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(1989). 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(1977). Personal communication. 14 December.\nRegoli, 1987, Police professionalism and cynicism reconsidered: An assessment of measurement issues, Justice Quarterly, 4, 257, 10.1080\u002F07418828700089301\nRegoli, 1987, Rejoiner—Police cynicism: Theory development and reconstruction, Justice Quarterly, 4, 281, 10.1080\u002F07418828700089321\nRegoli, 1979, Measurement of police cynicism: A factor scaling approach, J Crim Just, 7, 37, 10.1016\u002F0047-2352(79)90016-3\nRegoli, 1981, The effects of professionalism on cynicism among Taiwanese police, Police Studies, 4, 67\nRegoli, 1981, An empirical assessment of the effect of professionalism on cynicism among prison guards, Sociol Spectrum, 1, 53, 10.1080\u002F02732173.1981.9981618\nRegoli, 1979, Occupational socialization and career development: A look at cynicism among correctional institution workers, Human Org, 38, 183, 10.17730\u002Fhumo.38.2.x061g4w710v2022h\nShuval, 1978, Attempts at professionalism of pharmacy: An Israel case study, Soc Sci and Med, 12, 19\nSloterdijk, 1987\nSonquist, 1969, Finding variables that work, Public Opin Q, 33, 83, 10.1086\u002F267669\nStanley, 1976\nStudt, 1973\nTournier, 1978, Career orientation, cynicism and police performance, Paper presented at the Mid-South Sociological Association meetings\nWhitehead, 1985, Job burnout in probation and parole: Its extent and intervention implications, Criminal Just B, 12, 91, 10.1177\u002F0093854885012001007\nWhitehead, 1986, Job burnout and job satisfaction among probation managers, J Crim Just, 14, 25, 10.1016\u002F0047-2352(86)90024-3\nWilt, 1976, Cynicism or realism: A critique of Niederhoffer's research into police studies, J Police Sci Adm, 4, 39",{"EN":132},"Cynicism among juvenile probation officers: A study of subverted ideals",{"VOID":134},"10.1016\u002F0047-2352(90)90071-i","PUBLICATION","VERIFIED","2025-01-20T23:59:21.729+00:00","Auto Verify","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F004723529090071I",[141],{"id":142,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":143,"affiliations":145,"properties":154},"4e68b0c3-01ab-422b-9dfb-7417245c3f5a",[144],"AUTHOR",[146],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":147,"properties":18},{"id":148,"createTime":149,"updateTime":149,"relativeEntities":150,"slug":18,"properties":151,"entityType":63,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"8505213b-0f69-4458-becb-1b27cac1123e","2024-01-16T15:33:12.984+00:00",[],{"title":152},{"VI":153},"Department of Sociology University of Houston-University Park Houston, Texas 77204-3474, USA",{"title":155},{"VI":156},"Russell L. 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Longitudinal data, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 157, 10.1007\u002FBF01447087\nUnited States Census Bureau\nVisher, 1991, Predicting the recidivism of serious youthful offenders using survival models, Criminology, 29, 329, 10.1111\u002Fj.1745-9125.1991.tb01070.x\nWang, 2014, Criminal propensity, social context, and recidivism: A multilevel analysis of interactive relationships, Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41, 300, 10.1177\u002F0093854813507055\nWest, 1978\nWilson, 1985\nWinokur-Early, 2012\nWright, 2010, Immigration and Intimate Partner Violence: Exploring the Immigrant Paradox, Social Problems, 57, 480, 10.1525\u002Fsp.2010.57.3.480\nWright, 2014, Ecological context, concentrated disadvantage, and youth reoffending: Identifying social mechanisms in a sample of serious adolescent offenders, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1781, 10.1007\u002Fs10964-014-0173-0\nWright, 2013, The systemic model of crime and institutional efficacy: An analysis of the social context of offender reintegration, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57, 92, 10.1177\u002F0306624X11425218\nWright, 2014, A closer look at the paradox: Examining immigration and youth reoffending in Arizona, Justice Quarterly, 31, 882, 10.1080\u002F07418825.2012.700057\nZimmerman, 2010, Neighborhood context and the gender gap in adolescent violent crime, American Sociological Review, 75, 958, 10.1177\u002F0003122410386688",{"EN":199},"The protective impact of immigrant concentration on juvenile recidivism: A statewide analysis of youth offenders",{"VOID":201},"10.1016\u002Fj.jcrimjus.2015.05.004","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0047235215000483",[204,220,240,256],{"id":205,"sortIndex":206,"researcher":18,"roles":207,"affiliations":208,"properties":217},"1701599b-4e3d-4f13-ab70-4b27d3bf5a23",1,[144],[209],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":210,"properties":18},{"id":211,"createTime":212,"updateTime":212,"relativeEntities":213,"slug":18,"properties":214,"entityType":63,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"45b9b5c7-d4a3-4d1c-8727-89a9547ec833","2023-12-28T19:47:49.803+00:00",[],{"title":215},{"VI":216},"G4S Youth Services LLC, United States",{"title":218},{"VI":219},"Michael T. 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Wolff",{"url":202,"publisher":272,"properties":294},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":273,"slug":10,"properties":274,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":277,"manageAffiliations":278,"indexDatabases":279,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":18,"gsStatistic":18,"type":18,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":275,"title":276},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[],[],[280,287],{"id":78,"indexDatabase":281,"url":93,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":286,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":80,"createTime":81,"updateTime":82,"relativeEntities":282,"label":283,"description":284,"key":89,"publicationTags":285,"standard":18},[],{"EN":85,"VI":85},{"VI":87,"EN":88},[91,92],[95],{"id":97,"indexDatabase":288,"url":110,"indexYears":111,"academicFieldIds":293,"indexDatabaseRanking":117},{"id":99,"createTime":100,"updateTime":101,"relativeEntities":289,"label":290,"description":291,"key":107,"publicationTags":292,"standard":18},[],{"EN":104,"VI":104},{"EN":104,"VI":106},[109],[113,114,115,116],{"volume":295,"pages":297},{"VOID":296},"43",{"VOID":298},"522-531","2015-11-01",2015,{"id":302,"createTime":303,"updateTime":304,"relativeEntities":305,"slug":306,"properties":307,"entityType":135,"verifyStatus":136,"verifyTime":304,"verifyNote":138,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":314,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":315,"publicationType":157,"publisherRelationship":331,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":359,"publishYear":360,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":188},"205b7084-bd91-4d6f-9a59-bc208bfb60aa","2024-01-01T09:27:57.421+00:00","2025-01-12T23:53:32.189+00:00",[],"Masculinity-and-violent-crime-A-response-to-Steffensmeier-s-comment",{"references":308,"title":310,"doi":312},{"VOID":309},"1982, Hammond Almanac, 251\n1979, Statistical Abstract of the U.S., 50\n1979, Statistical Abstract of the U.S., 44\n1979, Statistical Abstract of the U.S., 394\nFlynn, 1982, The Woman Professional in Criminal Justice\nFor a fuller discussion of this thesis see N.K. Wilson, “An International Perspective on Women and Criminology” in H.E. Johnson, ed., Handbook of Contemporary Developments in International Criminology. (Greenwood Press, forthcoming).\nHindelang, 1978\nNorland, 1981, Masculinity and Deliquency, Criminology, vol. 19, 10.1111\u002Fj.1745-9125.1981.tb00427.x\nLewis, 1981, Black Women Offenders and Criminal Justice",{"EN":311},"Masculinity and violent crime: A response to Steffensmeier's comment",{"VOID":313},"10.1016\u002F0047-2352(83)90052-1","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F0047235283900521",[316],{"id":317,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":318,"affiliations":319,"properties":328},"4f1a5118-bbaf-4ddf-a228-8ba3b5b5ba5b",[144],[320],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":321,"properties":18},{"id":322,"createTime":323,"updateTime":323,"relativeEntities":324,"slug":18,"properties":325,"entityType":63,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"493d5356-3278-463f-ac34-be9aca877af8","2023-12-28T20:31:49.903+00:00",[],{"title":326},{"VI":327},"Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency and Corrections Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois 62901 USA",{"title":329},{"VI":330},"Nanci Koser Wilson",{"url":314,"publisher":332,"properties":354},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":333,"slug":10,"properties":334,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":337,"manageAffiliations":338,"indexDatabases":339,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":18,"gsStatistic":18,"type":18,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":335,"title":336},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[],[],[340,347],{"id":78,"indexDatabase":341,"url":93,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":346,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":80,"createTime":81,"updateTime":82,"relativeEntities":342,"label":343,"description":344,"key":89,"publicationTags":345,"standard":18},[],{"EN":85,"VI":85},{"VI":87,"EN":88},[91,92],[95],{"id":97,"indexDatabase":348,"url":110,"indexYears":111,"academicFieldIds":353,"indexDatabaseRanking":117},{"id":99,"createTime":100,"updateTime":101,"relativeEntities":349,"label":350,"description":351,"key":107,"publicationTags":352,"standard":18},[],{"EN":104,"VI":104},{"EN":104,"VI":106},[109],[113,114,115,116],{"volume":355,"pages":357},{"VOID":356},"11",{"VOID":358},"173-176","1983-01-01",1983,{"id":362,"createTime":363,"updateTime":364,"relativeEntities":365,"slug":366,"properties":367,"entityType":135,"verifyStatus":136,"verifyTime":374,"verifyNote":138,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":375,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":376,"publicationType":157,"publisherRelationship":426,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":454,"publishYear":455,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":188},"c467b3f6-9ba9-4d6b-9f23-528ed99cb181","2024-01-13T17:00:56.766+00:00","2025-01-20T23:50:50.144+00:00",[],"The-impact-of-distributive-and-procedural-justice-on-correctional-staff-job-stress-job-satisfaction-and-organizational-commitment",{"references":368,"title":370,"doi":372},{"VOID":369},"Armstrong, 2004, Does the job matter? 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Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons.\nKerce, 1994\nLambert, 2001, Absent correctional staff: A discussion of the issue and recommendations for future research, American Journal of Criminal Justice, 25, 279, 10.1007\u002FBF02886851\nLambert, 2003, Justice in corrections: An exploratory study of the impact of organizational justice on correctional staff, Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 155, 10.1016\u002FS0047-2352(02)00222-2\nLambert, 2004, The impact of job characteristics on correctional staff, Prison Journal, 84, 208, 10.1177\u002F0032885504265078\nLambert, 1999, The missing link between job satisfaction and correctional staff behavior: The issue of organizational commitment, American Journal of Criminal Justice, 24, 95, 10.1007\u002FBF02887620\nLambert, 2002, The impact of instrumental communication and integration on correctional staff, Justice Professional, 15, 181, 10.1080\u002F08884310214022\nLambert, 2005, Here today, gone tomorrow, back again the next day: Absenteeism and its antecedents among federal correctional staff, Journal of Criminal Justice, 33, 165, 10.1016\u002Fj.jcrimjus.2004.12.008\nLambert, 2006, Correlates of correctional officer job stress: The impact of organizational structure, American Journal of Criminal Justice, 30, 227, 10.1007\u002FBF02885893\nLambert, 2003, The impact of work-family conflict on correctional staff job satisfaction, American Journal of Criminal Justice, 27, 35, 10.1007\u002FBF02898969\nLambert, 2005, The good life: The impact of job satisfaction and occupational stressors on correctional staff life satisfaction — An exploratory study, Journal of Crime and Justice, 18, 1, 10.1080\u002F0735648X.2005.9721636\nLambert, 2005, The impact of role stressors on job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment among private prison staff, Security Journal, 18, 33, 10.1057\u002Fpalgrave.sj.8340210\nLambert, 2005, The impact of jail medical issues on the job stress and job satisfaction of jail staff: An exploratory study. 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1969\nSpector, 1996\nStohr, 1994, Staff management in correctional institutions: Comparing DiIulio's ‘control model’ and ‘employee investment model’ outcomes in five jails, Justice Quarterly, 11, 471, 10.1080\u002F07418829400092361\nStohr, 1994, Staff stress in contemporary jails: Assessing problem severity and type of progressive personnel practices, Journal of Criminal Justice, 22, 313, 10.1016\u002F0047-2352(94)90079-5\nStohr, 1992, Staff turnover in new generation jails: An investigation of its causes and preventions, Journal of Criminal Justice, 20, 455, 10.1016\u002F0047-2352(92)90080-S\nSunshine, 2003, The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing, Law and Society Review, 37, 513, 10.1111\u002F1540-5893.3703002\nTang, 1996, Distributive and procedural justice as related to satisfaction and commitment, SAM Advanced Management Journal, 25\nThibaut, 1975\nTriplett, 1996, Work-related stress and coping among correctional officers: Implications from organizational literature, Journal of Criminal Justice, 24, 291, 10.1016\u002F0047-2352(96)00018-9\nTriplett, 1999, Examining the effect of work-home conflict on work-related stress among correctional officers, Journal of Criminal Justice, 27, 371, 10.1016\u002FS0047-2352(98)00066-X\nTyler, 1990\nTyler, 2001, Public trust and confidence in legal authorities: What do majority and minority group members want from the law and legal institutions, Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 215, 10.1002\u002Fbsl.438\nTyler, 2004, Enhancing police legitimacy, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593, 84, 10.1177\u002F0002716203262627\nTyler, 1980, Distributional and procedural aspects of satisfaction with citizen-police encounters, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 281, 10.1207\u002Fs15324834basp0104_1\nTyler, 2002\nVan Voorhis, 1991, The impact of race and gender on correctional officers' orientation to the integrated environment, Journal of Research in Crime 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New York: Academic Press.\nConley, 1994, Adding color to a black and white picture, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 135, 10.1177\u002F0022427894031002003\nCrew, 1991, Race differences in felony charging and sentencing, Journal of Crime and Justice, 14, 99, 10.1080\u002F0735648X.1991.9721428\nCrutchfield, R. D., Weis, J. G., Engen, R. L., and Gainey, R. R. (1993). Racial\u002Fethnic disparities and exceptional sentences in Washington State. Final Report to the Washington State Minority and Justice Commission. Olympia, WA.\nCrutchfield, 1994, Analytical and aggregation biases in analyses of imprisonment, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 166, 10.1177\u002F0022427894031002005\nCullen, 1982\nEisenstein, 1977\nFarnworth, 1980, Separate justice, Social Science Research, 9, 381, 10.1016\u002FS0049-089X(80)80004-4\nGarber, S., Klepper, S., and Nagin, D. (1983). The role of extralegal factors in determining criminal case disposition. 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J. (1983). Discrimination in the criminal justice system: A critical appraisal of the literature. In Research on sentencing: The search for reform, eds. A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, S. E. Martin and M. H. Tonry. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.\nKramer, 1996, Sentencing disparity and departure from guidelines, Justice Quarterly, 13, 81, 10.1080\u002F07418829600092831\nLaFree, 1980, The effect of sexual stratification by race on official reactions to rape, American Sociological Review, 45, 842, 10.2307\u002F2094898\nLangan, 1985, Racism on trial, The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 76, 666, 10.2307\u002F1143517\nLevin, 1977\nLipsey, M. W. (1992). Juvenile delinquency treatment: A meta-analytic inquiry into the variability of effects. In Meta-analysis for explanation: A casebook, eds. T. D. Cook, H. Cooper, D. S. Cordray, H. Hartmann, L. V. Hedges, R. J. Light, T. A. Louis and F. Mosteller. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.\nLipsey, 1993, The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment, American Psychologist, 48, 1181, 10.1037\u002F0003-066X.48.12.1181\nLipsey, M. W., and Derzon, J. H. (1997). Predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: A synthesis of longitudinal research. Paper prepared for: OJJDP Study Group on Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders (unpublished manuscript).\nLizotte, 1978, Extra-legal factors in Chicago’s criminal courts, Social Problems, 25, 564, 10.1525\u002Fsp.1978.25.5.03a00110\nLoeber, R., and Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In Crime and justice: An annual review of research, eds. M. Tonry and N. Morris. Vol. 7. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.\nLotz, 1977, The influence of legally irrelevant factors on felony sentencing, Sociological Inquiry, 47, 39, 10.1111\u002Fj.1475-682X.1977.tb00777.x\nLynch, M. J., and Patterson, E. B. (1990). Racial discrimination in the criminal justice system: Evidence from four jurisdictions. In Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial issues in crime and criminology, ed. R. C. Monk. 3d ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group.\nMann, 1987, The reality of a racist criminal justice system, Criminal Justice Research Bulletin, 3, 1\nMann, 1993\nMarenin, 1995, The state of plea bargaining in Alaska, Journal of Criminal Justice, 18, 167, 10.1080\u002F0735648X.1995.9721039\nMcDonald, 1979, From plea negotiation to coercive justice, Law and Society Review, 13, 385, 10.2307\u002F3053260\nMiethe, 1986, Racial differences in criminal processing, Sociological Quarterly, 27, 217, 10.1111\u002Fj.1533-8525.1986.tb00258.x\nMosteller, F. M., and Bush, R. R. (1954). Selected quantitative techniques. In Handbook of social psychology, ed. G. Lendzey. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.\nNardulli, 1988\nNelson, 1994, A dollar or day, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 183, 10.1177\u002F0022427894031002006\nPetersilia, 1983\nPetersilia, 1985, Racial disparities in the criminal justice system, Crime and Delinquency, 31, 15, 10.1177\u002F0011128785031001002\nPeterson, 1984, Changing conceptions of race, American Sociological Review, 49, 56, 10.2307\u002F2095557\nPruitt, 1983, A longitudinal study of the effect of race on sentencing, Law and Society Review, 17, 613, 10.2307\u002F3053490\nQuinney, 1970\nRosenthal, 1978, Combining results of independent studies, Psychological Bulletin, 65, 185, 10.1037\u002F0033-2909.85.1.185\nRosenthal, 1984\nSchmidt, 1980, Validity generalization, Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 643, 10.1037\u002F0021-9010.65.6.643\nSpohn, C. (1994). Crime and the social control of blacks: Offender\u002Fvictim race and the sentencing of violent offenders. In Inequality, crime, and social control, eds. G. S. Bridges and M. A. Meyers. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Inc.\nSpohn, 1981, The effect of race on sentencing, Law and Society Review, 16, 71, 10.2307\u002F3053550\nStecher, B., and Sparks, R. F. (1982). Removing the effects of discrimination in sentencing guidelines. In Sentencing reform: Experiments in reducing disparity, ed. M. L. Forst. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.\nThompson, 1981, Detecting sentencing disparity, American Journal of Sociology, 86, 869, 10.1086\u002F227320\nUnnever, 1982, Direct and organizational discrimination in the sentencing of drug offenders, Social Problems, 30, 212, 10.1525\u002Fsp.1982.30.2.03a00070\nUnnever, 1980, Race differences in criminal sentencing, The Sociological Quarterly, 21, 197, 10.1111\u002Fj.1533-8525.1980.tb00604.x\nWalker, 1994\nWalker, 1996\nWelch, 1985, Convicting and sentencing differences among Black, Hispanic, and White males in six localities, Justice Quarterly, 2, 67, 10.1080\u002F07418828500088391\nWhatley, 1996, Victim characteristics influencing attributions of responsibility to rape victims, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1, 81, 10.1016\u002F1359-1789(95)00011-9\nWilbanks, 1987\nWilbanks, 1987, The myth of a racist criminal justice system, Criminal Justice Research Bulletin, 3, 1\nWilson, 1985\nWolf, 1986\nWooldredge, J. D. (In press). 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The use of the Heckman two-step correction for selection bias in criminology, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 23, 151, 10.1007\u002Fs10940-007-9024-4\nBykowicz, J. & Fenton, J. (2008). City crime lab director fired; Database update reveals employees' DNA tainted evidence, throwing lab's reliability into question. Sun Reporters, August 20.\nBynum, 1982, Victim and offense characteristics: Impact of police investigative decision-making, Criminology, 20, 301, 10.1111\u002Fj.1745-9125.1982.tb00463.x\nDemuth, 2003, Racial and ethnic differences in pretrial release decisions and outcomes: A comparison of Hispanic, Black, and White felony arrestees, Criminology, 41, 873, 10.1111\u002Fj.1745-9125.2003.tb01007.x\nDolan, M. & Felch, J. (2008). The danger of DNA: It isn't perfect. Los Angeles Times, December 26.\n2003\n2004\n2008\nFeeney, 1983\nGreenwood, 1975\nHagan, 1983, Making sense of sentencing: Race and sentencing outcomes\nHeckman, 1979, Sample selection bias as a specification error, Econometrica, 47, 153, 10.2307\u002F1912352\nHeumann, 1977\nKeel, 2009, An exploratory analysis of factors affecting homicide investigations: Examining the dynamics of murder clearance rates, Homicide Studies, 13, 50, 10.1177\u002F1088767908326903\nKutner, 2004\nLassers, 1968, Proof of guilt in capital cases – An unscience, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 58, 310, 10.2307\u002F1141624\nLee, 2005, The value of life in death: Multiple regression and event history analyses of homicide clearance in Los Angeles County, Journal of Criminal Justice, 33, 527, 10.1016\u002Fj.jcrimjus.2005.08.002\nLee, 1983, Generalized econometric models with selectivity, Econometrica, 51, 507, 10.2307\u002F1912003\nLitwin, 2004, A multilevel multivariate analysis of factors affecting homicide clearance, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41, 327, 10.1177\u002F0022427803260269\nMarché, 1994, The production of homicide solutions: An empirical analysis, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 53, 385, 10.1111\u002Fj.1536-7150.1994.tb02610.x\nMills, S. (2009). Judge orders FBI to search database for DNA from slain girl. Chicago Tribune, February 3.\nNatapoff, 2009\n2009\nParker, 1972\nPaternoster, 1984, Prosecutorial discretion in requesting the death penalty: A case of victim-based racial discrimination, Law & Society Review, 18, 437, 10.2307\u002F3053431\nPeterson, 1984, Changing conceptions of race: Toward an account of anomalous findings of sentencing research, American Sociological Review, 49, 56, 10.2307\u002F2095557\nPeterson, 1987, The uses and effects of forensic science in the adjudication of felony cases, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 32, 1730, 10.1520\u002FJFS11231J\nPossley, M., Mills, S., & McRoberts, F. (2004). Scandal touches even elite labs. Chicago. 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