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Pelvic Floor Disorders Network (2008) Prevalence of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in US women. JAMA 300(11):1311–1316. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1001\u002Fjama.300.11.1311\nRortveit G, Daltveit AK, Hannestad YS et al. (2003) Vaginal delivery parameters and urinary incontinence: the Norwegian EPINCONT study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189(5):1268–1274. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1067\u002Fs0002-9378(03)00588-x\nCattani L, Decoene J, Page AS et al. (2021) Pregnancy, labour and delivery as risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse: a systematic review. Int Urogynecol J 32(7):1623–1631. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00192-021-04724-y\nSnooks SJ, Setchell M, Swash M et al. (1984) Injury to innervation of pelvic floor sphincter musculature in childbirth. Lancet 2(8402):546–550. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fs0140-6736(84)90766-9\nAshton-Miller JA, Delancey JO (2009) On the biomechanics of vaginal birth and common sequelae. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 11:163–176. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-bioeng-061008-124823\nDeLancey JO, Miller JM, Kearney R et al (2007) Vaginal birth and de novo stress incontinence: relative contributions of urethral dysfunction and mobility. Obstet Gynecol 110(2 Pt 1):354–362. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002F01.AOG.0000270120.60522.55\nDietz HP, Simpson JM (2008) Levator trauma is associated with pelvic organ prolapse. BJOG 115(8):979–984. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1471-0528.2008.01751.x\nDeLancey JO, Kearney R, Chou Q et al (2003) The appearance of levator ani muscle abnormalities in magnetic resonance images after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 101(1):46–53. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fs0029-7844(02)02465-1\nAlbrich SB, Laterza RM, Skala C et al. (2012) Impact of mode of delivery on levator morphology: a prospective observational study with three-dimensional ultrasound early in the postpartum period. BJOG 119(1):51–60. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1471-0528.2011.03152.x\nCaudwell-Hall J, Kamisan Atan I, Martin A et al. (2017) Intrapartum predictors of maternal levator ani injury. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 96(4):426–431. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Faogs.13103\nMemon HU, Blomquist JL, Dietz HP et al. (2015) Comparison of levator ani muscle avulsion injury after forceps-assisted and vacuum-assisted vaginal childbirth. Obstet Gynecol 125(5):1080–1087. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002FAOG.0000000000000825\nKearney R, Miller JM, Ashton-Miller JA et al. (2006) Obstetric factors associated with levator ani muscle injury after vaginal birth. Obstet Gynecol 107(1):144–149. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002F01.AOG.0000194063.63206.1c\nChen L, Ashton-Miller JA, Hsu Y et al. (2006) Interaction among apical support, levator ani impairment, and anterior vaginal wall prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 108(2):324–332. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002F01.AOG.0000227786.69257.a8\nHanda VL, Blomquist JL, Roem J et al. (2020) Levator morphology and strength after obstetric avulsion of the levator ani muscle. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 26(1):56–60. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002FSPV.0000000000000641\nHanda VL, Roem J, Blomquist JL et al. (2019) Pelvic organ prolapse as a function of levator ani avulsion, hiatus size, and strength. Am J Obstet Gynecol 221(1):41.e1–41.e7. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ajog.2019.03.004\nLien KC, Mooney B, DeLancey JO et al. (2004) Levator ani muscle stretch induced by simulated vaginal birth. Obstet Gynecol 103(1):31–40. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002F01.AOG.0000109207.22354.65\nDietz HP, Simpson JM (2007) Does delayed child-bearing increase the risk of levator injury in labour? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 47(6):491–495. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1479-828X.2007.00785.x\nDietz HP, Kirby A, Shek KL et al (2009) Does avulsion of the puborectalis muscle affect bladder function? Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 20(8):967–972. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00192-009-0882-1\nFriedman S, Blomquist JL, Nugent JM et al. (2012) Pelvic muscle strength after childbirth. Obstet Gynecol 120(5):1021–1028. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002Faog.0b013e318265de39\nHilde G, Stær-Jensen J, Siafarikas F et al. (2013) Postpartum pelvic floor muscle training and urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 122(6):1231–1238. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002FAOG.0000000000000012 (Erratum in: Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;124(3):639)\nRichardson AC, Lyon JB, Williams NL (1976) A new look at pelvic relaxation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126(5):568–573. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0002-9378(76)90751-1\nDelancey JO (2002) Fascial and muscular abnormalities in women with urethral hypermobility and anterior vaginal wall prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187(1):93–98. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1067\u002Fmob.2002.125733\nConnell KA (2011) Elastogenesis in the vaginal wall and pelvic-organ prolapse. N Engl J Med 364(24):2356–2358. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1056\u002FNEJMcibr1104976\nGoepel C, Johanna Kantelhardt E, Karbe I et al (2011) Changes of glycoprotein and collagen immunolocalization in the uterine artery wall of postmenopausal women with and without pelvic organ prolapse. Acta Histochem 113(3):375–381. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.acthis.2010.02.001\nChen B, Wen Y, Zhang Z et al (2006) Microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes in vaginal tissues from women with stress urinary incontinence compared with asymptomatic women. Hum Reprod 21(1):22–29. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fhumrep\u002Fdei276\nNygaard I (2006) Urinary incontinence: is cesarean delivery protective? Semin Perinatol 30(5):267–271. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1053\u002Fj.semperi.2006.07.007\nKing VG, Boyles SH, Worstell TR et al (2010) Using the Brink score to predict postpartum anal incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 203(5):486.e1–486.e5. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ajog.2010.07.032\nKrofta L, Otcenásek M, Kasíková E et al (2009) Pubococcygeus-puborectalis trauma after forceps delivery: evaluation of the levator ani muscle with 3D\u002F4D ultrasound. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 20(10):1175–1181. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00192-009-0837-6\nSnooks SJ, Swash M, Henry MM et al (1986) Risk factors in childbirth causing damage to the pelvic floor innervation. Int J Colorectal Dis 1(1):20–24. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002FBF01648831\nGyhagen M, Bullarbo M, Nielsen TF et al (2013) The prevalence of urinary incontinence 20 years after childbirth: a national cohort study in singleton primiparae after vaginal or caesarean delivery. BJOG 120(2):144–151. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1471-0528.2012.03301.x\nCasey BM, Schaffer JI, Bloom SL et al (2005) Obstetric antecedents for postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192(5):1655–1662. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ajog.2004.11.031\nLeijonhufvud A, Lundholm C, Cnattingius S et al (2011) Risks of stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse surgery in relation to mode of childbirth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 204(1):70.e1–70.e7. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ajog.2010.08.034\nLeijonhufvud Å, Lundholm C, Cnattingius S et al (2012) Risk of surgically managed pelvic floor dysfunction in relation to age at first delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 207(4):303.e1–303.e7. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ajog.2012.08.019\nThom DH, Brown JS, Schembri M et al (2011) Parturition events and risk of urinary incontinence in later life. Neurourol Urodyn 30(8):1456–1461. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fnau.21166\nPomeroy RH (1918) Shall we cut and reconstruct the perineum for every primipara. Trans Am Gynecol Assoc 43:201\nHartmann K, Viswanathan M, Palmieri R et al (2005) Outcomes of routine episiotomy: a systematic review. JAMA 293(17):2141–2148. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1001\u002Fjama.293.17.2141\nRöckner G, Olund A (1991) The use of episiotomy in primiparas in Sweden. A descriptive study with particular focus on two hospitals. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 70(4):325–330. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3109\u002F00016349109007881\nSartore A, De Seta F, Maso G et al (2004) The effects of mediolateral episiotomy on pelvic floor function after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 103(4):669–673. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002F01.AOG.0000119223.04441.c9\nCarroli G, Mignini L (2009) Episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD81. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002F14651858.CD000081.pub2\nJoris F, Hoesli I, Kind A et al (2019) Obstetrical and epidemiological factors influence the severity of anal incontinence after obstetric anal sphincter injury. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 19(1):94. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12884-019-2238-2\nNilsson IEK, Åkervall S, Molin M et al (2021) Symptoms of fecal incontinence two decades after no, one, or two obstetrical anal sphincter injuries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 224(3):276.e1–276.e23. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ajog.2020.08.051\nMagoga G, Saccone G, Al-Kouatly HB et al (2019) Warm perineal compresses during the second stage of labor for reducing perineal trauma: a meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 240:93–98. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ejogrb.2019.06.011\nBeckmann MM, Garrett AJ (2006) Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD5123. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002F14651858.CD005123.pub2\nAquino CI, Guida M, Saccone G et al (2020) Perineal massage during labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 33(6):1051–1063. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F14767058.2018.1512574\nAWMF-Leitlinie Reg. Nr. 015-079 zum Management von Dammrissen III. und IV. Grades nach vaginaler Geburt (awmf.org), https:\u002F\u002Fwww.awmf.org\u002Fuploads\u002Ftx_szleitlinien\u002F015-079l_S2k_Dammriss-III-IV-Grades_2020-12_1.pdf, gültig bis 31.01.2023\nWesnes SL, Hunskaar S, Bo K et al (2009) The effect of urinary incontinence status during pregnancy and delivery mode on incontinence postpartum. A cohort study. BJOG 116(5):700–707. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1471-0528.2008.02107.x\nSolans-Domènech M, Sánchez E, Espuña-Pons M, Pelvic Floor Research Group (Grup de Recerca del Sòl Pelvià; GRESP) (2010) Urinary and anal incontinence during pregnancy and postpartum: incidence, severity, and risk factors. Obstet Gynecol 115(3):618–628. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002FAOG.0b013e3181d04dff\nBoyle R, Hay-Smith EJ, Cody JD et al (2012) Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:CD7471. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002F14651858.CD007471.pub2\nMørkved S, Bø K (2014) Effect of pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy and after childbirth on prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 48(4):299–310. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1136\u002Fbjsports-2012-091758\nACOG Committee Opinion No. 761: Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Request. Obstet Gynecol 133(1):e73–e77. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002FAOG.0000000000003006\nBorello-France D, Burgio KL, Richter HE et al, Pelvic Floor Disorders Network (2006) Fecal and urinary incontinence in primiparous women. Obstet Gynecol 108(4):863–872. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002F01.AOG.0000232504.32589.3b\nHannah ME, Whyte H, Hannah WJ et al, Term Breech Trial Collaborative Group (2004) Maternal outcomes at 2 years after planned cesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for breech presentation at term: the international randomized term breech trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191(3):917–927. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ajog.2004.08.004\nGoldberg RP, Abramov Y, Botros S et al (2005) Delivery mode is a major environmental determinant of stress urinary incontinence: results of the Evanston-Northwestern Twin Sisters Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193(6):2149–2153. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ajog.2005.08.055\nHannestad YS, Rortveit G, Daltveit AK, Hunskaar S (2003) Are smoking and other lifestyle factors associated with female urinary incontinence? The Norwegian EPINCONT Study. BJOG 110(3):247–254",{"EN":97},"Eine Spontangeburt steigert bekannterweise das Risiko für eine Harninkontinenz und\u002Foder einen uterovaginalen Prolaps im späteren Leben jeder Frau. Die Suche nach effektiven Präventionsmaßnahmen und Optimierungen im Geburtsmanagement beschäftigt die Forschung daher seit vielen Jahrzehnten. Die Hauptursachen der Beckenbodendysfunktion nach einer Geburt sind dabei die Verletzung des Beckenbodens durch Kompression, Zerrungen, Ab- und Ausriss von Nerven, Muskeln und Bindegewebsfasern. Der Abriss des M. levator ani spielt dabei in der Entstehung von Inkontinenz und Prolaps eine wichtige Rolle. Vielfach wird die Entbindung per Sectio caesarea als effektive Prävention zur Verhinderung von Harninkontinenz und Prolaps angesehen, ein Blick auf die aktuelle Datenlage bestätigt diese These jedoch nicht. Die einzigen evidenzbasierten Methoden zur Prävention von Harninkontinenz und Prolaps sind derzeit das Beckenbodentraining während und nach der Schwangerschaft sowie Lebensstilmodifikationen.",{"EN":99},"Geburt und Beckenboden",{"VOID":101},"10.1007\u002Fs41972-022-00168-8",{"VOID":103},"[\"14718011182945163791\",\"2416172523260973231\"]","PUBLICATION","VERIFIED","2024-06-22T23:32:04.998+00:00","Auto 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Den Berg MM, Benninga MA, Di Lorenzo C (2006) Epidemiology of childhood constipation: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 101(10):2401–2409\nLoening-Baucke V (1993) Constipation in early childhood : patient characteristics, treatment, and longterm follow up. Gut 34:1400–1404\nTabbers MM, Dilorenzo C, Berger MY et al (2014) Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 58(2):258–274\nLiem O, Harman J, Benninga M, Kelleher K, Mousa H, Di Lorenzo C (2009) Health utilization and cost impact of childhood constipation in the United States. J Pediatr 154(2):258–262\nBongers MEJ, van Wijk MP, Reitsma JB, Benninga MA (2010) Long-term prognosis for childhood constipation: clinical outcomes in adulthood. Pediatrics 126(1):e156–e162\nCorazziari E, Staiano A, Miele E, Greco L (2005) Bowel frequency and defecatory patterns in children: a prospective nationwide survey. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3(11):1101–1106\nTunc VT, Camurdan AD, Ilhan MN, Sahin F, Beyazova U (2008) Factors associated with defecation patterns in 0‑24-month-old children. Eur J Pediatr 167(12):1357–1362\nFontana M, Bianchi C, Cataldo F et al (1989) Bowel frequency in healthy children. Acta Paediatr 78(5):682–684\nden Hertog J, van Leengoed E, Kolk F et al (2012) The defecation pattern of healthy term infants up to the age of 3 months. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 97(6):F465–F470\nKoppen IJN, Nurko S, Saps M, Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MA (2017) The pediatric Rome IV criteria: what’s new? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 11(3):193–201\nConsolini DM (2018) Constipation in children Constipation in children. MSD Manual. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA\nNurko S, Zimmermann LA (2006) Evaluation and treatment of constipation in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 43(3):405–407\nVan Der Wal MF, Benninga MA, Hirasing RA (2005) The prevalence of encopresis in a multicultural population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 40(3):345–348\nPoddar U (2016) Approach to constipation in children. Indian Pediatr 53:319–327\nWunderlich M (2018) Sexueller Missbrauch – ein Thema für Proktologen et al. J Urol Urogynäkol Österr 25(1):19–25\nLongstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC (2006) Functional bowel disorders. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 130(5):1480–1491\nBekkali N, Hamers SL, Reitsma JB, Van Toledo L, Benninga MA (2009) Infant stool form scale: development and results. J Pediatr 154(4):521–526\nLane MM, Czyzewski DI, Chumpitazi BP, Shulman RJ (2011) Reliability and validity of a modified bristol stool form scale for children. J Pediatr 159(3):437–441\nGhosh A, Griffiths DM (1998) Rectal biopsy in the investigation of constipation. Arch Dis Child 79(3):266–268\nPoong Man J (1995) Hirschsprung’s disease: one surgeon’s experience in one institution. J Pediatr Surg 30(5):646–651\nVan Den Berg MM, Hogan M, Caniano DA, Di C, Benninga MA, Mousa HM (2006) Colonic manometry as predictor of cecostomy success in children with defecation disorders. J Pediatr Surg 41:730–736\nvan Dijk M, Bongers MEJ, de Vries G‑J, Grootenhuis MA, Last BF, Benninga MA (2008) Behavioral therapy for childhood constipation: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 121(5):e1334–e1341\nvan Engelenburg-van Lonkhuyzen ML, Bols EMJ, Benninga MA, Verwijs WA, de Bie RA (2017) Effectiveness of pelvic physiotherapy in children with functional constipation compared with standard medical care. Gastroenterology 152(1):82–91\nMaffei HVL, Vicentini AP (2011) Prospective evaluation of dietary treatment in childhood constipation: high dietary fiber and a bran intake are associated with constipation amelioration. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 52(1):55–59\nGuerra PVP, Lima LN, Souza TC et al (2011) Pediatric functional constipation treatment with bifidobacterium-containing yogurt: a crossover, double-blind, controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol 17(34):3916–3921\nLoening-Baucke V (1989) Factors determining outcome in children with chronic constipation and faecal soiling. Gut 30(7):999–1006\nBekkali N‑LH, van den Berg M‑M, Dijkgraaf MGW et al (2009) Rectal fecal impaction treatment in childhood constipation: enemas versus high doses oral PEG. Pediatrics 124(6):e1108–e1115\nBiggs WS, Dery WH (2006) Evaluation and treatment of constipation in infants and children. Am Fam Physician 73(3):469–477\nFreedman SB, Thull-Freedman J, Rumantir M, Eltorki M, Schuh S (2014) Pediatric constipation in the emergency department: evaluation, treatment, outcomes. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 59(3):327–333\nNurko S, Youssef NN, Sabri M et al (2008) PEG3350 in the treatment of childhood constipation: a multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr 153(2):254–261\nYoussef NN, Peters JM, Henderson W, Shultz-Peters S, Lockhart DK, Di Lorenzo C (2002) Dose response of PEG 3350 for the treatment of childhood fecal impaction. J Pediatr 141(3):410–414\nDavis RF, Eichner JM, Bleyer WA, Okamoto G (1977) Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and dehydration following a single hypertonic phosphate enema. J Pediatr 90(3):484–485\nCandy D, Belsey J (2009) Macrogol (polyethylene glycol) laxatives in children with functional constipation and faecal impaction: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child 94(2):156–160\nCandelli M, Nista EC, Zocco MA, Gasbarrini A (2001) Idiopathic chronic constipation: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Hepatogastroenterology 48(40):1050–1057\nLoening-Baucke V (2002) Polyethylene glycol without electrolytes for children with constipation and encopresis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 34(4):372–377\nVan Ginkel R, Reitsma JB, Büller HA, Van Wijk MP, Taminiau JAJM, Benninga MA (2003) Childhood constipation: longitudinal follow-up beyond puberty. Gastroenterology 125(2):357–363\nPeña A, Bischoff A (2015) Surgical treatment of colorectal problems in children. In: Surgical treatment of colorectal problems in children, S 397–434\nHalleran DR, Vilanova-Sanchez A, Rentea RM et al (2018) A comparison of Malone appendicostomy and cecostomy for antegrade access as adjuncts to a bowel management program for patients with functional constipation or fecal incontinence. J Pediatr Surg 54(1):123–128\nSwenson O, Neuhauser EB, Pickett LK (1949) New concepts of the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung’s disease). Pediatrics 4(2):201–209\nSpouge D, Baird PA (1985) Hirschsprung disease in a large birth cohort. Teratology 32(2):171–177\nLeitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinderchirurgie Aganglionose (Morbus Hirschsprung). 2016;(006):1–6\nRosenfield NS, Ablow RC, Markowitz RI et al (1984) Hirschsprung disease: accuracy of the barium enema examination. Radiology 150(2):393–400\nNabi Z, Shava U, Sekharan A, Nageshwar Reddy D (2018) Diagnosis of Hirschsprung’s disease in children: preliminary evaluation of a novel endoscopic technique for rectal biopsy. JGH Open 2(6):322–326\nSoave F (1964) A new surgical technique for the treatment of Hirschsprung’s disease. Surgery 56:1007–1014\nBoley SJ (1964) New modification of the surgical treatment of Hirschsprung’s disease. Surgery 56:1015–1017\nGeorgeson KE, Fuenfer MM, Hardin WD (1995) Primary laparoscopic pull-through for Hirschsprung’s disease in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 30:1017–1022\nDe la Torre-Mondragón L, Ortega-Salgado JA, Arroyo-Fonseca AP (1997) Endorectal pullthrough. Anal and laparoscopic access. Cirujano General 19(2):151–154\nThomas DFM, Fernie DS, Bayston R, Spitz L, Nixon HH (1986) Enterocolitis in Hirschsprung’s disease: a controlled study of the etiologic role of Clostridium difficile. J Pediatr Surg 21(1):22–25\nTeitelbaum DH, Coran AG (1998) Enterocolitis. Semin Pediatr Surg 7(3):162–169\nGosain A, Frykman PK, Cowles RA, Horton J, Levitt M, Rothstein DH, Langer JC, Golstein AM (2017) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis. Pediatr Surg Int 33(5):517–521\nParahita IG, Makhmudi A, Gunadi (2018) Comparison of Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis following Soave and Duhamel procedures. J Pediatr Surg 53(7):1351–1354\nLee CC, Lien R, Chian MC et al (2012) Clinical impacts of delayed diagnosis of Hirschsprung’s disease in newborn infants. Pediatr Neonatol 53(2):133–137",{"EN":243},"Die Obstipation stellt eine der häufigsten chronischen Erkrankungen im Kindesalter dar, sodass diese ca. 3–5 % der ambulanten pädiatrischen bzw. bis zu 25 % der pädiatrisch-gastroenterologischen Besuche ausmacht. Zusätzlich kann Obstipation die Lebensqualität der Betroffenen bis zum Erwachsenenalter stark beeinträchtigen. In ca. 95 % der Betroffenen liegt eine funktionelle Obstipation vor. In der Regel sind die Kinder am häufigsten zur Zeit der Umstellung auf solides Essen, beim sog. Sauberwerden sowie vor Schulbeginn betroffen, wobei die Kinder wegen schmerzhafter Defäkation den Stuhl zurückhalten. Konsekutiv können sie im weiteren Verlauf aufgrund des Überlaufstuhls eine Pseudoinkontinenz entwickeln. Davon sind ca. 1–4 % der Schulkinder betroffen, wobei die Pseudoinkontinenz oft als Diarrhö fehlgedeutet wird. Die Kinder mit Pseudoinkontinenz und jene unter 4 Jahren haben eine schlechtere Prognose. Die Erfolgsrate nach einer 1‑jährigen Therapiedauer beträgt lediglich 60 %. Insgesamt begünstigt ein früher Therapiebeginn das Outcome. Die konservative Therapie kann aus Diätberatung, Verhaltensmodifikation sowie medikamentöser Therapie bestehen. Im Gegensatz liegen bei ca. 5 % der Betroffenen organische Ursachen für die Obstipation vor – am häufigsten ein M. Hirschsprung (MH). Bereits während der Erstuntersuchung sollte auf mögliche Warnhinweise für MH geachtet werden: verzögerter Mekoniumabgang, Gedeihstörung, distendiertes Abdomen, erhöhter Sphinktertonus und Ausbleiben des Erfolgs der konservativen Therapie. Extrem wichtig ist eine rasche Diagnostik, andernfalls droht eine lebensbedrohliche Enterokolitis mit Fieber, abdominaler Distension, Lethargie, bakterieller Überwucherung und explosiver blutiger Diarrhö. Nach gesicherter Diagnose eines MH mittels Rektummanometrie, Kontrastmitteldarstellung und Biopsien erfolgt die endgültige operative Sanierung: Der aganglionäre Anteil des Dickdarms wird reseziert und der normoganglionäre unter Erhaltung des analen Sphinkters zum Anus durchgezogen – ein Eingriff, der Zentren mit Expertise vorbehalten sein muss. Die teilweise vermeidbaren Komplikationen sind die postoperative Obstipation, Inkontinenz und Strikturen gehören hingegen zu den vermeidbaren. Trotz korrekter Operation kann sich die dementsprechend die nichtvermeidbare Komplikation einer Enterokolitis entwickeln. Für das postoperative Management und zur rechtzeitigen Erkennung von Komplikationen bedarf es einer langfristigen Betreuung. Eine große Zahl der Betroffenen mit funktioneller Obstipation benötigt eine Langzeittherapie, da sie häufig Rezidive aufweisen. Beim Vorliegen von Warnhinweisen, die auf M. Hirschsprung hindeuten, sollten die Menschen an Zentren mit hoher Expertise in der operativen Technik und der langfristigen postoperativen Betreuung weitergeleitet werden, auch im Interesse der Lebensqualität im Erwachsenenalter.",{"EN":245},"Kindliche Obstipation und 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JD et al (2003) The long-term effect of doxazosin, finasteride, and combination therapy on the clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 349(25):2387–2398\nRoehrborn CG (2008) BPH progression: concept and key learning from MTOPS, ALTESS, COMBAT, and ALF-ONE. BJU Int 101(Suppl 3):17–21\nSebastianelli A, Gacci M (2018) Current status of the relationship between metabolic syndrome and lower urinary tract symptoms. Eur Urol Focus 4(1):25–27\nBerges R (2008) Epidemiology of benign prostatic syndrome. Associated risks and management data in German men over age 50. Urologe A 47(2):141–148\nChapple CR, Roehrborn CG (2006) A shifted paradigm for the further understanding, evaluation, and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men: focus on the bladder. Eur Urol 49(4):651–658\nIsaacs JT (1994) Etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol 25(Suppl 1):6–9\nGratzke C et al (2015) EAU guidelines on the assessment of non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms including benign prostatic obstruction. Eur Urol 67(6):1099–1109\nBach T, Heitz M, Bruns T (2020) Benign prostatic hyperplasia : new and treatment-relevant aspects from the DGU guidelines. Urologe A 59(5):544–549\nStrittmatter F et al (2013) Current pharmacological treatment options for male lower urinary tract symptoms. Expert Opin Pharmacother 14(8):1043–1054\nMichel MC, Goepel M (2001) Lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction—what’s the long-term effectiveness of medical therapies? Eur Urol 39(Suppl 3):20–25\nCindolo L et al (2015) Drug adherence and clinical outcomes for patients under pharmacological therapy for lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia: population-based cohort study. Eur Urol 68(3):418–425\nRosen R et al (2003) Lower urinary tract symptoms and male sexual dysfunction: the multinational survey of the aging male (MSAM-7). Eur Urol 44(6):637–649\nD’Agate S et al (2020) Model-based meta-analysis of individual International Prostate Symptom Score trajectories in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia with moderate or severe symptoms. Br J Clin Pharmacol 86(8):1585–1599\nIzard J, Nickel JC (2011) Impact of medical therapy on transurethral resection of the prostate: two decades of change. BJU Int 108(1):89–93\nPresicce F, De Nunzio C, Tubaro A (2018) Clinical implications for the early treatment of benign prostatic enlargement (BPE): a systematic review. Curr Urol Rep 19(9):70\nPresicce F et al (2017) The influence of the medical treatment of LUTS on benign prostatic hyperplasia surgery: do we operate too late? Minerva Urol Nefrol 69(3):242–252\nPresicce F, De Nunzio C, Tubaro A (2017) Can long-term LUTS\u002FBPH pharmacological treatment alter the outcomes of surgical intervention? Curr Urol Rep 18(9):72\nReynard JM, Shearer RJ (1999) Failure to void after transurethral resection of the prostate and mode of presentation. Urology 53(2):336–339\nDjavan B et al (1997) Urodynamic assessment of patients with acute urinary retention: is treatment failure after prostatectomy predictable? J Urol 158(5):1829–1833\nBlatt AH et al (2012) Transurethral prostate resection in patients with hypocontractile detrusor – what is the preditctive value of ultrastructural detrusor changes? J Urol 188(6):2294–2299",{"EN":399},"Das benigne Prostatasyndrom (BPS) ist häufig mit einer vergrößerten Prostata und einer damit verbundenen Auslassobstruktion vergesellschaftet und führt zu Symptomen des unteren Harntraktes („lower urinary tract symptoms“, LUTS). Es handelt sich aufgrund seiner Häufigkeit um eine Volkskrankheit von großer Relevanz. In den letzten Jahren hat die Möglichkeit der medikamentösen Therapie die Häufigkeit der operativen Intervention stark beeinflusst. Trotz zahlreicher nationaler und internationaler Leitlinienempfehlungen zur Behandlung von Patienten mit BPH ist die Frage: „Bis wann kann ich konservativ bleiben?“ nicht ausreichend geklärt.",{"EN":401},"Benigne Prostatahyperplasie: Bis zu welchem Zeitpunkt kann man konservativ 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Zugegriffen: 27.09.2023",{},{"id":22,"text":592,"url":22,"identifiers":593},"Todd AR et al (2020) Pregnancy and parenthood remain challenging during surgical residency: a systematic review. Acad Med. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002FACM.0000000000003351",{"doi":594},"10.1097\u002FACM.0000000000003351",{"id":22,"text":596,"url":22,"identifiers":597},"Tauberer N (2022) Operieren in der Schwangerschaft? Die Erhebung eines österreichweiten Stimmungsbildes unter chirurgisch-tätigen Ärzt*innen. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 82(06):44. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1055\u002Fs-0042-1750228",{"doi":598},"10.1055\u002Fs-0042-1750228",{"id":22,"text":600,"url":22,"identifiers":601},"Institut für Qualitätsmessung und Evaluation (2017) Ergebnisbericht der Mitgliederbefragung, Gesamtauswertung. MB-Monitor 2017. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.marburger-bund.de\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Ffiles\u002F2018-09\u002Fgesamtauswertung-mb-monitor-2017-presse-pk-website.pdf. Zugegriffen: 27.09.2023",{},{"id":22,"text":603,"url":22,"identifiers":604},"Hui WL et al (2021) The unspoken reality of gender bias in surgery: A qualitative systematic review. PLoS ONE 16(2):e246420 (https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7853521\u002F)",{"doi":605},"10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0246420",{"id":22,"text":607,"url":22,"identifiers":608},"Der Standard (2023) Familienarbeit hängt noch immer mehr an Frauen. Der Standard 08.05.2023. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.derstandard.at\u002Fstory\u002F2000146213211\u002Ffamilienarbeit-haengt-noch-immer-deutlich-mehr-an-frauen. Zugegriffen: 27.09.2023",{},{"id":610,"createTime":611,"updateTime":612,"relativeEntities":613,"slug":614,"properties":615,"entityType":104,"verifyStatus":105,"verifyTime":612,"verifyNote":107,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":624,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":625,"publicationType":140,"publisherRelationship":641,"citationCount":22,"citationInfo":22,"publishDate":668,"publishYear":452,"citationAnalyzeStatus":21,"lastCitationAnalyze":22,"indexDatabases":22,"openAccess":22,"references":22,"isForceReanalyzing":175},"64be7fb9-bb0e-45fd-9b7a-06aedcccf37b","2023-12-29T20:01:16.711+00:00","2025-01-14T22:46:22.117+00:00",[],"Neue-Hormontherapien-beim-metastasierten-Prostatakarzinom",{"references":616,"abstract":618,"title":620,"doi":622},{"VOID":617},"Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M et al (2012) Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN. Int J Cancer 136:E359–86\nHuggins C, Hodges CV (1972) Studies on prostatic cancer. I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. CA Cancer J Clin 22:232–240\nMassie CE, Lynch A, Ramos-Montoya A, Boren J, Stark R, Fazli L et al (2011) The androgen receptor fuels prostate cancer by regulating central metabolism and biosynthesis. Embo J 30:2719–2733\nDillard PR, Lin MF, Khan SA (2008) Androgen-independent prostate cancer cells acquire the complete steroidogenic potential of synthesizing testosterone from cholesterol. Mol Cell Endocrinol 295:115–120\nCulig Z, Santer FR (2014) Androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 33:413–427\nHu J, Wang G, Sun T (2017) Dissecting the roles of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer from molecular perspectives. Tumour Biol 39:1010428317692259\nKrakowsky Y, Morgentaler A (2019) Risk of testosterone flare in the era of the saturation model: one more historical myth. Eur Urol Focus 5:81–89\nCornford P, van den Bergh RCN, Briers E, Van den Broeck T, Cumberbatch MG, De Santis M et al (2021) EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part II-2020 update: treatment of relapsing and metastatic prostate cancer. Eur Urol 79:263–282\nShore ND, Saad F, Cookson MS, George DJ, Saltzstein DR, Tutrone R et al (2020) Oral relugolix for androgen-deprivation therapy in advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 382:2187–2196\nMargel D, Peer A, Ber Y, Shavit-Grievink L, Tabachnik T, Sela S et al (2019) Cardiovascular morbidity in a randomized trial comparing GnRH agonist and GnRH antagonist among patients with advanced prostate cancer and preexisting cardiovascular disease. J Urol 202:1199–1208\nKunath F, Grobe HR, Rucker G, Motschall E, Antes G, Dahm P et al (2015) Non-steroidal antiandrogen monotherapy compared with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists or surgical castration monotherapy for advanced prostate cancer: a Cochrane systematic review. BJU Int 116:30–36\nVirgo KS, Rumble RB, de Wit R, Mendelson DS, Smith TJ, Taplin ME et al (2021) Initial management of noncastrate advanced, recurrent, or metastatic prostate cancer: aSCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol 39:1274–1305\nTaplin ME, Montgomery B, Logothetis CJ, Bubley GJ, Richie JP, Dalkin BL et al (2014) Intense androgen-deprivation therapy with abiraterone acetate plus leuprolide acetate in patients with localized high-risk prostate cancer: results of a randomized phase II neoadjuvant study. J Clin Oncol 32:3705–3715\nJames ND, de Bono JS, Spears MR, Clarke NW, Mason MD, Dearnaley DP et al (2017) Abiraterone for prostate cancer not previously treated with hormone therapy. N Engl J Med 377:338–351\nFizazi K, Tran N, Fein L, Matsubara N, Rodriguez-Antolin A, Alekseev BY et al (2017) Abiraterone plus prednisone in metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 377:352–360\nDavis ID, Martin AJ, Stockler MR, Begbie S, Chi KN, Chowdhury S et al (2019) Enzalutamide with standard first-line therapy in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 381:121–131\nChi KN, Agarwal N, Bjartell A, Chung BH, Pereira de Santana Gomes AJ, Given R et al (2019) Apalutamide for metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 381:13–24\nSmith MR, Saad F, Chowdhury S, Oudard S, Hadaschik BA, Graff JN et al (2018) Apalutamide treatment and metastasis-free survival in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 378:1408–1418\nSmith MR, Saad F, Chowdhury S, Oudard S, Hadaschik BA, Graff JN et al (2021) Apalutamide and overall survival in prostate cancer. Eur Urol 79:150–158\nSternberg CN, Fizazi K, Saad F, Shore ND, De Giorgi U, Penson DF et al (2020) Enzalutamide and survival in nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 382:2197–2206\nHussain M, Fizazi K, Saad F, Rathenborg P, Shore N, Ferreira U et al (2018) Enzalutamide in men with nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 378:2465–2474\nFizazi K, Shore N, Tammela TL, Ulys A, Vjaters E, Polyakov S et al (2019) Darolutamide in nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 380:1235–1246\nFizazi K, Shore ND, Tammela T, Ulys A, Vjaters E, Polyakov S et al (2020) Overall survival (OS) results of phase III ARAMIS study of darolutamide (DARO) added to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC). J Clin Oncol 38:5514\nRyan CJ, Smith MR, Fizazi K, Saad F, Mulders PF, Sternberg CN et al (2015) Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone versus placebo plus prednisone in chemotherapy-naive men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (COU-AA-302): final overall survival analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 16:152–160\nRyan CJ, Smith MR, de Bono JS, Molina A, Logothetis CJ, de Souza P et al (2013) Abiraterone in metastatic prostate cancer without previous chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 368:138–148\nRathkopf DE, Smith MR, de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, Shore ND, de Souza P et al (2014) Updated interim efficacy analysis and long-term safety of abiraterone acetate in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients without prior chemotherapy (COU-AA-302). Eur Urol 66:815–825\nBeer TM, Armstrong AJ, Rathkopf DE, Loriot Y, Sternberg CN, Higano CS et al (2014) Enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer before chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 371:424–433",{"EN":619},"Die Androgendeprivationstherapie ist seit den 1970er Jahren die Standardtherapie des fortgeschrittenen oder metastasierten Prostatakarzinoms. Nach einiger Zeit unter Androgenentzug lernt das Prostatakarzinom jedoch, unter diesen Umständen zu leben und wird kastrationsresistent. In diesem Stadium der Erkrankung nutzt das Prostatakarzinom die androgene Signalkaskade weiterhin, sodass zu deren Unterbrechung neue Hormontherapien der zweiten Generation entwickelt wurden. Es handelt sich dabei um die Wirkstoffe Abirateron, Enzalutamid, Apalutamid und Darolutamid. Diese setzen an verschiedenen Stellen der androgenen Signalkaskade an, mit dem Ziel, verschiedene androgene Resistenzmechanismen des Prostatakarzinoms zu unterbinden. Die neuen Hormontherapien werden in Kombination mit der Standardandrogendeprivationstherapie verabreicht. Initial für das metastasierte kastrationsresistente Prostatakarzinom etabliert, veränderten die neuen Hormontherapien auch die Therapie des nichtmetastasierten kastrationsresistenten und des metastasierten hormonsensitiven Prostatakarzinoms grundlegend. Die Erkenntnis, dass äusserst niedrige Testosteronspiegel während des initialen Androgenentzugs mit einer verzögerten Progression der Erkrankung und schlussendlich einem verbesserten Überleben assoziiert sind, führte zu verschiedenen Kombinationstherapien bereits im metastasierten hormonsensitiven Stadium. In diesem früheren Krankheitsstadium zeigten die Hormontherapien der neuen Generation die grösste Wirkung und führten zu einer Verbesserung des Gesamtüberlebens von ca. 30–40 % gegenüber der alleinigen Androgendeprivationstherapie.",{"EN":621},"Neue Hormontherapien beim metastasierten Prostatakarzinom",{"VOID":623},"10.1007\u002Fs41972-021-00141-x","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs41972-021-00141-x",[626],{"id":627,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":628,"affiliations":629,"properties":638},"80504b7b-38ae-482c-b7da-15e20a4bd276",[113],[630],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":631,"properties":22},{"id":632,"createTime":633,"updateTime":633,"relativeEntities":634,"slug":22,"properties":635,"entityType":51,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"54eb424a-8790-466a-8fbf-d480b556e268","2023-12-07T07:58:23.707+00:00",[],{"title":636},{"VI":637},"Klinik für Urologie, EBU Certified Training Centre, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Schweiz",{"title":639},{"VI":640},"Beat Förster",{"url":624,"publisher":642,"properties":664},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":643,"slug":10,"properties":644,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"subjectFields":649,"manageAffiliations":650,"indexDatabases":651,"url":22,"thumbnailPath":22,"statistic":659,"gsStatistic":22,"type":82,"analyzePriority":22},[],{"issn":645,"eissn":646,"title":647,"url":648},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"EN":17},{"VOID":19},[],[],[652],{"id":55,"indexDatabase":653,"url":68,"indexYears":69,"academicFieldIds":658,"indexDatabaseRanking":73},{"id":57,"createTime":58,"updateTime":59,"relativeEntities":654,"label":655,"description":656,"key":65,"publicationTags":657,"standard":22},[],{"EN":62,"VI":62},{"EN":62,"VI":64},[67],[71,72],{"impactFactor":23,"impactFactorByYear":660,"i10Index":23,"i10IndexLast5Year":23,"totalPublication":76,"totalPublicationByYear":661,"totalCitation":23,"totalCitationByYear":662,"totalCitationPerPublication":23,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":663,"hindexLast5Year":23,"hindex":23},{},{"2019":78,"2020":78,"2021":78,"2023":79},{},{},{"volume":665,"pages":666},{"VOID":448},{"VOID":667},"86-91","2021-08-13",{"id":670,"createTime":671,"updateTime":671,"relativeEntities":672,"slug":673,"properties":674,"entityType":104,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":685,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":686,"publicationType":140,"publisherRelationship":726,"citationCount":22,"citationInfo":22,"publishDate":749,"publishYear":344,"citationAnalyzeStatus":21,"lastCitationAnalyze":22,"indexDatabases":22,"openAccess":22,"references":22,"isForceReanalyzing":175},"29ca9cfa-7dc5-483b-bb27-c630ef878bbc","2024-04-05T22:46:11.544+00:00",[],"Diagnostik-bei-weiblicher-Inkontinenz-Was-ist-notwendig-",{"references":675,"keywords":677,"abstract":679,"title":681,"doi":683},{"VOID":676},"Eckhard P, Kölbl H (2013) Gynäkologische Urologie. Thieme, Stuttgart (4 Hrsg)\nHunskaar S, Lose G, Sykes D, Voss S (2004) The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women in four european countries. BJU Int 93:324–330\nLukacz ES, Santiaga-Lastro Y, Albo ME (2017) Urinary incontinence in women: a review. JAMA 318(16):1592–1604\nLasserre A, Pelat C, Gueroult V, Hanslik T, Chartier-Kastler E, Blanchon T, Ciofu C, Montefiore ED, Alvarez FP, Bloch J (2009) Urinary incontinence in french women: prevalence, risk factors, and impact on quality of life. Eur Urol 56(1):177–183\nIngelmann-Sundberg A (1953) Urinary incontinence in women excluding fistulas. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, S 266–299\nClement KD, Lapitan MC, Omar MI, Glazener CM (2015) Urodynamic studies for management of urinary incontinence in children and adults: A short version cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurourol Urodynam 5:407–412\nDigesu GA, Hendricken C, Fernando R, Khullar V (2009) Do women with pure stress urinary incontinence need urodynamics? Urology 2:278–281\nCarl C, Gerlach R, Hannappel J, Schäfer W (1983) Uroflowmetry: reproducibility and volume dependency. Proc. 2nd Joint Meeting ICS and UDS, S 20–21\nHanzal E, Berger E, Kölbl H (1991) Reliability of the urethral closure pressure profile during stress in the diagnosis of genuine stress incontinence. Br J Urol 68:369–371\nStamey T, Schaeffer A, Condy M (1975) Clinical and roentgenographic evalution of endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck for urinary incontinence. Surg Gynecol Obset 140:355–360",{"EN":678},"",{"EN":680},"Als Harninkontinenz bezeichnet man den unwillkürlichen Verlust von Urin. Es handelt sich dabei jedoch um ein Symptom und kein eigenständiges Krankheitsbild. Inkontinenz tritt infolge einer Störung in der Speicher- oder Entleerungsfunktion der Blase auf. Die Prävalenz für die Belastungsinkontinenz bei Mädchen bzw. Frauen von 15–64 Jahren liegt zwischen 10 und 40 %, bei Frauen in Pflegeheimen betrifft sie sogar 77 %. Die Harninkontinenz ist häufig mit einem großen Leidensdruck und einer wesentlichen Beeinträchtigung des Alltags verbunden. Doch nur ca. 25 % der Betroffenen sind diesbezüglich in Behandlung. Kontrovers diskutiert werden derzeit v. a. die diagnostischen Möglichkeiten der Inkontinenz. Trotz der hohen Morbidität gibt es Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik derzeit, aufgrund fehlender Studiendaten, nur als Expertenmeinung mit einem Evidenzlevel von 4. Die aktuellen Empfehlungen orientieren sich v. a. an der Therapieplanung. Während vor konservativen Maßnahmen eine Anamnese inklusive Miktionsprotokoll, die klinische Untersuchung, die Restharnmessung und eine Urinuntersuchung als ausreichend erachtet werden, sind die empfohlenen Untersuchungen vor operativer Therapie umfangreicher. In diesem Fall werden ergänzend auch eine funktionelle Diagnostik, die eine Uroflowmetrie und eine Urodynamik beinhaltet, empfohlen. Im Einzelfall können zusätzliche Untersuchungen wie eine Urethrozystoskopie oder eine Ausscheidungsurographie notwendig werden.",{"EN":682},"Diagnostik bei weiblicher Inkontinenz: Was ist notwendig?",{"VOID":684},"10.1007\u002Fs41972-019-00082-6","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs41972-019-00082-6",[687,702,714],{"id":688,"sortIndex":79,"researcher":22,"roles":689,"affiliations":690,"properties":699},"b9becf5e-36f0-42d0-9f74-f4c87294131b",[113],[691],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":692,"properties":22},{"id":693,"createTime":694,"updateTime":694,"relativeEntities":695,"slug":22,"properties":696,"entityType":51,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"7e90c2c2-48c3-4b7c-8778-d26ea444af7c","2024-02-07T08:21:52.624+00:00",[],{"title":697},{"VI":698},"Klinik für Urologie, Klinikum Nürnberg Nord, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Nürnberg, Deutschland",{"title":700},{"VI":701},"Abhishek Pandey",{"id":703,"sortIndex":78,"researcher":22,"roles":704,"affiliations":705,"properties":711},"c7f46f70-03d0-4ea1-b002-9cf14e7237b4",[113],[706],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":707,"properties":22},{"id":693,"createTime":694,"updateTime":694,"relativeEntities":708,"slug":22,"properties":709,"entityType":51,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},[],{"title":710},{"VI":698},{"title":712},{"VI":713},"Sasha Pahernik",{"id":715,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":716,"affiliations":717,"properties":723},"3d905bcb-ca20-4f31-bc6f-aa11251c31c7",[113],[718],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":719,"properties":22},{"id":693,"createTime":694,"updateTime":694,"relativeEntities":720,"slug":22,"properties":721,"entityType":51,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},[],{"title":722},{"VI":698},{"title":724},{"VI":725},"Barbara Cafuta",{"url":22,"publisher":727,"properties":22},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":728,"slug":10,"properties":729,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"subjectFields":734,"manageAffiliations":735,"indexDatabases":736,"url":22,"thumbnailPath":22,"statistic":744,"gsStatistic":22,"type":82,"analyzePriority":22},[],{"issn":730,"eissn":731,"title":732,"url":733},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"EN":17},{"VOID":19},[],[],[737],{"id":55,"indexDatabase":738,"url":68,"indexYears":69,"academicFieldIds":743,"indexDatabaseRanking":73},{"id":57,"createTime":58,"updateTime":59,"relativeEntities":739,"label":740,"description":741,"key":65,"publicationTags":742,"standard":22},[],{"EN":62,"VI":62},{"EN":62,"VI":64},[67],[71,72],{"impactFactor":23,"impactFactorByYear":745,"i10Index":23,"i10IndexLast5Year":23,"totalPublication":76,"totalPublicationByYear":746,"totalCitation":23,"totalCitationByYear":747,"totalCitationPerPublication":23,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":748,"hindexLast5Year":23,"hindex":23},{},{"2019":78,"2020":78,"2021":78,"2023":79},{},{},"2019-09-09",{"id":751,"createTime":752,"updateTime":753,"relativeEntities":754,"slug":755,"properties":756,"entityType":104,"verifyStatus":105,"verifyTime":753,"verifyNote":107,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":765,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":766,"publicationType":140,"publisherRelationship":809,"citationCount":22,"citationInfo":22,"publishDate":836,"publishYear":232,"citationAnalyzeStatus":21,"lastCitationAnalyze":22,"indexDatabases":22,"openAccess":22,"references":22,"isForceReanalyzing":175},"7f865be7-f8cc-4775-a6c6-73edd6e6cce0","2023-12-08T08:19:34.117+00:00","2025-02-02T22:44:30.916+00:00",[],"Fieberhafter-Harnwegsinfekt-im-Kindesalter",{"references":757,"abstract":759,"title":761,"doi":763},{"VOID":758},"Mårild S, Jodal U (1998) Incidence rate of first-time symptomatic urinary tract infection in children under 6 years of age. Acta Paediatr 87:549–552\nShaikh N, Morone NE, Bost JE, Farrell MH (2008) Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27:302–308. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002FINF.0b013e31815e4122\nJodal U, Winberg J (1987) Management of children with unobstructed urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol 1:647–656\nFreedman AL, Urologic Diseases in America Project (2005) Urologic diseases in North America project: trends in resource utilization for urinary tract infections in children. J Urol 173:949–954. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002F01.ju.0000152092.03931.9a\nMorris BJ, Wiswell TE (2013) Circumcision and lifetime risk of urinary tract infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urol 189:2118–2124. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.juro.2012.11.114\nCrain EF, Gershel JC (1990) Urinary tract infections in febrile infants younger than 8 weeks of age. Pediatrics 86:363–367\nSmith JM, Martz K, Blydt-Hansen TD (2013) Pediatric kidney transplant practice patterns and outcome benchmarks, 1987–2010: a report of the north American pediatric renal trials and collaborative studies. Pediatr Transplantation 17:149–157. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fpetr.12034\nCalderon-Margalit R, Golan E, Twig G et al (2018) History of childhood kidney disease and risk of adult end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 378(5):428–438. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1056\u002FNEJMoa1700993\nOswald J (2017) Urosepsis in children. Aktuelle Urol 48:459–468. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1055\u002Fs-0043-104506\nZorc JJ, Levine DA, Platt SL, Dayan PS, Macias CG, Krief W et al (2005) Clinical and demographic factors associated with urinary tract infection in young febrile infants. Pediatrics 116:644–648. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1542\u002Fpeds.2004-1825\nStruthers S, Scanlon J, Parker K et al (2003) Parental reporting of smelly urine and urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child 88:250\nDavis D (2004) Bag urine specimens still not appropriate in diagnosing urinary tract infections in infants. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 15:210–211\nTosif S, Baker A, Oakley E et al (2012) Contamination rates of different urine collection methods for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in young children: an observational cohort study. J Paediatr Child Health 48:659–664. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1440-1754.2012.02449.x\nKaracan C, Erkek N, Senel S, Akin Gunduz S, Catli G, Tavil B (2010) Evaluation of urine collection methods for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in children. Med Princ Pract 19:188–191. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1159\u002F000273068\nTosif S, Kaufman J, Fitzpatrick P, Hopper SM, Hoq M, Donath S, Babl FE (2017) Clean catch urine collection: time taken and diagnostic implication. A prospective observational study. J Paediatr Child Health 53:970–975. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fjpc.13595\nVaillancourt S, McGillivray D, Zhang X et al (2007) To clean or not to clean: effect on contamination rates in midstream urine collections in toilet-trained children. Pediatrics 119:e1288–93\nBeetz R, Bachmann H, Gatermann S et al (2007) Urinary tract infections in infants and children—a consensus on diagnostic, therapy and prophylaxis. Urologe A 46(2):112–123\nShaikh N, Borrell JL, Evron J, Leeflang MMG (2015) Procalcitonin, C‑reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1(4):CD9185. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002F14651858.CD009185.pub2\nKoyle MA, Elder JS, Skoog SJ et al (2011) Febrile urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux, and renal scarring: current controversies in approach to evaluation. Pediatr Surg Int 27:337–346. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00383-011-2863-y\nWinberg J, Andersen HJ, Bergström T, Jacobsson B, Larson H, Lincoln K (1974) Epidemiology of symptomatic urinary tract infection in childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 252:1–20\nColeman R (2011) Early management and long-term outcomes in primary vesico-ureteric reflux. BJU Int 108:3–8. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1464-410X.2011.10698.x\nEdwards A, Peters CA (2019) Managing vesicoureteral reflux in children: making sense of all the data. F1000Res 8:F1000 Faculty Rev-29. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.12688\u002Ff1000research.16534.1\nSastre JB, Aparicio AR, Cotallo GD et al (2007) Urinary tract infection in the newborn: clinical and radio imaging studies. Pediatr Nephrol 22(10):1735–1741\nPreda I, Jodal U, Sixt R et al (2010) Value of ultrasound in evaluation of infants with first urinary tract infection. J Urol 183(5):1984–1988\nBush NC, Keays M, Adams C et al (2015) Renal damage detected by DMSA, despite normal renal ultrasound, in children with febrile UTI. J Pediatr Urol 11(126):e1–126.e7\nSargent MA (2000) What is the normal prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux? Pediatr Radiol 30(9):587–593\nRiccabona M (2002) Cystography in infants and children: a critical appraisel of the many forms with special regard to voiding cystourethrography. Eur Radiol 12(12):2910–2918\nSubcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management, Roberts KB (2011) Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics 128(3):595–610\nShaikh N, Haralam MA, Kurs-Lasky M, Hoberman A (2019) Association of renal scarring with number of febrile urinary tract infections in children. JAMA Pediatr 173(10):949–952. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1001\u002Fjamapediatrics.2019.2504\nFrimberger D, Mercado-Deane MG (2016) AAP section on urology, AAP section on radiology. Establishing a standard protocol for the voiding cystourethrography. Pediatrics 138(5):e20162590\nChua ME, Kim JK, Mendoza JS, Fernandez N, Ming JM, Marson A, Lorenzo AJ, Takahashi MS (2019) The evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux among children using contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a literature review. J Pediatr Urol 15(1):12–17\nHaid B, Becker T, Koen M, Berger C, Langsteger W, Gruy B, Putz E, Haid S, Oswald J (2015) Lower radiation burden in state of the art fluoroscopic cystography compared to direct isotope cystography in children. J Pediatr Urol 11(1):35.e1–35.e6. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jpurol.2014.08.015\nLee RS, Diamond DA, Chow JS (2006) Applying the ALARA concept to the evaluation of vesicoureteric reflux. Pediatr Radiol 36(2):185–191\nJohnin K, Kobayashi K, Tsuru T, Yoshida T, Kageyama S, Kawauchi A (2018) Pediatric voiding cystourethrography: an essential examination for urologists but a terrible experience for children. Int J Urol 15(2):105–112. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fiju.13881\nKis É, Nyitrai A, Várkonyi I et al (2010) Voiding urosonography with second-generation contrast agent versus voiding cystourethrography. Pediatr Nephrol 25(11):2289–2293. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00467-010-1618-7\nSchober JM, Dulabon LM, Woodhouse CR (2004) Outcome of valve ablation in late-presenting posterior urethral valves. BJU Int 94:616–619. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1464-410X.2004.05011.x\nÖzen MA, Taşdemir M, Gündoğdu G et al (2019) Does voiding cystourethrogram exclude posterior urethral valves in late presenting cases? Eur J Pediatr Surg 29:85–89. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1055\u002Fs-0038-1672146\nGelfand MJ, Clements C, MacLean JR (2017) Nuclear medicine procedures in children_ special considerations. Semin Nucl Med 47:110–117\nPintelon H, Jonckheer MH, Piepsz A (1994) Paediatric nuclear medicine procedures: routine sedation or management of anxiety? Nucl Med Commun 15:664–666\nCoulthard MG, Lambert HJ, Vernon SJ, Hunter EW, Keir MJ (2014) Guidelines to identify abnormalities after childhood urinary tract infections: a prospective audit. Arch Dis Child 99(5):448–451. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1136\u002Farchdischild-2013-304429\nBerger C, Becker T, Koen M et al (2013) Positioning irrigation of contrast cystography for diagnosis of occult vesicoureteric reflux: association with technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid scans. J Pediatr Urol 9(6):846–850. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jpurol.2012.11.010\nCheng EY (2009) PIC cystography: an effective test for the diagnosis of clinically significant occult reflux. J Urol 182(4):1264–1265\nStein R, Dogan HS, Hoebeke P et al (2015) Urinary tract infections in children: EAU\u002FESPU guidelines. Eur Urol. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.eur-uro.2014.11.007",{"EN":760},"Harnwegsinfekte im Kindesalter sind ein ernst zu nehmendes Erkrankungsbild. Abgesehen von der Akutmorbidität, welche häufig eine stationäre Krankenhausbehandlung notwendig macht, können sie zu langfristigen Nierenfunktionseinschränkungen führen. Insbesondere der Harnwegsinfekt im Säuglingsalter und der rezidivierende fieberhafte Harnwegsinfekt des Kindes sollten besondere Beachtung hinsichtlich der langfristigen Einschränkung der Nierenfunktion finden. Die Indikation für eine weiterführende Diagnostik sollte einer sinnvollen Prüfung unterzogen werden. Fehlbildungen des Harntraktes in Kombination mit fieberhaften Harnwegsinfekten stellen einen relevanten Risikofaktor für die Entstehung einer späteren dialysepflichtigen Niereninsuffizienz dar. Zur primären Diagnostik eines Harnwegsinfekts zählen neben Anamnese und klinischer Untersuchung die adäquate Urin- sowie Laboruntersuchung und eine Sonographie der Harnorgane. Eine weiterführende Abklärung ist bei anatomischen Auffälligkeiten oder einem gesicherten fieberhaften Harnwegsinfekt indiziert und besteht, je nach Alter des Kindes und Befundkonstellation, primär entweder aus einem Miktionszystourethrogramm oder einer  statischen Nierenszintigraphie. Diese Untersuchungen können einen relevanten vesikoureteralen Reflux, mögliche assoziierte Risikofaktoren und\u002Foder eine bereits bestehende Nierenparenchymschädigung feststellen. Diese Information ist zur Entscheidung über eine weitere Behandlung, ggf. inklusive antibiotischer Prophylaxe oder operativer Behandlung, zur Verhinderung weiterer Harnwegsinfekte und einer möglichen dauerhaften Nierenfunktionseinschränkung essenziell.",{"EN":762},"Fieberhafter Harnwegsinfekt im Kindesalter",{"VOID":764},"10.1007\u002Fs41972-019-00091-5","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs41972-019-00091-5",[767,782,797],{"id":768,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":769,"affiliations":770,"properties":779},"da0a757f-ecc9-4a78-aa25-45f91baa5c3f",[113],[771],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":772,"properties":22},{"id":773,"createTime":774,"updateTime":774,"relativeEntities":775,"slug":22,"properties":776,"entityType":51,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"74a8c386-cf82-4866-880a-5c0c2d8f9c33","2023-12-12T02:16:53.241+00:00",[],{"title":777},{"VI":778},"Abteilung für Urologie, Asklepios Stadtklinik Bad Tölz, Bad Tölz, Deutschland",{"title":780},{"VI":781},"Justus König",{"id":783,"sortIndex":79,"researcher":22,"roles":784,"affiliations":785,"properties":794},"b534e060-4656-41de-805b-f0d6344b5fcb",[113],[786],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":787,"properties":22},{"id":788,"createTime":789,"updateTime":789,"relativeEntities":790,"slug":22,"properties":791,"entityType":51,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"f43a06ff-f519-4e36-aec2-e25a62db09b1","2023-12-08T08:19:34.151+00:00",[],{"title":792},{"VI":793},"Abteilung für Kinderurologie, Ordensklinikum Linz, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Schwestern, Linz, Österreich",{"title":795},{"VI":796},"Josef Oswald",{"id":798,"sortIndex":78,"researcher":22,"roles":799,"affiliations":800,"properties":806},"446b5ad4-d7ae-4cd7-848b-bc7b19cfb606",[113],[801],{"id":22,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":802,"properties":22},{"id":788,"createTime":789,"updateTime":789,"relativeEntities":803,"slug":22,"properties":804,"entityType":51,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},[],{"title":805},{"VI":793},{"title":807},{"VI":808},"Bernhard Haid",{"url":765,"publisher":810,"properties":832},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":811,"slug":10,"properties":812,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"subjectFields":817,"manageAffiliations":818,"indexDatabases":819,"url":22,"thumbnailPath":22,"statistic":827,"gsStatistic":22,"type":82,"analyzePriority":22},[],{"issn":813,"eissn":814,"title":815,"url":816},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"EN":17},{"VOID":19},[],[],[820],{"id":55,"indexDatabase":821,"url":68,"indexYears":69,"academicFieldIds":826,"indexDatabaseRanking":73},{"id":57,"createTime":58,"updateTime":59,"relativeEntities":822,"label":823,"description":824,"key":65,"publicationTags":825,"standard":22},[],{"EN":62,"VI":62},{"EN":62,"VI":64},[67],[71,72],{"impactFactor":23,"impactFactorByYear":828,"i10Index":23,"i10IndexLast5Year":23,"totalPublication":76,"totalPublicationByYear":829,"totalCitation":23,"totalCitationByYear":830,"totalCitationPerPublication":23,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":831,"hindexLast5Year":23,"hindex":23},{},{"2019":78,"2020":78,"2021":78,"2023":79},{},{},{"volume":833,"pages":834},{"VOID":228},{"VOID":835},"59-65","2020-01-13"]