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A solid database is needed for the determination of the materials partial safety factor. Therefore, compressive strength tests were carried out with two types of earth blocks and two types of prefabricated earth mortar. The evaluation has shown that the mean variation of the compressive strength was remarkably less than expected, which indicates high quality standards of the components earth block and mortar with regard to industrial production. Using the reliability method, a partial safety factor for EBM subjected to compression was determined on the basis of these test results. The findings have shown that a common calculation method for EBM based on partial safety factors following the valid masonry construction standard is feasible.",{"EN":120},"Development of partial safety factors for earth block masonry",{"VOID":122},"[\"7061222824979096545\"]",{"VOID":124},"Lehm eV D (ed) (2009) Earthen construction rules. Definitions, building materials, building elements (Lehmbau Regeln. Begriffe, Baustoffe, Bauteile), 3., uberarb. Aufl, Wiesbaden, 2009\nEN 1996-1-1: 2005 + A1 (2012) Design of masonry structures—Part 1–1: general rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry structures (German version)\nMiccoli L, Garofano A, Fontana P, Müller U (2015) Experimental testing and finite element modelling of earth block masonry. Eng Struct 104:80–94\nDIN 18945 (2013) Earth blocks—terms and definitions, requirements, test methods\nDIN 18946 (2013) Earth masonry mortar—terms and definitions, requirements, test methods\nMiccoli L, Müller U, Fontana P (2014) Mechanical behaviour of earthen materials: a comparison between earth block masonry, rammed earth and cob. Constr Build Mater 61:327–339\nEN 772-1 (2011) Methods of test for masonry units—part 1: determination of compressive strength\nEN 1052-1 (1998) Methods of test for masonry—part 1: determination of compressive strength\nDIN EN 1990 (2010) Basis of structural design; German version EN 1990: 2002 + A1: 2005 + A1:2005\u002FAC\nDIN V 105-1 (1989) Clay bricks—Teil 1: solid and vertically perforated bricks\nRöhlen U, Ziegert C (2010) Earth building practice. Planning, design, building, vol 1. Aufl, Bauwerk, Berlin\nDIN 1169 (1947) Earth mortar for masonry and earth plaster [Lehmmörtel für Mauerwerk und Putz]\nDIN 18951 (1951) Part 1: earth buildings, rules of implementation [Blatt 1: Lehmbauten, Vorschriften für die Ausführung]\nDIN 4106 (1953) Wall thickness for residential construction [Wanddicken für Wohnungsbauten]\nDIN 18954 (1956) Implementation of earth buildings (Ausführung von Lehmbauten)\nDIN 18953 (1956) Earth for building, building elements made of earth (Baulehm, Lehmbauteile)\nDIN 18952 (1956) Methods of test for Earth (Prüfung von Baulehm)\nSpaethe G (1992) Safety of load-bearing structures (Die Sicherheit tragender Baukonstruktionen). 2, neubearb. Aufl, Springer, Wien\nSchueller G (1981) Introduction into safety and reliability of structures [Einführung in die Sicherheit und Zuverlässigkeit von Tragwerken]. Ernst, Berlin\nFischer L (2001) The new concept of safety in construction. A guideline for Engineers, architects and students [Das neue Sicherheitskonzept im Bauwesen. Ein Leitfaden für Bauingenieure, Architekten und Studenten]. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin\nGrunberg J (2004) Basis of structural design—concept of safety and design methods for structural engineering. Comments regarding DIN 1055-100 [Grundlagen der Tragwerksplanung—Sicherheitskonzept und Bemessungsregeln für den konstruktiven Ingenieurbau. Erläuterungen zu DIN 1055-100], vol 1. Aufl, Beuth Verlag, Berlin\nGlowienka S (2007) Structural reliability of masonry walls made of large format blocks. Probabilistic analysis of large format masonry made of sand-lime stone and aerated concrete with thin-bed-mortar [Zuverlässigkeit von Mauerwerkswänden aus großformatigen Steinen. Probabilistische Analyse von großformatigem Mauerwerk aus Kalksandstein und Porenbeton mit Dünnbettvermörtelung]. Aufl, Selbstverlag, Darmstadt\nJoint Committee on Structural Safety. Probabilistic model code. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.jcss.byg.dtu.dk\u002FPublications\u002FProbabilistic_Model_Code.aspx. Accessed December 2014\nKirtschig K, Meyer, J (1987) Reports from the Institute of Materials Research and Testing of the University Hannover, Magazine 54. Evaluation of compressive strength tests of masonry for the determination of permissible stresses and characteristic bearing capacities. Part 1: evaluation [Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Baustoffkunde und Materialprüfung der Universität Hannover, Heft 54. Auswertung von Mauerwerksversuchen zur Festlegung von zulässigen Spannungen und charakteristischen Mauerwerksdruckfestigkeiten. Teil 1: Auswertung]. Eigenverlag, Hannover\nKirtschig K, Meyer J (1987) Reports from the Institute of Materials Research and Testing of the University Hannover, Magazine 54. Evaluation of compressive strength tests of masonry for the determination of permissible stresses and characteristic bearing capacities. Part 2: results [Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Baustoffkunde und Materialprüfung der Universität Hannover, Heft 54. Auswertung von Mauerwerksversuchen zur Festlegung von zulässigen Spannungen und charakteristischen Mauerwerksdruckfestigkeiten. Teil 2: Zusammenstellung der Versuchsergebnisse]. Eigenverlag, Hannover\nKirtschig K, Meyer J (1988) Reports from the Institute of Materials Research and Testing of the University Hannover, Magazine 54. Evaluation of compressive strength tests of masonry for the determination of permissible stresses and characteristic bearing capacities. Part 3: further considerations [Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Baustoffkunde und Materialprüfung der Universität Hannover, Heft 54. Auswertung von Mauerwerksversuchen zur Festlegung von zulässigen Spannungen und charakteristischen Mauerwerksdruckfestigkeiten. Teil 3: Weitere Überlegungen]. Eigenverlag, Hannover\nStraub D (2010) Structural reliability and load assumptions. Part A: introduction [Zuverlässigkeit und Lastannahmen. Teil A, Einführung]. Skript, München\nMann W (1983) Compressive strength of masonry—statistical evaluation of experiments with power functions [Druckfestigkeit von Mauerwerk—Eine statistische Auswertung von Versuchsergebnissen in geschlossener Darstellung mithilfe von Potenzfunktionen]. Mauerwerk-Kalender, pp 687–699\nDIN 1053-1 (1996) Masonry part 1: structural design and wormanship [Mauerwerk Teil1: Berechnung und Ausführung]\nJager W, Marzahn G (2010) Masonry: design according to DIN 1053-100 [Mauerwerk: Bemessung nach DIN 1053-100]. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin\nDIN EN 1996-1-1\u002FNA. Design of masonry structures—Part 1–1: general rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry structures. German version. National Annex\nGraubner CA, Glowienka S (2008) Probabilistic analysis of load-reserve capacity of masonry structures for an economic design of structures under compression and bending loads [Probabilistisch fundierte Analyse von Tragreserven bei Mauerwerksgebäuden zur kostengünstigeren Bemessung von Druckgliedern und Biegebauteilen unter Eigenlast]. 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This paper investigates the possibilities of using polymer dispersions to overcome the difficulties of low elongation at break and possibly of the high stiffness of the cement matrix. Five different types of polymer dispersions have been studied and their influence on the strength, stiffness and shrinkage characteristics of polymer modified plain and fibre concretes has been investigated. The effects of dry, wet and dry-wet curing on these properties have been studied. It is shown that with proper selection of the type of polymer, modification of water content, and possible use of a defoaming agent, polymer dispersions can be used to advantage to improve the properties of fibre cement composites.",{"EN":371},"Some properties of fibre-polymer concrete systems",{"VOID":373},"[\"5933392753423688536\"]",{"VOID":375},"10.1007\u002FBF02473731","2024-04-28T23:58:49.478+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF02473731",[379,394],{"id":380,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":381,"affiliations":382,"properties":391},"2523f58e-1c52-461f-a302-f523035ac18c",[136],[383],{"id":384,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":385,"properties":18},"ca3b3bd4-2988-4127-bd0c-5b87d01d0274",{"id":384,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":386,"slug":18,"properties":387,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":390,"statistic":18},[],{"title":388},{"VI":389},"Department of Urban and Construction Studies, Preston Polytechnic, Preston",[],{"title":392},{"VI":393},"P. S. Mangat",{"id":395,"sortIndex":101,"researcher":18,"roles":396,"affiliations":397,"properties":406},"73fd97fd-f6b6-408b-af1a-65fe7eff9190",[136],[398],{"id":399,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":400,"properties":18},"0cad054e-be36-437c-b3e1-d400f6f8c427",{"id":399,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":401,"slug":18,"properties":402,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":405,"statistic":18},[],{"title":403},{"VI":404},"Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield",[],{"title":407},{"VI":408},"R. N. Swamy",{"url":377,"publisher":410,"properties":463},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":411,"slug":10,"properties":412,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":415,"manageAffiliations":432,"indexDatabases":443,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":458,"gsStatistic":18,"type":105,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":413,"title":414},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[416,420,424,428],{"id":22,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":417,"label":418,"description":419,"parentId":18,"standard":18,"scholarHubFieldId":18},[],{"EN":25},{},{"id":28,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":421,"label":422,"description":423,"parentId":18,"standard":18,"scholarHubFieldId":18},[],{"EN":31},{},{"id":34,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":425,"label":426,"description":427,"parentId":18,"standard":18,"scholarHubFieldId":18},[],{"EN":37},{},{"id":40,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":429,"label":430,"description":431,"parentId":18,"standard":18,"scholarHubFieldId":18},[],{"EN":43},{},[433,438],{"id":47,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":434,"slug":18,"properties":435,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":437,"statistic":18},[],{"title":436},{"EN":51},[53],{"id":55,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":439,"slug":18,"properties":440,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":442,"statistic":18},[],{"title":441},{"EN":59},[],[444,451],{"id":63,"indexDatabase":445,"url":18,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":450,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":65,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":446,"label":447,"description":448,"key":72,"publicationTags":449,"standard":18},[],{"EN":68,"VI":68},{"EN":70,"VI":71},[74,75],[77,78,79],{"id":81,"indexDatabase":452,"url":92,"indexYears":93,"academicFieldIds":457,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":83,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":453,"label":454,"description":455,"key":89,"publicationTags":456,"standard":18},[],{"EN":86,"VI":86},{"EN":86,"VI":88},[91],[95,96,97,98],{"impactFactor":19,"impactFactorByYear":459,"i10Index":19,"i10IndexLast5Year":19,"totalPublication":101,"totalPublicationByYear":460,"totalCitation":19,"totalCitationByYear":461,"totalCitationPerPublication":19,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":462,"hindexLast5Year":19,"hindex":19},{},{"1981":101},{},{},{"pages":464,"volume":466},{"VOID":465},"339-349",{"VOID":467},"10",{"total":260,"publishYear":469,"statisticByYear":470},1977,{"1981":101,"2007":101,"2008":101,"2016":101},"1977-11-01",[74],[474,480,483,486,489,492,495,498,504,507,510,513],{"id":475,"text":476,"url":477,"identifiers":478},"d6bfd8ba-438f-486b-a50f-6691a9b04d58","Swamy R. N.—Fibre reinforcement of cement and concrete. RILEM Materials and Structures, Vol. 8, No. 45, May–June 1975, pp. 235–254.","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002FBF02475172",{"doi":479},"10.1007\u002Fbf02475172",{"id":18,"text":481,"url":18,"identifiers":482},"De Vekey R. C.—The properties of polymer-modified cement pastes. Proceedings First International Conference on Polymer Concretes, London, May 1975, The Construction Press, 1976, pp. 97–104.",{},{"id":18,"text":484,"url":18,"identifiers":485},"Mangat P. S., Swamy R. N.—Properties of polymer modified plain and fibre reinforced concrete. Proceedings First International Conference on Polymer Concretes, London, May 1975, The Construction Press, 1976, pp. 296–299.",{},{"id":18,"text":487,"url":18,"identifiers":488},"Solomatov V. I.—Polymer-cement concretes and polymer concretes. Polimertsementnye betony i plast betony, 1967, English translation, AEC-tr-7 147, United States Atomic Energy Commission, 1970, p. 81.",{},{"id":18,"text":490,"url":18,"identifiers":491},"Neville A. M.—The failure of concrete compression test specimens, Civil Engineering and Public Works Review, Vol. 52, No. 613, July 1957, pp. 773–774.",{},{"id":18,"text":493,"url":18,"identifiers":494},"British Standards Institution.—Methods of testing concrete, BS 1881: Part 4: 1970, London, pp. 25.",{},{"id":18,"text":496,"url":18,"identifiers":497},"Zivica V.—The properties of cement paste with admixture of polyvinyl acetate emulsion. RILEM Symposium on Resin Concrete, Bulletin No. 28, September 1965, pp. 129–136.",{},{"id":499,"text":500,"url":501,"identifiers":502},"4c68646b-0035-4279-8000-0006b275d4fa","Hosek J.—Properties of cement mortars modified by polymer emulsion. J. Am. Conc. Inst., Vol. 63, No. 12, December 1966, pp. 1411–1423.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10440-022-00541-7",{"doi":503},"10.1007\u002Fs10440-022-00541-7",{"id":18,"text":505,"url":18,"identifiers":506},"Mills R. H.—Strength-maturity relationship for concrete which is allowed to dry. RILEM International Symposium on Concrete and Reinforced Concrete in Hot Countries, Haifa, 1960.",{},{"id":18,"text":508,"url":18,"identifiers":509},"Walker S., Bloem D. L.—Effects on curing and moisture distribution on measured strength of concrete. Proceedings Highway Research Board, Vol. 36, 1957, pp. 334–346.",{},{"id":18,"text":511,"url":18,"identifiers":512},"Ramakrishnan V., Ananthanarayana Y., Gopal K. C.—The determination of the tensile strength of concrete: a comparison of different methods. Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 41, May 1967, pp. 202–206.",{},{"id":499,"text":514,"url":501,"identifiers":515},"Swamy R. N., Mangat P. S.—Influence of fibre geometry on the properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, May 1974, pp. 451–465.",{"doi":503},{"id":517,"createTime":518,"updateTime":519,"relativeEntities":520,"slug":521,"properties":522,"entityType":127,"verifyStatus":128,"verifyTime":531,"verifyNote":130,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":532,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":533,"publicationType":196,"publisherRelationship":551,"citationCount":19,"citationInfo":610,"publishDate":613,"publishYear":611,"citationAnalyzeStatus":614,"lastCitationAnalyze":615,"indexDatabases":616,"openAccess":18,"references":617,"isForceReanalyzing":265},"f307374f-0112-48c5-8066-ae9a9eb22e9e","2024-01-12T13:12:19.358+00:00","2026-07-29T07:36:38.130+00:00",[],"Short-term-corrosion-rate-measurement-of-OPC-and-HPC-reinforced-concrete-specimens-by-electrochemical-techniques",{"abstract":523,"title":525,"gsPaper":527,"doi":529},{"EN":524},"This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation in which the applicability of Tafel plot and linear polarization techniques in short-term corrosion rate measurement of reinforcing bar in concrete has been evaluated. One hundred and four OPC and HPC concrete cylinders, fifty-two of each kind and each cylinder with a single embedded reinforcing bar, have been subjected to various controlled conditions, and the corrosion rate of each specimen has been monitored. Results indicate that sodium chloride concentration plays an effective role on the propagation of corrosion,i.e., the higher the NaCl concentration, the higher the corrosion rate.",{"EN":526},"Short-term corrosion rate measurement of OPC and HPC reinforced concrete specimens by electrochemical techniques",{"VOID":528},"[\"8664294906312507995\"]",{"VOID":530},"10.1007\u002FBF02482289","2024-05-05T04:04:46.620+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF02482289",[534],{"id":535,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":536,"affiliations":537,"properties":546},"987e2a09-5015-492f-969d-459d1b9a8d89",[136],[538],{"id":539,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":540,"properties":18},"36e6478a-7b09-4bd0-a5c3-4f7141c94e00",{"id":539,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":541,"slug":18,"properties":542,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":545,"statistic":18},[],{"title":543},{"VI":544},"School of Civil & Structural Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore",[],{"title":547,"gsAuthor":549},{"VI":548},"M. A. El-Gelany",{"VOID":550},"[\"_W--qDQAAAAJ\"]",{"url":532,"publisher":552,"properties":605},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":553,"slug":10,"properties":554,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":557,"manageAffiliations":574,"indexDatabases":585,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":600,"gsStatistic":18,"type":105,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":555,"title":556},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[558,562,566,570],{"id":22,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":559,"label":560,"description":561,"parentId":18,"standard":18,"scholarHubFieldId":18},[],{"EN":25},{},{"id":28,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":563,"label":564,"description":565,"parentId":18,"standard":18,"scholarHubFieldId":18},[],{"EN":31},{},{"id":34,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":567,"label":568,"description":569,"parentId":18,"standard":18,"scholarHubFieldId":18},[],{"EN":37},{},{"id":40,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":571,"label":572,"description":573,"parentId":18,"standard":18,"scholarHubFieldId":18},[],{"EN":43},{},[575,580],{"id":47,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":576,"slug":18,"properties":577,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":579,"statistic":18},[],{"title":578},{"EN":51},[53],{"id":55,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":581,"slug":18,"properties":582,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":584,"statistic":18},[],{"title":583},{"EN":59},[],[586,593],{"id":63,"indexDatabase":587,"url":18,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":592,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":65,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":588,"label":589,"description":590,"key":72,"publicationTags":591,"standard":18},[],{"EN":68,"VI":68},{"EN":70,"VI":71},[74,75],[77,78,79],{"id":81,"indexDatabase":594,"url":92,"indexYears":93,"academicFieldIds":599,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":83,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":595,"label":596,"description":597,"key":89,"publicationTags":598,"standard":18},[],{"EN":86,"VI":86},{"EN":86,"VI":88},[91],[95,96,97,98],{"impactFactor":19,"impactFactorByYear":601,"i10Index":19,"i10IndexLast5Year":19,"totalPublication":101,"totalPublicationByYear":602,"totalCitation":19,"totalCitationByYear":603,"totalCitationPerPublication":19,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":604,"hindexLast5Year":19,"hindex":19},{},{"1981":101},{},{},{"pages":606,"volume":608},{"VOID":607},"426-432",{"VOID":609},"34",{"total":19,"publishYear":611,"statisticByYear":612},2001,{},"2001-08-01","DONE_ANALYZE_CITATION","2026-07-29T07:36:38.129+00:00",[91,74],[618,624,627,633,636,639,645,648,651,657,660,663,666,669,672,675,678,681,684,687,690,693],{"id":619,"text":620,"url":621,"identifiers":622},"5dc54b1f-7982-41b7-9b62-ab772823c97e","Lockington, D., Parlange, J.-Y. and Dux, P., ‘Sorptivity and the estimation of water penetration into unsaturated concrete’,Mater. Struct. 32 (June 1999) 342–347.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF02479625",{"doi":623},"10.1007\u002FBF02479625",{"id":499,"text":625,"url":501,"identifiers":626},"Verbeck, J., ‘Mechanisms of corrosion of steel in concrete’, Corrosion of Metals in Concrete, SP-49, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1975, 21–38.",{"doi":503},{"id":628,"text":629,"url":630,"identifiers":631},"4d807552-d8eb-4e65-8ed9-7a64c3875d87","Hansson, C. M., ‘Comments on electrochemical measurements of the rate of corrosion of steel in concrete’,Cement and Concrete Research 14 (4) (July 1984) 574–584.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F0008884684901352",{"doi":632},"10.1016\u002F0008-8846(84)90135-2",{"id":499,"text":634,"url":501,"identifiers":635},"Hansson, I. L. H. and Hansson, C. M., ‘Electrical resistivity measurements of Portland cement based materials’,Cement and Concrete Research 13 (5) (Sept. 1983) 675–683.",{"doi":503},{"id":499,"text":637,"url":501,"identifiers":638},"Whittington, H. W., McCarter, J. and Forde, M. C., ‘The conduction of electricity through concrete’,Magazine of Concrete Research (London)33 (114) (Mar. 1981) 48–60.",{"doi":503},{"id":640,"text":641,"url":642,"identifiers":643},"1507f129-4bd1-4b03-872f-35427d036601","Hansson, I. L. H. and Hansson, C. M., ‘Ion-conduction in cement-based materials’,Cement and Concrete Research 15 (2) (Mar. 1985) 201–212.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F0008884685900316",{"doi":644},"10.1016\u002F0008-8846(85)90031-6",{"id":499,"text":646,"url":501,"identifiers":647},"Stratful, R. F., ‘Criteria for cathodic protection of bridge decks’, Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete construction, Society of Chemical Industry\u002FEllis Horwood Ltd., London, 1983, pp. 287–331.",{"doi":503},{"id":499,"text":649,"url":501,"identifiers":650},"Maslehhuddin, M., Al-Mana, A., Saricimen, H. and Shamim, M., ‘Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete-containing slag or pozzolans’,Cement, Concrete and Aggregates 12 (1) (Summer 1990) 24–33.",{"doi":503},{"id":652,"text":653,"url":654,"identifiers":655},"859f1374-b4e5-4351-9605-aa3bca278f37","Gonzalez, J. A., Molina, A., Escudero, M. L. and Andrade, C., ‘Errors in the electrochemical evaluation of very small corrosion rates-I. Polarization resistance method applied to corrosion of steel in concrete’,Corrosion Science 25 (10) (Oct. 1985) 917–930.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F0010938X85900216",{"doi":656},"10.1016\u002F0010-938x(85)90021-6",{"id":499,"text":658,"url":501,"identifiers":659},"Gonzalez, J. A., Molina, A., Escudero, M. L. and Andrade, C., ‘Errors in the electrochemical evaluation of very small corrosion rates-II. Other electrochemical techniques applied to corrosion of steel in concrete’,Corrosion Science 25 (7) (July 1985) 519–530.",{"doi":503},{"id":499,"text":661,"url":501,"identifiers":662},"Al-Tayyib, A. and Khan, M. ‘Corrosion rate measurement of reinforcing steel in concrete by electrochemical techniques’,ACI 85 (3) (May–June 1988) 172–177.",{"doi":503},{"id":499,"text":664,"url":501,"identifiers":665},"Dean, S. W. Jr., ‘Electrochemical methods of corrosion testing’, Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, 1977, 52–60.",{"doi":503},{"id":18,"text":667,"url":18,"identifiers":668},"Stern, M. and Geary, A. L., ‘Electrochemical polarization, No. 1 Theoretical analysis of the shape of polarization curves’,Journal of Electrochemical Society 104 (1) (Jan. 1957) 56.",{},{"id":18,"text":670,"url":18,"identifiers":671},"Mansfeld, F., ‘Polarization resistance measurement— Experimental procedure and evaluation of data’, Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion, National Association of Corrosion Engneers, Houston, 1977, 18–26.",{},{"id":18,"text":673,"url":18,"identifiers":674},"Schiessl, P. and Raupach, N., ‘Influence of blending agents on the rate of corrosion of steel in concrete’, 2nd International Seminar, Swedish Council for Building Research, 1989, 205–214.",{},{"id":499,"text":676,"url":501,"identifiers":677},"Ellis, W. E. Jr., Rigg, E. H. and Butler, W. B., ‘Comparative results of utilization of fly ash, silica fume and GGBFS in reducing the chloride permeability of concrete’, SP-126 (American Concrete Institute), Detroit, MI, 1991, 443–458.",{"doi":503},{"id":499,"text":679,"url":501,"identifiers":680},"Al-Amoudi, O. S. B.et al., ‘Prediction of long term corrosion resistance of plain and blended cement concretes’,ACI Mater. J. 90 (1993) 564–571.",{"doi":503},{"id":18,"text":682,"url":18,"identifiers":683},"Stuvo, ‘Concrete in hot countries’, Report (Stuvo, Dutch member group of FIP), The Netherlands, 1986, 8–12.",{},{"id":18,"text":685,"url":18,"identifiers":686},"Hobbs, D. W., ‘Chloride ingress and chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced concrete members’, Proceedings of a Conference on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Construction, Cambridge, 1988, 124–135.",{},{"id":499,"text":688,"url":501,"identifiers":689},"Costa, A. and Appleton, J., ‘Chloride penetration into concrete in marine environment—Part I: Main parameters affecting chloride penetration’,Mater. Struct. 32 (May 1999) 252–259.",{"doi":503},{"id":18,"text":691,"url":18,"identifiers":692},"Imam, T. I., ‘Corrosion prevention for steel reinforcement of concrete’, M.Sc. Thesis, Ain Shames University, Egypt, June 1989.",{},{"id":499,"text":694,"url":501,"identifiers":695},"Tuutti, K., ‘Service life of structures with regard to corrosion of embedded steel’, Performance of Concrete in Marine Environment, ACI SP-65, Detroit, 1985, 223–236.",{"doi":503},{"id":697,"createTime":698,"updateTime":699,"relativeEntities":700,"slug":701,"properties":702,"entityType":127,"verifyStatus":128,"verifyTime":713,"verifyNote":130,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":714,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":715,"publicationType":196,"publisherRelationship":761,"citationCount":819,"citationInfo":820,"publishDate":825,"publishYear":611,"citationAnalyzeStatus":614,"lastCitationAnalyze":826,"indexDatabases":827,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":265},"4b0fafa8-f3c6-4fa3-8112-4b14b9c0430a","2024-01-26T10:02:27.083+00:00","2026-07-26T01:39:12.521+00:00",[],"Cement-matrix-2-2-piezoelectric-composite-Part-1-Sensory-effect",{"abstract":703,"title":705,"gsPaper":707,"references":709,"doi":711},{"EN":704},"Experimental results of the sensory effect of a cement matrix 2-2 piezoelectric composite are presented. The purpose of the research is to develop a self-sensing actuator exclusively for use in intelligent structures in the civil engineering field. The composite was fabricated by casting cement-based mortar into a series of pre-arranged piezoelectric thin plates. Different from most research work on piezoelectric materials, the current research focuses on the electromechanical properties and mechanical properties of the piezoelectric composite at relatively low frequencies (0.1 to 50 Hz) due to the special requirements for intelligent structures in the civil engineering field. In this frequency range, linear elastic behavior was observed for the composite. Viscosity or hysteresis, which often exists in some polymer matrix piezoelectric composites, was not observed. A complex math form was adopted to characterize the piezoelectric coefficients. It was found that the magnitude of the composite piezoelectric coefficients exhibited a linear dependency on the frequency, while the phase had an asymptotic dependency on the frequency. In the load range used, no dependency of the piezoelectric coefficients on load level was found for the composite.",{"EN":706},"Cement matrix 2-2 piezoelectric composite— Part 1. Sensory effect",{"VOID":708},"[\"998459620800061405\"]",{"VOID":710},"Chang, F. K., (ed.), ‘Structural Health Monitoring 2000’, Technomic Publishing Co. Inc. Lancester, Pennsylvania, 1999.\nTzou, H.-S. and Guran, A., (Eds.), ‘Structronics Systems: Smart Structures, Devices and Systems (Parts I & II)’, World Scientific, Singapore, 1998.\nAizawa, S., Kakizawa, T. and Higasino, M., ‘Case studies of smart materials for civil structures’,Smart materials and structures 7 (5) (1998) 617–626.\nBanks, H. T., Smith, R. C. and Wang, Y., ‘Smart material structures: modeling, estimation, and control’, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996.\nGeorge, E. P., Gotthardt, R., Otsuka, K., Trolier-McKinstry, S. and Wun-Fogle, M., (Eds.), Materials for smart systems II, Symposium proceedings of Materials Research Society, Vol. 459, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1997.\nTao, B., ‘Smart\u002FIntelligent Materials and Structures’, Defense Industry Press, Beijing, 1997. (In Chinese).\nXu, Y., ‘Ferroelectric materials and their applications’, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991.\nFurukawa, T., ‘Piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity in polymers’,IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,24 (3) (1989) 375–394.\nOkazaki, K., ‘Developments in fabrication of piezoelectric ceramics’, in ‘Piezoelectricity’, Edited by G. W. Taylor, J. J. Gagnepain, T. R. Meeker, T. Nakamura and L. A. Shuvalov, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Switzerland, 1985, 131–150.\nBanno, H., ‘Recent developments of piezoelectric composites in Japan’, in ‘Advanced Ceramics’, Edited by S. Saito, Oxford University Press, 1988, 8–26.\nSafari, A., Sa-gong, G., Giniewicz, J. and Newnham, R. E., ‘Composites piezoelectric sensors’ in ‘Piezoelectricity’, Edited by C. Z. Rosen, B. V. Hiremath and R. Newnham, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD, 1992, 195–204.\nLatour, M., Jolivet, S., Rahmoune, M., Lagarrigue, O. and Roure, A., ‘Piezopolymer transducers in the active control of vibrations’, in Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Electrets, 1994, 985–990.\nGururaja, T. R., Safari, A., Newnham, R. E. and Cross, L. E., ‘Piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composites for transducer applications’, in ‘Electronic ceramics: properties, devices, and applications’, Edited by L. M. Levinson and Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987, 92–128.\nSmith, W. A., ‘The application of 1–3 piezocomposites in acoustic transducers’, in Proceedings of 1990 IEEE 7th International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics, Edited by S. B. Krupanidhi and S. K. Kurtz, 1990, 145–152.\nTaylor, H. F. W., ‘Cement chemistry’, Academic Press, London, 1990.\nNeville, A. M., ‘Properties of concrete’, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.\nLi, Z.-J., Zhang, D. and Wu, K.-R., ‘Cement-based 0–3 piezoelectric composites’, Submitted toJournal of the American Ceramic Society.\nGarcia, E. and Jones, L. D., ‘Self-sensing control applied to smart material systems’, in ‘Structronic system: Smart structures, Devices & Systems, Part I’, edited by A. Guran, H.-S. Tzou, G. L. Anderson and M. Natori, World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore, 1998, 37–60.\nMarra, S. P., Ramesh, K. T. and Douglas, A. S., ‘The mechanical and electromechanical properties of calcium-modified lead titanate\u002Fpoly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) 0–3 composites’,Smart Materials and Structures 8 (1) 57–63 (1999).",{"VOID":712},"10.1007\u002FBF02486500","2024-06-24T08:06:52.951+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF02486500",[716,733,748],{"id":717,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":718,"affiliations":719,"properties":728},"244a3fcd-06f8-4943-a347-f93911d9eb27",[136],[720],{"id":721,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":722,"properties":18},"cc10de4d-1679-4a6c-9430-be9eaa224159",{"id":721,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":723,"slug":18,"properties":724,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":727,"statistic":18},[],{"title":725},{"VI":726},"Department of Civil Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, P. R. China",[],{"title":729,"gsAuthor":731},{"VI":730},"Z. J. Li",{"VOID":732},"[\"_HzYsAgAAAAJ\"]",{"id":734,"sortIndex":101,"researcher":18,"roles":735,"affiliations":736,"properties":745},"1f1732e1-7afc-47c2-8cea-e2574cf75cd6",[136],[737],{"id":738,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":739,"properties":18},"0c649be3-302f-432b-ad1c-a31be9059bb8",{"id":738,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":740,"slug":18,"properties":741,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":744,"statistic":18},[],{"title":742},{"VI":743},"State Key Laboratory of Concrete Materials Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China",[],{"title":746},{"VI":747},"D. Zhang",{"id":749,"sortIndex":168,"researcher":18,"roles":750,"affiliations":751,"properties":758},"2a728289-544b-4a01-9e54-8f649dbbd7ae",[136],[752],{"id":738,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":753,"properties":18},{"id":738,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":754,"slug":18,"properties":755,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":757,"statistic":18},[],{"title":756},{"VI":743},[],{"title":759},{"VI":760},"K. R. Wu",{"url":714,"publisher":762,"properties":815},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":763,"slug":10,"properties":764,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":767,"manageAffiliations":784,"indexDatabases":795,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":810,"gsStatistic":18,"type":105,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":765,"title":766},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[768,772,776,780],{"id":22,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":769,"label":770,"description":771,"parentId":18,"standard":18,"scholarHubFieldId":18},[],{"EN":25},{},{"id":28,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":773,"label":774,"description":775,"parentId":18,"standard":18,"scholarHubFieldId":18},[],{"EN":31},{},{"id":34,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":777,"label":778,"description":779,"parentId":18,"standard":18,"scholarHubFieldId":18},[],{"EN":37},{},{"id":40,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":781,"label":782,"description":783,"parentId":18,"standard":18,"scholarHubFieldId":18},[],{"EN":43},{},[785,790],{"id":47,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":786,"slug":18,"properties":787,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":789,"statistic":18},[],{"title":788},{"EN":51},[53],{"id":55,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":791,"slug":18,"properties":792,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":794,"statistic":18},[],{"title":793},{"EN":59},[],[796,803],{"id":63,"indexDatabase":797,"url":18,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":802,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":65,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":798,"label":799,"description":800,"key":72,"publicationTags":801,"standard":18},[],{"EN":68,"VI":68},{"EN":70,"VI":71},[74,75],[77,78,79],{"id":81,"indexDatabase":804,"url":92,"indexYears":93,"academicFieldIds":809,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":83,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":805,"label":806,"description":807,"key":89,"publicationTags":808,"standard":18},[],{"EN":86,"VI":86},{"EN":86,"VI":88},[91],[95,96,97,98],{"impactFactor":19,"impactFactorByYear":811,"i10Index":19,"i10IndexLast5Year":19,"totalPublication":101,"totalPublicationByYear":812,"totalCitation":19,"totalCitationByYear":813,"totalCitationPerPublication":19,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":814,"hindexLast5Year":19,"hindex":19},{},{"1981":101},{},{},{"pages":816,"volume":818},{"VOID":817},"506-512",{"VOID":609},105,{"total":819,"publishYear":611,"statisticByYear":821},{"2002":182,"2003":168,"2004":261,"2005":261,"2006":822,"2007":823,"2008":182,"2009":182,"2010":168,"2011":260,"2012":260,"2013":101,"2014":182,"2015":182,"2016":261,"2017":823,"2018":824,"2019":260,"2020":260,"2021":260,"2022":823,"2023":823,"2024":261,"2025":261},7,6,9,"2001-10-01","2026-07-26T01:39:12.520+00:00",[91,74],{"id":829,"createTime":830,"updateTime":831,"relativeEntities":832,"slug":833,"properties":834,"entityType":127,"verifyStatus":128,"verifyTime":845,"verifyNote":130,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":846,"fullTextUrl":847,"authors":848,"publicationType":196,"publisherRelationship":1106,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":1167,"publishYear":1168,"citationAnalyzeStatus":1169,"lastCitationAnalyze":1170,"indexDatabases":1171,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":265},"919ae4aa-9478-46b3-8165-137e58090678","2024-01-29T19:03:08.734+00:00","2026-07-23T13:30:16.905+00:00",[],"Long-term-field-exposure-of-structural-concretes-in-marine-environment-state-of-the-art-review-by-RILEM-TC-289-DCM",{"abstract":835,"title":837,"gsPaper":839,"references":841,"doi":843},{"EN":836},"This paper reviews the technical aspects related to the long-term field exposure practice in marine environments, based on the return of experiences of major marine exposure sites in world-wide scope. The long-term exposure practice helps both the research on durability mechanisms of structural concretes under real environments and the calibration of durability models to support the life-cycle management of concrete structures. The presentation of the field exposure data can be categorized into the information relevant to exposure sites, the data related to the exposed materials and specimens, the information of environmental actions, and the data related to the performance of materials. A standardized presentation of these data can help the efficiency of data sharing and exploitation. The exploitation of exposure data employs various models to represent the chloride ingress and the induced corrosion risk of the embedded steel bars. There are needs for models addressing the strong environment-material interactions, and simple yet reliable durability indicators for engineering use. The design and operation of exposure stations need the careful choice of exposure sites and specimens, the appropriate scheme for monitoring and inspection of exposed specimens, the systematic recording and management of exposure data, and the regular maintenance of exposure facilities. The support of exposure data for life-cycle management is demonstrated through the durability planning of a real project case. The good practice of long-term field exposure is summarized in the end.",{"EN":838},"Long-term field exposure of structural concretes in marine environment: state-of-the-art review by RILEM TC 289-DCM",{"VOID":840},"[]",{"VOID":842},"Li KF (2016) Durability design of concrete structure: phenomena, modeling, and practice. John Wiley & Sons, London\nAlexander MG (2016) Marine concrete structures, design, durability and performance. 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Road Mater Pavement Design 5(sup1):107–131. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F14680629.2004.9689990",{"doi":1426},"10.1080\u002F14680629.2004.9689990",{"id":18,"text":1428,"url":18,"identifiers":1429},"Rowe GM, King G, Anderson M (2014) The influence of binder rheology on the cracking of asphalt mixes in airport and highway projects. J Test Eval 42(5):1063–1072. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1520\u002FJTE20130245",{"doi":1430},"10.1520\u002FJTE20130245",{"id":18,"text":1432,"url":18,"identifiers":1433},"Simeone O (2018) A brief introduction to machine learning for engineers. Found Trends Signal Process 12(3–4):200–431. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1561\u002F2000000102",{"doi":1434},"10.1561\u002F2000000102",{"id":18,"text":1436,"url":18,"identifiers":1437},"Bowne-Anderson HD (2021) Supervised learning with Scikit-Learn [Online] (2021). https:\u002F\u002Flearn.datacamp.com\u002Fcourses\u002Fsupervised-learning-with-scikit-learn. Accessed on 12 May 2021",{},{"id":18,"text":1439,"url":18,"identifiers":1440},"Mehta P, Bukov M, Wang CH, Day AGR, Richardson C, Fisher CK, Schwab DJ (2019) A high-bias, low-variance introduction to machine learning for physicists. Phys Rep 810:1–124. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.physrep.2019.03.001",{"doi":1441},"10.1016\u002Fj.physrep.2019.03.001",{"id":18,"text":1443,"url":18,"identifiers":1444},"Simeone O (2018) A brief introduction to machine learning for engineers. arXiv preprint 3, 1–231.  arXiv:1709.02840v3",{"doi":1445},"10.1561\u002F9781680834734",{"id":18,"text":1447,"url":18,"identifiers":1448},"Bellman RE, Lee E (1984) History and development of dynamic programming. IEEE Control Syst Mag 4(4):24–28",{"doi":1449},"10.1109\u002FMCS.1984.1104824",{"id":18,"text":1451,"url":18,"identifiers":1452},"Scikit-Learn 2020 User guide: Scikit-Learn 0.24.2 Documentation [Online] (2020). https:\u002F\u002Fscikit-learn.org\u002Fstable\u002Fuser_guide.html. Accessed on 14 May 2021",{},{"id":18,"text":1454,"url":18,"identifiers":1455},"De Breuck P-P, Hautier G, Rignanese G-M (2020) Machine Learning Materials Properties for Small Datasets. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2004.14766v2",{},{"id":18,"text":1457,"url":18,"identifiers":1458},"Cawley GC, Talbot NLC, Guyon I, Saffari A (2007) Preventing over-fitting during model selection via Bayesian regularisation of the hyper-parameters. J Mach Learn Res 8(4):841–861",{},{"id":18,"text":1460,"url":18,"identifiers":1461},"Leiva RG, Anta AF, Mancuso V, Casari P (2019) A novel hyperparameter-free approach to decision tree construction that avoids overfitting by design. IEEE Access 7:99978–99987. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1109\u002FACCESS.2019.2930235",{"doi":1462},"10.1109\u002FACCESS.2019.2930235",{"id":18,"text":1464,"url":18,"identifiers":1465},"Fitzgerald J, Muhammad R, Azad A, Conor R (2013) A bootstrapping approach to reduce over-fitting in genetic programming. In: Proceedings of the 15th annual conference companion on genetic and evolutionary computation, pp 1113–1120",{"doi":1466},"10.1145\u002F2464576.2482690",{"id":18,"text":1468,"url":18,"identifiers":1469},"Zhang Y, Ling C (2018) A strategy to apply machine learning to small datasets in materials science. Comput Mater 4(1):1–8. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fs41524-018-0081-z",{"doi":1470},"10.1038\u002Fs41524-018-0081-z",{"id":18,"text":1472,"url":18,"identifiers":1473},"Zhang M, Cheng W, Wang Y (2018) Multiple-fault classification for hot-mix asphalt production by machine learning. J Constr Eng Manag 144(5):04018024. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1061\u002F(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001470",{"doi":1474},"10.1061\u002F(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001470",{"id":18,"text":1476,"url":18,"identifiers":1477},"TG1 (2007) Technical guideline: the use of modified bituminous binders in road construction.",{},{"id":18,"text":1479,"url":18,"identifiers":1480},"SANS 4001 (2016) Part BT1: penetration grade bitumen. South African National Standard",{},{"id":18,"text":1482,"url":18,"identifiers":1483},"ASTM D 6921, (2008) Standard Practice for Accelerated Aging of Asphalt Binder Using a Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV). American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, pp 1–6. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1520\u002FD6521-08",{"doi":1484},"10.1520\u002FD6521-08",{"id":18,"text":1486,"url":18,"identifiers":1487},"EN-12697-3 (2013) Part 3: bitumen recovery: rotary evaporator. Bituminous mixtures—test methods for hot mix asphalt",{},{"id":18,"text":1489,"url":18,"identifiers":1490},"Goosen ES, Jenkins KJ (2019) Extraction and recovery of bituminous binders from chip seal samples. In: 12th Conference on asphalt pavements for Southern Africa, pp 277–298",{},{"id":18,"text":1492,"url":18,"identifiers":1493},"Mturi G, O’Connell JO, Zoorob SE (2011) Investigating the rheological characteristics of South African road bitumens. In: 10th Conference on asphalt pavements for Southern Africa, pp 149–187",{},{"id":18,"text":1495,"url":18,"identifiers":1496},"ASTM D 7643, (2016) Standard practice for determining the continuous grading temperatures and continuous grades for PG graded asphalt binders. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1520\u002FD7643",{"doi":1497},"10.1520\u002FD7643",{"id":18,"text":1499,"url":18,"identifiers":1500},"Rowe GM, Sharrock MJ (2011) Alternate shift factor relationship for describing temperature dependency of viscoelastic behavior of asphalt materials. Transp Res Rec 2207(1):125–135. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3141\u002F2207-16",{"doi":1501},"10.3141\u002F2207-16",{"id":18,"text":1503,"url":18,"identifiers":1504},"Engelbrecht F (2018) Age-related performance of typical seal binders in South Africa. Master’s thesis, Stellenbosch University, Stelenbosch. Available at https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.sun.ac.za",{},{"id":1506,"createTime":1507,"updateTime":1508,"relativeEntities":1509,"slug":1510,"properties":1511,"entityType":127,"verifyStatus":128,"verifyTime":1522,"verifyNote":130,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":1523,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":1524,"publicationType":196,"publisherRelationship":1572,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":1631,"publishYear":1632,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":1633,"indexDatabases":1634,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":265},"7e5be339-ba3c-4add-8162-bf6a8aac8895","2023-12-28T02:46:10.501+00:00","2026-07-20T22:11:27.015+00:00",[],"Relationship-between-fracture-parameters-from-two-parameter-fracture-model-and-from-size-effect-model",{"abstract":1512,"title":1514,"gsPaper":1516,"references":1518,"doi":1520},{"EN":1513},"This paper studies the relationship between the two parameter fracture model and the size effect model. An equivalency between two models is first established based on infinitely large size specimens. Based on this equivalency, relationships between material fracture parameters (K\n\n                Ic\n                s\n              , CTODc) and (G\nf, cf) are derived. Using these relationships, values of (K\n\n                Ic\n                s\n              , CTODc) and (G\nf, cf) can be predicted from each other. It is found that the relationship betweenCTOD\nc andc\nf theoretically depends on both specimen geometry and initial crack length. However this dependency is numerically insignificant, except for tensile plate with a short center notch. The obtained results may explain why both the two parameter fracture model and the size effect model can reasonably predict fracture behavior of quasi-brittle materials.",{"EN":1515},"Relationship between fracture parameters from two parameter fracture model and from size effect model",{"VOID":1517},"[\"13986916887825496558\"]",{"VOID":1519},"Hillerborg, A., Modeer, M. and Peterson, P.E., ‘Analysis of Crack Formation and Crack Growth in Concrete by Means of Fracture Mechanics and Finite Elements,’Cement and Concrete Research, V 6, No. 6, (1976), 773–782.\nBažant, Z.P., Oh, B.H., ‘Crack Band Theory for Fracture of Concrete,’Materials and Structures,16 (1983), 155–177.\nJenq, Y.S. and Shah, S.P., ‘A Two Parameter Fracture Model for Concrete,’Journal Engineering Mechanics,111, 4, (1985), 1227–1241.\nBažant, Z.P. and Kazemi, M.T., ‘Determination of Fracture Energy, Process Zone Length and Brittleness Number from Size Effect, with Application to Rock and Concrete,’International Journal of Fracture,44, 2 (1990), 111–131.\nNallathambi, P. and Karihaloo, B.L., ‘Determination of Specimen-Size Independent Toughness of Plain Concrete,’Magazine of Concrete Research,38, 135, (1986), 67–76.\nSwartz, S.E. and Refai, T.M.E., ‘Influence of Size Effects on Opening Mode Fracture Parameters for Precracked Concrete Beams in Bending,’ Fracture of Concrete and Rock, Springer-Verlag, New York, (1988), 243–254.\nRILEM Committee on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete-Test Methods, ‘Determination of the Fracture of Mortar and Concrete by Means of Three-Point Bend Tests on Notched Beams,’Materials and Structures,18, 106, (1985), 285–290.\nRILEM Committee on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete-Test Methods, ‘Determination of the Fracture Parameters (K sIc andCTOD c) of Plain Concrete Using Three-Point Bend Tests,’Materials and Structures,23, 138, (1990), 457–460.\nRILEM Committee on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete-Test Methods, ‘Size-effect Method for Determining Fracture Energy and Process Zone Size of Concrete,’ Materials and Structures, 23, (1990), 461–465.\nElices, M. and Planas, J., ‘Size Effect and Experimental Validation of Fracture Models,’ Analysis of Concrete by Fracture Mechanics, edited by Elfgren, L. and Shah, S.P., Chapman and Hall, London, (1991), 99–127.\nBažant, Z.P., Gettu, R. and Kazemi, M.T., ‘Identification of Nonlinear Fracture Properties from Size Effect Tests and Structural Analysis Based on Geometry-Dependent R-Curves,’International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mineral Science,28, 1, (1991), 43–51.\nTada, H., Paris, P.C. and Irwin, G.R., ‘The Stress Analysis of Cracks Handbook,’ 2nd Ed., Paris Productions, St. louis, USA, (1985).\nKarihaloo, B.L. and Nallathambi, P., ‘Notched Beam Test: Mode I Fracture Toughness,’ Fracture Mechanics Test Method for Concrete, RILEM Report 5, Edited by Shah, S.P. and Carpinteri, A., Chapman and Hall, London, (1991), 1–86.\nBažant, Z.P. and Pfeiffer, P.A., ‘Determination of Fracture Energy from Size Effect and Brittleness Number,’ACI Materials Journal,84, 6, (1987), 463–480.",{"VOID":1521},"10.1007\u002FBF02486197","2024-06-26T18:21:45.452+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF02486197",[1525,1540,1555],{"id":1526,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":1527,"affiliations":1528,"properties":1537},"2b58da28-bfdf-4490-be9d-e7da0ef0f511",[136],[1529],{"id":1530,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1531,"properties":18},"6e710991-8b22-4dbb-a5c9-6238f72db5bb",{"id":1530,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1532,"slug":18,"properties":1533,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1536,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1534},{"VI":1535},"Iowa Department of Transportation, Ames, USA",[],{"title":1538},{"VI":1539},"Chengsheng Ouyang",{"id":1541,"sortIndex":101,"researcher":18,"roles":1542,"affiliations":1543,"properties":1552},"781d374b-2ebf-42ff-a1d6-fb9e5946ea41",[136],[1544],{"id":1545,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1546,"properties":18},"6d432c0f-a774-4a50-887c-ee1af206d07f",{"id":1545,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1547,"slug":18,"properties":1548,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1551,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1549},{"VI":1550},"Texas Transportation Institute, The Texas A. & M. University System, College Station, USA",[],{"title":1553},{"VI":1554},"Tianxi Tang",{"id":1556,"sortIndex":168,"researcher":18,"roles":1557,"affiliations":1558,"properties":1567},"16af90ed-9c2a-4133-bc11-3d73d23c88dc",[136],[1559],{"id":1560,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1561,"properties":18},"df0d0dbe-d77f-41fc-b393-7ff7fa4ed93c",{"id":1560,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1562,"slug":18,"properties":1563,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1566,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1564},{"VI":1565},"NSF Center for Advanced Cement-Based Materials, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA",[],{"title":1568,"gsAuthor":1570},{"VI":1569},"Surendra P. 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Édition didactique et pédagogique, Bucarest, 1975.\nTiteiu, O., Andries, I., Enculescu, M.—Les études et les recherches des matières premières, ciment d'anhydrite, ciment expansif. Section des liants, ICMPC, 1954, 1970.\nVoina, N. I., Migioiu, D.—La chimie et les matériaux et constructions. Édition didactique et pédagogique, Bucarest, 1969.\nLea, F. M.—The chemistry of cement and concrete. Edward Arnold, Publischers, 1970.",{"VOID":1649},"10.1007\u002FBF02478703","2024-05-12T13:45:00.436+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF02478703",[1653],{"id":1654,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":1655,"affiliations":1656,"properties":1665},"6dd1cfaa-0a22-4c38-ad36-3fa3ef0d732a",[136],[1657],{"id":1658,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1659,"properties":18},"57c84e7f-1b70-46c6-9782-3bd1e47e47fb",{"id":1658,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":1660,"slug":18,"properties":1661,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":1664,"statistic":18},[],{"title":1662},{"VI":1663},"ICPILA, Bucarest, Roumanie",[],{"title":1666},{"VI":1667},"M. 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