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Law., 35, 101\nLipton, 1981, Takeover Bids in the Target's Boardroom: An Update After One Year, Bus. Law., 36, 1017\nEasterbrook\u002FFishel, 1981, Takeover Bids, Defensive Tactics, and Shareholders' Welfare, Bus. Law., 36, 1017\nEasterbrook\u002FFishel, 1981, The Proper Role of Target's Management in Responding to a Tender Offer, Harv. L. Rev., 94, 1161, 10.2307\u002F1340753\nCoffee, 1984, Regulating The Market for Corporate Control: A Critical Assessment of The Tender Offer's Role in Corporate Governance, Col. L. Rev., 84, 1145, 10.2307\u002F1122351\nCoffee, 1984, Regulating The Market for Corporate Control: A Critical Assessment of The Tender Offer's Role in Corporate Governance, Col. L. Rev., 84, 1166, 10.2307\u002F1122351\nGort\u002FHogarty, 1970, New Evidence on Mergers, J.L.E., 13, 167, 10.1086\u002F466686\nMueller, 1984, Further Reflections of the Invisible Hand Theorem\nRavenscraft, 1987, Life After Takeover, 36\nMarris, 1963, A Model of the ‘Managerial’ Enterprise, Quart. Journ. Econ., 72, 185, 10.2307\u002F1884399\nMarris, 1964, The Economie Theory of the “Managerial” Capitalism\nMueller, 1977, The Effects of Conglomerate Mergers, Journ. Bank. Fin., 315, 10.1016\u002F0378-4266(77)90008-5\nAmihud\u002FLev, 1981, Risk Reduction as Managerial Motive for Conglomerate Mergers, Bell. Journ. Econ., 12, 605, 10.2307\u002F3003575\nLink, 1988, Acquisitions as Sources of Technological Innovation, Mergers & Acquisitions, 23, 36\nManne, 1965, Mergers and the Market for Corporate Control, Journ. Pol. Econ., 110, 10.1086\u002F259000\nFama, 1983, ldSeperation of Ownership and Control, J.L.E., 26, 301, 10.1086\u002F467037\nJensen\u002FRuback, 1983, The Market for Corporate Control, Journ. Fin. Econ., 11, 5, 10.1016\u002F0304-405X(83)90004-1\nEasterbrook\u002FFishel supra at note 7.\nSee supra at note 9.\nJensen\u002FRuback supra at note 12.\nSee H. Manne, supra at note 12.\nM. Lipton supra at note 6. Lowenstein L.\n1983, Pruning Deadwood in Hostile Takeovers: A Proposal for Legislation, Col. L. Rev., 83, 249, 10.2307\u002F1122101\nL. Lowenstein, supra at note 16.\nL. Lowenstein, “Hostile Takeovers: A Remedy of First Resort or Last Resort,” ÖBankArch 9\u002F88, p. 886.\nDrucker, 1986, Corporate Takeovers—What Is To Be Done, Pub. Interest, 82, 3\nM. Lipton supra at note 6.\nMalkiel, 1985\nGrossman\u002FStiglitz, 1980, On the Impossibility of Informational Efficient Markets, Am. Econ. Rev., 70, 393\nGilson\u002FKraakman, 1984, The Mechanisms of Market Efficiency, Virg. L. Rev., 70, 549\nMcConnell, 1985, Corporate Capital Expenditure Decisions and the Market Value of the Firm, Journ. Fin. Econ., 14, 399, 10.1016\u002F0304-405X(85)90006-6\nJensen, 1986, Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance and Takeovers, Am. Econ. Rev., 70, 323\nJensen, 1988, Takeovers: Causes and Consequences, Journ. Econ. Persp., 2, 23\nSee infra at III.\nB.H. Hall, “The Effect of Takeover Activity On Corporate Research And Development,” NBER Working Paper No. 2191.\nHayes\u002FAbernathy, 1980, ldManaging Our Way to Economic Decline, Harv. Bus. Rev., 67\nBloch, 1989\nScherer, 1988, Corporate Takeovers: The Efficiency Arguments, Journ. Econ. Persp., 2\nBernanke\u002FCampbell, 1988, Is There a Corporate Debt Crisis, Brook. Pap. Econ. Act., 1, 83, 10.2307\u002F2534425\nJ. Corbett, “International Perspectives on Financing: Evidence from Japan,” 3 Oxf. Rev. Econ. Pol. No. 4, p. 30.\nM. Jensen, “Active Investors, LBOs, and the Privatization of Bankruptcy,” Harvard Working Paper 89-060.\nM. Jensen supra at note 22.\nCoffee, 1986, Shareholders Versus Managers: The Strain in the Corporate Web, Mich. L. Rev., 85, 16, 10.2307\u002F1288884\nM. Jensen, supra at note 22 and 23.\nM. Jensen, supra at note 23 and note 30.\nM. Jensen, supra at note 23.\nKaplan, 1988\nSee J.C. Coffee supra at note 32, pp. 49, 69 (1986).\nShIeiffer\u002FSummers, “Breach Of Trust In Hostile Takeovers,” NBER Working Paper No. 2342. J.C. Coffee supra at note 32, p. 70.\nDenis, 1986, Corporate Mergers and Security Returns, Journ. Fin. Econ., 16, 143, 10.1016\u002F0304-405X(86)90059-0\n40 Lehn\u002FPoulsen, “Sources of Value in Leveraged Buyouts,” in Public Policy Towards Corporate Takeovers.\n2741989, Metropolitan's Bond Covenants, New York Times, D2\nFor the extent of these gains, see Jensen\u002FRuback, supra at note 12.\nJarrell, 1988, The Market for Corporate Control: The Scientific Evidence Since 1980, Journ. Econ. Persp., 2, 49, 10.1257\u002Fjep.2.1.49\n1989, Brüssel will mehr Klarheit bei Übernahmeangeboten, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 25.2, 14\nIf not indicated otherwise, reference is to the proposed guideline 89\u002FC 64\u002F07 supra at note 1.\nGuideline 88\u002F627\u002FEWG (supra at unf. note) mandates disclosure at 10%, 20%, 1\u002F3, 50% and 2\u002F3 of voting rights.\nJarrell, 1986, Economic Effects of Federal and State Regulations of Cash Tender Offers, J.L.E., 23, 371, 10.1086\u002F466965\nCarney, 1983, Shareholder Coordination Costs, Shark Repellents, and Takeout Mergers: The Case Against Fiduciary Duties, Am. Bar Found. Res. Journ., 341, 10.1111\u002Fj.1747-4469.1983.tb00485.x\nGrossman, 1980, Takeover Bids, Free Rider Problem, Theory of the Corporation, Bell Journ. Econ., 11, 42, 10.2307\u002F3003400\nCarney, 1984, Toward a More Perfect Market for Corporate Control, Del. Journ. Corp. L., 9, 593\nEasterbrook, 1981, The Proper Role of Target Managements in Responding to Tender Offers, Harv. L. Rev., 94, 1161, 10.2307\u002F1340753\nBebchuk, 1982, The Case for Facilitating Tender Offers, Harv. L. Rev., 95, 1028, 10.2307\u002F1340571\nBebchuk, 1982, The Case for Facilitating Competing Tender Offers: A Reply and Extension, Stanf. L. Rev., 35, 23, 10.2307\u002F1228379\nBradley, 1980, Intel-firm Tender Offers and the Market for Corporate Control, Journ. Bus., 53, 345, 10.1086\u002F296114\nGilson, 1988, Seeking Competitive Bids Versus Pure Passivity in Tender Offer Defense, Stanf. L. Rev., 35, 51, 10.2307\u002F1228380\nL. Bebchuk, supra at note 50.\nSee supra at note 32.\nSchwartz, 1988, The Fairness of Tender Offer Prices in Utilitarian Theory, Journ. Leg. Stud., 17, 165, 10.1086\u002F468126\nEasterbrook, 1982, Auctions and Sunk Costs in Tender Offers, Stanf. L. Rev., 35, 1, 10.2307\u002F1228378\nEasterbrook, 1981, The Proper Role of Target Managements in Responding to Tender Offers, Harv. L. Rev., 94, 1161, 10.2307\u002F1340753\nSee Jarrell\u002FBradley supra at note 45.\nEasterbrook, 1982, Auctions and Sunk Costs in Tender Offers, Stanf. L. Rev., 35, 1, 10.2307\u002F1228378\nA. Schwartz, supra at note 56.\nEasterbrook, 1981, Takeover Bids, Defensive Tactics, and Shareholder Welfare, Bus Law., 36, 1732\nSee A. Schwartz supra at note 56.\nsupra at note 51.\nSchwartz supra at note 56. If shareholders, on the other hand, play minimax regret—that is to limit their losses in the worst case scenario—\nSchwartz, 1988, The Sole Owner Standard Reviewed, Journ. Les. Stud., 17, 231, 10.1086\u002F468128\nA. Schwartz supra at note 56;for the opposite view see R. Gilson, supra at 53. Disclosed Fees, in fact, average about 1% of Transaction value. Source: 23 Mergers & Acquisitions No. 3, p. 13.\nSchwartz, 1986, Search Theory and The Tender Offer Auction, Journ. L. Econ. Org., 2, 229\nJarrel, 1987, Two-Tier and Negotiated Tender Offers, Journ. Fin. Econ., 19, 283, 10.1016\u002F0304-405X(87)90006-7\nA. Schwartz, supra at note 56, p. 181.\nSee supra at II.c.\nMalkiel supra at 20, p. 174.\nGrossman\u002FStiglitz supra at note 21.\nCoffee, 1984, Market Failure and the Economic Case fora Mandatory Disclosure System, Virg. L. Rev., 70, 717, 10.2307\u002F1073083\nL. Bebchuk supra at note 51.\nSearch theory may suggest that the higher value buyer will be the first bidder anyway, but this is far from certain and has only limited value for the target shareholder; see A. Schwartz supra at note 56.\nSee Grossman\u002FHart supra at note 47.\nArt.4 in guideline 88\u002F627\u002FEWG supra at note 1.\nUS experience with a 5% reporting threshold suggest, that bidders may accumulate an average of about 13% of target stock. See M. Jensen supra at\nSee Carney supra at note 46.\nFor the opposite view see Easterbrook\u002FFishel supra at note 56.\nBebchuk, 1982, The Case for Facilitating Tender Offers: A Reply and Extension, Stanf. L. Rev., 35, 23, 10.2307\u002F1228379\nW. Carney supra at note 47.\nWilliams Act, Sect.14(d)(6).\nRule 34.(4) “City Code on Take-overs and Mergers” requires a bidder to offer the highest price he has paid in any purchase 12 months prior to th\nL. Lowenstein supra at note 16, p. 307.\nSee Carney supra at note 46. Again, we can describe the game situation in a matrix:\nD. DeMott, “Current Issues in Tender Offer Regulation: Lessons from the British,” 58 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 945, at p. 992.\nSee Grossman\u002FHart supra at 47.\nSee Grossman\u002FHart supra at note 47.\nSee supra at III.b)cc).\nSee supra III.b)ccc).\nD. DeMott supra at note 86, p. 992.\nTender Offer Advisory Committee, 1983, Fed. Sec. Law Rep., 86, 675\nW. Carney supra at note 46.\nW. Carney supra at note 46.\nGilson, 1982, The Case against Shark Repellents: Structural Limitations on the Enabling Concept, Stanf. L. Rev., 34, 775, 10.2307\u002F1228386\nGilson, 1551989, Honeywell Inc's Antitakeover Moves Defeated, Wall Street Journal, A5\nGilson, 1551989, Public Pension Funds Are Playing a Bigger Role in the Companies in Which They Invest, Wall Street Journal, B6\nJensen, 1985, When Unocal Won over Pickens, Shareholders and Society Lost, Financier, 50\nSee Lowenstein supra at note 16; M. Lipton supra at note 6.\nM. Lipton supra at note 6.\nL. Lowenstein supra at note 16.\nSee supra III.b)ccc).\nM. Jensen supra at note 23. J.C. Coffee supra at note 32, p. 75.\n1131989, Wall Street Journal, 5\nSupra at III.d)ccc).\nD. DeMott supra at note 86.\nD. 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1996, Investment opportunities and the structure of executive compensation, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 21, 297, 10.1016\u002F0165-4101(96)00421-1\nBalsam, 1999, Discretionary accounting choices and CEO compensation, Contemporary Accounting Research, 15, 229, 10.1111\u002Fj.1911-3846.1998.tb00558.x\nBarnhart, 2000, Do firm and state anti-takeover provisions affect how well CEOs earn their pay?, Managerial and Decision Economics, 21, 315, 10.1002\u002Fmde.992\nBebchuk, 2004\nBergstresser, 2006, CEO incentives and earnings management, Journal of Financial Economics, 79, 35\nBertrand, 1999, Is there discretion in wage setting? A test using takeover legislation, RAND Journal of Economics, 30, 535, 10.2307\u002F2556062\nBertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (1999b). Corporate governance and executive pay: Evidence from takeover legislation. Working paper. NBER.\nBertrand, 2000, Agents with and without principals, The American Economic Review, 90, 203, 10.1257\u002Faer.90.2.203\nBlack, 1973, The pricing of options and corporate liabilities, Journal of Political Economy, 81, 637, 10.1086\u002F260062\nBrenner, 2000, Altering the terms of executive stock options, Journal of Financial Economics, 57, 103, 10.1016\u002FS0304-405X(00)00052-0\nBushman, 2001, Financial accounting information and corporate governance, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 32, 237, 10.1016\u002FS0165-4101(01)00027-1\nCarter, 2001, An examination of executive stock option repricing, Journal of Financial Economics, 61, 207, 10.1016\u002FS0304-405X(01)00060-5\nChance, 2000, The ‘repricing’ of executive stock options, Journal of Financial Economics, 57, 129, 10.1016\u002FS0304-405X(00)00053-2\nChen, 2004, Executive option repricing, incentives, and retention, Journal of Finance, 59, 1167, 10.1111\u002Fj.1540-6261.2004.00659.x\nCheng, 2005, Identifying control motives in managerial ownership: Evidence of anti-takeover legislation, The Review of Financial Studies, 18, 637, 10.1093\u002Frfs\u002Fhhh010\nClinch, 1993, CEO compensation and components of earnings in bank holding companies, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 16, 241, 10.1016\u002F0165-4101(93)90013-6\nCrystal, 1991\nDavidson, 2000, Statistical inference for stochastic dominance and for the measurement of poverty and inequality, Econometrica, 68, 1435, 10.1111\u002F1468-0262.00167\nDechow, 2000, Earnings management: Reconciling the views of accounting academics, practitioners, and regulator, Accounting Horizon, 14, 235, 10.2308\u002Facch.2000.14.2.235\nDechow, 1995, Detecting earnings management, The Accounting Review, 70, 193\nDeFond, 2004, Investor protection and corporate governance: Evidence from worldwide CEO turnover, Journal of Accounting Research, 42, 269, 10.1111\u002Fj.1475-679X.2004.00138.x\nDenis, 2000, Managerial discipline and corporate restructuring following performance declines, Journal of Financial Economics, 55, 391, 10.1016\u002FS0304-405X(99)00055-0\nEngel, 2003, CEO turnover and properties of accounting information, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 36, 197, 10.1016\u002Fj.jacceco.2003.08.001\nGarvey, 1999, Capital structure and corporate control: The effect of anti-takeover leverage statutes, Journal of Finance, 54, 519, 10.1111\u002F0022-1082.00116\nGibbons, 1992, Optimal incentive contracts in the presence of career concerns: Theory and evidence, Journal of Political Economy, 100, 468, 10.1086\u002F261826\nGuidry, 1999, Earnings-based bonus plans and earnings management by business-unit managers, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 26, 113, 10.1016\u002FS0165-4101(98)00037-8\nHall, 1998, Are CEOs really paid like bureaucrats?, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113, 653, 10.1162\u002F003355398555702\nHartzell, 2003, Institutional investors and executive compensation, Journal of Finance, 58, 2351, 10.1046\u002Fj.1540-6261.2003.00608.x\nHealy, 1985, The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decisions, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 7, 85, 10.1016\u002F0165-4101(85)90029-1\nHealy, 1999, A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting, Accounting Horizons, 13, 365, 10.2308\u002Facch.1999.13.4.365\nHolmstrom, 1979, Moral hazard and observability, The Bell Journal of Economics, 10, 74, 10.2307\u002F3003320\nHolmstrom, 2005, Pay without performance and the managerial power hypothesis: A comment, Journal of Corporation Law, 30, 703\nJensen, 1993, The modern industrial revolution, exit and the failure of internal control systems, Journal of Finance, 48, 831, 10.2307\u002F2329018\nLambert, 1987, An analysis of the use of accounting and market measures of performance in executive compensation contracts, Journal of Accounting Research, 25, 85, 10.2307\u002F2491081\nMikkelson, 1997, The decline of takeovers and disciplinary managerial turnover, Journal of Financial Economics, 44, 205, 10.1016\u002FS0304-405X(97)00003-2\nMitchell, 1996, The impact of industry shocks on takeover and restructuring activity, Journal of Financial Economics, 41, 193, 10.1016\u002F0304-405X(95)00860-H\nMorck, 1989, Alternative mechanisms for corporate control, The American Economic Review, 79, 842\nMurphy, 1999\nMurphy, 1993, Financial performance surrounding CEO turnover, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 16, 273, 10.1016\u002F0165-4101(93)90014-7\nPound, 1992, Beyond takeovers: Politics comes to corporate control, Harvard Business Review, 70, 83\nRosen, 1992, Contracts and the market for executives\nShleifer, 1997, A survey of corporate governance, Journal of Finance, 52, 737, 10.2307\u002F2329497\nWeisbach, 1988, Outside directors and CEO turnover, Journal of Financial Economics, 20, 413, 10.1016\u002F0304-405X(88)90053-0\nWilliamson, 1983, Organizational form, residual claimants, and corporate control, Journal of Law and Economics, 26, 351, 10.1086\u002F467039\nYermack, 1995, Do corporations award CEO stock options effectively?, Journal of Financial Economics, 39, 237, 10.1016\u002F0304-405X(95)00829-4\nYermack, 1996, Higher market valuation of companies with a small board of directors, Journal of Financial Economics, 40, 185, 10.1016\u002F0304-405X(95)00844-5",{"EN":329},"Managerial influence and CEO performance incentives",{"VOID":331},"10.1016\u002Fj.irle.2009.02.004","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0144818809000192",[334,353],{"id":335,"sortIndex":211,"researcher":18,"roles":336,"affiliations":337,"properties":350},"9cec6095-328b-4bca-bb52-e8b63068e37e",[136],[338],{"id":339,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":340,"properties":347},"3fcccb0c-48f2-47b9-b750-77e4e8a7e86e",{"id":341,"createTime":342,"updateTime":342,"relativeEntities":343,"slug":18,"properties":344,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"5aea3d8f-1075-4c8d-9936-ea7950ebdb12","2024-01-05T19:29:18.639+00:00",[],{"title":345},{"VI":346},"Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA",{"title":348},{"VI":349},"Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States",{"title":351},{"VI":352},"Raffi Indjejikian",{"id":354,"sortIndex":19,"researcher":18,"roles":355,"affiliations":356,"properties":369},"1c6abda3-3077-424f-a582-aa6506ec63f7",[136],[357],{"id":358,"sortIndex":19,"affiliation":359,"properties":366},"a8dca558-fc25-4106-94d0-fd15a70e0de3",{"id":360,"createTime":361,"updateTime":361,"relativeEntities":362,"slug":18,"properties":363,"entityType":55,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19},"3bf503fd-a3f9-4475-87d2-cfd21ddc5707","2023-12-25T06:35:20.180+00:00",[],{"title":364},{"VI":365},"Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA",{"title":367},{"VI":368},"Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States",{"title":370},{"VI":371},"Shijun Cheng",{"url":332,"publisher":373,"properties":395},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":374,"slug":10,"properties":375,"entityType":16,"verifyStatus":17,"verifyTime":18,"verifyNote":18,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"subjectFields":378,"manageAffiliations":379,"indexDatabases":380,"url":18,"thumbnailPath":18,"statistic":18,"gsStatistic":18,"type":18,"analyzePriority":18},[],{"issn":376,"title":377},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},[],[],[381,388],{"id":91,"indexDatabase":382,"url":104,"indexYears":105,"academicFieldIds":387,"indexDatabaseRanking":110},{"id":93,"createTime":94,"updateTime":95,"relativeEntities":383,"label":384,"description":385,"key":101,"publicationTags":386,"standard":18},[],{"EN":98,"VI":98},{"EN":98,"VI":100},[103],[107,108,109],{"id":71,"indexDatabase":389,"url":86,"indexYears":18,"academicFieldIds":394,"indexDatabaseRanking":18},{"id":73,"createTime":74,"updateTime":75,"relativeEntities":390,"label":391,"description":392,"key":82,"publicationTags":393,"standard":18},[],{"EN":78,"VI":78},{"VI":80,"EN":81},[84,85],[88,89],{"volume":396,"pages":398},{"VOID":397},"29",{"VOID":399},"115-126","2009-06-01",2009,{"id":403,"createTime":404,"updateTime":405,"relativeEntities":406,"slug":407,"properties":408,"entityType":128,"verifyStatus":129,"verifyTime":405,"verifyNote":130,"syncStatus":17,"languages":18,"translateLanguages":18,"viewCount":19,"primaryUrl":415,"fullTextUrl":18,"authors":416,"publicationType":149,"publisherRelationship":432,"citationCount":18,"citationInfo":18,"publishDate":460,"publishYear":461,"citationAnalyzeStatus":17,"lastCitationAnalyze":18,"indexDatabases":18,"openAccess":18,"references":18,"isForceReanalyzing":180},"eaa36801-0bb4-4fba-962c-6ba1b3a116ab","2024-02-02T04:54:48.663+00:00","2025-01-05T23:51:34.744+00:00",[],"The-economics-of-insurance-law",{"references":409,"title":411,"doi":413},{"VOID":410},"1807, Godsall v. Boldero\n3 App. Cas. 279 (H.L. 1877), at 340.\nAbraham, 1986\nSchwartz, 1990, The Ethics and the Economics of Tort Liability Insurance, Cornell Law Review, 75, 313\nGravelle, 1991, Insurance Law and Adverse Selection, International Review of Law and Economics, 11, 23, 10.1016\u002F0144-8188(91)90024-8\nPosner, 1986, Economic Analysis of Law, 95\nKeeton, 1988, 138\nHarnett, 1948, Insurable Interest in Property: A Socio-Economic Reevaluation of a Legal Concept, Columbia Law Review, 48, 1162, 10.2307\u002F1118527\n1987, Constitution Insurance Co. of Canada v. Kosmopoulos\nElton, 1806\nStat. 16 Car. II.c. 7.\nStat. George III, c. 48.\n3 B. & P. 195, 100 E.R. 808 (1790).\n2 Cowp. 729, 98 E.R. 1331 (1778).\nSubsequent to the flurry of betting on his gender, d'Éon declared that he was a woman and lived as a woman until his death in 1810. At that time i\nSubsequent to the flurry of betting on his gender, d'Éon declared that he was a woman and lived as a woman until his death in 1810. At that time i\n1743, Sadlers' Co. v Badcock, 734\nStat. 19 Geo. 2, c. 37.\nStat. 19 Geo. 2, c. 37, at 207.\nDaston, 1987, 1, 237\nDaston, 1987, The Domestication of Risk: Mathematical Probability and Insurance 1650–1830, 1, 237\nDaston, 1987, 1, 239\n1813, Campbell v. Richardson\n1862, Beadles v. Bless\n1782, Le Cras v. Hughes, 552\n2 Bos. & P.N.R. 269, 127 E.R. 630 (H.L. 1805).\n106 N.Y. 535, 13 N.E. 337 (1887).\n1888, Farmers Mutual Insurance Co. v. New Holland Turnpike Co.\n1987, Constitution Insurance Co. of Canada v. Kosmopoulos\n155(2)(b).\nKeeton and Widess, op cit., p. 185. They also state that “A modest body of judicial precedent [in the United States] requires the consent of t\nRamey v. Carolina Life Insurance Co. 135 S.E. 2d. 363 (S.C.S.Ct 1964).\nLiberty National Life Insurance Co. v. Weldon 100 So 2d. 696 (Ala. S.Ct. 1957).\nThe Supreme Court of the United States stated: Obviously it is a very different thing from granting such a general license [to insure anyone], to allow the holder of a valid insurance upon his own life to transfer it to one whom he, the party most concerned, is not afraid to trust. [Girgsby v. Russell, 222 U.S. 149 (1911), at 155–156.] This argument is consistent with both the externality and moral hazard arguments.\nShavell, 1982, On Liability and Insurance, Bell Journal of Economics, 13, 120, 10.2307\u002F3003434\n1909, Breeden v. Frankfort Marine Accident & Plate Glass Insurance Co.\nSchwartz, 1990, The Ethics and the Economics of Tort Liability Insurance, Cornell Law Review, 75, 313\n34 O.R.2d 488 (1981).\nHasson, 1984, Reform of the Law Relating to Insurable Interest in Property: Some Thoughts on Chadwick v. Gibraltar General Insurance, Canadian Business Law Journal, 8, 114\nIn a more recent case, a court upheld an insurance contract on jewelry that was subject to forfeiture for having been illegally brought into the country, unbeknownst to the owner. Hamzeh v. Safeco Insurance Co. of America 32 C.C.L.I. 83 (Alta. Q.B. 1988). The decision in Kosmopolous may have expanded the concept of insurable interest to encompass stolen goods. If the purchaser knows that the goods are stolen, the insurance would be invalid on the basis that one should not be able to benefit from criminal acts (see below).\n1972, Scarola v. Insurance Co. of North America\nSwift, 1953, Insurable Interest Changes in Texas, Insurance Law Journal, 666\nSwift, 1953, Insurable Interest Changes in Texas, Insurance Law Journal, 1183\nShavell, 1979, On Moral Hazard and Insurance, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 93, 541, 10.2307\u002F1884469\nWinter, 1992, Moral Hazard and Insurance Contracts, 61\nArnott, 1983\nAbraham, 1986\n15 C.B. 365, 139 E.R. 465 (1854).\nGlynn v. Scottish Union & Nat. Ins. Co. 40 D.L.R. (2d) 929 (Ont. C.A. 1963).\nAkerlof, 1970, The Market for ‘Lemons’: Qualitative Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84, 488, 10.2307\u002F1879431\nGlynn v. Scottish Union & Nat. Ins. Co. 40 D.L.R. (2d) 929 (Ont.C.A. 1963).\n3 Burr. 1905, 97 E.R. 1162 (1766).\n3 Burr. 1905, 97 E.R. 1162 , at 1909.\nSteven Shavell, 1991.\nRea, 1984, Arm-Breaking, Consumer Credit and Personal Bankruptcy, Economic Inquiry, 22, 188, 10.1111\u002Fj.1465-7295.1984.tb00678.x\nWilson, 1977, A Model of Insurance Markets with Incomplete Information, Journal of Economic Theory, 16, 167, 10.1016\u002F0022-0531(77)90004-7\nGravelle, 1977, A Model of Insurance Markets with Incomplete Information, Journal of Economic Theory, 16, 167, 10.1016\u002F0022-0531(77)90004-7\nRea, 1992, Insurance Classifications and Social Welfare, 377\nDoherty, 1990, Rational Insurance Purchasing: Consideration of Contract Nonperformance, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 105, 243, 10.2307\u002F2937829\nOntario, Insurance Act, R.S.O., 1980, Chapter 218, s. 265 (1).\n64 D.L.R. (2d) 715 (S.C.C., 1967).\n1830, Amicable Society v. Bolland\nUnless the contract otherwise provides, a violation of any criminal or other law in force in the Province or elsewhere shall not, ipso facto, render unenforceable a claim for indemnity under a contract of insurance except where the violation is committed by the insured, or by another person with the consent of the insured, with intent to bring about loss or damage.… [Acts of New Brunswick 1968, c. 6, s. 2.]\n56 D.L.R. (3d) (S.C.C. 1975).\n56 D.L.R. (3d) (S.C.C. 1975), at 562.\nHasson, 1976, The Supreme Court of Canada and the Law of Insurance 1975, Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 14, 769, 10.60082\u002F2817-5069.2158\nBrown, 1982, 208\nCanadian Indemnity Co. v. Walkern Machinery Ltd. 53 D.L.R. (3d) 1 (S.C.C. 1975).\nCanada, Criminal Code s. 202.\nSchwartz, 1990, The Ethics and the Economies of Tort Liability Insurance, Cornell Law Review, 75, 313\nDiplock, 1964, 770\n388 A. 2d 603 (N.J. 1978).\nWhen the form of insurance policies is mandated, as in the case of automobile insurance in Ontario, there is no way for insurers and insureds to avoid providing benefits to third parties. Ontario, Insurance Act, s. 226 (1), (4), (13).\n[1989] 1 S.C.R. 1445.\n1981, Wiens v. Fireman's Fund Insurance Co. of Canada, 1\n1924, P. Samuel and Co. Ltd. v. Dumas\nScott, supra, at 1454.\nRea, 1984, Arm-Breaking, Consumer Credit and Personal Bankruptcy, Economic Inquiry, 22, 188, 10.1111\u002Fj.1465-7295.1984.tb00678.x\nCaves, 1924\nKeeton, 1924, P. Samuel and Co. Ltd. v. Dumas, 527\nPosner, 1977, Impossibility and Related Doctrines in Contract Law: An Economic Analysis, Journal of Legal Studies, 6, 83, 10.1086\u002F467564\nThis may be less likely in Canada after Kosmopolous, supra.\nFor example, T. Eaton Co. v. Smith 92 D.L.R. 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J. Econ., 84, 488, 10.2307\u002F1879431\nBarzel, 1982, Measurement costs and the organization of markets, J. Law Econ., 25, 27, 10.1086\u002F467005\nBarzel, 2006, Prevention is better than cure: the role of IPO syndicates in precluding information acquisition, J. Business, 79, 2911, 10.1086\u002F508003\nCain, 2011, Earnouts: a study of financial contracting in acquisition agreements, J. Account. Econ., 51, 151, 10.1016\u002Fj.jacceco.2010.05.001\nEmons, 1989, The theory of warranty contracts, J. Econ. Surv., 3, 43, 10.1111\u002Fj.1467-6419.1989.tb00057.x\nHansmann, 2001, Royalties for artists versus royalties for authors and composers, J. Cult. Econ., 25, 259, 10.1023\u002FA:1017923625973\nIndraccolo, 2011, L’indennitá di formazione degli atleti nell’ordinamento italo-comunitario, Rassegna di diritto ed economia dello sport, 2, 237\nKahneman, 1990, Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the Coase theorem, J. Polit. Econ., 98, 1325, 10.1086\u002F261737\nKaplow, 1996, Property rules versus liability rules: an economic analysis, Harv. Law Rev., 109, 713, 10.2307\u002F1342135\nKatz, 2007, Pharmaceutical lemons: innovation and regulation in the drug industry, Michigan Telecommun. Technol. Law Rev., 14, 1\nKenney, 1983, The economics of block booking, J. Law Econ., 26, 497, 10.1086\u002F467048\nKohers, 2000, Earnouts in mergers: agreeing to disagree and agreeing to stay, J. Business, 76, 445, 10.1086\u002F209649\nKrishna, 2010\nKronman, 1978, Mistake, disclosure, information, and the law of contracts, J. Legal Stud., 7, 1, 10.1086\u002F467583\nShavell, 1994, Acquisition and disclosure of information prior to sale, Rand J. 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2016, National preferences for bank or market financing, Economic Commentary, 4\nAltomonte, 2012\nBae, 2009, Creditor rights, enforcement, and bank loans, J. Finance, 64, 823, 10.1111\u002Fj.1540-6261.2009.01450.x\nBarron, 2003, The Value of Comprehensive Credit Reports: Lessons from the US Experience, Credit Rep. Syst. Int. Econ., 8, 273\nBartoli, 2013, SME Financing and the Choice of Lending Technology in Italy: Complementarity or Substitutability?, J. Bank. Financ., 37, 5476, 10.1016\u002Fj.jbankfin.2013.08.007\nBeck, 2018, When arm’s length is too far: relationship banking over the credit cycle, J. Financ. Econ., 127, 174, 10.1016\u002Fj.jfineco.2017.11.007\nBehr, 2012, The effect of information sharing between lenders on access to credit, cost of credit, and loan performance – evidence from a credit registry introduction, J. Bank. Financ., 36, 3017, 10.1016\u002Fj.jbankfin.2012.07.007\nBerger, 2011, Bank size, lending technologies, and small business finance, J. Bank. Financ., 35, 724, 10.1016\u002Fj.jbankfin.2010.09.004\nBerger, 2002, Small Business Credit Availability and Relationship Lending: The Importance of Bank Organisational Structure, Econ. J., 112, F32, 10.1111\u002F1468-0297.00682\nBerger, 2006, A more complete conceptual framework for SME finance, J. Bank. Financ., 30, 2945, 10.1016\u002Fj.jbankfin.2006.05.008\nBerger, 2005, Does function follow organizational form? Evidence from the lending practices of large and small banks, J. Financ. Econ., 76, 237, 10.1016\u002Fj.jfineco.2004.06.003\nBerger, 2017, Small bank comparative advantages in alleviating financial constraints and providing liquidity insurance over time, Rev. Financ. Stud., 30, 3416, 10.1093\u002Frfs\u002Fhhx038\nBerglof, 1998, Soft budget constraints and banking in transition economies, J. Comp. Econ., 26, 18, 10.1006\u002Fjcec.1997.1510\nBertrand, 2018\nBharath, 2011, Lending relationships and loan contract terms, Rev. Financ. 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Financ., 53, 249, 10.1016\u002Fj.jbankfin.2014.12.010\nCho, 2014, Creditor rights and capital structure: evidence from international data, J. Corp. Financ., 25, 40, 10.1016\u002Fj.jcorpfin.2013.10.007\nDe Janvry, 2010, The supply- and demand-side impacts of credit market information, J. Dev. Econ., 93, 173, 10.1016\u002Fj.jdeveco.2009.09.008\nDe la Torre, 2010, Bank involvement with SMEs: beyond relationship lending, J. Bank. Financ., 34, 2280, 10.1016\u002Fj.jbankfin.2010.02.014\nDegryse, 2000, Relationship lending within a bank-based system: evidence from european small business data, J. Financ. Intermediation, 9, 90, 10.1006\u002Fjfin.1999.0278\nDewatripont, 1995, Contractual contingencies and renegotiation, Rand J. Econ., 26, 704, 10.2307\u002F2556014\nDierkes, 2013, Business credit information sharing and default risk of private firms, J. Bank. Financ., 37, 2867, 10.1016\u002Fj.jbankfin.2013.03.018\nDjankov, 2007, Private credit in 129 countries, J. Financ. Econ., 84, 299, 10.1016\u002Fj.jfineco.2006.03.004\nDjankov, 2008, Debt enforcement around the world, J. Polit. Econ., 116, 1105, 10.1086\u002F595015\nDjankov, 2008, The law and economics of self-dealing, J. financ. econ., 88, 430, 10.1016\u002Fj.jfineco.2007.02.007\nDoblas-Madrid, 2013, Sharing information in the credit market: contract-level evidence from U.S. Firms, J. Financ. Econ., 109, 198, 10.1016\u002Fj.jfineco.2013.02.007\nFerri, 2015, Do firm–Bank ‘Odd couples’ exacerbate credit rationing?, J. Financ. Intermediation, 24, 231, 10.1016\u002Fj.jfi.2014.09.002\nFerri, 2019, Bank Lending Technologies and Credit Availability in Europe: What Can We Learn from the Crisis?, J. Int. Money Finance, 95, 128, 10.1016\u002Fj.jimonfin.2019.04.003\nGonzález-Uribe, 2014\nGrajzl, 2016, Information sharing and the volume of private credit in transition: evidence from Ukrainian bank-level panel data, J. Comp. Econ., 44, 434, 10.1016\u002Fj.jce.2015.12.006\nHauswald, 2006, Competition and strategic information acquisition in credit markets, Rev. Financ. Stud., 19, 967, 10.1093\u002Frfs\u002Fhhj021\nHeckman, 1976, The Common structure of statistical models of truncation, sample selection and limited dependent variables and a simple estimator for such models, Vol. 5, 475\nJaffee, 1976, Imperfect information, uncertainty, and credit rationing, Q. J. Econ., 90, 651, 10.2307\u002F1885327\nJaffee, 1989\nJappelli, 2000\nJappelli, 2002, Information sharing, lending and defaults: cross-country evidence, J. Bank. Financ., 26, 2017, 10.1016\u002FS0378-4266(01)00185-6\nJentzsch, 2007, 5, 48\nKallberg, 2003, The value of private sector business credit information sharing: the US case, J. Bank. Financ., 27, 449, 10.1016\u002FS0378-4266(02)00387-4\nKarapetyan, 2014, Information sharing and information acquisition in credit markets, Rev. 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Finance, 67, 313, 10.1111\u002Fj.1540-6261.2011.01713.x\nMiller, 2004\nPadilla, 1997, Endogenous Communication Among Lenders and Entrepreneurial Incentives, Rev. Financ. Stud., 10, 205, 10.1093\u002Frfs\u002F10.1.205\nPadilla, 2000, Sharing default information as a borrower discipline device, Eur. Econ. Rev., 44, 1951, 10.1016\u002FS0014-2921(00)00055-6\nPagano, 1993, Information sharing in credit markets, J. Finance, 48, 1693, 10.1111\u002Fj.1540-6261.1993.tb05125.x\nPetersen, 1994, The benefits of lending relationships: evidence from small business data, J. Finance, 49, 3, 10.1111\u002Fj.1540-6261.1994.tb04418.x\nPetersen, 1995, The effect of credit market competition on lending relationships, Q. J. Econ., 110, 407, 10.2307\u002F2118445\nPowell, 2004, Vol. 3443\nPresbitero, 2011, Competition and Relationship Lending: Friends or Foes?, J. Financ. Intermediation, 20, 387, 10.1016\u002Fj.jfi.2010.09.001\nQian, 2007, How laws and institutions shape financial contracts: the case of bank loans, J. Finance, 62, 2803, 10.1111\u002Fj.1540-6261.2007.01293.x\nSchenone, 2010, Lending Relationships and Information Rents: Do Banks Exploit Their Information Advantages?, Rev. Financ. Stud., 23, 1149, 10.1093\u002Frfs\u002Fhhp080\nSharpe, 1990, Asymmetric information, bank lending and implicit contracts: a stylized model of customer relationships, J. Finance, 45, 1069\nStein, 2002, Information production and capital allocation: decentralized versus hierarchical firms, J. Finance, 57, 1891, 10.1111\u002F0022-1082.00483\nStiglitz, 1981, Credit rationing in markets with imperfect information, Am. Econ. Rev., 71, 393\nUchida, 2012, Loan officers and relationship lending to SMEs, J. Financ. Intermediation, 21, 97, 10.1016\u002Fj.jfi.2011.06.002\nVig, 2013, Access to collateral and corporate debt structure: evidence from a natural experiment, J. Finance, 68, 881, 10.1111\u002Fjofi.12020\nWilliamson, 1987, Costly monitoring, loan contracts, and equilibrium credit rationing, Q. J. 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