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Articles focused on host responses (cellular or immunological) to pathogens or on microbial ecology should be directed to our sister journals Cellular Microbiology and Environmental Microbiology, respectively.",{"VOID":19},"0950382X",{"EN":21},"Molecular Microbiology","PUBLISHER","PENDING",null,0,[27,35],{"id":28,"createTime":29,"updateTime":30,"relativeEntities":31,"label":32,"description":34,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},"e28d6c37-225c-41f9-829b-a62e54bf45c7","2023-05-29T10:24:05.187+00:00","2023-11-21T07:35:37.255+00:00",[],{"EN":33},"Molecular Biology",{},{"id":36,"createTime":37,"updateTime":38,"relativeEntities":39,"label":40,"description":42,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},"3411abc0-1542-4713-b58e-00de95e2f105","2023-05-29T10:24:05.460+00:00","2023-11-21T07:12:28.782+00:00",[],{"EN":41},"Microbiology",{},[44,56],{"id":45,"createTime":46,"updateTime":47,"relativeEntities":48,"slug":49,"properties":50,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":54,"url":24,"parentIds":55,"statistic":24},"05e99a76-c414-4c8f-ae6d-56ed57566774","2023-05-29T10:24:03.197+00:00","2025-11-21T10:07:43.751+00:00",[],"Wiley-Blackwell-Publishing-Ltd",{"title":51},{"EN":52},"Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd","AFFILIATION",5,[],{"id":57,"createTime":58,"updateTime":59,"relativeEntities":60,"slug":61,"properties":62,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":64,"url":24,"parentIds":65,"statistic":24},"43d4a537-d044-4372-8544-ca45c3bea38f","2023-05-29T12:06:07.474+00:00","2024-02-13T10:28:57.921+00:00",[],"WILEY",{"title":63},{"EN":61},6,[],[67,87],{"id":68,"indexDatabase":69,"url":83,"indexYears":24,"academicFieldIds":84,"indexDatabaseRanking":24},"f556e2a6-754b-466a-9568-c6b17010af69",{"id":70,"createTime":71,"updateTime":72,"relativeEntities":73,"label":74,"description":76,"key":79,"publicationTags":80,"standard":24},"a4921856-b128-4d9f-8f1f-e80813d3bbd4","2023-05-22T09:59:31.026+00:00","2025-11-21T10:07:52.153+00:00",[],{"EN":75,"VI":75},"ISI\u002FSCIE - Science Citation Index Expanded",{"VI":77,"EN":78},"Cơ sở dữ liệu SCIE","SCIE database","scie",[81,82],"SCIE","ISI","https:\u002F\u002Fmjl.clarivate.com\u002Fsearch-results?issn=0950-382X",[85,86],"10e9c71e-2256-419c-bdd2-a39e436e76e3","a2123f74-a835-4ccb-bfa4-b05c84c377d0",{"id":88,"indexDatabase":89,"url":101,"indexYears":102,"academicFieldIds":103,"indexDatabaseRanking":106},"137d1a30-05e1-4f2a-a6c4-4340d69261ba",{"id":90,"createTime":91,"updateTime":92,"relativeEntities":93,"label":94,"description":96,"key":98,"publicationTags":99,"standard":24},"3c7051d4-eb7d-4c57-a56b-36fc74c5d1e9","2023-05-22T09:57:18.509+00:00","2025-11-21T10:07:52.274+00:00",[],{"EN":95,"VI":95},"Scopus - Elsevier",{"EN":95,"VI":97},"Cơ sở dữ liệu Scopus thuộc Elsevier","scopus",[100],"SCOPUS","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scopus.com\u002Fsourceid\u002F20298","1987-2025",[104,105],"0404956d-7818-4510-b67a-db80799a6ec0","c0ced3d3-d021-4548-9037-ccfceef3c31d","SCOPUS__Q1","https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fjournal\u002F13652958",{"meta":109,"data":111},{"total":110},"510",[112,370,731,861,1077,1312,1572,1941,2241,2408],{"id":113,"createTime":114,"updateTime":114,"relativeEntities":115,"slug":116,"properties":117,"entityType":131,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":114,"verifyNote":132,"syncStatus":23,"languages":133,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":135,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":136,"publicationType":169,"publisherRelationship":170,"citationCount":203,"citationInfo":204,"publishDate":209,"publishYear":210,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":24,"openAccess":24,"references":211,"isForceReanalyzing":369},"9c66355f-13e9-4dbb-9ac7-eb6c72eb11de","2024-09-21T23:55:39.821+00:00",[],"Activation-and-silencing-of-i-leu-500-i-promoter-by-transcription-induced-DNA-supercoiling-in-the-i-Salmonella-i-chromosome",{"mag":118,"keywords":120,"openalex":121,"abstract":123,"title":125,"pm":127,"doi":129},{"VOID":119},"1603152440",{},{"VOID":122},"W1603152440",{"EN":124},"\u003Cjats:p>The notion that transcription can generate supercoils in the DNA template largely stems from work with small circular plasmids. In the present work, we tested this model in the bacterial chromosome using a supercoiling‐sensitive promoter as a functional sensor of superhelicity changes. The \u003Cjats:italic>leu‐500\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> promoter of \u003Cjats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> is a mutant and inactive variant of the leucine operon promoter that regains activity if negative DNA supercoiling rises above normal levels, typically as a result of mutations affecting DNA topoisomerase I (\u003Cjats:italic>topA\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> mutants). Activation of the \u003Cjats:italic>leu‐500\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> promoter was analysed in \u003Cjats:italic>topA\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> mutant cells harbouring transcriptionally inducible \u003Cjats:italic>tet\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> or \u003Cjats:italic>cat\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> gene cassettes inserted in the region upstream from the \u003Cjats:italic>leu\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> operon. Some insertions inhibited \u003Cjats:italic>leu‐500\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> promoter activation in the absence of inducer. This effect is dramatic in the interval between 1.7 kb and 0.6 kb from the \u003Cjats:italic>leu\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> operon, suggesting that the insertions physically interfere with the mechanism responsible for activation. Superimposed on these effects, transcription of the inserted gene stimulated or inhibited \u003Cjats:italic>leu‐500\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> promoter activity depending on whether this gene was oriented divergently from the \u003Cjats:italic>leu\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> operon or in the same direction respectively. Interestingly, transcription‐mediated inhibition of \u003Cjats:italic>leu‐500\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> promoter was observed with inserts as far as 5 kb from the \u003Cjats:italic>leu\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> operon, and it could be relieved by the introduction of a strong gyrase site between the inserted element and the \u003Cjats:italic>leu‐500\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> promoter. These results are consistent with the idea that transcriptionally generated positive and negative supercoils can diffuse along chromosomal DNA and, depending on their topological sign, elicit opposite responses from the \u003Cjats:italic>leu‐500\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> promoter.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":126},"Activation and silencing of \u003Ci>leu‐500\u003C\u002Fi> promoter by transcription‐induced DNA supercoiling in the \u003Ci>Salmonella\u003C\u002Fi> chromosome",{"VOID":128},"10931352",{"VOID":130},"10.1046\u002Fj.1365-2958.2000.02015.x","PUBLICATION","Author affiliation is 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Hanafi",{"id":158,"sortIndex":159,"researcher":24,"roles":160,"affiliations":161,"properties":162},"a0ef376d-b9e5-4f39-9077-ec9771bb3127",1,[],[],{"openalex":163,"orcid":165,"title":167},{"VOID":164},"A5028907333",{"VOID":166},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0009-0001-9238-179X",{"EN":168},"Lionello 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B.A., 1984, Plasmid insertion mutagenesis and lac gene fusion with mini‐Mu bacteriophage transposons, J Bacteriol, 158, 488, 10.1128\u002Fjb.158.2.488-495.1984",{"doi":230},"10.1128\u002Fjb.158.2.488-495.1984",{"id":24,"text":232,"url":24,"identifiers":233},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.89.18.8784",{"doi":232},{"id":24,"text":235,"url":24,"identifiers":236},"10.1021\u002Fbi00211a027",{"doi":235},{"id":24,"text":238,"url":24,"identifiers":239},"10.1074\u002Fjbc.273.1.653",{"doi":238},{"id":24,"text":241,"url":24,"identifiers":242},"10.1093\u002Fnar\u002F18.24.7389",{"doi":241},{"id":24,"text":244,"url":24,"identifiers":245},"10.1128\u002FJB.180.3.626-633.1998",{"doi":244},{"id":24,"text":247,"url":24,"identifiers":248},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.85.24.9416",{"doi":247},{"id":24,"text":250,"url":24,"identifiers":251},"10.1046\u002Fj.1365-2958.1996.6221338.x",{"doi":250},{"id":24,"text":253,"url":24,"identifiers":254},"Gemmill R.M., 1984, Promoter mutation causing catabolite repression of the Salmonella typhimurium leucine operon, J Bacteriol, 158, 948, 10.1128\u002Fjb.158.3.948-953.1984",{"doi":255},"10.1128\u002Fjb.158.3.948-953.1984",{"id":24,"text":257,"url":24,"identifiers":258},"10.1038\u002F293309a0",{"doi":257},{"id":24,"text":260,"url":24,"identifiers":261},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.85.18.6602",{"doi":260},{"id":24,"text":263,"url":24,"identifiers":264},"Hughes K.T., 1988, Transitory cis complementation: a method for providing transposition functions to defective transposons, Genetics, 119, 9, 10.1093\u002Fgenetics\u002F119.1.9",{"doi":265},"10.1093\u002Fgenetics\u002F119.1.9",{"id":24,"text":267,"url":24,"identifiers":268},"Kleckner N. Bender J. Gottesman S.(1991)Uses of transposons with emphasis on Tn10.Methods Enzymol204:139–180.",{"doi":269},"10.1016\u002F0076-6879(91)04009-D",{"id":24,"text":271,"url":24,"identifiers":272},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.84.20.7024",{"doi":271},{"id":24,"text":274,"url":24,"identifiers":275},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-2958.1991.tb00749.x",{"doi":274},{"id":24,"text":277,"url":24,"identifiers":278},"10.1093\u002Fnar\u002F11.10.2999",{"doi":277},{"id":24,"text":280,"url":24,"identifiers":281},"10.1128\u002Fjb.175.6.1645-1655.1993",{"doi":280},{"id":24,"text":283,"url":24,"identifiers":284},"Maloy S.R., 1990, Experimental Techniques in Bacterial Genetics.",{},{"id":24,"text":286,"url":24,"identifiers":287},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.82.16.5437",{"doi":286},{"id":24,"text":289,"url":24,"identifiers":290},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.74.9.3642",{"doi":289},{"id":24,"text":292,"url":24,"identifiers":293},"Metcalf W.W., 1990, Identification of phosphate starvation‐inducible genes in Escherichia coli K12 by DNA sequence analysis of psi::lacZ (Mud1) transcriptional fusions, J Bacteriol, 172, 3191, 10.1128\u002Fjb.172.6.3191-3200.1990",{"doi":294},"10.1128\u002Fjb.172.6.3191-3200.1990",{"id":24,"text":296,"url":24,"identifiers":297},"Miesel L., 1994, Salmonella recD mutations increase recombination in a short sequence transduction assay, J Bacteriol, 176, 4092, 10.1128\u002Fjb.176.13.4092-4103.1994",{"doi":298},"10.1128\u002Fjb.176.13.4092-4103.1994",{"id":24,"text":300,"url":24,"identifiers":301},"Miller J.H., 1992, A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics. A Laboratory Manual and Handbook for Escherichia coli and Related Bacteria.",{},{"id":24,"text":303,"url":24,"identifiers":304},"10.1046\u002Fj.1365-2958.1996.01541.x",{"doi":303},{"id":24,"text":306,"url":24,"identifiers":307},"Morrison A., 1980, Interaction between DNA gyrase and its cleavage site on DNA, J Biol Chem, 255, 2211, 10.1016\u002FS0021-9258(19)86016-7",{"doi":308},"10.1016\u002FS0021-9258(19)86016-7",{"id":24,"text":310,"url":24,"identifiers":311},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.50.1.140",{"doi":310},{"id":24,"text":313,"url":24,"identifiers":314},"10.1101\u002Fgad.2.6.766",{"doi":313},{"id":24,"text":316,"url":24,"identifiers":317},"10.1016\u002F0378-1119(94)90597-5",{"doi":316},{"id":24,"text":319,"url":24,"identifiers":320},"10.1128\u002FJB.164.2.947-949.1985",{"doi":319},{"id":24,"text":322,"url":24,"identifiers":323},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.83.23.8952",{"doi":322},{"id":24,"text":325,"url":24,"identifiers":326},"10.1002\u002Fj.1460-2075.1988.tb03019.x",{"doi":325},{"id":24,"text":328,"url":24,"identifiers":329},"10.1016\u002F0092-8674(79)90089-8",{"doi":328},{"id":24,"text":331,"url":24,"identifiers":332},"Spirito F., 1996, Long‐distance effect of downstream transcription on activity of the supercoiling‐sensitive leu‐500 promoter in a topA mutant of Salmonella typhimurium, J Bacteriol, 178, 7129, 10.1128\u002Fjb.178.24.7129-7137.1996",{"doi":333},"10.1128\u002Fjb.178.24.7129-7137.1996",{"id":24,"text":335,"url":24,"identifiers":336},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-2958.1994.tb00294.x",{"doi":335},{"id":24,"text":338,"url":24,"identifiers":339},"Squires C.H., 1983, ilvIH locus of Salmonella typhimurium, J Bacteriol, 154, 1054, 10.1128\u002Fjb.154.3.1054-1063.1983",{"doi":340},"10.1128\u002Fjb.154.3.1054-1063.1983",{"id":24,"text":342,"url":24,"identifiers":343},"10.1128\u002FJB.176.4.1077-1086.1994",{"doi":342},{"id":24,"text":345,"url":24,"identifiers":346},"Trucksis M., 1981, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium supX genes specify deoxyribonucleic acid topoisomerase I, J Bacteriol, 147, 679, 10.1128\u002Fjb.147.2.679-681.1981",{"doi":347},"10.1128\u002Fjb.147.2.679-681.1981",{"id":24,"text":349,"url":24,"identifiers":350},"10.1016\u002F0092-8674(89)90989-6",{"doi":349},{"id":24,"text":352,"url":24,"identifiers":353},"10.1016\u002F0378-1119(85)90120-9",{"doi":352},{"id":24,"text":355,"url":24,"identifiers":356},"10.1002\u002Fj.1460-2075.1988.tb03022.x",{"doi":355},{"id":24,"text":358,"url":24,"identifiers":359},"10.1006\u002Fjmbi.1993.1036",{"doi":358},{"id":24,"text":361,"url":24,"identifiers":362},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-2958.1993.tb01179.x",{"doi":361},{"id":24,"text":364,"url":24,"identifiers":365},"10.1016\u002F0092-8674(88)90163-8",{"doi":364},{"id":24,"text":367,"url":24,"identifiers":368},"10.1016\u002F0092-8674(95)90433-6",{"doi":367},false,{"id":371,"createTime":372,"updateTime":372,"relativeEntities":373,"slug":374,"properties":375,"entityType":131,"verifyStatus":389,"verifyTime":390,"verifyNote":391,"syncStatus":23,"languages":392,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":393,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":394,"publicationType":169,"publisherRelationship":496,"citationCount":529,"citationInfo":530,"publishDate":539,"publishYear":540,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":24,"openAccess":24,"references":541,"isForceReanalyzing":369},"c78c8bc4-2caf-44b6-a57d-43594fc03ac6","2024-09-19T23:53:20.951+00:00",[],"NsrR-targets-in-the-i-Escherichia-coli-i-genome-new-insights-into-DNA-sequence-requirements-for-binding-and-a-role-for-NsrR-in-the-regulation-of-motility",{"mag":376,"keywords":378,"openalex":379,"abstract":381,"title":383,"pm":385,"doi":387},{"VOID":377},"2101157833",{},{"VOID":380},"W2101157833",{"EN":382},"\u003Cjats:title>Summary\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>The \u003Cjats:italic>Escherichia coli\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> NsrR protein is a nitric oxide‐sensitive repressor of transcription. The NsrR‐binding site is predicted to comprise two copies of an 11 bp motif arranged as an inverted repeat with 1 bp spacing. By mutagenesis we confirmed that both 11 bp motifs are required for maximal NsrR repression of the \u003Cjats:italic>ytfE\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> promoter. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation and microarray analysis (ChIP‐chip) to show that NsrR binds to 62 sites close to the 5′ ends of genes. Analysis of the ChIP‐chip data suggested that a single 11 bp motif (with the consensus sequence AANATGCATTT) can function as an NsrR‐binding site \u003Cjats:italic>in vivo\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. NsrR binds to sites in the promoter regions of the \u003Cjats:italic>fliAZY\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, \u003Cjats:italic>fliLMNOPQR\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> and \u003Cjats:italic>mqsR‐ygiT\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> transcription units, which encode proteins involved in motility and biofilm development. Reporter fusion assays confirmed that NsrR negatively regulates the \u003Cjats:italic>fliA\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> and \u003Cjats:italic>fliL\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> promoters. A mutation in the predicted 11 bp NsrR‐binding site in the \u003Cjats:italic>fliA\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> promoter impaired repression by NsrR and prevented detectable binding \u003Cjats:italic>in vivo\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. Assays on soft‐agar confirmed that NsrR is a negative regulator of motility in \u003Cjats:italic>E. coli\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> K12 and in a uropathogenic strain; surface attachment assays revealed decreased levels of attached growth in the absence of NsrR.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":384},"NsrR targets in the \u003Ci>Escherichia coli\u003C\u002Fi> genome: new insights into DNA sequence requirements for binding and a role for NsrR in the regulation of motility",{"VOID":386},"19656291",{"VOID":388},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-2958.2009.06799.x","VERIFIED","2024-09-19T23:53:20.950+00:00","Auto Verify",[134],"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1365-2958.2009.06799.x",[395,426,452,474],{"id":396,"sortIndex":159,"researcher":24,"roles":397,"affiliations":398,"properties":421},"599ccf58-da92-41a8-9411-2d4bf1322711",[],[399,410],{"id":400,"sortIndex":159,"affiliation":401,"properties":24},"f0401c52-9987-45fc-9865-473bb47adb7a",{"id":402,"createTime":403,"updateTime":404,"relativeEntities":405,"slug":406,"properties":407,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25},"9df60e9f-4a71-4d71-88a6-a7209f845c6b","2024-04-17T08:41:04.162+00:00","2025-02-11T10:04:21.396+00:00",[],"Georgia-Institute-of-Technology",{"title":408},{"EN":409},"Georgia Institute of Technology",{"id":411,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":412,"properties":24},"fca61c00-6c6e-42b0-8beb-c11e19bf1636",{"id":413,"createTime":414,"updateTime":415,"relativeEntities":416,"slug":417,"properties":418,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25},"dd22cd94-784d-482c-ac96-35517754e7b4","2024-09-19T23:53:20.975+00:00","2024-12-26T02:17:47.100+00:00",[],"Eli-Lilly",{"title":419},{"EN":420},"Eli Lilly",{"openalex":422,"title":424},{"VOID":423},"A5025796283",{"EN":425},"Diane Bodenmiller",{"id":427,"sortIndex":206,"researcher":24,"roles":428,"affiliations":429,"properties":447},"e752b132-718e-42ab-a84b-779ecd0669cb",[],[430,436],{"id":431,"sortIndex":159,"affiliation":432,"properties":24},"a29d5955-cb04-4f2e-8641-7c23b3ffe07f",{"id":402,"createTime":403,"updateTime":404,"relativeEntities":433,"slug":406,"properties":434,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25},[],{"title":435},{"EN":409},{"id":437,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":438,"properties":24},"3215e411-cf2d-47e0-8528-ee1694467ba6",{"id":439,"createTime":440,"updateTime":441,"relativeEntities":442,"slug":443,"properties":444,"entityType":53,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"syncStatus":23,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25},"098e9b19-7125-453a-90e9-e670aea94cdd","2024-01-05T01:18:59.620+00:00","2025-06-11T22:29:50.116+00:00",[],"Centers-for-Disease-Control-and-Prevention",{"title":445},{"VI":446},"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",{"openalex":448,"title":450},{"VOID":449},"A5019614763",{"EN":451},"Michael S. 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lysis protein E‐mediated lysis of \u003Cjats:italic>Escherichia coli\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> is characterized by a protein E‐specific fusion of the inner and outer membrane and formation of a transmembrane tunnel structure. In order to understand the fusion process, the topology of protein E within the envelope complex of \u003Cjats:italic>E. coli\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> was investigated. Proteinase K protection studies showed that, during the time course of protein E‐mediated lysis process, more of the fusion protein E‐FXa‐streptavidin gradually became accessible to the protease at the cell surface. These observations postulate a conformational change in protein E during induction of the lysis process by movement of the C‐terminal end of the protein throughout the envelope complex from the inner side to the outer side spanning the entire pore and fusing the inner and outer membranes at distinct areas. The initiation mechanism for such a conformational change could be the \u003Cjats:italic>cis–trans\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> isomerization of proline residues within α‐helical membrane‐spanning segments. Conversion of proline 21, presumed to be in the membrane‐embedded α‐helix of protein E, to alanine, glycine, serine and valine, respectively, resulted in lysis‐negative E mutant proteins. Proteinase K accessibility studies using streptavidin as a reporter fused to the P21G mutant protein showed that the C‐terminal part of the fusion protein is not translocated to the outer side of the membrane, suggesting that this proline residue is essential for the correct folding of protein E within the cell wall complex of \u003Cjats:italic>E. coli\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. Oligomerization of protein P21G‐StrpA was not disturbed.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":745},"Proline 21, a residue within the α‐helical domain of ΦX174 lysis protein E, is required for its function in \u003Ci>Escherichia 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twin‐arginine translocation (Tat) system targets cofactor‐containing proteins across the \u003Cjats:italic>Escherichia coli\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> cytoplasmic membrane via distinct signal peptides bearing a twin‐arginine motif. In this study, we have analysed the mechanism and capabilities of the \u003Cjats:italic>E. coli\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> Tat system using green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the twin‐arginine signal peptide of TMAO reductase (TorA). Fractionation studies and fluorescence measurements demonstrate that GFP is exported to the periplasm where it is fully active. Export is almost totally blocked in \u003Cjats:italic>tat\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> deletion mutants, indicating that the observed export in wild‐type cells occurs predominantly, if not exclusively, by the Tat pathway. Imaging studies reveal a halo of fluorescence in wild‐type cells corresponding to the exported periplasmic form; the GFP is distributed uniformly throughout the cytoplasm in a \u003Cjats:italic>tat\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> mutant. Because previous work has shown GFP to be incapable of folding in the periplasm, we propose that GFP is exported in a fully folded, active state. 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Wild‐type β‐lactamase and several mutants in the signal or the mature protein, affecting either transport or enzyme kinetics and probably folding, were examined for total expression, total enzymatic activity, and transported β‐lactamase (\u003Cjats:italic>in vivo\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> resistance) in \u003Cjats:italic>secB\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sup>‐\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> and \u003Cjats:italic>secB\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sup>+\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> strains. 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