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Block and I. Hexham (eds.), Religion, Economics, and Social Thought: Proceedings of an International Symposium (The Fraser Institute, Vancouver, BC), pp. 465–491.\nAuster, B. B.: 1997, ‘The Pawn of a New Era Is Upon Us: Chains Transform the Business with New Markets, New Customers, and a New Image’, U.S.News & World Report 123(22) (Dec. 8), 64.\nBaron, S.: 1971, S.v. ‘Calvin, John’, in Encyclopedia Judaica (Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem), pp. 66–67.\nBaumann, P.: 1990, ‘The Deadliest Sin: Warnings Against Avarice and Usury on Romanesque Capitals in Auvergne’, Church History 59, 7–18.\nBava Metzia. Babylonian Talmud.\nBindman, Rabbi Y.: 1993, If You Lend to My People: Gemachs (Free Loan Funds) and Their Operation (Feldheim, Jerusalem).\nBirmingham, S.: 1967, Our Crowd: The Greatest Jewish Families of New York (Harper and Row, New York).\nBlock, W.: 1986, ‘Comment’, in W. Block and I. Hexham (eds.), Religion Economics, and Social Thought: Proceedings of an International Symposium (The Fraser Institute, Vancouver, BC), pp. 430–445.\nBoyes, W. J.: 1982, ‘In Defense of the Downtrodden: Usury Laws?’, Public Choice 39, 269–276.\nBranch, Shelly: 1998, ‘Wayne' New World: Another Trashy Business’, Fortune 137(2) (February 2), 29.\nBrown, C.: 1991, ‘Pawnbrokers to the Stars’, Forbes 148 ( July 8), 104–105.\nCaskey, J. P.: 1996, Fringe Banking: Check-Cashing Outlets, Pawnshops and the Poor (Russell Sage Foundation, New York).\nCaskey, J. P.: 1991, ‘Pawnbroking in America: The Economics of a Forgotten Credit Market’, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 23, 85–99.\nChafetz Chaim (Rabbi Israel Meir HaKohen): 1976, Ahavah Chesed: The Love of Kindness as Required by God (2nd ed.). Trans. Leonard Oschry (Feldheim, New York, 118881).\nCohn, H. H.: 1971, S.v. ‘Usury’, in Encyclopedia Judaica (Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem), pp. 17–33.\nCoulton, A.: 1997, ‘MasterCard to Educate Members on Microloans in Global Anti-Poverty Effort (Lowincome Families)’, American Banker 162(23) (Feb. 4), 14.\nde Roover, R.: 1967, ‘The Scholastics, Usury, and Foreign Exchange’, Business History Review 43, 257–271.\nDivine, T. F.: 1967, S.v. ‘Usury’, in New Catholic Encyclopedia (McGraw-Hill, New York), pp. 498–500.\nEkins, P.: 1992, The Gaia Atlas of Green Economics (Anchor Books, New York).\nFogarty, N. J.: 1994, ‘The Rent-to-Own Scam: Unfair Competition for Merchants’, Credit World (March\u002FApril), 18–19.\n“For Sale: Thorn' U.S. Stores: London-Based Owner of Thorn Americas May Be a Takeover Target”: 1998, Wichita Eagle (April 8)\nGalassi, F. L.: 1992, ‘Buying a Passport to Heaven: Usury, Restitution, and the Merchants of Medieval Genoa’, Religion 22, 313–326.\n“GAO takes a look at the Credit Card Industry”: 1994, CPA Journal 64(8) (August), 9.\nGlaeser, E. L. and J. Scheinkman: 1998, ‘Neither a Borrower Nor a Lender Be: An Economic Analysis of Interest Restrictions and Usury Laws’, Journal of Law and Economics 41(1) (April), 1–36.\nGordon, B.: 1982, ‘Lending at Interest: Some Jewish, Greek, and Christian Approaches, 800 BCAD 100’, History of Political Economy 14, 406–426.\nhaLevi, Rabbi P.: 1992, Sefer haHinnuch: The Book of [Mitzvah] Education, Vols. 2–5 (5 vols.). Trans. C. Wengrove (Feldheim, New York) [1523].\nHalls, M.: 1994, ‘Where East Meets West: Islamic Finance Techniques’, Euromoney Treasury Manager (Dec.), 6.\nHodges, S.: 1997, ‘SBA Microloans Fuel Big Ideas’, Nation' Business 85(2) (Feb.), 34–35.\nHomer, S. and R. Sylla: 1991, A History of Interest Rates (3rd ed.) (Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick).\nHudson, M.: 1997, ‘The New Loan Sharks’, Dollars and Sense 212( July–August), 14–17.\nHudson, M: 1996, Merchants of Misery: How Corpo-Rate America Profits from Poverty (Common Courage Press, Monroe, ME).\nHudson, M: 1996, ‘Cashing in on Poverty: How Big Business Wins Every Time’, The Nation 262(20) (May 20), 11–14.\nHudson, M.: 1993, ‘Renter Beware’, The Washington Monthly 25(10), 12–15.\nHudson, M.: 1993a, ‘How the Poor Pay More: Big Premiums on Big Ticket Items’, Business and Society Review 85, 43–46.\n“Islam' interest”: 1992, The Economist 322 (7742) (January 18), 33–34.\nJewish Publication Society: 1985, Tanakh: A New Translation of the Holy Scriptures According to the Traditional Hebrew Text ( Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia, PA).\nJones, L. E. and E. Wattenberg: 1991, ‘Working, Still Poor: A Loan Program' Role in the Lives of Low-Income Single Parents’, Social Work 36, 146–153.\n“Judgement against Rent-A-Center”: 1997. Television Digest 37(38) (Sept. 22), 16.\nKellengbenz, H.: 1971, S.v. ‘Baking and Bankers’, in Encyclopedia Judaica (Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem), pp. 166–179.\nKossek, E. E., M. Huber-Yoder, D. Castellion, and J. Lerner: 1997, ‘The Working Poor: Locked out of Careers and the Organizational Mainstream?’,Academy of Management Executive 11, 76–92.\nLamb, M. L.: 1992, ‘Theology and Money: Rationality, Religion, and Economics’, American Behavioral Scientist 5, 735–755.\nLambert, Wade: 1995, ‘Thorn Must Void Rental Contracts, a Judge Decides’, Wall Street Journal (Oct. 2).\nLevine, A.: 1987, Economics and Jewish Law (Yeshiva University Press, New York).\nLevine, A.: 1989, Free Enterprise and Jewish Law: Aspects of Jewish Business Ethics (Yeshiva University Press, New York).\nLight, I.: 1977, ‘Numbers Gambling Among Blacks: A Financial Institution’, American Sociological Review 42, 892–904.\nLister, R. J.: 1988, ‘Interest, Morality, Orthodoxy, Gambling and Karim’, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 15, 585–596.\nLiu, P., S. D. Smith and J. D. Tripp: 1990, ‘The Estimated Effect of Current and Proposed Usury Ceilings on Commercial Loans in Arkansas’, Arkansas Business and Economic Review 23(1) (Spring), 18–22.\nLong, D. S.: 1996, ‘Bernard Dempsey' Theological Economics: Usury, Profit, and Human Fulfillment’, Theological Studies 57(4) (Dec.), 690–706.\nMagill, G.: 1992, ‘Theology in Business Ethics: Appealing to the Religious Imagination’, Journal of Business Ethics 11, 129–135.\nMaimonides, Moses.: 1949, Mishneh Torah: The Book of Civil Laws. Trans. J. J. Rabinowitz (Yale University Press, New Haven) [1180].\nMartin, C. G., K. E. Galchus and A. P. Vibhakar: 1990, ‘Arkansas Usury Law: Synthesis or Stalemate?’, Arkansas Business and Economic Review 23, 1–17.\nMiller, J. H.: 1994, Curing World Poverty: The New Role of Property (Central Bureau, Catholic Central Union of America, St. Louis).\nMitnick, B. and M. Lewison: 1996, ‘Fences Outside Fences: The Uses of Heroic Marginality in Ethical Behavior’, Expanded Proceedings of the 1996 annual Meetings of the Academy of Management, August 9–14, Cincinnati, OH.\nMurray, Brendan: 1998, ‘Payday Lenders' Face Regulation’, Atlanta Business Chronicle 20(34) (January 23), 1A–2A.\nNelson, B.: 1969, The Idea of Usury: From Tribal Brotherhood to Universal Otherhood (2nd ed.) (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).\nNoponen, H.: 1992, ‘Loans to the Working Poor: A Longitudinal Study of Credit, Gender and the Household Economy’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 16, 235–251.\nPal, Izzud-Din: 1994, ‘Pakistan and the Question of Riba’, Middle Eastern Studies 30(1) (Jan.), 64–78.\nPava, M. L.: 1998, ‘The Substance of Jewish Business Ethics’, Journal of Business Ethics 17(6) (Apr.), 603–617.\nPope, Hugh: 1997, ‘Islam in the Mainstream: In Turkey, Islamist Businessmen Take on Establishment – Secular Elite Greet Muslim Firms’ Success with Suspicion – and Blacklists’, Wall Street Journal (Aug. 20), A 10.\n“Poverty, Inc.”: 1998, Consumer Reports 63(7) (July), 28–33.\nQuereshi, A. I.: 1946, Islam and the Theory of Interest (Muhammad Ashraf, Lahore, Pakistan).\nRabinovich, L.: 1993, ‘Introduction to Secured Transactions in Halakha and Common Law’, Tradition 27, 36–50.\nRangaswami, K.: 1927, Aspects of Ancient Indian Economic Thought (Madras Law Journal Press, Mylapore).\nRossouw, G. J.: 1994, ‘Business Ethics: Where Have All the Christians Gone?’, Journal of Business Ethics 13, 557–570.\nRowe, Jr. F. E.: 1993, ‘Cash Customers’, Forbes 151(10) (May 10), 196.\nSchwartz, J.: 1989, ‘Swap Shop’, American Demographics 11(11) (November), 60.\nShatzmiller, J.: 1990, Shylock Reconsidered: Jews, Moneylending, and Medieval Society (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA).\nShibili, M. A.: 1993, ‘Usufructary Mortgages in Rural South Asian Economies: Collateral Valuation and Internal Rates’, American Journal of Economics and Sociology 52, 167–181.\nShilo, S.: 1971, S.v. ‘Loan’, in Encyclopedia Judaica (Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem), pp. 414–420.\nSpot the difference: 1989, Euromoney (Pakistan Supplement) (September), 19–21.\nStein, S.: 1971, S.v. ‘Moneylending’, in Encyclopedia Judaica (Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem), pp. 244–253.\nStern, Rabbi J.: 1984, ‘Ribis: A Halachic Anthology’, in A. S. Cohen (ed.), Halacha and Contemporary Society (KTAV Publishing House, New York), pp. 167–190.\nSyedain, H.: 1991, ‘The Redemption of the Pawnbroker’, Management Today (January), 44–46.\nSyedain, H.: 1989, ‘Counting on the Quran’, Management Today (March), 104–108.\nTamari, M.: 1990, ‘Ethical Issues in Bankruptcy: A Jewish Perspective’, Journal of Business Ethics 9, 785–789.\nTamari, M.: 1987, ‘With All Your Possessions’, Jewish Ethics and Economic Life (Free Press, New York).\nTamari, M.: 1986, ‘Judaism and the Market Mechanism’, in W. Block and I. Hexham (eds.), Religion, Economics and Social Thought: Proceedings of An International Symposium (The Fraser Institute, Vancouver, BC), pp. 393–421.\nTaylor, T. W. and J. W. Evans: 1987, ‘Islamic Banking and the Prohibition of Usury in Western Economic Thought’, National Westminster Bank Quarterly Review (November), 15–27.\nTebbutt. M.: 1983, Making Ends Meet: Pawnbroking and Working-Class Credit (St. Martin' Press, New York).\nTenenbaum, S.: 1993, A Credit to Their Community: Jewish Loan Societies in the United States 1880–1945 (Wayne State University Press, Detroit).\nVan Buren III, H. J. and B. R. Agle: 1997, ‘Isolating Religious Beliefs that Might Affect Managerial Decision Making: An Initial Analysis’, Paper presented at the 1997 Meeting of the International Association of Business and Society (March 6–9) (Destin, FL).\n“Victim calls it ‘Rent-A-Sucker' ”: 1996, Philadephia Daily News (May 21).\nVillegas, D. J.: 1989, ‘The Impact of Usury Ceilings on Consumer Credit’, Southern Economic Journal 56(1) (July), 126–141.\nVogel, D.: 1991, ‘The Ethical Roots of Business Ethics’, Business Ethics Quarterly 1, 101–120.\nWagschal, Rabbi S.: 1990, Torah Guide for the Businessman (Feldheim, New York).\nWerner, T.: 1996, ‘Microloans Provide Major Help for Struggling Small Businesses’, Philadelphia Business Journal 15(11) (May 10), 8.\nWoolley, S.: 1993, ‘Neither Fish Nor Fowl – But Some Call It Foul’, Business Week 3302 (January 25), 75, 78.\nZipser, A.: 1993, ‘It Pays to Be in Hock’, Barrons 73 (April 19), 40–41.",{"EN":282},"Social attitudes toward usury (here defined using the archaic meaning as the taking of interest on loans) have changed dramatically over the centuries. From antiquity until the Protestant Reformation, usury was regarded as an inherently evil activity. Today, with few exceptions, usury is met with moral indifference. Modern objections to usury are limited to protest against \"excessive\" interest rates rather than interest per se. With this change in focus, the very meaning of the term \"usury\" has also changed. Many early pronouncements against the taking of interest emphasized the plight of the poor, but ironically, the poor actually pay the highest rates of interest in the modern American economy. Despite the universality of usury, some socio-economic subcultures still manage to avoid the taking or giving of interest. Orthodox branches of both Judaism and Islam have maintained bans on usury throughout the centuries and up to the present time. This is especially interesting in the case of Judaism, given the popular cultural image of the Jew as usurer. Jewish free loan systems may actually offer a model for modern loan programs that can be designed to aid poor borrowers, who are frequently shut out of mainstream financial services.",{"EN":284},"Conflicts of Interest? 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P.: 1995, To Steal a Book is an Elegant Offense: Intellectual Property Law in Chinese Civilization ( Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA).\nBobrowsky, D.: 1999, Outsourcing Rights: Multinational Codes of Conduct and the Social Construction of Transaction Costs ( Department of Politics, New York University, New York), p. 16.\nBoddewyn, J. J.: 1986, International Political Strategy: A Fourth 'Generic' Strategy (Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Management, and the Annual Meeting of the International Academy of Business).\nBoddewyn, J. J. and T. L. Brewer: 1994, 'International-Business Political Behavior: New Theoretical Directions', The Academy of Management Review 19(1), 119–143.\nChakraborty, S. K.: 1997, 'Business Ethics in India', Journal of Business Ethics 16(14), 1529–1538.\nDonaldson, T.: 1996, 'Values in Tension: Ethics Away from Home', Harvard Business Review 74(5), 48–56.\nDonaldson, T. and T. Dunfee: 1999, Ties that Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics (Harvard University Business School Press).\nFrank, R. H.: 1987, 'If Homo Economicus Could Choose His Own Utility function, Would He Want One with a Conscience?', American Economic Review 77(4), 593–604.\nFrank, R. H.: 1996, 'Can Socially Responsible Firms Survive in a Competitive Environment?', in D. M. Messick and A. E. Tenbrunsel (eds.), Codes of Conduct: Behavioral Research Into Business Ethics (Rrussell Sage Foundation, New York), pp. 86–103.\nFriedman, M.: 1962, Capitalism and Freedom (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).\nFukuyama, F.: 1995, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity ( The Free Press, New York).\nGauthier, D. P.: 1986, Morals by Agreement ( Clarendon Press, Oxford).\nGibbon, E.: 1993, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( Distributed by Random House, New York, Knopf).\nHeimann, F. F.: 1994, 'Should Foreign Bribery Be a Crime?', Transparency International 2.\nLipset, S. M.: 1980, Political Man ( Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore). Contracting (Free Press, New York).\nLocke, J.: 1948, The Second Treatise of Civil Government and a Letter Concerning Toleration ( Basil Blackwell, Oxford).\nMullan, K.: 1993, 'Shock, Horror, Scandal! Is Your IP Wholesome Enough?', Managing Intellectual Property 32, 33–38.\nNelson, J.: 1994, 'Business Ethics in a Competitive Market', Journal of Business Ethics 13(9), 663–667.\nNichols, P. M.: 1997, 'Outlawing Transnational Bribery Through the World Trade Organization', Law and Policy in International Business 28(2), 305–386.\nPorter, M. E.: 1990, The Competitive Advantage of Nations ( Free Press, New York).\nPutnam, R. D. and R. Leonardi et al.: 1994, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy ( Princeton University Press).\nQuinn, D. P. and T. M. Jones: 1995, 'An Agent Morality View of Business Policy', Academy of Management Review 20(1), 22–42.\nRalston, D. A. and D. H. Holt et al.: 1995, 'The Impact of Culture and Ideology on Managerial Work Values: A Study of the United States, Russia, Japan, and China', Academy of Management Journal (Best Papers Proceedings 1995), 187–191.\nRalston, D. A. and D. H. Holt et al.: 1997, 'The Impact of National Culture and Economic Ideology on Managerial Work Values: A Study of the United States, Russia, Japan, and China', Journal of International Business Studies (First Quarter), 177–207.\nRawls, J.: 1971, A Theory of Justice ( Harvard University Press, Cambridge).\nSen, A.: 1997, 'Economics, Business Principles and Moral Sentiments', Business Ethics Quarterly 7(3), 5–15.\nSen, A. and N. Stern et al.: 1990, 'Development Strategies: The Roles of the State and the Private Sector', World Bank Research Observer, 421–435.\nSolow, R. M.: 1995, 'But Verify: Review of Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity by Francis Fukuyama', The New Republic.\nWilliamson, O. E.: 1985, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational.\nWolfensohn, J.: 1998, 'Asia: The Long View', Financial Times. London: 10.",{"EN":364},"Michael Porter argues that some nations manifest a competitive advantage deriving from key elements of their economic structure. Some nations are thus disposed by structure to possess what Porter calls a \"competitive advantage of nations\" (Porter, 1990). In this paper I examine the prospect of an ethical advantage of nations, and in particular, of a set of advantages that extend far beyond the simple dimension of trust so often discussed. I consider, further, how such a range of ethical features would be structured, and what the implications of those features would be. Three conclusions are reached: 1. 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London: Duckworth",{},{"id":18,"text":561,"url":18,"identifiers":562},"Meglino, B.M. & E.C. Ravlin (1998): ‘Individual Values in Organizations: Concepts, Controversies, and Research’. Journal of Management 24\u002F3: 351-389",{"doi":563},"10.1177\u002F014920639802400304",{"id":18,"text":565,"url":18,"identifiers":566},"Mejlby, P (2003): ‘Escaping the Iron Cage – A Mission Impossible?’, in: Corporate Values and Responsibility – The Case of Denmark. Morsing, M. & C.Thyssen (eds.) Frederiksberg: Samfundslitteratur",{},{"id":18,"text":568,"url":18,"identifiers":569},"Peters, T.J. & R.H. Waterman Jr. (1982): In search of excellence. New York: Warner Books Edition",{},{"id":18,"text":571,"url":18,"identifiers":572},"Pirsig, R.M. (1991): Lila: An Inquiry into Morals. Bantam Books",{},{"id":18,"text":574,"url":18,"identifiers":575},"Polanyi, M (1958): Personal Knowledge. London: Routledge",{},{"id":18,"text":577,"url":18,"identifiers":578},"Polanyi, M. (1966): The tacit dimension. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press",{},{"id":618,"createTime":619,"updateTime":620,"relativeEntities":621,"slug":622,"properties":623,"entityType":289,"verifyStatus":290,"verifyTime":620,"verifyNote":292,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":632,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":633,"publicationType":314,"publisherRelationship":704,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":737,"publishYear":738,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":353},"19cb1ef9-f8dc-491d-9325-0ac92c1eca3e","2024-01-04T13:52:22.033+00:00","2024-12-31T23:59:26.991+00:00",[],"Loan-Guarantees-Corporate-Social-Responsibility-Disclosure-and-Audit-Fees-Evidence-from-China",{"references":624,"abstract":626,"title":628,"doi":630},{"VOID":625},"Al-Dhamari, R. A., Al-Gamrh, B., Ismail, K. N. I. K., & Ismail, S. S. H. (2018). 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Business environment index for China’s provinces. Beijing: Social Science Academic Press.\nWhisenant, S., Sankaraguruswamy, S., & Raghunandan, K. (2003). Evidence on the joint determination of audit and non-audit fees. Journal of Accounting Research, 41(4), 721–744.\nXie, Z. H., & Cui, X. G. (2006). Risk-based auditing: mechanism and application. China Accounting Review, 7, 15–20. (In Chinese).\nYu, F. F. (2008). Analyst coverage and earnings management. Journal of Financial Economics, 88(2), 245–271.\nZhang, J. X., Chen, Y., & Wu, X. (2005). An analysis of risk factors on audit pricing: Evidence from shanghai stock exchange in 2003. Auditing Research, 4, 34–38. (In Chinese).\nZhang, Q. F., Zhang, M., & Dai, J. J. (2006). Review of Chinese empirical research on audit pricing. China Accounting Review, 6, 87–93. (In Chinese).",{"EN":627},"This paper examines the relationship between loan guarantees and audit fees as well as the moderating effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR). We find that guaranteeing another entity’s debt significantly increases firms’ own audit fees. However, the disclosure of CSR information attenuates the fee-increasing effects of loan guarantees. A closer examination reveals that the role of CSR is attributable to the information effect rather than the signal effect. Our results are robust to the use of a quasi-natural experiment, a propensity score matching analysis, a Heckman two-stage treatment effect model and alternative proxies. This work makes new contributions to the current understanding of the consequences of loan guarantees, determinants of audit fees and value of CSR disclosure.",{"EN":629},"Loan Guarantees, Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure and Audit Fees: Evidence from 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Guo",{"id":652,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":653,"affiliations":654,"properties":665},"23bc9dda-8872-4ed1-bf16-acda9e802c34",[298],[655],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":656,"properties":18},{"id":657,"createTime":658,"updateTime":659,"relativeEntities":660,"slug":661,"properties":662,"entityType":70,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"9a11f508-fa53-421c-91ca-e5bc1b35634b","2024-01-13T21:08:12.714+00:00","2024-11-26T22:41:32.414+00:00",[],"School-of-Management-Xi-an-Jiaotong-University-Xi-an-China",{"title":663},{"VI":664},"School of Management, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China",{"title":666},{"VI":667},"Fangjun Wang",{"id":669,"sortIndex":500,"researcher":18,"roles":670,"affiliations":671,"properties":677},"87b389ef-595a-44ab-ab49-e5b92f516dc9",[298],[672],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":673,"properties":18},{"id":657,"createTime":658,"updateTime":659,"relativeEntities":674,"slug":661,"properties":675,"entityType":70,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},[],{"title":676},{"VI":664},{"title":678},{"VI":679},"Junrui 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Byrne (2002) ArticleTitle’After Enron: The Ideal Corporation’ Business Week (26 August) 68–74\nJ. A. Byrne (1999) Chainsaw: The Notorious Career of Al Dunlap in the Era of Profit-at-Any-Price HarperBusiness New York\nA. B. Carroll (2000) ArticleTitle’Ethical Challenges for Business in the New Millennium: Corporate Social Responsibility and Models of Management Morality’ Business Ethics Quarterly (January) 33–42\nA. B. Carroll (1979) ArticleTitle’A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance’ Academy of Management Review 4 497–505\nB. E. Clarkson Max (Eds) (1998) The Corporation and Its Stakeholders: Classic and Contemporary Readings University of Toronto Press Toronto\nJ. J. Cramer (2002) Confessions of a Street Addict Simon & Schuster New York\nS. De Beauvoir (1997) The Ethics of Ambiguity, Frechtman B., trans Carol Publishing Group Secaucus, NJ\nR. T. De George (1999) Business Ethics EditionNumber5 Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ)\nJ. Dewey (1944) Democracy and Education Free Press New York\nJ. Dewey (1908) Ethics Henry Holt New York\nT. Donaldson T. Dunfee (1999) Ties That Bind: A Social Contract Approach to Business Ethics Harvard University Press Boston\nA. J. Dunlap (1996) Mean Business: How I Save Bad Companies and Make Good Companies Great Random House New York\nR. E. Freeman (1994) ArticleTitle’The Politics of Stakeholder Theory: Some Future Directions’ Business Ethics Quarterly 4 409–422\nR. E. Freeman (1984) Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach Pitman Boston\nM. Friedman (1962) Capitalism and Freedom University of Chicago Press Chicago\nD. Goleman (1997) Emotional Intelligence Bantam Books New York\nK. E. Goodpaster (1991) ArticleTitle’Business Ethics and Stakeholder Analysis’ Business Ethics Quarterly 1 553\nW. Greider (2002) ArticleTitle’Crime in the Suites’ The Nation 4 IssueIDFebruary 11–14\nR. W. Guiliani K. Kurson (2002) Leadership Hyperion New York\nT. Gyatso F. Ouaki (1999) Imagine All the People: A Conversation with the Dalai Lama on Money, Politics, and Life As It Could Be Wisdom Publications Boston\nK. H. Hammonds (2004) ’The Secret Life of the CEO: Do They Even Know, CEO Right from Wrong?’ P. E. Murphy (Eds) Fast Company Business Ethics Wiley New York 124–127\nHardimon, M.: 1994, ‘Role Obligations’, 91 Journal of Philosophy 333–363.\nF. A. Hayek (1944) The Road to Serfdom University of Chicago Press Chicago\nE. Hedley (1968) Freedom, Inquiry and Language International Textbook Co. Scranton, PA\nR. Jackall (1988) Moral Mazes: The World of Corporate Managers Oxford University Press New York\nK. T. Jackson (2004) Building Reputational Capital: Strategies for Integrity and Fair Play That Improve the Bottom Line Oxford University Press New York\nM. Johnson (1993) Moral Imagination: Implications of Cognitive Science for Ethics University of Chicago Press Chicago\nKant, I.: 1969, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, with Critical Essays, in R. P. Wolff, ed. (Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indianapolis).\nW. Kaufmann (1956) Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre The World Publishing Co. New York\nD. Luban (1988) Lawyers and Justice Princeton University Press Princeton\nA. MacIntyre (1981) After Virtue University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame\nJ. S. Mill (1989) ’Utilitarianism’ D. T. Goldberg (Eds) Ethical Theory and Social Issues Holt Rhinehardt and Winston New York\nL. Nash (1995) ArticleTitle’The Real Truth About Corporate ’Values’ The Public Relations Strategist (Summer) 7–13\nJ. W. Nickel (1987) Making Sense of Human Rights: Philosophical Reflections on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights University of California Press Berkeley\nN. Noddings (2002) Starting at Home University of California Press Berkeley\nN. Noddings (1984) Caring University of California Press Berkeley\nR. Nozick (1974) Anarchy, State and Utopia Basic Books New York\nL. S. Paine (2003) Value Shift: Why Companies Must Merge Social and Financial Imperatives McGraw-Hill New York\nW. G. Perry (1968) Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years Holt, Rinehart and Winston New York\nPorter, E.: 2004, ‘The Bright Side of Sending Jobs Overseas’, The New York Times 15 February 2004.\nJ. Rawls (1971) A Theory of Justice Harvard University Press Cambridge\nJ. Rogers (1994) Investment Biker Random House New York\nW. D. Ross (1930) The Right and the Good Oxford University Press Oxford\nJ. P. Sartre (1984) Being and Nothingness: A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology, Barnes H. E., trans. Washington Square Press New York\nSartre, J. P.: 1957, ‘Existentialism is a Humanism’, in B. Frechtman, trans., Existentialism and Human Emotions (Citadel, New York).\nJ. P. Sartre (1956) ’Existentialism is a Humanism’ W. Kaufmann (Eds) Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre. The World Publishing Co. New York\nJ. P. Sartre (1964) Nausea L Alexander, trans New Directions Publishing Co. New York\nR. Solomon (1999) A Better Way to Think About Business: How Personal Integrity Leads to Corporate Success Oxford University Press New York\nR. Solomon (1992) Ethics and Excellence Oxford University Press New York\nL. K. Trevino K. A. Nelson (2004) Managing Business Ethics: Straight Talk About How to Do It Right Wiley New York\nJ. C. Tronto (1993) Moral Boundaries Routledge, Chapman, and Hall New York\nD. J. Trump T. Schwartz (1989) Trump: The Art of the Deal Warner Books New York\nJ. Welch J. A. Byrne (2001) Jack: Straight from the Gut Warner Books, Inc. New York\nP. H. Werhane (1999) Moral Imagination and Management Decision-Making Oxford University Press New York\nP. G. Zimbardo (1970) ’The Human Choice: Individuation, Reason, and Order Versus Deindividuation, Impulse, and Chaos’ W. J. Arnold D. 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(1981). Fostering the development of professionalism: An exchange theory perspective of the decision to join a professional association. Southern Review of Public Administration, 5(3), 314–338.",{"EN":1531},"In this conceptual paper, we explore professional accountants’ identity formation and the roles played by various audiences in society, accounting associations, and accounting firms in shaping the identity of professional accountants. We integrate constructs from social identity theory and the sociology of professions literature with previous research on professional identity, image, and widely held stereotypes of accounting and accountants, to propose an integrated framework of professional accountants’ identity formation. 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Barnes: 1993, 'The Effects of Culture on Ethical Decision–Making: An Application of Hofstede's Typology', Journal of Business Ethics 12, 753–760.\nWilliams, L. J. and J. T. Hazer: 1986, 'Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction and Commitment in Turnover Models: A Reanalysis Using Latent Variable Structural Equation Methods', Journal of Applied Psychology 71, 219–231.\nWines, W. A. and N. K. Napier: 1992, 'Toward an Understanding of Cross–Cultural Ethics: A Tentative Model', Journal of Business Ethics 11, 831–841.",{"EN":1647},"This study examines a model involving income, the love of money, pay satisfaction, organizational commitment, job changes, and unethical behavior among 211 full-time employees in Hong Kong, China. Direct paths suggested that the love of money was related to unethical behavior, but income (money) was not. Indirect paths showed that income was negatively related to the love of money that, in turn, was negatively related to pay satisfaction that, in turn, was negatively associated with unethical behavior. Pay satisfaction was positively related to organizational commitment. 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(1908). Nichomachean ethics (W. D. Ross Trans.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Accessed 22 Dec 2010, from http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilt.columbia.edu\u002Fpublications\u002Fartistotle.html.\nArnuk, S., & Saluzzi, J. (1999). Latency arbitrage: The real power behind predatory high frequency trading. Themis Trading LLC white paper. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.themistrading.com\u002Farticle_files\u002F0000\u002F0519\u002FTHEMIS_TRADING_White_Paper_--_Latency_Arbitrage_--_December_4__2009.pdf. Accessed 2 Dec 2012.\nBoatright, J. R. (2010). In John R. Boatright (Ed.). Ethics in finance, in finance ethics: critical issues in theory and practice (Robert W. Kolb Series) (Chapt. 1, pp. 3–20). Chichester: Wiley.\nBrogaard, J. (2010). High frequency trading and its impact on market quality. In 5th Annual Conference on Empirical Legal Studies Paper. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.futuresindustry.org\u002Fptg\u002Fdownloads\u002FHFT_Trading.pdf. Accessed 2 Dec 2012.\nCBS News. (2010). How speed traders are changing Wall Street: Steve Kroft gets a rare look inside the secretive world of ‘high-frequency trading’, Sixty minutes. Accessed 22 Dec 2010, from http:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbsnews.com\u002Fstories\u002F2010\u002F10\u002F07\u002F60minutes\u002Fmain6936075.shtml.\nD’Antona, J. (2012, May 10). Pipeline trading ceases operations; Top executive steps down, Traders Magazine Online News. Accessed 31 Oct 2012, from http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tradersmagazine.com\u002Fnews\u002Fpipeline-aritas-biancamano-trading-110008-1.html.\nDuhigg, C. (1999, July 24). Stock traders find speed pays, in milliseconds, New York Times, page A1. Accessed 22 Dec 2010, from http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2009\u002F07\u002F24\u002Fbusiness\u002F24trading.html?_r=1&ref=todayspaper.\nFehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (1999). A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3), 817–868.\nFerguson, N. (1998). The world’s banker: A history of the house of Rothschild. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.\nGatev, E., Goetzmann, W. N., & Rouwenhorst, K. G. (2006). Pairs trading: Performance of a relative value arbitrage rule. Review of Financial Studies, 19, 797–827.\nGovernment Office for Science. (2012). Foresight: The future of computer trading in financial markets (2012). Final project report, The Government Office for Science, London. Accessed 31 Oct 2012, from http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bis.gov.uk\u002Fassets\u002Fforesight\u002Fdocs\u002Fcomputer-trading\u002F12-1086-future-of-computer-trading-in-financial-markets-report.pdf.\nHeath, E. (2010). Fairness in financial markets. In John R. Boatright (Eds.), Finance ethics: Critical issues in theory and practice (Robert W. Kolb Series) (Chapt. 9, pp. 163–178). Hoboken: Wiley.\nKahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. (1986a). Fairness as a constraint on profit seeking: Entitlements in the market. American Economic Review, 76, 728–741.\nKahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. (1986b). Fairness and the assumptions of economics. Journal of Business, 59, S285–S300.\nKonow, J. (2003). Which is the fairest one of all? A positive analysis of justice theories. Journal of Economic Literature, 41(4), 1188–1239.\nLedvinka, J. (1979). The statistical definition of fairness in the federal selection guidelines and its implications for minority employment. Personnel Psychology, 32, 551–562. doi:10.1111\u002Fj.1744-6570.1979.tb02153.x.\nLeventhal, G. S. (1977). What should be done with equity theory? new approaches to the study of fairness in social relationships. In K. J. Gergen (Eds.), Social exchange theory. New York: Wiley.\nLo, A., Mamaysky, H., & Wang, J. (2000). Foundations of technical analysis: Computational algorithms, statistical inference, and empirical implementation. Journal of Finance, 55(4), 1705–1770.\nPava, M. L., Pava, J., & Hochman, J. A. (1999). Fairness as a constraint in the real estate market. Journal of Business Ethics, 19, 91–97.\nRabin, M. (1993). Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics. American Economic Review, 83, 1281–1302.\nRawls, J. (1958). Justice as fairness. The Philosophical Review, 67(2), 164–194.\nShefrin, H., & Statman, M. (1993). Ethics, fairness and efficiency in financial markets. Financial Analysts Journal, 49(6), 21–29.\nSimpson, J., & Wiener, E. (1993). Oxford english dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.\nTabibnia, G., Satpute, A. B., & Lieberman, M. D. (2008). The sunny side of fairness. Psychological Science, 19(4), 339–347.\nU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2010a). Concept Release on Equity Market Structure, Release No. 34-61358; File No. S7-02-10. Accessed 22 Dec 2010, from http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sec.gov\u002Frules\u002Fconcept\u002F2010\u002F34-61358.pdf.\nU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2010b). Findings regarding the market events of May 6, 2010: report of the staffs of the CFTC and SEC to the joint advisory committee on emerging regulatory issues. Accessed 22 Dec 2010, from http:\u002F\u002Fsec.gov\u002Fnews\u002Fstudies\u002F2010\u002Fmarketevents-report.pdf.\nWhitney, M. (2010). High-frequency trading as high-tech robbery, Counterpunch. Accessed 22 Dec 2010, from http:\u002F\u002Fwww.counterpunch.org\u002Fwhitney04162010.html.",{"EN":1802},"Recent concern over “high frequency trading” (HFT) has called into question the fairness of the practice. What does it mean for a financial market to be “fair”? We first examine how high frequency trading is actually used. High frequency traders often implement traditional beneficial strategies such as market making and arbitrage, although computers can also be used for manipulative strategies as well. We then examine different notions of fairness. Procedural fairness can be viewed from the perspective of equal opportunity, in which all market participants are treated alike. The same rules apply to HFT as to other traders. Another approach to fairness is in the equality of outcomes. Many HFT strategies are beneficial to other market participants, so one cannot categorically denounce the practice as unfair. Other strategies, for both high and low frequency trading, are not. It is thus important to distinguish between the technology and the use of the technology to make judgments on fairness.",{"EN":1804},"Fairness in Financial Markets: The Case of High Frequency Trading",{"VOID":1806},"10.1007\u002Fs10551-012-1559-0","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10551-012-1559-0",[1809,1824],{"id":1810,"sortIndex":501,"researcher":18,"roles":1811,"affiliations":1812,"properties":1821},"25562eb0-f0f9-43e2-94e1-d516f20ddf05",[298],[1813],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1814,"properties":18},{"id":1815,"createTime":1816,"updateTime":1816,"relativeEntities":1817,"slug":18,"properties":1818,"entityType":70,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"fc292612-b24f-4c24-a472-81e8639e3ea8","2024-01-04T21:02:06.202+00:00",[],{"title":1819},{"VI":1820},"McDonough School of Business, Washington, USA",{"title":1822},{"VI":1823},"Douglas McCabe",{"id":1825,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":1826,"affiliations":1827,"properties":1833},"eaa1a934-1e54-4c28-909a-c80e8dfb1e6f",[298],[1828],{"id":18,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":1829,"properties":18},{"id":1815,"createTime":1816,"updateTime":1816,"relativeEntities":1830,"slug":18,"properties":1831,"entityType":70,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},[],{"title":1832},{"VI":1820},{"title":1834},{"VI":1835},"James J. 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