",{"id":2177,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":2179,"slug":23,"properties":2180,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":2183,"statistic":23},[],{"title":2181},{"VI":2182},"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic",[],{"title":2185},{"VI":2186},"Milena Svobodová",{"id":2188,"sortIndex":163,"researcher":23,"roles":2189,"affiliations":2190,"properties":2197,"displayName":2199,"givenName":23,"familyName":23},"7079b2a4-f8ec-4007-9399-f4fe0df21454",[148],[2191],{"id":2177,"sortIndex":92,"affiliation":2192,"properties":23},{"id":2177,"createTime":23,"updateTime":23,"relativeEntities":2193,"slug":23,"properties":2194,"entityType":23,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":23,"verifyNote":23,"languages":23,"translateLanguages":23,"viewCount":23,"url":23,"parentIds":2196,"statistic":23},[],{"title":2195},{"VI":2182},[],{"title":2198},{"VI":2199},"Olga V. 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