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J Ethno Pharmacol 160:86–93",{"doi":567},"10.1016\u002Fj.jep.2014.11.031",false,{"id":570,"createTime":571,"updateTime":572,"relativeEntities":573,"slug":574,"properties":575,"entityType":216,"verifyStatus":217,"verifyTime":572,"verifyNote":218,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":584,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":585,"publicationType":278,"publisherRelationship":700,"citationCount":22,"citationInfo":22,"publishDate":735,"publishYear":736,"citationAnalyzeStatus":21,"lastCitationAnalyze":22,"indexDatabases":22,"openAccess":22,"references":22,"isForceReanalyzing":568},"ff5983a0-a4c6-4bfd-85dd-5398e5e41df2","2023-12-05T05:26:54.922+00:00","2024-12-09T23:54:33.738+00:00",[],"Alcohol-Induced-Interactive-Phosphorylation-of-Src-and-Toll-like-Receptor-Regulates-the-Secretion-of-Inflammatory-Mediators-by-Human-Astrocytes",{"references":576,"abstract":578,"title":580,"doi":582},{"VOID":577},"Abu-Dayyeh I, Shio MT, Sato S, Akira S, Cousineau B, Olivier M (2008) Leishmania-induced IRAK-1 inactivation is mediated by SHP-1 interacting with an evolutionarily conserved KTIM motif. 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Alcohol Alcohol 37:421–426\nSmolinska MJ, Horwood NJ, Page TH, Smallie T, Foxwell BM (2008) Chemical inhibition of Src family kinases affects major LPS-activated pathways in primary human macrophages. Mol Immunol 45:990–1000\nStevens NT, Sadovskaya I, Jabbouri S, Sattar T, O'Gara JP, Humphreys H, Greene CM (2009) Staphylococcus epidermidis polysaccharide intercellular adhesin induces IL-8 expression in human astrocytes via a mechanism involving TLR2. Cell Microbiol 11:421–432\nSuryadevara R, Holter S, Borgmann K, Persidsky R, Labenz-Zink C, Persidsky Y, Gendelman HE, Wu L, Ghorpade A (2003) Regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 by astrocytes: links to HIV-1 dementia. Glia 44:47–56\nWalter S, Letiembre M, Liu Y, Heine H, Penke B, Hao W, Bode B, Manietta N, Walter J, Schulz-Schuffer W, Fassbender K (2007) Role of the toll-like receptor 4 in neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Physiol Biochem 20:947–956\nZheng JC, Huang Y, Tang K, Cui M, Niemann D, Lopez A, Morgello S, Chen S (2008) HIV-1-infected and\u002For immune-activated macrophages regulate astrocyte CXCL8 production through IL-1beta and TNF-alpha: involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase R. J Neuroimmunol 200:100–110",{"EN":579},"Secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules by astrocytes after alcohol treatment was shown to be associated with neuroinflammation. We hypothesized that activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) by ethanol in astrocytes enhanced the secretion of inflammatory agents via the interactive tyrosine phosphorylation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Src kinase. To test this hypothesis, we treated primary human astrocytes with 20 mM ethanol for 48 h at 37°C. Ethanol exposure elevated cytochrome P450-2E1 activity, reactive oxygen species levels, and secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in these cells. Secretion of PGE2 was associated with induction of cPLA2 activity and protein content as well as COX-2 protein level in a Src phosphorylation-dependent manner that occurred by enhanced transcription. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analyses indicated that the interactive tyrosine phosphorylation of TLR4–Src complex at the cell membrane triggered the activation of cPLA2 and COX-2 in the cytoplasm through a Src signaling intermediate. Inhibition of ethanol metabolism, blockage of Src activity, or inactivation of TLR4 prevented the activation of cPLA2 and COX-2 as well as diminished PGE2 production, suggesting that interactive phosphorylation of TLR4–Src regulated the pro-inflammatory response in astrocytes. Experiments with small interfering RNA knockdown of TLR4 in human astrocytes confirmed that silencing expression also abolished the interactive phosphorylation of both TLR4 and Src in the presence of ethanol.",{"EN":581},"Alcohol-Induced Interactive Phosphorylation of Src and Toll-like Receptor Regulates the Secretion of Inflammatory Mediators by Human Astrocytes",{"VOID":583},"10.1007\u002Fs11481-010-9213-z","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11481-010-9213-z",[586,603,625,637,649,661,673,685],{"id":587,"sortIndex":588,"researcher":22,"roles":589,"affiliations":591,"properties":600},"bad0af1d-de52-4102-8088-73e50e499823",3,[590],"AUTHOR",[592],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":593,"properties":22},{"id":594,"createTime":595,"updateTime":595,"relativeEntities":596,"slug":22,"properties":597,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"1be2c593-a632-469b-a5eb-c023f262ce0b","2023-12-05T05:26:54.947+00:00",[],{"title":598},{"VI":599},"Neurovascular Oxidative Injury Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA",{"title":601},{"VI":602},"Saleena Alikunju",{"id":604,"sortIndex":320,"researcher":22,"roles":605,"affiliations":606,"properties":622},"2d32fd5c-85dc-4464-939c-f0a1e9d16c02",[590],[607,612],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":608,"properties":22},{"id":594,"createTime":595,"updateTime":595,"relativeEntities":609,"slug":22,"properties":610,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},[],{"title":611},{"VI":599},{"id":613,"sortIndex":225,"affiliation":614,"properties":621},"48e5aa26-f0dc-44d0-81f5-274f98e03916",{"id":615,"createTime":616,"updateTime":616,"relativeEntities":617,"slug":22,"properties":618,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"b1bdfa04-aea7-487b-9d58-3ff24a3e9b15","2023-12-05T05:26:54.983+00:00",[],{"title":619},{"VI":620},"Laboratory of Neurovascular Oxidative Injury, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985215 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA",{},{"title":623},{"VI":624},"James Haorah",{"id":626,"sortIndex":225,"researcher":22,"roles":627,"affiliations":628,"properties":634},"03288b31-de64-4167-ae0a-3868cd143ccc",[590],[629],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":630,"properties":22},{"id":594,"createTime":595,"updateTime":595,"relativeEntities":631,"slug":22,"properties":632,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},[],{"title":633},{"VI":599},{"title":635},{"VI":636},"Travis J. 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J Immunol 193:4779–4782\nZhu Y, An X, Zhang X, Qiao Y, Zheng T, Li X (2019) STING: a master regulator in the cancer-immunity cycle. Mol Cancer 18:152",{"EN":747},"Innate immune response acts as the first line of host defense against damage and is initiated following the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). For double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensing, interferon gene stimulator (STING) was discovered to be an integral sensor and could mediate the immune and inflammatory response. Selective STING antagonist C-176 was administered and pain behaviors were assessed following spared nerve injury (SNI)-induced neuropathic pain. The level of serum dsDNA following neuropathic pain was assessed using Elisa analysis. STING signaling pathway, microglia activation, and proinflammatory cytokines were assessed by qPCR, western blots, Elisa, and immunofluorescence staining. STING agonist DMXAA was introduced into BV-2 cells to assess the inflammatory response in microglial cells. dsDNA was significantly increased following SNI and STING\u002FTANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)\u002Fnuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway was activated in vivo and vitro. Early but not the late intrathecal injection of C-176 attenuated SNI-induced pain hypersensitivity, microglia activation, proinflammatory factors, and phosphorylated JAK2\u002FSTAT3 in the spinal cord dorsal horn, and the analgesic effect of C-176 was greatly abolished by recombinant IL-6 following SNI. We provided evidence clarifying dsDNA mediated activation of microglia STING signaling pathway, after which promoting expression of proinflammatory cytokines that are required for hyperalgesia initiation in the spinal cord dorsal horn of SNI model. Further analysis showed that microglial STING\u002FTBK1\u002FNF-κB may contribute to pain initiation via IL-6 signaling. Pharmacological blockade of STING may be a promising target in the treatment of initiation of neuropathic pain. \n                  \n                    \n                      \n                    \n                  \n                ",{"EN":749},"STING\u002FNF-κB\u002FIL-6-Mediated Inflammation in Microglia Contributes to Spared Nerve Injury (SNI)-Induced Pain 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J Infect Dis 186(Suppl 2):S199–S208\nMarcario JK, Raymond LA, McKiernan BJ, Foresman LL, Joag SV, Raghavan R, Narayan O, Cheney PD (1999a) Motor skill impairment in SIV-infected Rhesus Macaques with rapidly and slowly progressing disease. J Med Primatol 28:105–117\nMarcario JK, Raymond LA, McKiernan BJ, Foresman LL, Joag SV, Raghavan R, Narayan O, Hershberger S, Cheney PD (1999b) Simple and choice reaction time performance in SIV-infected Rhesus Macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 15:571–583\nMarcario JK, Manaye KF, SantaCruz KS, Mouton PR, Berman NE, Cheney PD (2004) Severe subcortical degeneration in macaques infected with neurovirulent simian immunodeficiency virus. J Neurovirol 10:387–399\nMarx PA, Chen Z (1998) The function of simian chemokine receptors in the replication of SIV. Semin Immunol 10:215–223\nNavia BA, Cho ES, Petito CK, Price RW (1986) The AIDS dementia complex: II. Neuropathology. Ann Neurol 19:525–535\nPetito CK, Cho ES, Lemann W, Navia BA, Price RW (1986) Neuropathology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): an autopsy review. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 45:635–646\nRaghavan R, Cheney PD, Raymond LA, Joag SV, Stephens EB, Adany I, Pinson DM, Li Z, Marcario JK, Jia F, Wang C, Foresman L, Berman NE, Narayan O (1999) Morphological correlates of neurological dysfunction in macaques infected with neurovirulent simian immunodeficiency virus. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 25:285–294\nRaymond LA, Wallace D, Berman NE, Marcario J, Foresman L, Joag SV, Raghavan R, Narayan O, Cheney PD (1998) Auditory brainstem responses in a Rhesus Macaque model of neuro-AIDS. J Neurovirol 4:512–520\nRaymond LA, Wallace D, Marcario JK, Raghavan R, Narayan O, Foresman LL, Berman NE, Cheney PD (1999) Motor evoked potentials in a Rhesus Macaque model of neuro-AIDS. J Neurovirol 5:217–231\nRaymond LA, Wallace D, Raghavan R, Marcario JK, Johnson JK, Foresman LL, Joag SV, Narayan O, Berman NE, Cheney PD (2000) Sensory evoked potentials in SIV-infected monkeys with rapidly and slowly progressing disease. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 16:1163–1173\nRiviere Y (1994) Virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV-1. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 40(Suppl 1):45–48\nRoy S, Wang J, Charboneau R, Loh HH, Barke RA (2005) Morphine induces CD4+ T cell IL-4 expression through an adenylyl cyclase mechanism independent of the protein kinase A pathway. J Immunol 175:6361–6367\nSelwyn PA, Alcabes P, Hartel D, Buono D, Schoenbaum EE, Klein RS, Davenny K, Friedland GH (1992) Clinical manifestations and predictors of disease progression in drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 327:1697–1703\nSuzuki S, Carlos MP, Chuang LF, Torres JV, Doi RH, Chuang RY (2002) Methadone induces CCR5 and promotes AIDS virus infection. FEBS Lett 519:173–177\nThorpe LE, Frederick M, Pitt J, Cheng I, Watts DH, Buschur S, Green K, Zorrilla C, Landesman SH, Hershow RC (2004) Effect of hard-drug use on CD4 cell percentage, HIV RNA level, and progression to AIDS-defining class C events among HIV-infected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 37:1423–1430\nVeazey RS, DeMaria M, Chalifoux LV, Shvetz DE, Pauley DR, Knight HL, Rosenzweig M, Johnson RP, Desrosiers RC, Lackner AA (1998) Gastrointestinal tract as a major site of CD4+ T cell depletion and viral replication in SIV infection. Science 280:427–431\nVeazey RS, Mansfield KG, Tham IC, Carville AC, Shvetz DE, Forand AE, Lackner AA (2000a) Dynamics of CCR5 expression by CD4(+) T cells in lymphoid tissues during simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 74:11001–11007\nVeazey RS, Tham IC, Mansfield KG, DeMaria M, Forand AE, Shvetz DE, Chalifoux LV, Sehgal PK, Lackner AA (2000b) Identifying the target cell in primary simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection: highly activated memory CD4(+) T cells are rapidly eliminated in early SIV infection in vivo. J Virol 74:57–64\nWalker CM (1993) Non-cytolytic control of HIV replication by CD8+ T cells. Semin Immunol 5:195–201\nWang J, Barke RA, Charboneau R, Loh HH, Roy S (2003) Morphine negatively regulates interferon-gamma promoter activity in activated murine T cells through two distinct cyclic AMP-dependent pathways. J Biol Chem 278:37622–37631\nWilliams KC, Corey S, Westmoreland SV, Pauley D, Knight H, deBakker C, Alvarez X, Lackner AA (2001) Perivascular macrophages are the primary cell type productively infected by simian immunodeficiency virus in the brains of macaques: implications for the neuropathogenesis of AIDS. J Exp Med 193:905–915",{"EN":1013},"Morphine is known to prevent the development of cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses and enhance expression of the CCR5 receptor in monocyte macrophages. We undertook a study to determine the effect of morphine on the neuropathogenesis and immunopathogenesis of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in Indian Rhesus Macaques. Hypothetically, the effect of morphine would be to prevent the development of CMI responses to SIV and to enhance the infection in macrophages. Sixteen Rhesus Macaques were divided into three experimental groups: M (morphine only, n = 5), VM (morphine + SIV, n = 6), and V (SIV only, n = 5). Animals in groups M and VM were given 2.5 mg\u002Fkg of morphine sulfate, four times daily, for up to 59 weeks. Groups VM and V were inoculated with SIVmacR71\u002F17E 26 weeks after the beginning of morphine administration. Morphine prevented the development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot-forming cell CMI responses in contrast to virus control animals, all of which developed CMI. Whereas morphine treatment had no effect on viremia, cerebrospinal fluid viral titers or survival over the time course of the study, the drug was associated with a tendency for greater build-up of virus in the brains of infected animals. Histopathological changes in the brains of animals that developed disease were of a demyelinating type in the VM animals compared to an encephalitic type in the V animals. This difference may have been associated with the immunosuppressive effect of the drug in inhibiting CMI responses.",{"EN":1015},"Effect of Morphine on the Neuropathogenesis of SIVmac Infection in Indian Rhesus Macaques",{"VOID":1017},"10.1007\u002Fs11481-007-9085-z","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11481-007-9085-z",[1020,1035,1050,1065,1082,1094,1106,1118,1130,1142,1154],{"id":1021,"sortIndex":156,"researcher":22,"roles":1022,"affiliations":1023,"properties":1032},"0dadbc25-781f-489f-b600-7a62801899f4",[590],[1024],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1025,"properties":22},{"id":1026,"createTime":1027,"updateTime":1027,"relativeEntities":1028,"slug":22,"properties":1029,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"e62b7674-880c-41c0-8e22-8cfff66fc5bf","2024-01-13T23:43:08.220+00:00",[],{"title":1030},{"VI":1031},"Research Design and Analysis Unit, Life Span Institute, Lawrence, USA",{"title":1033},{"VI":1034},"Janet Marquis",{"id":1036,"sortIndex":225,"researcher":22,"roles":1037,"affiliations":1038,"properties":1047},"df5b985d-7cc5-48da-abee-fed56c4fa90b",[590],[1039],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1040,"properties":22},{"id":1041,"createTime":1042,"updateTime":1042,"relativeEntities":1043,"slug":22,"properties":1044,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"3f781f99-5017-475a-85a5-d6a57bab3c6a","2023-12-19T05:23:55.911+00:00",[],{"title":1045},{"VI":1046},"Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA",{"title":1048},{"VI":1049},"Mariam Riazi",{"id":1051,"sortIndex":588,"researcher":22,"roles":1052,"affiliations":1053,"properties":1062},"8a903c04-32ab-4e42-a58c-de8a6373433f",[590],[1054],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1055,"properties":22},{"id":1056,"createTime":1057,"updateTime":1057,"relativeEntities":1058,"slug":22,"properties":1059,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"0fc26f3c-4a18-461e-9615-cf8bdf0cbbf8","2024-01-11T05:45:45.189+00:00",[],{"title":1060},{"VI":1061},"Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA",{"title":1063},{"VI":1064},"Himanshu Kenjale",{"id":1066,"sortIndex":319,"researcher":22,"roles":1067,"affiliations":1068,"properties":1079},"5c9e0bcf-fc62-4f5f-9035-c27d9c9e61aa",[590],[1069],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1070,"properties":22},{"id":1071,"createTime":1072,"updateTime":1073,"relativeEntities":1074,"slug":1075,"properties":1076,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"7de5937a-f4cd-4817-973c-5cdd39fdb126","2023-12-12T05:13:33.486+00:00","2024-09-25T22:24:50.430+00:00",[],"Department-of-Biostatistics-University-of-Kansas-Medical-Center-Kansas-City-USA",{"title":1077},{"VI":1078},"Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA",{"title":1080},{"VI":1081},"Olga Nemon",{"id":1083,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":1084,"affiliations":1085,"properties":1091},"4ebb95ce-c349-452f-9c98-c9d34d0f2f85",[590],[1086],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1087,"properties":22},{"id":1041,"createTime":1042,"updateTime":1042,"relativeEntities":1088,"slug":22,"properties":1089,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},[],{"title":1090},{"VI":1046},{"title":1092},{"VI":1093},"Joanne K. 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J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. doi:10.1007\u002Fs11481-011-9323-2\nKarmaus PWF, Chen W, Kaplan BLF, Kaminski NE (2012) Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol suppresses cytotoxic t lymphocyte function independent of CB1 and CB2, disrupting early activation events. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. doi:10.1007\u002Fs11481-011-9293-4\nMithal DS, Banisadr G, Miller RJ (2012) CXCL12 Signaling in the development of the nervous system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. doi:10.1007\u002Fs11481-011-9336-x\nPanas MW, Xie Z, Panas HN, Hoener MC, Vallender EJ, Miller GM (2011) Trace amine associated receptor 1 signaling in activated lymphocytes. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. doi:10.1007\u002Fs11481-011-9321-4\nPodhaizer EM, Zou S , Fitting S, Samano KL, El-Hage N, Knapp PE, Hauser KF (2011) Morphine and gp120 toxic interactions in striatal neurons are dependent on HIV-1 strain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. doi:10.1007\u002Fs11481-011-9326-z\nSharir H, Console-Bram L, Mundy C, Popoff SN, Kapur A, Abood ME (2012) The endocannabinoids anandamide and virodhamine modulate the activity of the candidate cannabinoid receptor GPR55. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. doi:10.1007\u002Fs11481-012-9351-6\nZhang L, Belkowski JS, Briscoe T, Rogers TJ (2012) Regulation of Mu opioid receptor expression in developing T cells. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol (in this issue)",{"EN":1211},"Many of the receptors which are responsible for the responses to the common drugs of abuse belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. In this special issue of the Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology a collection of papers is presented which deals with signaling events that are important for the function of these receptors. Because these receptors are expressed by both neuronal and immune cells, and because these receptors play a complex role in regulating function in both the nervous and immune systems, a more complete understanding of the regulation of expression of these receptors is essential. Moreover, once these receptors are expressed and activated, a complex series of signaling events are initiated that can have substantial significance. We have only a limited understanding of these signaling events, but with more complete information, we may be able to control the undesirable and\u002For desirable consequences of receptor activation by drugs of abuse.",{"EN":1213},"The Molecular Basis for Neuroimmune Receptor Signaling",{"VOID":1215},"10.1007\u002Fs11481-012-9398-4","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11481-012-9398-4",[1218],{"id":1219,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":1220,"affiliations":1221,"properties":1230},"564ebe66-d092-4ea3-bc4a-3a6f38f33037",[590],[1222],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1223,"properties":22},{"id":1224,"createTime":1225,"updateTime":1225,"relativeEntities":1226,"slug":22,"properties":1227,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"8692f2ae-2e96-4703-b848-c147ec6699b2","2024-01-20T23:50:29.776+00:00",[],{"title":1228},{"VI":1229},"Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA",{"title":1231},{"VI":1232},"Thomas J. 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J Immunol 170:5658–5666\nBunzow JR, Saez C, Mortrud M, Bouvier C, Williams JT, Low M, Grandy DK (1994) Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of a putative member of the rat opioid receptor gene family that is not a mu, delta or kappa opioid receptor type. FEBS Lett 347:284–288\nCarr MW, Roth SJ, Luther E, Rose SS, Springer TA (1994) Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 acts as a T-lymphocyte chemoattractant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:3652–3656\nCivelli O (2005) GPCR deorphanizations: the novel, the known and the unexpected transmitters. Trends Pharmacol Sci 26:15–19\nComerford I, Nibbs RJ (2005) Post-translational control of chemokines: a role for decoy receptors? Immunol Lett 96:163–174\nDanek A, O’Dorisio MS, O’Dorisio TM, George JM (1983) Specific binding sites for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on nonadherent peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Immunol 131:1173–1177\nDelgado M, Pozo D, Ganea D (2004) The significance of vasoactive intestinal peptide in immunomodulation. Pharmacol Rev 56:249–290\nDumoulin FL, Nischalke HD, Leifeld L, von dem Bussche A, Rockstroh JK, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U (2000) Semi-quantification of human C–C chemokine mRNAs with reverse transcription\u002Freal time PCR using multi-specific standards. J Immunol Methods 241:109–119\nEl-Hage N, Gurwell JA, Singh IN, Knapp PE, Nath A, Hauser KF (2005) Synergistic increases in intracellular Ca2+, and the release of MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-6 by astrocytes treated with opiates and HIV-1 Tat. Glia 50:91–106\nEl-Hage N, Wu G, Wang J, Ambati J, Knapp PE, Reed JL, Bruce-Keller AJ, Hauser KF (2006) HIV-1 Tat and opiate-induced changes in astrocytes promote chemotaxis of microglia through the expression of MCP-1 and alternative chemokines. Glia 53:132–146\nFiset ME, Gilbert C, Poubelle PE, Pouliot M (2003) Human neutrophils as a source of nociceptin: a novel link between pain and inflammation. Biochemistry 42:10498–10505\nFukuda K, Kato S, Mori K, Nishi M, Takeshima H, Iwabe N, Miyata T, Houtani T, Sugimoto T (1994) cDNA cloning and regional distribution of a novel member of the opioid receptor family. FEBS Lett 343:42–46\nGuerrero JM, Prieto JC, Elorza FL, Ramirez R, Goberna R (1981) Interaction of vasoactive intestinal peptide with human blood mononuclear cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 21:151–160\nHantos MB, Szalay F, Lakatos PL, Hegedus D, Firneisz G, Reiczigel J, Torok T, Tekes K (2002) Elevated plasma nociceptin level in patients with Wilson disease. Brain Res Bull 58:311–313\nHopkins AL, Groom CR (2002) The druggable genome. Nat Rev Drug Discov 1:727–730\nHorvath A, Folhoffer A, Lakatos PL, Halosz J, Illyes G, Schaff Z, Hantos MB, Tekes K, Szalay F (2004) Rising plasma nociceptin level during development of HCC: a case report. World J Gastroenterol 10:152–154\nKlein TW, Newton CA, Nakachi N, Friedman H (2000) Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment suppresses immunity and early IFN-gamma, IL-12, and IL-12 receptor beta 2 responses to Legionella pneumophila infection. J Immunol 164:6461–6466\nKurihara T, Warr G, Loy J, Bravo R (1997) Defects in macrophage recruitment and host defense in mice lacking the CCR2 chemokine receptor. J Exp Med 186:1757–1762\nKuziel WA, Morgan SJ, Dawson TC, Griffin S, Smithies O, Ley K, Maeda N (1997) Severe reduction in leukocyte adhesion and monocyte extravasation in mice deficient in CC chemokine receptor 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:12053–12058\nLoetscher P, Seitz M, Clark-Lewis I, Baggiolini M, Moser B (1996) Activation of NK cells by CC chemokines. Chemotaxis, Ca2+ mobilization, and enzyme release. J Immunol 156:322–327\nMahajan SD, Schwartz SA, Aalinkeel R, Chawda RP, Sykes DE, Nair MP (2005) Morphine modulates chemokine gene regulation in normal human astrocytes. Clin Immunol 115:323–332\nMahajan SD, Schwartz SA, Shanahan TC, Chawda RP, Nair MP (2002) Morphine regulates gene expression of alpha- and beta-chemokines and their receptors on astroglial cells via the opioid mu receptor. J Immunol 169:3589–3599\nMandyam CD, Thakker DR, Christensen JL, Standifer KM (2002) Orphanin FQ\u002Fnociceptin-mediated desensitization of opioid receptor-like 1 receptor and mu opioid receptors involves protein kinase C: a molecular mechanism for heterologous cross-talk. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302:502–509\nMcQuibban GA, Butler GS, Gong JH, Bendall L, Power C, Clark-Lewis I, Overall CM (2001) Matrix metalloproteinase activity inactivates the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1. J Biol Chem 276:43503–43508\nMcQuibban GA, Gong JH, Tam EM, McCulloch CA, Clark-Lewis I, Overall CM (2000) Inflammation dampened by gelatinase A cleavage of monocyte chemoattractant protein-3. Science 289:1202–1206\nMcQuibban GA, Gong JH, Wong JP, Wallace JL, Clark-Lewis I, Overall CM (2002) Matrix metalloproteinase processing of monocyte chemoattractant proteins generates CC chemokine receptor antagonists with anti-inflammatory properties in vivo. Blood 100:1160–1167\nMollereau C, Parmentier M, Mailleux P, Butour JL, Moisand C, Chalon P, Caput D, Vassart G, Meunier JC (1994) ORL1, a novel member of the opioid receptor family. Cloning, functional expression and localization. FEBS Lett 341:33–38\nNagase H, Woessner JF Jr (1999) Matrix metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 274:21491–21494\nOttaway CA, Bernaerts C, Chan B, Greenberg GR (1983) Specific binding of vasoactive intestinal peptide to human circulating mononuclear cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 61:664–671\nPampusch MS, Serie JR, Osinski MA, Seybold VS, Murtaugh MP, Brown DR (2000) Expression of nociceptin\u002FOFQ receptor and prepro-nociceptin\u002FOFQ in lymphoid tissues. Peptides 21:1865–1870\nPeluso J, Gaveriaux-Ruff C, Matthes HW, Filliol D, Kieffer BL (2001) Orphanin FQ\u002Fnociceptin binds to functionally coupled ORL1 receptors on human immune cell lines and alters peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation. Brain Res Bull 54:655–660\nPeluso J, LaForge KS, Matthes HW, Kreek MJ, Kieffer BL, Gaveriaux-Ruff C (1998) Distribution of nociceptin\u002Forphanin FQ receptor transcript in human central nervous system and immune cells. J Neuroimmunol 81:184–192\nProost P, Struyf S, Couvreur M, Lenaerts JP, Conings R, Menten P, Verhaert P, Wuyts A, Van Damme J (1998) Posttranslational modifications affect the activity of the human monocyte chemotactic proteins MCP-1 and MCP-2: identification of MCP-2(6–76) as a natural chemokine inhibitor. J Immunol 160:4034–4041\nRogers TJ, Peterson PK (2003) Opioid G protein-coupled receptors: signals at the crossroads of inflammation. Trends Immunol 24:116–121\nSarada B, Thiele D, Dang T, Lee J, Safavia A, Hersh LB, Cottam GL (1998) Anti-CD3 activation of human CD4+ T cells increases expression of the intracellular beta-endorphin endopeptidase (IDE\u002Fgamma-EpGE). J Neuroimmunol 85:59–68\nSerhan CN, Fierro IM, Chiang N, Pouliot M (2001) Cutting edge: nociceptin stimulates neutrophil chemotaxis and recruitment: inhibition by aspirin-triggered-15-epi-lipoxin A4. J Immunol 166:3650–3654\nSzalay F, Hantos MB, Horvath A, Lakatos PL, Folhoffer A, Dunkel K, Hegedus D, Tekes K (2004) Increased nociceptin\u002Forphanin FQ plasma levels in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 10:42–45\nTaub DD, Proost P, Murphy WJ, Anver M, Longo DL, Van Damme J, Oppenheim JJ (1995) Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), -2, and -3 are chemotactic for human T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 95:1370–1376\nThiele DL, Sarada B, Dang T, Safavi A, Hersh LB, Cottam GL (1998) Regulated expression of an endopeptidase that hydrolyses beta-endorphin during differentiation of macrophages and T cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 437:291–300\nTrombella S, Vergura R, Falzarano S, Guerrini R, Calo G, Spisani S (2005) Nociceptin\u002Forphanin FQ stimulates human monocyte chemotaxis via NOP receptor activation. Peptides 26:1497–1502\nUeda H, Yamaguchi T, Tokuyama S, Inoue M, Nishi M, Takeshima H (1997) Partial loss of tolerance liability to morphine analgesia in mice lacking the nociceptin receptor gene. Neurosci Lett 237:136–138\nValente AJ, Graves DT, Vialle-Valentin CE, Delgado R, Schwartz CJ (1988) Purification of a monocyte chemotactic factor secreted by nonhuman primate vascular cells in culture. Biochemistry 27:4162–4168\nWaits PS, Purcell WM, Fulford AJ, McLeod JD (2004) Nociceptin\u002Forphanin FQ modulates human T cell function in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 149:110–120\nWang JB, Johnson PS, Imai Y, Persico AM, Ozenberger BA, Eppler CM, Uhl GR (1994) cDNA cloning of an orphan opiate receptor gene family member and its splice variant. FEBS Lett 348:75–79\nWetzel MA, Steele AD, Eisenstein TK, Adler MW, Henderson EE, Rogers TJ (2000) Mu-opioid induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, RANTES, and IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Immunol 165:6519–6524\nWiik P, Opstad PK, Boyum A (1985) Binding of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) by human blood monocytes: demonstration of specific binding sites. Regul Pept 12:145–153\nZhao H, Wu GC, Cao XD (2002) Immunomodulatory activity of orphanin FQ\u002Fnociceptin on traumatic rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 23:343–348",{"EN":1280},"The receptor designated Opioid Receptor-Like 1 (ORL1) is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as by cells of the immune system. While much is known about the function of ORL1 in the CNS, there is little information in the literature about the role of ORL1 in the immune response. There have been numerous reports documenting the effects of GPCR activation on the expression of chemokines crucial in mediating inflammatory events in biological systems. The aim of the present work was to examine the effect of nociceptin administration on the pro-inflammatory chemokine expression of human monocytes. We report here that human CD14+ monocytes expresses the mRNA for ORL1. Our results also demonstrate that nociceptin can suppress the production of CCL2\u002FMCP-1 and CCL5\u002FRANTES chemokine protein in both primary CD14+ human monocytes and monocyte-like cell lines. However, nociceptin does not appear to regulate the expression of these chemokines at the level of transcription, as CCL2\u002FMCP-1 and CCL5\u002FRANTES mRNA levels following nociceptin treatment of monocytes were essentially normal. Although the mechanism of chemokine regulation by nociceptin is as yet unknown, it is evident that the ORL1\u002Fnociceptin system plays a role in regulating chemotactic responses of leukocytes through chemokine suppression. Finally, these data may provide the initial basis for the development of ORL1 agonists and antagonists for therapeutic treatment of inflammatory disease.",{"EN":1282},"Suppression of CCL2\u002FMCP-1 and CCL5\u002FRANTES Expression by Nociceptin in Human Monocytes",{"VOID":1284},"10.1007\u002Fs11481-007-9086-y","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11481-007-9086-y",[1287,1302],{"id":1288,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":1289,"affiliations":1290,"properties":1299},"d20c9296-d6db-4e53-a060-08e276baf8e7",[590],[1291],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1292,"properties":22},{"id":1293,"createTime":1294,"updateTime":1294,"relativeEntities":1295,"slug":22,"properties":1296,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"f85b54a4-bdbf-4874-ab12-3261806caa09","2024-02-16T20:03:03.513+00:00",[],{"title":1297},{"VI":1298},"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA",{"title":1300},{"VI":1301},"David E. 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Eur J Pub Health 25(3):539–546 Epub 2014 Nov 24\nHuang K, Li SQ, Wang WJ, Liu LS, Jiang YG, Feng PN, Wang YQ, Wang SM (2012) Oral FTY720 adminstration induces immune tolerance and inhibits early development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 25(2):397–406\nKappos L, Radue EW, O'Connor P, Polman C, Hohlfeld R, Calabresi P, Selmaj K, Agoropoulou C, Leyk M, Zhang-Auberson L, Burtin P, FREEDOMS Study Group (2010) A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod. N Engl J Med 362(5):387–401 Epub 2010 Jan 20\nKlingenberg R, Nofer JR, Rudling M, Bea F, Blessing E, Preusch M, Grone HJ, Katus HA, Hansson GK (2007) Dengler TJ (2007) sphingosine-1-phosphate analogue FTY 720 causes lymphocyte Redistribution and hypercholesterolemia in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27(11):2392–2399 Epub 2007 Aug 30\nNofer JR, Bot M, Brodde M, Taylor PJ, Salm P, Brinkmann V, van Berkel T, Assmann G, Biessen EA (2007) FTY720, a synthetic sphingosine 1 phosphate analogue, inhibits development of early atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein-deficient mice. Circulation 115:501–508 Epub 2007 Jan 22\nSimula S, Laitinen T, Laitinen, T.M., Tarkiainen T, Hartikainen, J.E.K., Hartikainen P (2015) Effects of three months fingolimod therapy on heart rate. J Neuroimmune pharm 10:651–654. Epub 2015 June 20.",{"EN":1363},"Effect of Fingolimod-Treatment on Blood Lipid Profiles of Multiple Sclerosis Patients",{"VOID":1365},"10.1007\u002Fs11481-016-9697-2","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11481-016-9697-2",[1368,1383],{"id":1369,"sortIndex":225,"researcher":22,"roles":1370,"affiliations":1371,"properties":1380},"5edbc3fe-1d2b-4b92-afef-3bb4d6b523ae",[590],[1372],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1373,"properties":22},{"id":1374,"createTime":1375,"updateTime":1375,"relativeEntities":1376,"slug":22,"properties":1377,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"4d0b4a99-ca14-429e-9bae-b3a77d8b8e87","2024-01-30T06:49:30.898+00:00",[],{"title":1378},{"VI":1379},"Turun Yliopisto, Turku, Finland",{"title":1381},{"VI":1382},"Laura Airas",{"id":1384,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":1385,"affiliations":1386,"properties":1392},"aa5d9aa9-3d2b-4b84-98d9-0bb1dfd9acdf",[590],[1387],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1388,"properties":22},{"id":1374,"createTime":1375,"updateTime":1375,"relativeEntities":1389,"slug":22,"properties":1390,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},[],{"title":1391},{"VI":1379},{"title":1393},{"VI":1394},"Anni Hovi",{"url":1366,"publisher":1396,"properties":1425},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":1397,"slug":10,"properties":1398,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"subjectFields":1403,"manageAffiliations":1404,"indexDatabases":1405,"url":22,"thumbnailPath":22,"statistic":1420,"gsStatistic":22,"type":192,"analyzePriority":22},[],{"issn":1399,"eissn":1400,"title":1401,"url":1402},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"EN":17},{"VOID":19},[],[],[1406,1413],{"id":102,"indexDatabase":1407,"url":115,"indexYears":116,"academicFieldIds":1412,"indexDatabaseRanking":122},{"id":104,"createTime":105,"updateTime":106,"relativeEntities":1408,"label":1409,"description":1410,"key":112,"publicationTags":1411,"standard":22},[],{"EN":109,"VI":109},{"EN":109,"VI":111},[114],[118,119,120,121],{"id":82,"indexDatabase":1414,"url":97,"indexYears":22,"academicFieldIds":1419,"indexDatabaseRanking":22},{"id":84,"createTime":85,"updateTime":86,"relativeEntities":1415,"label":1416,"description":1417,"key":93,"publicationTags":1418,"standard":22},[],{"EN":89,"VI":89},{"VI":91,"EN":92},[95,96],[99,100],{"impactFactor":23,"impactFactorByYear":1421,"i10Index":137,"i10IndexLast5Year":138,"totalPublication":139,"totalPublicationByYear":1422,"totalCitation":157,"totalCitationByYear":1423,"totalCitationPerPublication":173,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":1424,"hindexLast5Year":191,"hindex":191},{"2012":125,"2013":126,"2014":127,"2015":128,"2016":129,"2017":130,"2018":131,"2019":132,"2020":133,"2021":134,"2022":135,"2023":136},{"2006":141,"2007":142,"2008":143,"2009":144,"2010":145,"2011":146,"2012":147,"2013":147,"2014":148,"2015":149,"2016":145,"2017":149,"2018":150,"2019":151,"2020":152,"2021":153,"2022":154,"2023":155,"2024":156},{"2006":159,"2007":160,"2008":154,"2009":161,"2010":162,"2011":163,"2012":164,"2013":165,"2014":166,"2015":167,"2016":168,"2017":169,"2018":151,"2019":170,"2020":171,"2021":172,"2022":141,"2023":138},{"2006":175,"2007":176,"2008":177,"2009":178,"2010":179,"2011":180,"2012":181,"2013":182,"2014":180,"2015":183,"2016":184,"2017":185,"2018":186,"2019":187,"2020":188,"2021":189,"2022":135,"2023":190},{"volume":1426,"pages":1428},{"VOID":1427},"11",{"VOID":1429},"611-612","2016-07-07",2016,{"id":1433,"createTime":1434,"updateTime":1435,"relativeEntities":1436,"slug":1437,"properties":1438,"entityType":216,"verifyStatus":217,"verifyTime":1447,"verifyNote":218,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":1448,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":1449,"publicationType":278,"publisherRelationship":1493,"citationCount":148,"citationInfo":1527,"publishDate":1530,"publishYear":1202,"citationAnalyzeStatus":1531,"lastCitationAnalyze":1532,"indexDatabases":22,"openAccess":22,"references":1533,"isForceReanalyzing":568},"7e732c74-e074-4049-8021-c1869535b2a9","2023-11-25T10:43:30.228+00:00","2026-05-14T23:41:11.599+00:00",[],"Regulation-of-Complement-Component-C3-in-Astrocytes-by-IL-1%CE%B2-and-Morphine",{"abstract":1439,"title":1441,"doi":1443,"gsPaper":1445},{"EN":1440},"Substances of abuse, such as opiates, and astroglial-derived proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, likely contribute to the neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes observed in NeuroAIDS in injection drug users. Furthermore, uncontrolled synthesis and activation of complement component C3 in the brain can also lead to inflammation and neurodegeneration. We hypothesized that morphine may alter regulation of the C3 gene by IL-1β in astrocytes. Our studies demonstrate that IL-1β induces C3 promoter activity in a CAAT\u002Fenhancer-binding protein (C\u002FEBP)-dependent manner. Inhibition of IL-1β mediated C3 promoter activation by the dominant negative mutant of p38-α mitogen-activated protein kinase suggests that IL-1β induces C3 expression through the activation of C\u002FEBP. Morphine (0.01 μM) in combination with IL-1β further induced C3 promoter activity. Similarly, the C\u002FEBP-β isoform liver activating protein and C\u002FEBP-δ-induced C3 promoter activity were upregulated by morphine and IL-1β. Taken together, this study illustrates that morphine modulates IL-1β-mediated C3 expression in astrocytic cells.",{"EN":1442},"Regulation of Complement Component C3 in Astrocytes by IL-1β and Morphine",{"VOID":1444},"10.1007\u002Fs11481-007-9096-9",{"VOID":1446},"[\"1957933493653822168\"]","2024-04-29T04:18:12.716+00:00","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11481-007-9096-9",[1450,1467,1481],{"id":1451,"sortIndex":264,"researcher":22,"roles":1452,"affiliations":1453,"properties":1462},"bcbfdd3b-1ac4-4b0c-8956-3a7f8dbedf1d",[590],[1454],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1455,"properties":22},{"id":1456,"createTime":1457,"updateTime":1457,"relativeEntities":1458,"slug":22,"properties":1459,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"d067ff79-d674-4f3e-871c-41be6d56ad04","2023-12-01T09:26:40.262+00:00",[],{"title":1460},{"VI":1461},"Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA",{"title":1463,"gsAuthor":1465},{"VI":1464},"Prasun K. 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J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 1:260–269",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1562,"url":1537,"identifiers":1563},"Bilecki W, Wawrzczak-Bargiela A, Przewlocki R (2004) Activation of AP-1 and CRE-dependent gene expression via mu-opioid receptor. J Neurochem 90:874–882",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1565,"url":1537,"identifiers":1566},"Bonwetsch R, Croul S, Richardson MW, Lorenzana C, Valle LD, Sverstiuk AE, Amini S, Morgello S, Khalili K, Rappaport J (1999) Role of HIV-1 Tat and CC chemokine MIP-1 alpha in the pathogenesis of HIV associated central nervous system disorders. J Neurovirol 5:685–694",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1568,"url":1537,"identifiers":1569},"Bouhlal H, Galon J, Kazatchkine MD, Fridman WH, Sautes-Fridman C, Haeffner Cavaillon N (2001) Soluble CD16 inhibits CR3 (CD11b\u002FCD18)-mediated infection of monocytes\u002Fmacrophages by opsonized primary R5 HIV-1. J Immunol 166:3377–3383",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1571,"url":1537,"identifiers":1572},"Bruder C, Hagleitner M, Darlington G, Mohsenipour I, Wurzner R, Hollmuller I, Stoiber H, Lass-Florl C, Dierich MP, Speth C (2004) HIV-1 induces complement factor C3 synthesis in astrocyte s and neurons by modulation of promoter activity. Mol Immunol 40:949–961",{"doi":1539},{"id":1574,"text":1575,"url":1576,"identifiers":1577},"1bdd0e2b-1e14-4699-8816-d62fcc800ad8","Cabral GA (2006) Drugs of abuse, immune modulation, and AIDS. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 1:280–295","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11481-006-9023-5",{"doi":1578},"10.1007\u002Fs11481-006-9023-5",{"id":1535,"text":1580,"url":1537,"identifiers":1581},"Cardinaux JR, Allaman I, Magistretti PJ (2000) Pro-inflammatory cytokines induce the transcription factors C\u002FEBPbeta and C\u002FEBPdelta in astrocytes. Glia 29:91–97",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1583,"url":1537,"identifiers":1584},"Chuang RY, Suzuki S, Chuang TK, Miyagi T, Chuang LF, Doi RH (2005) Opioids and the progression of simian AIDS. Front Biosci 10:1666–1677",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1586,"url":1537,"identifiers":1587},"Conant K, Garzino-Demo A, Nath A, McArthur JC, Halliday W, Power C, Gallo RC, Major EO (1998) Induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in HIV-1 Tat-stimulated astrocytes and elevation in AIDS dementia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3117–3121",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1589,"url":1537,"identifiers":1590},"Cooper OB, Brown TT, Dobs AS (2003) Opiate drug use: a potential contributor to the endocrine and metabolic complications in human immunodeficiency virus disease. Clin Infect Dis 37:S132–136",{"doi":1539},{"id":1592,"text":1593,"url":1594,"identifiers":1595},"b99ff90e-d5e0-4a67-a3d4-ffd03c6726f8","Datta PK, Rappaport J (2006) HIV and complement: hijacking an immune defense. Biomed Pharmacother 60:561–568","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0753332206002502",{"doi":1596},"10.1016\u002Fj.biopha.2006.07.087",{"id":1535,"text":1598,"url":1537,"identifiers":1599},"Depboylu C, Schafer MK, Schwaeble WJ, Reinhart TA, Maeda H, Mitsuya H, Damadzic R, Rausch DM, Eiden LE, Weihe E (2005) Increase of C1q biosynthesis in brain microglia and macrophages during lentivirus infection in the rhesus macaque is sensitive to antiretroviral treatment with 6-chloro-2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine. Neurobiol Dis 20:12–26",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1601,"url":1537,"identifiers":1602},"Descombes P, Chojkier M, Lichtsteiner S, Falvey E, Schibler U (1990) LAP, a novel member of the C\u002FEBP gene family, encodes a liver-enriched transcriptional activator protein. Genes Dev 4:1541–1551",{"doi":1539},{"id":1604,"text":1605,"url":1606,"identifiers":1607},"3314e886-eed8-4153-ad0b-fc45051e55a0","Donahoe RM, Vlahov D (1998) Opiates as potential cofactors in progression of HIV-1 infections to AIDS. J Neuroimmunol 83:77–87","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0165572897002245",{"doi":1608},"10.1016\u002Fs0165-5728(97)00224-5",{"id":1535,"text":1610,"url":1537,"identifiers":1611},"El-Hage N, Gurwell JA, Singh IN, Knapp PE, Nath A, Hauser KF (2005) Synergistic increases in intracellular Ca2+, and the release of MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-6 by astrocytes treated with opiates and HIV-1 Tat. Glia 50:91–106",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1613,"url":1537,"identifiers":1614},"El-Hage N, Wu G, Wang J, Ambati J, Knapp PE, Reed JL, Bruce-Keller AJ, Hauser KF (2006) HIV-1 Tat and opiate-induced changes in astrocytes promote chemotaxis of microglia through the expression of MCP-1 and alternative chemokines. Glia 53:132–146",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1616,"url":1537,"identifiers":1617},"Fan JD, Wagner BL, McDonnell DP (1996) Identification of the sequences within the human complement 3 promoter required for estrogen responsiveness provides insight into the mechanism of tamoxifen mixed agonist activity. Mol Endocrinol 10:1605–1616",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1619,"url":1537,"identifiers":1620},"Fischer-Smith T, Rappaport J (2005) Evolving paradigms in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated dementia. Expert Rev Mol Med 7:1–26",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1622,"url":1537,"identifiers":1623},"Fischer-Smith T, Croul S, Sverstiuk AE, Capini C, L'Heureux D, Regulier EG, Richardson MW, Amini S, Morgello S, Khalili K, Rappaport J (2001) CNS invasion by CD14+\u002FCD16+ peripheral blood-derived monocytes in HIV dementia: perivascular accumulation and reservoir of HIV infection. J Neurovirol 7:528–541",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1625,"url":1537,"identifiers":1626},"Gasque P, Julen N, Ischenko AM, Picot C, Mauger C, Chauzy C, Ripoche J, Fontaine M (1992) Expression of complement components of the alternative pathway by glioma cell lines. J Immunol 149:1381–1387",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1628,"url":1537,"identifiers":1629},"Haine V, Fisher-Smith T, Rappaport J (2006) Macrophage colony stimulating factor in the pathogenesis of HIV infection: potential target for therapeutic intervention. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 1:32–40",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1631,"url":1537,"identifiers":1632},"Jessops JJ, Taplits MS (1991) Effect of high doses of morphine on Con-A induced lymphokine production in vitro. Immunopharmacology 22:175–184",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1634,"url":1537,"identifiers":1635},"Juan TS, Wilson DR, Wilde MD, Darlington GJ (1993) Participation of the transcription factor C\u002FEBP delta in the acute-phase regulation of the human gene for complement component C3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:2584–2588",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1637,"url":1537,"identifiers":1638},"Jongen PJ, Doesburg WH, Ibrahim-Stappers JL, Lemmens WA, Hommes OR, Lamers KJ (2000) Cerebrospinal fluid C3 and C4 indexes in immunological disorders of the central nervous system. Acta Neurol 101:116–121",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1640,"url":1537,"identifiers":1641},"Kaul M, Lipton SA (2006) Mechanisms of neuronal injury and death in HIV-1 associated dementia. Curr HIV Res 4:307–318",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1643,"url":1537,"identifiers":1644},"Kim SJ, Jeong HJ, Kim BK, Kim NH, Kim JS, Choi KS, Lee HJ, Kang ST, Shin SS, Kim WI, Eom HS, Lee KM, Um JY, Hong SH, Kim HM (2006) Anti-inflammatory effect of jeongshintang through suppression of p38 activation in human astrocytoma, U373MG cells. Exp Mol Pathol 81:85–91",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1646,"url":1537,"identifiers":1647},"Kramer-Hammerle S, Rothenaigner I, Wolff H, Bell JE, Brack-Werner R (2005) Cells of the central nervous system as targets and reservoirs of the human immunodeficiency virus. Virus Res 111:194–213",{"doi":1539},{"id":1649,"text":1650,"url":1651,"identifiers":1652},"d7f41454-b2fd-41a7-8132-7c8914ea6ebb","Kumar R, Orsoni S, Norman L, Verma AS, Tirado G, Giavedoni LD, Staprans S, Miller GM, Buch SJ, Kumar A (2006) Chronic morphine exposure causes pronounced virus replication in cerebral compartment and accelerated onset of AIDS in SIV\u002FSHIV-infected Indian rhesus macaques. Virology 354:192–206","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS004268220600417X",{"doi":1653},"10.1016\u002Fj.virol.2006.06.020",{"id":1535,"text":1655,"url":1537,"identifiers":1656},"Li Y, Merrill JD, Mooney K, Song L, Wang X, Guo CJ, Savani RC, Metzger DS, Douglas SD, Ho WZ (2003) Morphine enhances HIV infection of neonatal macrophages. 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Biochem J 365:561–575",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1679,"url":1537,"identifiers":1680},"Raingeaud J, Gupta S, Rogers JS, Dickens M, Han J, Ulevitch RJ, Davis RJ (1995) Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine. J Biol Chem 270:7420–7426",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1682,"url":1537,"identifiers":1683},"Rappaport J, Joseph J, Croul S, Alexander G, Del Valle L, Amini S, Khalili K (1999) Molecular pathway involved in HIV-1-induced CNS pathology: role of viral regulatory protein, Tat. J Leukoc Biol 65:458–465",{"doi":1539},{"id":22,"text":1685,"url":22,"identifiers":1686},"Regulier EG, Reiss K, Khalili K, Amini S, Zagury JF, Katsikis PD, Rappaport J (2004) T-cell and neuronal apoptosis in HIV infection: implications for therapeutic intervention. 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Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 93:508–517",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1697,"url":1537,"identifiers":1698},"Solder BM, Schulz TF, Hengster P, Lower J, Larcher C, Bitterlich G, Kurth R, Wachter H, Dierich MP (1989) HIV and HIV-infected cells differentially activate the human complement system independent of antibody. Immunol Lett 22:135–145",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1700,"url":1537,"identifiers":1701},"Speth C, Stockl G, Mohsenipour I, Wurzner R, Stoiber H, Lass-Florl C, Dierich MP (2001) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 induces expression of complement factors in human astrocytes. J Virol 75:2604–2615",{"doi":1539},{"id":1535,"text":1703,"url":1537,"identifiers":1704},"Speth C, Schabetsberger T, Mohsenipour I, Stockl G, Wurzner R, Stoiber H, Lass-Florl C, Dierich MP (2002) Mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus-induced complement expression in astrocytes and neurons. 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Cell Res 15:11–18",{"doi":1539},{"id":1736,"createTime":1737,"updateTime":1738,"relativeEntities":1739,"slug":1740,"properties":1741,"entityType":216,"verifyStatus":217,"verifyTime":1738,"verifyNote":218,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":1750,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":1751,"publicationType":278,"publisherRelationship":1827,"citationCount":22,"citationInfo":22,"publishDate":1861,"publishYear":1431,"citationAnalyzeStatus":21,"lastCitationAnalyze":22,"indexDatabases":22,"openAccess":22,"references":22,"isForceReanalyzing":568},"3bfddc07-f0e3-49b8-acdd-91150eddc49d","2024-01-11T16:50:33.969+00:00","2025-02-12T23:37:15.787+00:00",[],"Phenotype-of-Antigen-Unexperienced-TH-Cells-in-the-Inflamed-Central-Nervous-System-in-Experimental-Autoimmune-Encephalomyelitis",{"references":1742,"abstract":1744,"title":1746,"doi":1748},{"VOID":1743},"Bajenoff M, Egen JG, Koo LY, Laugier JP, Brau F, Glaichenhaus N, Germain RN (2006) Stromal cell networks regulate lymphocyte entry, migration, and territoriality in lymph nodes. Immunity 25:989–1001. doi:10.1016\u002Fj.immuni.2006.10.011\nBartholomaus I et al (2009) Effector T cell interactions with meningeal vascular structures in nascent autoimmune CNS lesions. Nature 462:94–98. doi:10.1038\u002Fnature08478\nBauer J et al (1998) T-cell apoptosis in inflammatory brain lesions. Am J Pathol 153:715–724. doi:10.1016\u002Fs0002-9440(10)65615-5\nBoyman O (2010) Bystander activation of CD4+ T cells. Eur J Immunol 40:936–939. doi:10.1002\u002Feji.201040466\nBrabb T, von Dassow P, Ordonez N, Schnabel B, Duke B, Goverman J (2000) In situ tolerance within the central nervous system as a mechanism for preventing autoimmunity. J Exp Med 192:871–880\nBrocke S, Piercy C, Steinman L, Weissman IL, Veromaa T (1999) Antibodies to CD44 and integrin alpha4, but not L-selectin, prevent central nervous system inflammation and experimental encephalomyelitis by blocking secondary leukocyte recruitment Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96:6896-6901\nCose S, Brammer C, Khanna KM, Masopust D, Lefrancois L (2006) Evidence that a significant number of naive T cells enter non-lymphoid organs as part of a normal migratory pathway. Eur J Immunol 36:1423–1433. doi:10.1002\u002Feji.200535539\nEngelhardt B, Ransohoff RM (2005) The ins and outs of T-lymphocyte trafficking to the CNS: anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms. Trends Immunol 26:485–495. doi:10.1016\u002Fj.it.2005.07.004\nFlugel A et al (2001) Migratory activity and functional changes of green fluorescent effector cells before and during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. 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Nature 310:688–691",{"EN":1745},"Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, disseminated inflammation of the central nervous system which is thought to be driven by autoimmune T cells. Genetic association studies in multiple sclerosis and a large number of studies in the animal model of the disease support a role for effector\u002Fmemory T helper cells. However, the mechanisms underlying relapses, remission and chronic progression in multiple sclerosis or the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, are not clear. In particular, there is only scarce information on the role of central nervous system-invading naive T helper cells in these processes. By applying two-photon laser scanning microscopy we could show in vivo that antigen unexperienced T helper cells migrated into the deep parenchyma of the inflamed central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, independent of their antigen specificity. Using flow cytometric analyses of central nervous system-derived lymphocytes we found that only antigen-specific, formerly naive T helper cells became activated during inflammation of the central nervous system encountering their corresponding antigen.",{"EN":1747},"Phenotype of Antigen Unexperienced TH Cells in the Inflamed Central Nervous System in Experimental Autoimmune 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Sci Adv. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1126\u002Fsciadv.abc5801\nBremner J (2020) U.S. Alcohol Sales Increase 55 Percent in One Week Amid Coronavirus Pandemic. Newsweek. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newsweek.com\u002Fus-alcohol-sales-increase-55-percent-one-week-amid-coronavirus-pandemic-1495510. (Accessed 2021, October 6)\nCoolen T, Lolli V, Sadeghi N, Rovai A, Trotta N, Taccone FS, Creteur J, Henrard S, Goffard JC, Dewitte O, Naeije G, Goldman S, De Tiege X (2020) Early postmortem brain MRI findings in COVID-19 non-survivors. Neurology 95:e2016–e2027. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1212\u002FWNL.0000000000010116\nCostello F, Dalakas MC (2020) Cranial neuropathies and COVID-19: Neurotropism and autoimmunity. Neurology 95:195–196. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1212\u002FWNL.0000000000009921\nCouzin-Frankel J (2020) The long haul. 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Alcohol Clin Exp Res 45:675–688. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Facer.14573\nKarki R, Kanneganti TD (2021) The “cytokine storm”: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic prospects. Trends Immunol 42:681–705. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.it.2021.06.001\nKarki R, Sharma BR, Tuladhar S, Williams EP, Zalduondo L, Samir P, Zheng M, Sundaram B, Banoth B, Malireddi RKS, Schreiner P, Neale G, Vogel P, Webby R, Jonsson CB, Kanneganti TD (2021) Synergism of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma Triggers Inflammatory Cell Death, Tissue Damage, and Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Cytokine Shock Syndromes. Cell 184(149–168):e117. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.cell.2020.11.025\nKrukowski RA, Jagsi R, Cardel MI (2021) Academic Productivity Differences by Gender and Child Age in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine Faculty During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Womens Health (larchmt) 30:341–347. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1089\u002Fjwh.2020.8710\nKumar S (2020a) University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center making strides in treating COVID-19. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, TN, USA. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.commercialappeal.com\u002Fstory\u002Fopinion\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F13\u002Fprogress-made-finding-covid-19-vaccine\u002F2985371001\u002F. (Accessed 2021, October 6)\nKumar S (2020b) Challenges with COVID-19 could bring transformational change, improve human health. The Commercial Appeal. Memphis, TN, USA. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.commercialappeal.com\u002Fstory\u002Fopinion\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F13\u002Fprogress-made-finding-covid-19-vaccine\u002F2985371001\u002F. (Accessed 2021, October 6)\nKumar S, Zhi K, Mukherji A, Gerth K (2020a) Repurposing Antiviral Protease Inhibitors Using Extracellular Vesicles for Potential Therapy of COVID-19. Viruses. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fv12050486\nKumar S, Kodidela S, Kumar A, Gerth K, Zhi K (2020b) Intervention and Improved Well-Being of Basic Science Researchers During the COVID 19 Era: A Case Study. Front Psychol 11:574712. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpsyg.2020.574712\nKumar S, Pendyala G, Yelamanchili SV, Seth P, Maggirwar S, Bidlack JM, Chang SL (2021) Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology COVID-19 Virtual Workshop. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 16:519–530. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11481-021-10001-y\nLee MH, Perl DP, Nair G, Li W, Maric D, Murray H, Dodd SJ, Koretsky AP, Watts JA, Cheung V, Masliah E, Horkayne-Szakaly I, Jones R, Stram MN, Moncur J, Hefti M, Folkerth RD, Nath A (2021) Microvascular Injury in the Brains of Patients with Covid-19. 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Nat Hum Behav 4:880–883. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fs41562-020-0921-y\nNew Hampshire Department of Administrative Services (2021) Perceived Stress Scale. New Hampshire Employee Assistance Program. https:\u002F\u002Fdas.nh.gov\u002Fwellness\u002FDocs%5CPercieved%20Stress%20Scale.pdf. (Accessed 2021, October 6)\nNIH (2020) Temporary Extension of Eligibility for the NIH K99\u002FR00 Pathway to Independence Award During the COVID-19 Pandemic. https:\u002F\u002Fgrants.nih.gov\u002Fgrants\u002Fguide\u002Fnotice-files\u002Fnot-od-20-158.html. (Accessed 2021, October 6).\nNIH (2021a) Reminder – Requesting Extensions for Early Career Scientists Whose Career Trajectories Have Been Significantly Impacted by COVID-19. https:\u002F\u002Fgrants.nih.gov\u002Fgrants\u002Fguide\u002Fnotice-files\u002FNOT-OD-21-052.html. (Accessed 2021, October 6)\nNIH (2021b) Notice of Special Interest: Administrative Supplements for COVID-19 Impacted NIMH Research. https:\u002F\u002Fgrants.nih.gov\u002Fgrants\u002Fguide\u002Fnotice-files\u002FNOT-MH-21-120.html. (Accessed 2021, October 6)\nNIH (2021c) Neurologic and Psychiatric Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Meeting. Virtual: 2021, July 14–15. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nimh.nih.gov\u002Fnews\u002Fevents\u002F2021\u002Fneurologic-and-psychiatric-effects-of-sars-cov-2-meeting. (Accessed 2021, October 6)\nOxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, Kellner CP, Shoirah H, Singh IP, De Leacy RA, Shigematsu T, Ladner TR, Yaeger KA, Skliut M, Weinberger J, Dangayach NS, Bederson JB, Tuhrim S, Fifi JT (2020) Large-Vessel Stroke as a Presenting Feature of Covid-19 in the Young. N Engl J Med 382:e60. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1056\u002FNEJMc2009787\nRadmanesh A, Derman A, Lui YW, Raz E, Loh JP, Hagiwara M, Borja MJ, Zan E, Fatterpekar GM (2020) COVID-19-associated Diffuse Leukoencephalopathy and Microhemorrhages. Radiology 297:E223–E227. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1148\u002Fradiol.2020202040\nRifino N et al (2021) Neurologic manifestations in 1760 COVID-19 patients admitted to Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy. J Neurol 268:2331–2338. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00415-020-10251-5\nRogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P, Zandi MS, Lewis G, David AS (2020) Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry 7:611–627. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS2215-0366(20)30203-0\nSNIP (2021) Upcoming Conference: 26th Scientific Conference — February\u002FMarch, 2022. https:\u002F\u002Fs-nip.org\u002Fconferences. (Accessed 2021, October 6)\nSon C, Hegde S, Smith A, Wang X, Sasangohar F (2020) Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study. J Med Internet Res 22:e21279. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2196\u002F21279\nSong E et al. (2020) Exploratory neuroimmune profiling identifies CNS-specific alterations in COVID-19 patients with neurological involvement. bioRxiv. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1101\u002F2020.09.11.293464\nSquazzoni F, Bravo G, Grimaldo F, Garcıa-Costa D, Farjam M, Mehmani B (2020) Only Second-Class Tickets for Women in the COVID-19 Race. A Study on Manuscript Submissions and Reviews in 2329 Elsevier Journals (October 16, 2020). Available at SSRN: https:\u002F\u002Fssrn.com\u002Fabstract=3712813 or https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0257919\nTaquet M, Luciano S, Geddes JR, Harrison PJ (2021) Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA. Lancet Psychiatry 8:130–140. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS2215-0366(20)30462-4\nWinston & Strawn LLP (2020) Focusing on Resilience. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.winston.com\u002Fen\u002Fthought-leadership\u002Ffocusing-on-resilience.html. (Accessed 2021, October 6)\nWoolston C (2020) Signs of depression and anxiety soar among US graduate students during pandemic. Nature 585:147–148. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fd41586-020-02439-6\nZheng M, Karki R, Williams EP, Yang D, Fitzpatrick E, Vogel P, Jonsson CB, Kanneganti TD (2021) TLR2 senses the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein to produce inflammatory cytokines. Nat Immunol 22:829–838. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fs41590-021-00937-x\nZubair AS, McAlpine LS, Gardin T, Farhadian S, Kuruvilla DE, Spudich S (2020) Neuropathogenesis and Neurologic Manifestations of the Coronaviruses in the Age of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Review. JAMA Neurol 77:1018–1027. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1001\u002Fjamaneurol.2020.2065",{"EN":1872},"In spring of 2021, the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology (SNIP) organized a virtual workshop on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The daylong event’s fourth and final symposium, “Well-being and reflections,” offered a glimpse at the pandemic’s impact on the lives of our scientists and educators. This manuscript includes a brief summary of the symposium, a transcription of our incoming president Dr. Santosh Kumar’s lecture, titled “Intervention and improved well-being of basic science researchers during the COVID-19 era: a case study,” and the panel discussion that followed, “Reflection and sharing,” featuring Drs. Jean M. Bidlack, Sylvia Fitting, Santhi Gorantla, Maria Cecilia G. Marcondes, Loyda M. Melendez, and Ilker K. Sariyer. The conclusion of this manuscript includes comments from SNIP’s president Dr. Sulie L. Chang and our Chief Editor, Dr. Howard E. Gendelman. Drs. Sowmya Yelamanchili and Jeymohan Joseph co-chaired the symposium. \n                  \n                    \n                      \n                    \n                  \n                ",{"EN":1874},"The COVID-19 Pandemic: Reflections of Science, Person, and Challenge in Academic Research Settings",{"VOID":1876},"10.1007\u002Fs11481-021-10035-2","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11481-021-10035-2",[1879,1894,1909,1924,1939,1956,1971,1983,1998,2013,2025],{"id":1880,"sortIndex":225,"researcher":22,"roles":1881,"affiliations":1882,"properties":1891},"4d643be4-149f-43b8-a73a-a2f500b7d6ac",[590],[1883],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1884,"properties":22},{"id":1885,"createTime":1886,"updateTime":1886,"relativeEntities":1887,"slug":22,"properties":1888,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"253fc834-322c-4595-9b65-f32153679bb6","2023-12-06T21:48:30.322+00:00",[],{"title":1889},{"VI":1890},"Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, USA",{"title":1892},{"VI":1893},"Sulie L. Chang",{"id":1895,"sortIndex":77,"researcher":22,"roles":1896,"affiliations":1897,"properties":1906},"c2897ff2-ddf2-4ea5-a005-53c042fe0c95",[590],[1898],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1899,"properties":22},{"id":1900,"createTime":1901,"updateTime":1901,"relativeEntities":1902,"slug":22,"properties":1903,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"c8724214-d049-4b5c-85e1-d95e7ff34768","2023-12-06T21:48:30.371+00:00",[],{"title":1904},{"VI":1905},"Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA",{"title":1907},{"VI":1908},"Loyda M. Melendez",{"id":1910,"sortIndex":156,"researcher":22,"roles":1911,"affiliations":1912,"properties":1921},"7d2a84cb-8835-467e-b06a-206a465520a9",[590],[1913],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1914,"properties":22},{"id":1915,"createTime":1916,"updateTime":1916,"relativeEntities":1917,"slug":22,"properties":1918,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"7114526b-737e-4b00-b3a8-85b71f161ae1","2023-12-09T21:08:29.222+00:00",[],{"title":1919},{"VI":1920},"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA",{"title":1922},{"VI":1923},"Santosh Kumar",{"id":1925,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":1926,"affiliations":1927,"properties":1936},"d3d217a3-6682-4efd-a198-f5b745e825c8",[590],[1928],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1929,"properties":22},{"id":1930,"createTime":1931,"updateTime":1931,"relativeEntities":1932,"slug":22,"properties":1933,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"0d128172-23e7-472c-9921-a83a04a4f6bd","2024-01-14T13:08:58.494+00:00",[],{"title":1934},{"VI":1935},"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA",{"title":1937},{"VI":1938},"Jean M. Bidlack",{"id":1940,"sortIndex":929,"researcher":22,"roles":1941,"affiliations":1942,"properties":1953},"064d05ab-267a-465c-8ac8-b0a05fc3cd43",[590],[1943],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1944,"properties":22},{"id":1945,"createTime":1946,"updateTime":1947,"relativeEntities":1948,"slug":1949,"properties":1950,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"0a00801a-1ce9-4a1d-91d0-ef0eb28d69a8","2024-01-14T13:08:58.606+00:00","2025-06-11T22:55:38.030+00:00",[],"Department-of-Anesthesiology-College-of-Medicine-University-of-Nebraska-Medical-Center-Omaha-USA",{"title":1951},{"VI":1952},"Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA",{"title":1954},{"VI":1955},"Sowmya Yelamanchili",{"id":1957,"sortIndex":320,"researcher":22,"roles":1958,"affiliations":1959,"properties":1968},"25762a2e-6e43-476b-b0e3-e9083a4ee0dd",[590],[1960],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1961,"properties":22},{"id":1962,"createTime":1963,"updateTime":1963,"relativeEntities":1964,"slug":22,"properties":1965,"entityType":66,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"44b2a0ed-9440-4724-b216-f3aed1b56b02","2023-12-06T21:48:25.112+00:00",[],{"title":1966},{"VI":1967},"Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA",{"title":1969},{"VI":1970},"Douglas D. 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