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Wild An. gambiae from the Benin communes of Allada, Ifangni, Akpro-Missérété, and Porto-Novo were tested for their susceptibility to CFP and PPF using the WHO bottle tests, and pyrethroids (alpha-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin) and CTD using WHO tube tests. WHO cone tests were used to evaluate the efficacy of Interceptor® (which contains alpha-cypermethrin (ACM) only), Interceptor® G2, (CFP + ACM), and Royal Guard® nets (PPF + ACM). The ovaries of blood-fed An. gambiae from Ifangni exposed to a new PPF net were dissected, and egg development status was examined using Christopher’s stages to determine the fertility status of the mosquitoes. Using a standardized protocol, the oviposition rate and oviposition inhibition rate were calculated from live blood-fed An. gambiae placed in oviposition chambers after exposure to PPF. In all four mosquito populations, pyrethroid mortality ranged from 5 to 80%, while chlorfenapyr and clothianidin mortality ranged from 98 to 100%. At Ifangni, all mosquitoes exposed to Royal Guard® nets were infertile (100%) while the majority (74.9%) of mosquitoes exposed to Interceptor® nets had fully developed their eggs to Christopher’s stage V. The oviposition inhibition rate after exposure of the mosquitoes to the PPF was 99% for the wild population of An. gambiae s.l. and the susceptible laboratory strain, An. gambiae sensu stricto (Kisumu). The results of this study suggest that pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae from the selected communes in southern Benin are susceptible to chlorfenapyr, clothianidin, and pyriproxyfen. In addition, based on bioassay results, new and unused Interceptor® G2 and Royal Guard® nets were effective on Ifangni’s mosquito populations. Despite the availability of new effective insecticides, continued vigilance is needed in Benin. Therefore, monitoring of resistance to these insecticides will continue to periodically update the Benin national insecticide resistance database and management plan.",{"EN":183,"VI":184},"Assessing the susceptibility and efficacy of traditional neurotoxic (pyrethroid) and new-generation insecticides (chlorfenapyr, clothianidin, and pyriproxyfen), on wild pyrethroid-resistant populations of Anopheles gambiae from southern Benin","Đánh giá tính mẫn cảm và hiệu lực của các thuốc trừ sâu độc thần kinh truyền thống (pyrethroid) và thế hệ mới (chlorfenapyr, clothianidin và pyriproxyfen), trên các quần thể Anopheles gambiae hoang dã kháng pyrethroid từ miền nam Benin",{"VOID":186},"Tizifa TA, Kabaghe AN, McCann RS, van den Berg H, Van Vugt M, Phiri KS. Prevention efforts for malaria. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2018;5:41–50.\nBennett A, Smith SJ, Yambasu S, Jambai A, Alemu W, Kabano A, et al. Household possession and use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets in Sierra Leone 6 months after a national mass-distribution campaign. PLoS ONE. 2012;7: e37927.\nWanzira H, Katamba H, Rubahika D. Use of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets in a population with universal coverage following a mass distribution campaign in Uganda. Malar J. 2016;15:311.\nWHO. World malaria report 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.\nDjegbe I, Boussari O, Sidick A, Martin T, Ranson H, Chandre F, et al. Dynamics of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin: first evidence of the presence of L1014S kdr mutation in Anopheles gambiae from West Africa. Malar J. 2011;10:261.\nRanson H, N’Guessan R, Lines J, Moiroux N, Nkuni Z, Corbel V. Pyrethroid resistance in African anopheline mosquitoes: what are the implications for malaria control. Trends Parasitol. 2011;27:91–8.\nYadouleton AW, Padonou G, Asidi A, Moiroux N, Bio-Banganna S, Corbel V, et al. Insecticide resistance status in Anopheles gambiae in southern Benin. Malar J. 2010;9:83.\nAsidi A, N’Guessan R, Akogbeto M, Curtis C, Rowland M. Loss of household protection from use of insecticide-treated nets against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. Benin Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1101–6.\nOchomo EO, Bayoh NM, Walker ED, Abongo BO, Ombok MO, Ouma C, et al. The efficacy of long-lasting nets with declining physical integrity may be compromised in areas with high levels of pyrethroid resistance. Malar J. 2013;12:368.\nWHO. Global plan for insecticide resistance management in malaria vectors (GPIRM). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.\nTomizawa M, Casida JE. Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: mechanisms of selective action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;45:247–68.\nUllah F, Gul H, Tariq K, Desneux N, Gao X, Song D. Fitness costs in clothianidin-resistant population of the melon aphid. Aphis gossypii PLoS One. 2020;15: e0238707.\nRaghavendra K, Barik TK, Sharma P, Bhatt RM, Srivastava HC, Sreehari U, et al. Chlorfenapyr: a new insecticide with novel mode of action can control pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors. Malar J. 2011;10:16.\nYapabandara AM, Curtis CF. Laboratory and field comparisons of pyriproxyfen, polystyrene beads and other larvicidal methods against malaria vectors in Sri Lanka. Acta Trop. 2002;81:211–23.\nJaffer A, Protopopoff N, Mosha FW, Malone D, Rowland MW, Oxborough RM. Evaluating the sterilizing effect of pyriproxyfen treated mosquito nets against Anopheles gambiae at different blood-feeding intervals. Acta Trop. 2015;150:131–5.\nOhba SY, Ohashi K, Pujiyati E, Higa Y, Kawada H, Mito N, et al. The effect of pyriproxyfen as a “population growth regulator” against Aedes albopictus under semi-field conditions. PLoS ONE. 2013;8: e67045.\nAgossa FR, Padonou GG, Fassinou A, Odjo EM, Akuoko OK, Salako A, et al. Small-scale field evaluation of the efficacy and residual effect of Fludora((R)) Fusion (mixture of clothianidin and deltamethrin) against susceptible and resistant Anopheles gambiae populations from Benin. West Africa Malar J. 2018;17:484.\nNgufor C, Fongnikin A, Rowland M, N’Guessan R. Indoor residual spraying with a mixture of clothianidin (a neonicotinoid insecticide) and deltamethrin provides improved control and long residual activity against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Southern Benin. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0189575.\nDarriet F, Chandre F. Efficacy of six neonicotinoid insecticides alone and in combination with deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide against pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). Pest Manag Sci. 2013;69:905–10.\nFuseini G, Phiri WP, von Fricken ME, Smith J, Garcia GA. Evaluation of the residual effectiveness of Fludora fusion WP-SB, a combination of clothianidin and deltamethrin, for the control of pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors on Bioko Island. Equatorial Guinea Acta Trop. 2019;196:42–7.\nUragayala S, Kamaraju R, Tiwari SN, Sreedharan S, Ghosh SK, Valecha N. Village-scale (Phase III) evaluation of the efficacy and residual activity of SumiShield((R)) 50 WG (Clothianidin 50%, w\u002Fw) for indoor spraying for the control of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles culicifacies Giles in Karnataka state. India Trop Med Int Health. 2018;23:605–15.\nBayili K, N’do S, Namountougou M, Sanou R, Ouattara A, Dabire RK, et al. Evaluation of efficacy of Interceptor((R)) G2, a long-lasting insecticide net coated with a mixture of chlorfenapyr and alpha-cypermethrin, against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Burkina Faso. Malar J. 2017;16:190.\nCamara S, Ahoua Alou LP, Koffi AA, Clegban YCM, Kabran JP, Koffi FM, et al. Efficacy of Interceptor((R)) G2, a new long-lasting insecticidal net against wild pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. from Cote d’Ivoire: a semi-field trial. Parasite. 2018;25:42.\nN’Guessan R, Odjo A, Ngufor C, Malone D, Rowland M. A chlorfenapyr mixture net Interceptor(R) G2 shows high efficacy and wash durability against resistant mosquitoes in West Africa. PLoS ONE. 2016;11: e0165925.\nNgufor C, N’Guessan R, Fagbohoun J, Todjinou D, Odjo A, Malone D, et al. Efficacy of the Olyset Duo net against insecticide-resistant mosquito vectors of malaria. Sci Transl Med. 2016;8:356.\nTungu PK, Michael E, Sudi W, Kisinza WW, Rowland M. Efficacy of interceptor(R) G2, a long-lasting insecticide mixture net treated with chlorfenapyr and alpha-cypermethrin against Anopheles funestus: experimental hut trials in north-eastern Tanzania. Malar J. 2021;20:180.\nAccrombessi M, Cook J, Ngufor C, Sovi A, Dangbenon E, Yovogan B, et al. Assessing the efficacy of two dual-active ingredients long-lasting insecticidal nets for the control of malaria transmitted by pyrethroid-resistant vectors in Benin: study protocol for a three-arm, single-blinded, parallel, cluster-randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:194.\nYovogan B, Sovi A, Padonou GG, Adoha CJ, Akinro B, Chitou S, et al. Pre-intervention characteristics of the mosquito species in Benin in preparation for a randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of dual active-ingredient long-lasting insecticidal nets for controlling insecticide-resistant malaria vectors. PLoS ONE. 2021;16: e0251742.\nMosha JF, Kulkarni MA, Lukole E, Matowo NS, Pitt C, Messenger LA, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness against malaria of three types of dual-active-ingredient long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) compared with pyrethroid-only LLINs in Tanzania: a four-arm, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1227–41.\nWHO. 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Paludism. 1911;2:73–88.\nWHO. Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of long-lasting insecticidal nets. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.\nDagg K, Irish S, Wiegand RE, Shililu J, Yewhalaw D, Messenger LA. Evaluation of toxicity of clothianidin (neonicotinoid) and chlorfenapyr (pyrrole) insecticides and cross-resistance to other public health insecticides in Anopheles arabiensis from Ethiopia. Malar J. 2019;18:49.\nHien AS, Soma DD, Maiga S, Coulibaly D, Diabate A, Belemvire A, et al. Evidence supporting deployment of next generation insecticide treated nets in Burkina Faso: bioassays with either chlorfenapyr or piperonyl butoxide increase mortality of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae. Malar J. 2021;20:406.\nOxborough RM, N’Guessan R, Jones R, Kitau J, Ngufor C, Malone D, et al. The activity of the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr in mosquito bioassay: towards a more rational testing and screening of non-neurotoxic insecticides for malaria vector control. 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Using pastoralist community knowledge to locate and treat dry-season mosquito breeding habitats with pyriproxyfen to control Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus s.l. in rural Tanzania. Parasitol Res. 2021;120:1193–202.\nMbare O, Lindsay SW, Fillinger U. Dose-response tests and semi-field evaluation of lethal and sub-lethal effects of slow release pyriproxyfen granules (Sumilarv(R)0.5G) for the control of the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae sensu lato. Malar J. 2013;12:94.\nKawada H, Dida GO, Ohashi K, Kawashima E, Sonye G, Njenga SM, et al. A small-scale field trial of pyriproxyfen-impregnated bed nets against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. in western Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e111195.\nSagbohan HW, Kpanou CD, Sovi A, Osse R, Sidick A, Adoha C, et al. Pyrethroid resistance intensity in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from different agricultural production zones in Benin West Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2022;22:39–47.",{"VOID":188},"10.1186\u002Fs12936-023-04664-6","PUBLICATION","VERIFIED","2024-09-21T20:12:42.824+00:00","Auto Verify",[194],"VI","https:\u002F\u002Fmalariajournal.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12936-023-04664-6",[197,223,243,264,278,299,313,327,341,357,371,385,399,413,429,443,459,474],{"id":198,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":199,"affiliations":201,"properties":220,"displayName":222,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"521b2e8b-03c6-4c7b-b06e-f66a7ceb253a",[200],"AUTHOR",[202,210],{"id":203,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":204,"properties":18},"cc1a1f42-277b-4cbd-8971-bf51f2cd7fd3",{"id":203,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":205,"slug":18,"properties":206,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":209,"statistic":18},[],{"title":207},{"VI":208},"Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, 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               \u003Cjats:title>Background\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), \u003Cjats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> causes most of the malaria cases. Despite its crucial roles in disease severity and drug resistance, comprehensive data on \u003Cjats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection (MOI) are sparse in SSA. This study summarizes available information on genetic diversity and MOI, focusing on key markers (\u003Cjats:italic>msp-1, msp-2, glurp\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, and microsatellites). The systematic review aimed to evaluate their influence on malaria transmission dynamics and offer insights for enhancing malaria control measures in SSA.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Methods\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>The review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Two reviewers conducted article screening, assessed the risk of bias (RoB), and performed data abstraction. Meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model in STATA version 17.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Results\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>The review included 52 articles: 39 cross-sectional studies and 13 Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)\u002Fcohort studies, involving 11,640 genotyped parasite isolates from 23 SSA countries. The overall pooled mean expected heterozygosity was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.51–0.78). Regionally, values varied: East (0.58), Central (0.84), Southern (0.74), and West Africa (0.69). Overall pooled allele frequencies of \u003Cjats:italic>msp-1\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> alleles K1, MAD20, and RO33 were 61%, 44%, and 40%, respectively, while \u003Cjats:italic>msp-2\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> I\u002FC 3D7 and FC27 alleles were 61% and 55%. Central Africa reported higher frequencies (K1: 74%, MAD20: 51%, RO33: 48%) than East Africa (K1: 46%, MAD20: 42%, RO33: 31%). For \u003Cjats:italic>msp-2\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, East Africa had 60% and 55% for I\u002FC 3D7 and FC27 alleles, while West Africa had 62% and 50%, respectively. The pooled allele frequency for \u003Cjats:italic>glurp\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> was 66%. The overall pooled mean MOI was 2.09 (95% CI: 1.88–2.30), with regional variations: East (2.05), Central (2.37), Southern (2.16), and West Africa (1.96). The overall prevalence of polyclonal \u003Cjats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> infections was 63% (95% CI: 56–70), with regional prevalences as follows: East (62%), West (61%), Central (65%), and South Africa (71%).\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Conclusion\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>The study shows substantial regional variation in \u003Cjats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> parasite genetic diversity and MOI in SSA. 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Genome Biol. 2011;12:R33.",{"doi":1189},"10.1186\u002Fgb-2011-12-4-r33",{"id":18,"text":1191,"url":18,"identifiers":1192},"Nkhoma SC, Banda RL, Khoswe S, Dzoole-Mwale TJ, Ward SA. Intra-host dynamics of co-infecting parasite genotypes in asymptomatic malaria patients. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;65:414–24.",{"doi":1193},"10.1016\u002Fj.meegid.2018.08.018",{"id":18,"text":1195,"url":18,"identifiers":1196},"Hviid L. Clinical disease, immunity and protection against Plasmodium falciparum malaria in populations living in endemic areas. Expert Rev Mol Med. 1998;1998:1–10.",{"doi":1197},"10.1017\u002FS1462399498000179",{"id":18,"text":1199,"url":18,"identifiers":1200},"Kyabayinze DJ, Karamagi C, Kiggundu M, Kamya MR, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kironde F, et al. Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection predicts antimalarial treatment outcome in Ugandan children. Afr Health Sci. 2008;8:200–5.",{},{"id":18,"text":1202,"url":18,"identifiers":1203},"Babiker HA, Gadalla AA, Ranford-Cartwright LC. The role of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in the evolution of antimalarial drug resistance in areas of seasonal transmission. Drug Resist Updat. 2013;16:1–9.",{"doi":1204},"10.1016\u002Fj.drup.2013.02.001",{"id":18,"text":1206,"url":18,"identifiers":1207},"Laishram DD, Sutton PL, Nanda N, Sharma VL, Sobti RC, Carlton JM, et al. The complexities of malaria disease manifestations with a focus on asymptomatic malaria. Malar J. 2012;11:29.",{"doi":1208},"10.1186\u002F1475-2875-11-29",{"id":18,"text":1210,"url":18,"identifiers":1211},"Ferreira MU, da Silva NM, Wunderlich G. Antigenic diversity and immune evasion by malaria parasites. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2004;11:987–95.",{},{"id":1213,"createTime":1214,"updateTime":1215,"relativeEntities":1216,"slug":1217,"properties":1218,"entityType":189,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":1228,"verifyNote":1229,"languages":1230,"translateLanguages":1231,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":1232,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":1233,"publicationType":488,"publisherRelationship":1422,"citationCount":19,"citationInfo":1468,"publishDate":18,"publishYear":18,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":1470,"openAccess":18,"references":1471,"isForceReanalyzing":543},"44ed581f-6bc7-44d5-8dae-1be9900106a6","2024-04-11T23:21:39.697+00:00","2026-09-05T07:11:23.590+00:00",[],"Microsatellites-reveal-high-polymorphism-and-high-potential-for-use-in-anti-malarial-efficacy-studies-in-areas-with-different-transmission-intensities-in-mainland-Tanzania",{"openalex":1219,"abstract":1221,"title":1223,"doi":1226},{"VOID":1220},"W4392846346",{"EN":1222},"\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Background\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>Tanzania is currently implementing therapeutic efficacy studies (TES) in areas of varying malaria transmission intensities as per the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. In TES, distinguishing reinfection from recrudescence is critical for the determination of anti-malarial efficacy. Recently, the WHO recommended genotyping polymorphic coding genes, merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 \u003Cjats:italic>(msp1 and msp2)\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, and replacing the glutamate-rich protein (\u003Cjats:italic>glurp\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>) gene with one of the highly polymorphic microsatellites in \u003Cjats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> to adjust the efficacy of antimalarials in TES. This study assessed the polymorphisms of six neutral microsatellite markers and their potential use in TES, which is routinely performed in Tanzania.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Methods\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> samples were obtained from four TES sentinel sites, Kibaha (Pwani), Mkuzi (Tanga), Mlimba (Morogoro) and Ujiji (Kigoma), between April and September 2016. Parasite genomic DNA was extracted from dried blood spots on filter papers using commercial kits. Genotyping was done using six microsatellites (Poly-α, PfPK2, TA1, C3M69, C2M34 and M2490) by capillary method, and the data were analysed to determine the extent of their polymorphisms and genetic diversity at the four sites.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Results\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>Overall, 83 (88.3%) of the 94 samples were successfully genotyped (with positive results for ≥ 50.0% of the markers), and > 50.0% of the samples (range = 47.6–59.1%) were polyclonal, with a mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) ranging from 1.68 to 1.88 among the four sites. There was high genetic diversity but limited variability among the four sites based on mean allelic richness (R\u003Cjats:sub>S\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> = 7.48, range = 7.27–8.03, for an adjusted minimum sample size of 18 per site) and mean expected heterozygosity (\u003Cjats:italic>H\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sub>\u003Cjats:italic>e\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> = 0.83, range = 0.80–0.85). Cluster analysis of haplotypes using STRUCTURE, principal component analysis, and pairwise genetic differentiation (\u003Cjats:italic>F\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sub>\u003Cjats:italic>ST\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>) did not reveal population structure or clustering of parasites according to geographic origin. Of the six markers, Poly-α was the most polymorphic, followed by C2M34, TA1 and C3M69, while M2490 was the least polymorphic.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n                \u003Cjats:title>Conclusion\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n                \u003Cjats:p>Microsatellite genotyping revealed high polyclonality and genetic diversity but no significant population structure. Poly-α, C2M34, TA1 and C3M69 were the most polymorphic markers, and Poly-α alone or with any of the other three markers could be adopted for use in TES in Tanzania.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n              \u003C\u002Fjats:sec>",{"EN":1224,"VI":1225},"Microsatellites reveal high polymorphism and high potential for use in anti-malarial efficacy studies in areas with different transmission intensities in mainland Tanzania","Các microsatellite cho thấy tính đa hình cao và tiềm năng lớn trong các nghiên cứu hiệu lực chống sốt rét tại các khu vực có cường độ lây truyền khác nhau ở đất liền Tanzania",{"VOID":1227},"10.1186\u002Fs12936-024-04901-6","2024-12-23T01:49:05.584+00:00","Author affiliation is blank",[564],[194],"https:\u002F\u002Fmalariajournal.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12936-024-04901-6",[1234,1245,1256,1265,1276,1287,1298,1309,1320,1331,1342,1351,1360,1371,1380,1389,1400,1411],{"id":1235,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":1236,"affiliations":1237,"properties":1238,"displayName":1242,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"4ff92239-e5dc-47a1-aab5-ae055fccd585",[],[],{"orcid":1239,"title":1241,"openalex":1243},{"VOID":1240},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-2040-3416",{"EN":1242},"Deus S. 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World malaria report 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.",{},{"id":18,"text":1476,"url":18,"identifiers":1477},"WHO. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.",{},{"id":18,"text":1479,"url":18,"identifiers":1480},"Ministry of Health. National guidelines for malaria diagnosis and treatment, 2006. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; 2006.",{},{"id":18,"text":1482,"url":18,"identifiers":1483},"WHO. Report on antimalarial drug efficacy, resistance and response: 10 years of surveillance (2010–2019). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.",{},{"id":18,"text":1485,"url":18,"identifiers":1486},"Shayo A, Mandara CI, Shahada F, Buza J, Lemnge MM, Ishengoma DS. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of artemether–lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in North-Eastern Tanzania. Malar J. 2014;13:376.",{"doi":1487},"10.1186\u002F1475-2875-13-376",{"id":18,"text":1489,"url":18,"identifiers":1490},"Shayo A, Buza J, Ishengoma DS. Monitoring of efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based anti-malarials for treatment of uncomplicated malaria: a review of evidence of implementation of anti-malarial therapeutic efficacy trials in Tanzania. Malar J. 2015;14:135.",{"doi":1491},"10.1186\u002Fs12936-015-0649-8",{"id":18,"text":1493,"url":18,"identifiers":1494},"Mandara CI, Kavishe RA, Gesase S, Mghamba J, Ngadaya E, Mmbuji P, et al. High efficacy of artemether–lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Muheza and Kigoma Districts, Tanzania. Malar J. 2018;17:261.",{"doi":1495},"10.1186\u002Fs12936-018-2409-z",{"id":18,"text":1497,"url":18,"identifiers":1498},"Kakolwa MA, Mahende MK, Ishengoma DS, Mandara CI, Ngasala B, Kamugisha E, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based combination therapy, and molecular markers for artemisinin and piperaquine resistance in Mainland Tanzania. Malar J. 2018;17:369.",{"doi":1499},"10.1186\u002Fs12936-018-2524-x",{"id":18,"text":1501,"url":18,"identifiers":1502},"Ishengoma DS, Mandara CI, Francis F, Talundzic E, Lucchi NW, Ngasala B, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemether–lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria and prevalence of Pfk13 and Pfmdr1 polymorphisms after a decade of using artemisinin-based combination therapy in mainland Tanzania. Malar J. 2019;18:88.",{"doi":1503},"10.1186\u002Fs12936-019-2730-1",{"id":18,"text":1505,"url":18,"identifiers":1506},"Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J, et al. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:455–67.",{"doi":1507},"10.1056\u002FNEJMoa0808859",{"id":18,"text":1509,"url":18,"identifiers":1510},"Noedl H, Se Y, Schaecher K, Smith BL, Socheat D, Fukuda MM, et al. Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in western Cambodia. 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IL4-590 gene polymorphism has been shown to be associated with elevated levels of anti-Plasmodium falciparum IgG antibodies and parasite intensity in the malaria protected Fulani of West Africa. This study aimed to investigate the possible impact of IL4-590C\u002FT polymorphism on anti-P. falciparum IgG subclasses and IgE antibodies levels and the alteration of malaria severity in complicated and uncomplicated malaria patients with or without previous malaria experiences. Anti-P.falciparum IgG subclasses and IgE antibodies in plasma of complicated and uncomplicated malaria patients with or without previous malaria experiences were analysed using ELISA. IL4-590 polymorphisms were genotyped using RFLP-PCR. Statistical analyses of the IgG subclass levels were done by Oneway ANOVA. Genotype differences were tested by Chi-squared test. The IL4-590T allele was significantly associated with anti-P. falciparum IgG3 antibody levels in patients with complicated (P = 0.031), but not with uncomplicated malaria (P = 0.622). Complicated malaria patients with previous malaria experiences carrying IL4-590TT genotype had significantly lower levels of anti-P. falciparum IgG3 (P = 0.0156), while uncomplicated malaria patients with previous malaria experiences carrying the same genotype had significantly higher levels (P = 0.0206) compared to their IL4-590 counterparts. The different anti-P. falciparum IgG1 and IgG3 levels among IL4 genotypes were observed. Complicated malaria patients with previous malaria experiences tended to have lower IgG3 levels in individuals carrying TT when compared to CT genotypes (P = 0.075). In contrast, complicated malaria patients without previous malaria experiences carrying CC genotype had significantly higher anti-P. falciparum IgG1 than those carrying either CT or TT genotypes (P = 0.004, P = 0.002, respectively). The results suggest that IL4-590C or T alleles participated differently in the regulation of anti-malarial antibody isotype profiles in primary and secondary malaria infection and, therefore, could play an important role in alteration of malaria severity.",{"EN":2236},"IL4 gene polymorphism and previous malaria experiences manipulate anti-Plasmodium falciparum antibody isotype profiles in complicated and uncomplicated 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Genes Immun. 2001, 2: 411-414. 10.1038\u002Fsj.gene.6363797.","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fsj.gene.6363797",{"mag":2465,"openalex":2466,"pm":2467,"doi":2468},"2093026441","W2093026441","11704810","10.1038\u002Fsj.gene.6363797",{"id":18,"text":2470,"url":2471,"identifiers":2472},"Verra F, Luoni G, Calissano C, Troye-Blomberg M, Perlmann P, Perlmann H, Arca B, Sirima BS, Konate A, Coluzzi M, Kwiatkowski D, Modiano D: IL4-589C\u002FT polymorphism and IgE levels in severe malaria. Acta Trop. 2004, 90: 205-209. 10.1016\u002Fj.actatropica.2003.11.014.","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.actatropica.2003.11.014",{"mag":2473,"openalex":2474,"pm":2475,"doi":2476},"2086434189","W2086434189","15177147","10.1016\u002Fj.actatropica.2003.11.014",{"id":18,"text":2478,"url":2479,"identifiers":2480},"Gyan BA, Goka B, Cvetkovic JT, Kurtzhals JL, Adabayeri V, Perlmann H, Lefvert AK, Akanmori BD, Troye-Blomberg M: Allelic polymorphisms in the repeat and promoter regions of the interleukin-4 gene and malaria severity in Ghanaian children. Clin Exp Immunol. 2004, 138: 145-150. 10.1111\u002Fj.1365-2249.2004.02590.x.","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1365-2249.2004.02590.x",{"mag":2481,"pmc":2482,"openalex":2483,"pm":2484,"doi":2485},"1987863991","1809180","W1987863991","15373917","10.1111\u002Fj.1365-2249.2004.02590.x",{"id":18,"text":2487,"url":18,"identifiers":2488},"D'Imperio Lima MR, Alvarez JM, Furtado GC, Kipnis TL, Coutinho A, Minoprio P: Ig-isotype patterns of primary and secondary B cell responses to Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi correlate with IFN-gamma and IL-4 cytokine production with CD45RB expression by CD4+ spleen cells. Scand J Immunol. 1996, 43: 263-270.",{},{"id":18,"text":2490,"url":2491,"identifiers":2492},"Tangteerawatana P, Pichyangkul S, Hayano M, Kalambaheti T, Looareesuwan S, Troye-Blomberg M, Khusmith S: Relative levels of IL4 and IFN-gamma in complicated malaria: association with IL4 polymorphism and peripheral parasitemia. Acta Trop. 2007, 101: 258-265. 10.1016\u002Fj.actatropica.2007.02.008.","http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.actatropica.2007.02.008",{"doi":2493},"10.1016\u002Fj.actatropica.2007.02.008",{"id":18,"text":2495,"url":2496,"identifiers":2497},"Tangteerawatana P, Montgomery SM, Perlmann H, Looareesuwan S, Troye-Blomberg M, Khusmith S: Differential regulation of IgG subclasses and IgE antimalarial antibody responses in complicated and uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Parasite Immunol. 2007, 29: 475-483. 10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3024.2007.00965.x.","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3024.2007.00965.x",{"mag":2498,"openalex":2499,"pm":2500,"doi":2501},"2107457020","W2107457020","17727571","10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3024.2007.00965.x",{"id":2394,"text":2503,"url":2396,"identifiers":2504},"Singhasivanon P, Kidson C, Supavej S, eds: Mekong Malaria II: update of malaria, multi-drug resistance and economic development in the Mekong region of Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia J Trop Med and Pub Health. 2003, 34 (suppl 4): 63-68.",{"doi":2398},{"id":18,"text":2506,"url":18,"identifiers":2507},"World Health Organization: Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 94 (Suppl): 51-90.",{},{"id":2394,"text":2509,"url":2396,"identifiers":2510},"Troye-Blomberg M, Perlmann H, Patarroyo M, Perlmann P: Regulation of the immune response in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. II. Antigen specific proliferative responses in vitro. Clin Exp Immunol. 1983, 53: 345-353.",{"doi":2398},{"id":18,"text":2512,"url":18,"identifiers":2513},"Perlmann H, Helmby H, Hagstedt M, Carlson J, Larsson P, Troye-Blomberg M, Perlmann P: IgE anti-malarial antibodies in Plasmodium falciparum malaria: association of high IgE levels with cerebral malaria. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994, 97: 284-292. 10.1111\u002Fj.1365-2249.1994.tb06082.x.",{"doi":2514},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-2249.1994.tb06082.x",{"id":2516,"text":2517,"url":2518,"identifiers":2519},"b399bc06-76e9-49f7-9658-57c90d43b875","Alloueche A, Silveira H, Conway DJ, Bojang K, Doherty T, Cohen J, Pinder M, Greenwood BM: High-throughput sequence typing of T-cell epitope polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2000, 106: 273-282. 10.1016\u002FS0166-6851(99)00221-2.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0166685199002212",{"doi":2520},"10.1016\u002Fs0166-6851(99)00221-2",{"id":18,"text":2522,"url":2523,"identifiers":2524},"Metzger WG, Okenu DM, Cavanagh DR, Robinson JV, Bojang KA, Weiss HA, McBride JS, Greenwood BM, Conway DJ: Serum IgG3 to the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 2 is strongly associated with a reduced prospective risk of malaria. Parasite Immunol. 2003, 25: 307-312. 10.1046\u002Fj.1365-3024.2003.00636.x.","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1046\u002Fj.1365-3024.2003.00636.x",{"mag":2525,"openalex":2526,"pm":2527,"doi":2528},"2042709462","W2042709462","14507328","10.1046\u002Fj.1365-3024.2003.00636.x",{"id":2394,"text":2530,"url":2396,"identifiers":2531},"Sarthou JL, Angel G, Aribot G, Rogier C, Dieye A, Toure Balde A, Diatta B, Seignot P, Roussilhon C: Prognostic value of anti-Plasmodium falciparum-specific immunoglobulin G3, cytokines, and their soluble receptors in West African patients with severe malaria. Infect Immun. 1997, 65: 3271-3276.",{"doi":2398},{"id":2394,"text":2533,"url":2396,"identifiers":2534},"Tangye SG, Ferguson A, Avery DT, Ma CS, Hodgkin PD: Isotype switching by human B cells is division-associated and regulated by cytokines. J Immunol. 2002, 169: 4298-4306.",{"doi":2398},{"id":2394,"text":2536,"url":2396,"identifiers":2537},"Burton DR, Gregory L, Jefferis R: Aspects of the molecular structure of IgG subclasses. Monogr Allergy. 1986, 19: 7-35.",{"doi":2398},{"id":18,"text":2539,"url":2540,"identifiers":2541},"Groux H, Gysin J: Opsonization as an effector mechanism in human protection against asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum: functional role of IgG subclasses. Res Immunol. 1990, 141: 529-542. 10.1016\u002F0923-2494(90)90021-P.","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0923-2494(90)90021-p",{"mag":2542,"openalex":2543,"pm":2544,"doi":2545},"2017335417","W2017335417","1704637","10.1016\u002F0923-2494(90)90021-p",{"id":18,"text":2547,"url":2548,"identifiers":2549},"Tebo AE, Kremsner PG, Luty AJ: Plasmodium falciparum: a major role for IgG3 in antibody-dependent monocyte-mediated cellular inhibition of parasite growth in vitro. Exp Parasitol. 2001, 98: 20-28. 10.1006\u002Fexpr.2001.4619.","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1006\u002Fexpr.2001.4619",{"mag":2550,"openalex":2551,"pm":2552,"doi":2553},"2059241302","W2059241302","11426948","10.1006\u002Fexpr.2001.4619",{"id":18,"text":2555,"url":2556,"identifiers":2557},"Boutlis CS, Fagan PK, Gowda DC, Lagog M, Mgone CS, Bockarie MJ, Anstey NM: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols are short-lived and predominantly of the IgG3 subclass. J Infect Dis. 2003, 187: 862-865. 10.1086\u002F367897.","http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1086\u002F367897",{"doi":2558},"10.1086\u002F367897",{"id":18,"text":2560,"url":2561,"identifiers":2562},"Schofield L, Mueller I: Clinical immunity to malaria. Curr Mol Med. 2006, 6: 205-221. 10.2174\u002F156652406776055221.","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2174\u002F156652406776055221",{"mag":2563,"openalex":2564,"pm":2565,"doi":2566},"2046226287","W2046226287","16515511","10.2174\u002F156652406776055221",{"id":2394,"text":2568,"url":2396,"identifiers":2569},"Mewono L, Matondo Maya DW, Matsiegui PB, Agnandji ST, Kendjo E, Barondi F, Issifou S, Kremsner PG, Mavoungou E: Interleukin-21 is associated with IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies to erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 peptide 4 of Plasmodium falciparum in Gabonese children with acute falciparum malaria. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2008, 19: 30-36.",{"doi":2398},{"id":2394,"text":2571,"url":2396,"identifiers":2572},"Boumendjel A, Tawk L, Malefijt RW, Boulay V, Yssel H, Pene J: IL-27 induces the production of IgG1 by human B cells. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2006, 17: 281-289.",{"doi":2398},{"id":18,"text":2574,"url":2575,"identifiers":2576},"Vafa M, Maiga B, Israelsson E, Dolo A, Doumbo OK, Troye-Blomberg M: Impact of the IL-4 -590 C\u002FT transition on the levels of Plasmodium falciparum specific IgE, IgG, IgG subclasses and total IgE in two sympatric ethnic groups living in Mali. Microbes Infect. 2009, 11: 779-784. 10.1016\u002Fj.micinf.2009.04.017.","http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.micinf.2009.04.017",{"doi":2577},"10.1016\u002Fj.micinf.2009.04.017",{"id":18,"text":2579,"url":2580,"identifiers":2581},"Rockman MV, Hahn MW, Soranzo N, Goldstein DB, Wray GA: Positive selection on a human- specific transcription factor binding site regulating IL4 expression. Curr Biol. 2003, 13: 2118-2123. 10.1016\u002Fj.cub.2003.11.025.","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.cub.2003.11.025",{"mag":2582,"openalex":2583,"pm":2584,"doi":2585},"2059288327","W2059288327","14654003","10.1016\u002Fj.cub.2003.11.025",{"id":2587,"createTime":2588,"updateTime":2589,"relativeEntities":2590,"slug":2591,"properties":2592,"entityType":189,"verifyStatus":190,"verifyTime":2603,"verifyNote":192,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":2604,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":2605,"publicationType":488,"publisherRelationship":2690,"citationCount":19,"citationInfo":2741,"publishDate":2744,"publishYear":2742,"citationAnalyzeStatus":2390,"lastCitationAnalyze":2745,"indexDatabases":2746,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":543},"63b466a9-eeab-4008-8105-5d54707ac2ef","2023-12-09T14:01:41.806+00:00","2026-08-14T00:43:34.765+00:00",[],"Factors-determining-anti-malarial-drug-use-in-a-peri-urban-population-from-malaria-holoendemic-region-of-western-kenya",{"abstract":2593,"title":2595,"gsPaper":2597,"references":2599,"doi":2601},{"EN":2594},"Interventions to reverse trends in malaria-related morbidity and mortality in Kenya focus on preventive strategies and drug efficacy. However, the pattern of use of anti-malarials in malaria-endemic populations, such as in western Kenya, is still poorly understood. It is critical to understand the patterns of anti-malarial drug use to ascertain that the currently applied new combination therapy to malaria treatment, will achieve sustained cure rates and protection against parasite resistance. Therefore, this cross-sectional study was designed to determine the patterns of use of anti-malarial drugs in households (n = 397) in peri-urban location of Manyatta-B sub-location in Kisumu in western Kenya. Household factors, associated with the pattern of anti-malarials use, were evaluated. Using clusters, questionnaire was administered to a particular household member who had the most recent malaria episode (within \u003C2 weeks) and used an anti-malarial for cure. Mothers\u002Fcaretakers provided information for children aged \u003C13 years. Stratification of the type of anti-malarial drugs taken revealed that 37.0% used sulphadoxine\u002Fpyrimethamine (SP), 32.0% artemisinin-based combined therapy (ACT), 11.1% anti-pyretics, 7.3% chloroquine (CQ), 7.1% quinine, 2.5% amodiaquine (AQ), while 3.0% used others which were perceived as anti-malarials (cough syrups and antibiotics). In a regression model, it was demonstrated that age (P = 0.050), household size (P = 0.047), household head (P = 0.049), household source of income (P = 0.015), monthly income (P = 0.020), duration of use (P = 0.029), dosage of drugs taken (P = 0.036), and source of drugs (P = 0.005) significantly influenced anti-malarial drug use. Overall, 38.8% of respondents used drugs as recommended by the Ministry of Health. This study demonstrates that consumers require access to correct and comprehensible information associated with use of drugs, including self-prescription. There is potential need by the Kenyan government to improve malaria care and decrease malaria-related morbidity and mortality by increasing drug affordability, ensuring that the recommended anti-malarial drugs are easily available in all government approved drug outlets and educates the local shopkeepers on the symptoms and appropriate treatment of malaria. Following a switch to ACT in national drug policy, education on awareness and behaviour change is recommended, since the efficacy of ACT alone is not sufficient to reduce morbidity and mortality due to malaria.",{"EN":2596},"Factors determining anti-malarial drug use in a peri-urban population from malaria holoendemic region of western kenya",{"VOID":2598},"[\"17124972818947212207\"]",{"VOID":2600},"Bloland PB, Kachur SP, Williams HA: Trends in antimalarial drug deployment in sub-Saharan Africa. J Exp Biol. 2003, 206 (Pt 21): 3761-3769. 10.1242\u002Fjeb.00637.\nMarsh VM, Mutemi WM, Muturi J, Haaland A, Watkins WM, Otieno G, Marsh K: Changing home treatment of childhood fevers by training shop keepers in rural Kenya. Trop Med Int Health. 1999, 4: 383-389. 10.1046\u002Fj.1365-3156.1999.00403.x.\nWHO: Report on the progress in Essential Drugs and Management Policy, 1998-1999. 1999\nHamel MJ, Odhacha A, Roberts JM, Deming MS: Malaria control in Bungoma District, Kenya: a survey of home treatment of children with fever, bednet use and attendance at antenatal clinics. Bull World Health Organ. 2001, 79: 1014-1023.\nIHRS: Rational Use of Drugs: What it is and what are the prerequisite for its fulfilments?. Journal of Health. 2006, 10: 2-8.\nWHO: The use of antimalarials. Report of WHO informal consultations 13-17, November. 2000\nBeier JC, Oster CN, Onyango FK, Bales JD, Sherwood JA, Perkins PV, Chumo DK, Koech DV, Whitmire RE, Roberts CR, Diggs CL, Hoffman SL: Plasmodium falciparum incidence relative to entomologic inoculation rates at a site proposed for testing malaria vaccines in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994, 50: 529-536.\nBuabeng KO, Duwiejua M, Dodoo AN, Matowe LK, Enlund H: Self-reported use of anti-malarial drugs and health facility management of malaria in Ghana. Malar J. 2007, 6: 85-10.1186\u002F1475-2875-6-85.\nCBS: Kisumu District Development Plan (KDDP). 2001, 1-11.\nWorld Vision Report: 2008\nWHO: Conference of Experts on rational use of drugs. 1985, Nairobi\nCochran WG: Sampling Techniques. 1977, New York: Wiley, 205-3\nSimsek Z, Kurcer MA: Malaria: knowledge and behaviour in an endemic rural area of Turkey. Public Health. 2005, 119: 202-208. 10.1016\u002Fj.puhe.2004.03.011.\nDeressa W: Treatment-seeking behaviour for febrile illness in an area of seasonal malaria transmission in rural Ethiopia. Malar J. 2007, 6: 49-10.1186\u002F1475-2875-6-49.\nAwad AI, Eltayeb IB: Self-medication practices with antibiotics and antimalarials among Sudanese undergraduate university students. Ann Pharmacother. 2007, 41: 1249-1255. 10.1345\u002Faph.1K068.\nTutembe P: Determinants of health care seeking behaviour for malaria treatment in Uganda. 5th MIM Pan-African Malaria Conference (KICC, Nairobi, Kenya, 2-6 November, 2009). 2009, 152-153.\nDeressa W, Ali A, Enqusellassie F: Self-treatment of malaria in rural communities, Butajira, southern Ethiopia. Bull World Health Organ. 2003, 81: 261-268.\nGething PW, Noor AM, Zurovac D, Atkinson PM, Hay SI, Nixon MS, Snow RW: Empirical modelling of government health service use by children with fevers in Kenya. Acta Trop. 2004, 91: 227-237. 10.1016\u002Fj.actatropica.2004.05.002.\nAbuya TO, Mutemi W, Karisa B, Ochola SA, Fegan G, Marsh V: Use of over-the-counter malaria medicines in children and adults in three districts in Kenya: implications for private medicine retailer interventions. Malar J. 2007, 6: 57-10.1186\u002F1475-2875-6-57.\nMalik EM, Hanafi K, Ali SH, Ahmed ES, Mohamed KA: Treatment-seeking behaviour for malaria in children under five years of age: implication for home management in rural areas with high seasonal transmission in Sudan. Malar J. 2006, 5: 60-10.1186\u002F1475-2875-5-60.\nSumba PO, Wong SL, Kanzaria HK, Johnson KA, John CC: Malaria treatment-seeking behaviour and recovery from malaria in a highland area of Kenya. Malar J. 2008, 7: 245-10.1186\u002F1475-2875-7-245.\nAlvarado BE, Alzate A, Mateus JC, Carvajal R: Effects of an educational and participatory community intervention on malaria control in Buenaventura, Colombia. Biomedica. 2006, 26: 366-378.\nAlvarado BE, Gomez E, Serra M, Carvajal R, Carrasquilla G: Evaluation of an educational strategy on malaria in rural areas of the Colombian Pacific Coast. Biomedica. 2006, 26: 342-352.\nTavrow P, Shabahang J, Makama S: Vendor-to-vendor education to improve malaria treatment by private drug outlets in Bungoma District, Kenya. Malar J. 2003, 2: 10-10.1186\u002F1475-2875-2-10.",{"VOID":2602},"10.1186\u002F1475-2875-9-295","2024-05-16T09:38:34.217+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Fmalariajournal.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002F1475-2875-9-295",[2606,2621,2638,2651,2666],{"id":2607,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":2608,"affiliations":2609,"properties":2618,"displayName":2620,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"eb20b9da-4b4b-484a-82e6-ec600955b247",[200],[2610],{"id":2611,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":2612,"properties":18},"a73a2c8d-b4b6-4afa-8292-e65651b5a522",{"id":2611,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":2613,"slug":18,"properties":2614,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":2617,"statistic":18},[],{"title":2615},{"VI":2616},"Great Lakes University of Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya",[],{"title":2619},{"VI":2620},"Carren A Watsierah",{"id":2622,"sortIndex":212,"researcher":18,"roles":2623,"affiliations":2624,"properties":2633,"displayName":2635,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"027f10ee-e72c-43bf-835b-22326f1a7387",[200],[2625],{"id":2626,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":2627,"properties":18},"cde7d0b1-a6b1-4ba6-835b-9c954e733984",{"id":2626,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":2628,"slug":18,"properties":2629,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":2632,"statistic":18},[],{"title":2630},{"VI":2631},"Department of Zoology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya",[],{"title":2634,"gsAuthor":2636},{"VI":2635},"Walter GZO Jura",{"VOID":2637},"[\"d1PfW6MAAAAJ\"]",{"id":2639,"sortIndex":245,"researcher":18,"roles":2640,"affiliations":2641,"properties":2648,"displayName":2650,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"577d10e1-434f-43d7-bdb3-bff3710d006c",[200],[2642],{"id":2611,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":2643,"properties":18},{"id":2611,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":2644,"slug":18,"properties":2645,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":2647,"statistic":18},[],{"title":2646},{"VI":2616},[],{"title":2649},{"VI":2650},"Henry Oyugi",{"id":2652,"sortIndex":266,"researcher":18,"roles":2653,"affiliations":2654,"properties":2661,"displayName":2663,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"eb5f3d2c-2cef-4055-9998-347ed641820b",[200],[2655],{"id":2611,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":2656,"properties":18},{"id":2611,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":2657,"slug":18,"properties":2658,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":2660,"statistic":18},[],{"title":2659},{"VI":2616},[],{"title":2662,"gsAuthor":2664},{"VI":2663},"Benard 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However, the incidence and mortality increased again in 2020 due to the disruption to services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Surveillance to reduce the burden of malaria, eliminate the disease and prevent its retransmission is, therefore, crucial. The 1-3-7 approach proposed by China has played an important role in eliminating malaria, which has been internationally popularized and adopted in some countries to help eliminate malaria. This review summarizes the experience and lessons of 1-3-7 approach in China and its application in other malaria-endemic countries, so as to provide references for its role in eliminating malaria and preventing retransmission. This approach needs to be tailored and adapted according to the region condition, considering the completion, timeliness and limitation of case-based reactive surveillance and response. It is very important to popularize malaria knowledge, train staff, improve the capacity of health centres and monitor high-risk groups to improve the performance in eliminating settings. After all, remaining vigilance in detecting malaria cases and optimizing surveillance and response systems are critical to achieving and sustaining malaria elimination.",{"EN":3044},"1-3-7 surveillance and response approach in malaria elimination: China’s practice and global adaptions",{"VOID":3046},"[\"8452946593126463076\"]",{"EN":3048},"",{"VOID":3050},"WHO. World Malaria Report 2021. Geneva. World Health Organization. 2021. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fpublications\u002Fi\u002Fitem\u002F9789240040496. Accessed 6 Dec 2021.\nWHO. Global technical strategy for malaria 2016–2030. Geneva. World Health Organization. 2021. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fpublications\u002Fi\u002Fitem\u002F9789240031357. Accessed 16 Jul 2021.\nWHO. From 30 million cases to zero: China is certified malaria-free by WHO. Geneva,. World Health Organization. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews\u002Fitem\u002F30-06-2021-from-30-million-cases-to-zero-china-is-certified-malaria-free-by-who. Accessed 30 Jun 2021.\nWHO. Malaria surveillance, monitoring & evaluation: a reference manual. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fpublications\u002Fi\u002Fitem\u002F9789241565578. Accessed 28 Feb 2018.\nQian HL, Tang LH. Achievements and prospects of malaria control in China in the past 50 year. Chin J Epidemiol. 2000;21:3.\nZhou SS, Wang Y, Xia ZG. Malaria situation in the People’s Republic of China in 2009. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi. 2011;29:1–3.\nNational Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. China’s Malaria Elimination Action Plan (2010–2020). 2010. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhc.gov.cn\u002Fjkj\u002Fs5873\u002F201005\u002Ff84f1c4b0f32420990d23b65a88e2d87.shtml. Accessed 26 May 2021.\nChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Technical Programme for Malaria Elimination. 2011. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.chinacdc.cn\u002Ftzgg\u002F201109\u002Ft20110906_52137.htm. Accessed 6 Sept 2021.\nFeng J, Zhang L, Huang F, Yin JH, Tu H, Xia ZG, et al. Ready for malaria elimination: zero indigenous case reported in the People’s Republic of China. Malar J. 2018;17:315.\nWang D, Chaki P, Mlacha Y, Gavana T, Michael MG, Khatibu R, et al. Application of community-based and integrated strategy to reduce malaria disease burden in southern Tanzania: the study protocol of China-UK-Tanzania pilot project on malaria control. Infect Dis Poverty. 2019;8:4.\nMeibalan E, Sa JM, Ma S, Clark MA, Mejia P, et al. Bone marrow is a major parasite reservoir in Plasmodium vivax infection. mBio. 2018;9:e00625-18.\nCowman AF, Healer J, Marapana D, Marsh K. Malaria: biology and disease. Cell. 2016;167:610–24.\nGalinski MR, Meyer EV, Barnwell JW. Plasmodium vivax: modern strategies to study a persistent parasite’s life cycle. Adv Parasitol. 2013;81:1–26.\nChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. National malaria elimination surveillance programme. 2016. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.chinacdc.cn\u002Fjkzt\u002Fcrb\u002Fzl\u002Fnj\u002Fjszl_2223\u002F. Accessed 7 Jan 2016.\nHuang F, Feng XY, Zhou SS, Tang LH, Xia ZG. Establishing and applying an adaptive strategy and approach to eliminating malaria: practice and lessons learnt from China from 2011 to 2020. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11:314–25.\nYang HL, Baloch Z, Xu JW, Sun XD, Lin ZR, Zhou YW, et al. Malaria: elimination tale from Yunnan Province of China and new challenges for reintroduction. Infect Dis Poverty. 2021;10:101.\nWorld Health Organization. Preparing for certification of malaria elimination. 2021. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fpublications\u002Fi\u002Fitem\u002F9789240005624. Accessed 4 Jan 2021.\nSmithuis FM, White NJ. Spend wisely to eliminate malaria. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:e171–e5.\nHu T, Liu YB, Zhang SS, Xia ZG, Zhou SS, Yan J, et al. Shrinking the malaria map in China: measuring the progress of the National Malaria Elimination Programme. Infect Dis Poverty. 2016;5:52.\nCao Y, Lu G, Cotter C, Wang W, Yang M, Liu Y, et al. Improving the surveillance and response system to achieve and maintain malaria elimination: a retrospective analysis in Jiangsu Province, China. Infect Dis Poverty. 2022;11:20.\nWang T, Zhou SS, Feng J, Oo MM, Chen J, Yan CF, et al. Monitoring and evaluation of intervals from onset of fever to diagnosis before “1-3-7” approach in malaria elimination: a retrospective study in Shanxi Province, China from 2013 to 2018. Malar J. 2019;18:235.\nZhang Q, Liu Y, Hu Y, Zhao Y, Yang C, Qian D, et al. The “1-3-7” Approach to malaria surveillance and response - Henan Province, China, 2012–2018. China CDC 2020;2:289–92.\nYin JH, Yan H, Huang F, Li M, Xiao HH, Zhou SS, et al. Establishing a China malaria diagnosis reference laboratory network for malaria elimination. Malar J. 2015;14:40.\nFeng J, Liu J, Feng X, Zhang L, Xiao H, Xia Z. Towards malaria elimination: monitoring and evaluation of the “1-3-7” approach at the China-Myanmar border. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95:806–10.\nWang D, Cotter C, Sun X, Bennett A, Gosling RD, Xiao N. Adapting the local response for malaria elimination through evaluation of the 1-3-7 system performance in the China-Myanmar border region. Malar J. 2017;16:54.\nHuang F, Zhang L, Tu H, Cui YW, Zhou SS, Xia ZG, et al. Epidemiologic analysis of efforts to achieve and sustain Malaria Elimination along the China-Myanmar Border. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27:2869–73.\nZhou SS, Zhang SS, Zhang L, Rietveld AE, Ramsay AR, Zachariah R, et al. China’s 1-3-7 surveillance and response strategy for malaria elimination: is case reporting, investigation and foci response happening according to plan? Infect Dis Poverty. 2015;4:55.\nXu J, Liu H. Border malaria in Yunnan, China Southeast Asian. J Trop Med Public Health. 1997;28:456–9.\nXu J, Liu H. The challenges of malaria elimination in Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2012;43:819–24.\nYin JH, Yang MN, Zhou SS, Wang Y, Feng J, Xia ZG. Changing malaria transmission and implications in China towards National Malaria Elimination Programme between 2010 and 2012. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e74228.\nLu G, Liu Y, Beiersmann C, Feng Y, Cao J, Muller O. Challenges in and lessons learned during the implementation of the 1-3-7 malaria surveillance and response strategy in China: a qualitative study. Infect Dis Poverty. 2016;5:94.\nLo E, Lam N, Hemming-Schroeder E, Nguyen J, Zhou G, Lee MC, et al. Frequent spread of Plasmodium vivax malaria maintains high genetic diversity at the Myanmar-China border, without distance and landscape barriers. J Infect Dis. 2017;216:1254–63.\nBi Y, Tong S. Poverty and malaria in the Yunnan province, China. Infect Dis Poverty. 2014;3:32.\nXu JW, Li JJ, Guo HP, Pu SW, Li SM, Wang RH, et al. Malaria from hyperendemicity to elimination in Hekou County on China-Vietnam border: an ecological study. Malar J. 2017;16:66.\nWang WM, Cao J, Zhou HY, Liu YB, Zhu GD, Cao YY, et al. Surveillance of malaria in provincial surveillance sites in Jiangsu Province, 2013. Zhongguo xue xi chong bing fang zhi za zhi. 2014;26:382–6.\nWHO. Strategy for malaria elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion: 2015–2030. Geneva. World Health Organization. 2015. https:\u002F\u002Fapps.who.int\u002Firis\u002Fhandle\u002F10665\u002F208203. Accessed 22 May 2015.\nWHO. Accelerating malaria elimination in the Greater Mekong. Geneva. World Health Organization. 2022. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fpublications\u002Fi\u002Fitem\u002FWHO-UCN-GMP-MME-2022.01. Accessed 9 Mar 2022.\nWHO. World Malaria Report 2019. Geneva. World Health Organization. 2019. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fpublications\u002Fi\u002Fitem\u002F9789241565721. Accessed 4 Dec 2019.\nRoh ME, Lausatianragit K, Chaitaveep N, Jongsakul K, Sudathip P, Raseebut C, et al. Civilian-military malaria outbreak response in Thailand: an example of multi-stakeholder engagement for malaria elimination. Malar J. 2021;20:458.\nLertpiriyasuwat C, Sudathip P, Kitchakarn S, Areechokchai D, Naowarat S, Shah JA, et al. Implementation and success factors from Thailand’s 1-3-7 surveillance strategy for malaria elimination. Malar J. 2021;20:201.\nSudathip P, Kitchakarn S, Shah JA, Bisanzio D, Young F, Gopinath D, et al. A foci cohort analysis to monitor successful and persistent foci under Thailand’s Malaria Elimination Strategy. Malar J. 2021;20:118.\nKingdom of Cambodia Ministry of Health. Cambodia Malaria elimination framework 2021–2025. 2019. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnm.gov.kh\u002F. Accessed 2019.\nKheang ST, Sovannaroth S, Barat LM, Dysoley L, Kapella BK, Po L, et al. Malaria elimination using the 1-3-7 approach: lessons from Sampov Loun, Cambodia. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:544.\nKyaw AMM, Kathirvel S, Das M, Thapa B, Linn NYY, Maung TM, et al. Alert-Audit-Act”: assessment of surveillance and response strategy for malaria elimination in three low-endemic settings of Myanmar in 2016. Trop Med Health. 2018;46:11.\nAung PP, Thein ZW, Hein ZNM, Aung KT, Mon NO, Linn NYY, et al. Challenges in early phase of implementing the 1-3-7 surveillance and response approach in malaria elimination setting: a field study from Myanmar. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9:18.\nMlacha YP, Wang D, Chaki PP, Gavana T, Zhou Z, Michael MG, et al. Effectiveness of the innovative 1,7-malaria reactive community-based testing and response (1, 7-mRCTR) approach on malaria burden reduction in Southeastern Tanzania. Malar J. 2020;19:292.\nPerera R, Caldera A, Wickremasinghe AR. Reactive case detection (RACD) and foci investigation strategies in malaria control and elimination: a review. Malar J. 2020;19:401.\nDeen J, Mukaka M, von Seidlein L. What is the yield of malaria reactive case detection in the greater Mekong Sub-region? A review of published data and meta-analysis. Malar J. 2021;20:131.\nReiker T, Chitnis N, Smith T. Modelling reactive case detection strategies for interrupting transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J. 2019;18:259.\nFeng J, Tu H, Zhang L, Zhang S, Jiang S, Xia Z, et al. Mapping transmission foci to eliminate malaria in the People’s Republic of China, 2010–2015: a retrospective analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:115.\nLai S, Li Z, Wardrop NA, Sun J, Head MG, Huang Z, et al. Malaria in China, 2011–2015: an observational study. Bull World Health Organ. 2017;95:564–73.\nCao Y, Cotter C, Wang W, Liu Y, Zhou H, Zhu G, et al. Malaria elimination in China: improving county-level malaria personnel knowledge of the 1-3-7 strategy through tabletop exercises. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;102:804–10.\nBaer A, Libassi L, Lloyd JK, Benoliel E, Brucker R, Jones MQ, et al. Risk factors for infections in international travelers: an analysis of travel-related notifiable communicable diseases. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2014;12:525–33.\nSerda BA, Getachew A, Agmas AA, Yeshiwondim AK, Tesfay BH, Earle D et al. SMART Surveillance: An ODK-based android app for malaria case investigation in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. 2019. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.path.org\u002Fresources\u002Fsmart-surveillance-an-odk-based-android-app-for-malaria-case-investigation-in-amhara-national-regional-state-ethiopia\u002F. Accessed 7 Nov 2019.\nBaliga BS, Jain A, Koduvattat N, Kumar BGP, Kumar M, Kumar A, et al. Indigenously developed digital handheld android-based Geographic Information System (GIS)-tagged tablets (TABs) in malaria elimination programme in Mangaluru city, Karnataka, India. Malar J. 2019;18:444.",{"VOID":3052},"10.1186\u002Fs12936-023-04580-9","2024-05-01T07:52:28.454+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Fmalariajournal.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12936-023-04580-9",[3056,3071,3084,3097,3110],{"id":3057,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":3058,"affiliations":3059,"properties":3068,"displayName":3070,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"3dcef0e2-6b4e-4963-b894-097564ec964e",[200],[3060],{"id":3061,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":3062,"properties":18},"df5dd7ff-3e76-46b5-8a29-b0f60f227510",{"id":3061,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":3063,"slug":18,"properties":3064,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":3067,"statistic":18},[],{"title":3065},{"EN":3066},"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China",[],{"title":3069},{"VI":3070},"Boyu Yi",{"id":3072,"sortIndex":212,"researcher":18,"roles":3073,"affiliations":3074,"properties":3081,"displayName":3083,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"11d7980d-80da-411b-9591-f0a1557e7120",[200],[3075],{"id":3061,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":3076,"properties":18},{"id":3061,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":3077,"slug":18,"properties":3078,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":3080,"statistic":18},[],{"title":3079},{"EN":3066},[],{"title":3082},{"VI":3083},"Li Zhang",{"id":3085,"sortIndex":245,"researcher":18,"roles":3086,"affiliations":3087,"properties":3094,"displayName":3096,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"9f57e090-c0ed-4341-9976-ae0dcf2a02f2",[200],[3088],{"id":3061,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":3089,"properties":18},{"id":3061,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":3090,"slug":18,"properties":3091,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":3093,"statistic":18},[],{"title":3092},{"EN":3066},[],{"title":3095},{"VI":3096},"Jianhai Yin",{"id":3098,"sortIndex":266,"researcher":18,"roles":3099,"affiliations":3100,"properties":3107,"displayName":3109,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"83110d47-9f8f-479d-bccd-8d2e2cb47fcd",[200],[3101],{"id":3061,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":3102,"properties":18},{"id":3061,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":3103,"slug":18,"properties":3104,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":3106,"statistic":18},[],{"title":3105},{"EN":3066},[],{"title":3108},{"VI":3109},"Shuisen Zhou",{"id":3111,"sortIndex":280,"researcher":18,"roles":3112,"affiliations":3113,"properties":3120,"displayName":3122,"givenName":18,"familyName":18},"d4bd5dc8-0cac-469b-add8-1b204dd48838",[200],[3114],{"id":3061,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":3115,"properties":18},{"id":3061,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":3116,"slug":18,"properties":3117,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":3119,"statistic":18},[],{"title":3118},{"EN":3066},[],{"title":3121},{"VI":3122},"Zhigui Xia",{"url":18,"publisher":3124,"properties":18},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":3125,"slug":10,"properties":3126,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":3129,"manageAffiliations":3138,"indexDatabases":3149,"url":86,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":3164,"gsStatistic":18,"type":168,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":3127,"title":3128},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[3130,3134],{"id":22,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":3131,"label":3132,"description":3133,"parentId":18,"standard":18,"scholarHubFieldId":18},[],{"EN":25},{},{"id":28,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":3135,"label":3136,"description":3137,"parentId":18,"standard":18,"scholarHubFieldId":18},[],{"EN":31},{},[3139,3144],{"id":35,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":3140,"slug":18,"properties":3141,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":3143,"statistic":18},[],{"title":3142},{"EN":39},[],{"id":42,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":3145,"slug":18,"properties":3146,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":18,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":18,"url":18,"parentIds":3148,"statistic":18},[],{"title":3147},{"EN":46},[],[3150,3157],{"id":50,"indexDatabase":3151,"url":63,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":3156,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":52,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":3152,"label":3153,"description":3154,"key":59,"publicationTags":3155,"standard":18},[],{"EN":55,"VI":55},{"EN":57,"VI":58},[61,62],[65,66,67],{"id":69,"indexDatabase":3158,"url":80,"indexYears":81,"academicFieldIds":3163,"indexDatabaseRanking":85},{"id":71,"createTime":18,"updateTime":18,"relativeEntities":3159,"label":3160,"description":3161,"key":77,"publicationTags":3162,"standard":18},[],{"EN":74,"VI":74},{"EN":74,"VI":76},[79],[83,84],{"impactFactor":19,"impactFactorByYear":3165,"i10Index":100,"i10IndexLast5Year":101,"totalPublication":102,"totalPublicationByYear":3166,"totalCitation":127,"totalCitationByYear":3167,"totalCitationPerPublication":147,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":3168,"hindexLast5Year":167,"hindex":167},{"2010":89,"2012":90,"2013":91,"2014":92,"2015":93,"2016":93,"2017":94,"2018":95,"2019":95,"2020":96,"2021":97,"2022":98,"2023":99},{"2002":104,"2003":105,"2004":106,"2005":107,"2006":108,"2007":109,"2008":110,"2009":111,"2010":112,"2011":113,"2012":114,"2013":115,"2014":116,"2015":117,"2016":118,"2017":119,"2018":120,"2019":121,"2020":122,"2021":123,"2022":124,"2023":125,"2024":126},{"2005":129,"2006":130,"2007":131,"2008":132,"2009":133,"2010":134,"2011":135,"2012":136,"2013":137,"2014":138,"2015":139,"2016":140,"2017":141,"2018":142,"2019":143,"2020":144,"2021":145,"2022":146},{"2005":149,"2006":150,"2007":151,"2008":152,"2009":153,"2010":154,"2011":155,"2012":156,"2013":157,"2014":158,"2015":159,"2016":160,"2017":161,"2018":162,"2019":163,"2020":164,"2021":165,"2022":166},{"total":19,"publishYear":541,"statisticByYear":3170},{},"2023-05-09",[61,85],{"id":3174,"createTime":3175,"updateTime":3176,"relativeEntities":3177,"slug":3178,"properties":3179,"entityType":189,"verifyStatus":190,"verifyTime":3196,"verifyNote":192,"languages":3197,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":3198,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":3199,"publicationType":488,"publisherRelationship":3252,"citationCount":266,"citationInfo":3298,"publishDate":3300,"publishYear":2222,"citationAnalyzeStatus":3301,"lastCitationAnalyze":3302,"indexDatabases":3303,"openAccess":18,"references":3304,"isForceReanalyzing":543},"db5e692f-3315-4709-80c8-cf50d5181898","2024-04-11T13:11:51.220+00:00","2026-07-30T12:53:02.714+00:00",[],"Haptoglobin-gene-diversity-and-incidence-of-uncomplicated-malaria-among-children-in-Iganga-Uganda",{"mag":3180,"gsPaper":3182,"pmc":3184,"openalex":3186,"abstract":3188,"title":3190,"pm":3192,"doi":3194},{"VOID":3181},"3107758844",{"VOID":3183},"[\"12844179900442941050\"]",{"VOID":3185},"7690179",{"VOID":3187},"W3107758844",{"EN":3189},"\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:sec>\n\u003Cjats:title>Background\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n\u003Cjats:p>Haptoglobin (Hp) is an acute phase protein that takes part in systemic regulation of haem during \u003Cjats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> infections. Numerous genotypes of haptoglobin have been reported in malaria endemic populations. In this study, the relationship between haptoglobin genotypes and incidence of uncomplicated malaria in a cohort of children living in a malaria-endemic area of Uganda was determined.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n\u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n\u003Cjats:title>Methods\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n\u003Cjats:p>This is an extension of a longitudinal study comprising of 423 children aged between six months and nine years, who were actively followed up for one year. Malaria episodes occurring in the cohort children were detected and the affected children treated with national policy drug regimen. Haptoglobin genotypes were determined by an allele-specific PCR method and their frequencies were calculated. A multivariate negative binomial regression model was used to estimate the impact of haptoglobin genotypes on incidence of uncomplicated malaria in the children’s cohort. In all statistical tests, a P–value of < 0.05 was considered as significant.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n\u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n\u003Cjats:title>Results\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n\u003Cjats:p>The prevalence of the Hp 1–1, Hp 2–1 and Hp 2–2 genotypes in the children’s cohort was 41%, 36.2% and 22.9%, respectively. The overall frequency for the Hp 1 allele was 59%, while Hp 2 allele occurred at a frequency of 41%. After adjustment of incidence rates for age, insecticide treated bed net (ITN) use and malaria history, the incidence of uncomplicated malaria for children carrying the Hp 2–2 genotype and those with the Hp 2–1 genotype was statistically similar (P = 0.41). Also, no difference in the incidence of uncomplicated malaria was observed between children carrying the Hp 1–1 genotype and those having the Hp 2–1 genotype (P = 0.84) or between Hp 2–2 Vs Hp 1–1 genotypes (P = 0.50).\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n\u003C\u002Fjats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\n\u003Cjats:title>Conclusions\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\n\u003Cjats:p>This study showed that the Hp 1–1 and Hp 2–1 genotypes each occur in nearly 4 in 10 children and the Hp 2–2 genotype occurs in 2 of every 10 children. No association with incidence of uncomplicated malaria was found. Additional studies of influence of haptoglobin genotypes on \u003Cjats:italic>P. falciparum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> malaria severity are needed to understand the role of these genotypes in malarial protection.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\n\u003C\u002Fjats:sec>",{"EN":3191},"Haptoglobin gene diversity and incidence of uncomplicated malaria among children in Iganga, 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