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Cette étude bibliographique permet de mieux évaluer les possibilités et les limites de ces espèces. Il existe quatre espèces de camélidés sud-américains, deux sauvages, le Guanaco et la Vigogne, et deux domestiques, l’Alpaga et le Lama. Elles vivent sur les hauts plateaux andins. Alpagas et lamas peuvent se reproduire en toutes saisons. La reproduction présente des traits originaux : les mâles, pubères à un an, sont handicapés jusqu’à deux ans par des adhérences préputiales et sont rarement exploités avant trois ans. Chez la femelle, l’ovulation, simple le plus souvent, est provoquée par l’accouplement. Un seul foetus se développe, toujours dans la corne gauche de l’utérus. La gestation dure 345 jours environ. Le réaccouplement est possible peu après la parturition. Les jeunes pèsent 7-8 kg (alpagas) à 10-11 kg (lamas) à la naissance. Le sevrage a lieu vers 7 à 9 mois. Alpagas et lamas sont des ruminants, caractérisés par un estomac à 3 compartiments, sans homologie avec les quatre compartiments de l’estomac des ovins, bovins et caprins. Leur contenu, très sec, est riche en bactéries. Les alpagas consomment essentiellement de l’herbe, même en touffes hautes et grossières ; ce sont des \"pâtureurs\". Les lamas, normalement \"pâtureurs\", consomment aussi, de façon minoritaire, des espèces arbustives si l’herbe se fait rare. Alpagas et lamas mangent généralement moins que les ovins et caprins (30 à 55 g MS\u002Fkg P0,75 selon les fourrages, soit 20 à 40 % de moins à régime comparable). L’utilisation digestive des matières organiques et azotées est égale (fourrages de bonne qualité) ou supérieure (fourrages grossiers, pauvres en protéines) à celle de ces deux espèces. Les camélidés sud-américains coexistent sans problème avec les petits ruminants ; leur organisation sociale (hiérarchie, protection du troupeau) nécessite un minimum de précautions dans la conduite des animaux. La principale production des alpagas est leur toison formée de fibres fines (25 à 30 μ) et médullées, d’un rendement élevé (80 %) mais d’un poids modeste (1,7 et 2,8 kg chez les femelles et les mâles). Les lamas ont des toisons plus grossières comportant également des poils. Elles sont utilisables en artisanat. En France, il n’existe encore aucune étude économique sérieuse qui permette d’inciter les éleveurs à investir dans l’élevage de camélidés sudaméricains.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":113},"Les camélidés sud-américains : le point des connaissances",{"VOID":115},"10.20870\u002Fproductions-animales.1993.6.1.4182","PUBLICATION","VERIFIED","Auto Verify",[120],"EN","https:\u002F\u002Fproductions-animales.org\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F4182",[123,143,159,174],{"id":124,"sortIndex":125,"researcher":22,"roles":126,"affiliations":127,"properties":138},"af3e66e9-e40c-48ca-b487-73b833d7ed7c",3,[],[128],{"id":129,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":130,"properties":22},"627fade8-2010-4999-85c8-51f1f4920a9c",{"id":131,"createTime":132,"updateTime":132,"relativeEntities":133,"slug":134,"properties":135,"entityType":43,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"83ceccec-7d39-422c-9a09-ae47090a4f50","2024-10-15T22:55:50.545+00:00",[],"INRA-ENSA-Unit%C3%A9-de-Zootechnie-M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9enne-2-Place-Viala-34060-Montpellier-Cedex",{"title":136},{"EN":137},"INRA-ENSA, Unité de Zootechnie Méditerranéenne, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex",{"openalex":139,"title":141},{"VOID":140},"A5008001170",{"EN":142},"Jacques Thimonier",{"id":144,"sortIndex":145,"researcher":22,"roles":146,"affiliations":147,"properties":154},"499f1aa4-7631-49a4-bb3c-3aefa42eb070",2,[],[148],{"id":149,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":150,"properties":22},"cc89d45f-fb30-41c7-aa2e-750892321857",{"id":131,"createTime":132,"updateTime":132,"relativeEntities":151,"slug":134,"properties":152,"entityType":43,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},[],{"title":153},{"EN":137},{"openalex":155,"title":157},{"VOID":156},"A5056144293",{"EN":158},"S. 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Les fondements écologiques qui en font sa généricité sont résumés dans une première partie. Dans une deuxième partie, nous présentons le mode d’emploi de l’outil permettant de passer d’un relevé botanique à une évaluation des services agronomiques : la composition en types fonctionnels de graminées est renseignée par une méthode simplifiée de relevé botanique ; des règles d’agrégation des données et d’interprétation des résultats permettent de passer de cette composition à une information (les composantes de la valeur d’usage) puis à une connaissance opérationnelle pour l’action. Herb’type est le résultat d’un travail en partenariat avec des éleveurs et des conseillers lors de suivis d’élevage et de formations ayant donné lieu à des retours d’expérience qui ont permis de transformer une idée en plusieurs prototypes puis en un outil. Dans une troisième partie, nous présentons quelques illustrations d’utilisation de l’outil à différentes échelles (parcelle, système fourrager) comme éléments d’évaluation et pour montrer quelques potentialités de l’outil. Enfin les atouts et les limites de cet outil sont présentés en précisant les pistes en cours d’étude.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":241},"Herb’type© : un nouvel outil pour évaluer les services de production fournis par les prairies 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tendreté de la viande bovine présente une forte variabilité non maîtrisée qui est à l’origine d’une insatisfaction des consommateurs. De plus, il n’existe pas d’outils fiables et utilisables par la filière bovine pour prédire ce critère de qualité. Depuis de nombreuses années, l’implication des caractéristiques musculaires (collagène, lipides, systèmes protéolytiques, fibres) dans la tendreté a été bien étudiée. Toutefois, lorsque ces caractéristiques sont maîtrisées, il demeure encore une variabilité élevée et non expliquée. Afin d’approfondir les connaissances sur l’origine de cette variabilité, des études de génomique fonctionnelle ont été conduites durant les 10 dernières années. Ces approches permettent de rechercher sans a priori des gènes ou des protéines dont l’expression varie en fonction de la tendreté de la viande. Ces études ont permis d’établir une liste de marqueurs biologiques de la tendreté dont l’analyse phénotypique pourra venir compléter les analyses génétiques de recherche de polymorphismes.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":365},"La maîtrise de la tendreté de la viande bovine : identification de marqueurs biologiques",{"VOID":367},"10.20870\u002Fproductions-animales.2009.22.4.3358","2024-09-03T11:37:15.480+00:00",[120],"https:\u002F\u002Fproductions-animales.org\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F3358",[372,394,417,435,450,467,484,500,517],{"id":373,"sortIndex":145,"researcher":22,"roles":374,"affiliations":375,"properties":387},"31522415-00fa-42a9-8fa5-f9de919aa751",[],[376],{"id":377,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":378,"properties":22},"23d7bbeb-4619-4525-b351-fb5f785a980c",{"id":379,"createTime":380,"updateTime":381,"relativeEntities":382,"slug":383,"properties":384,"entityType":43,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":21,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"73de68f2-8aad-4d44-b9b8-62ec6778d2ad","2024-09-03T11:37:15.493+00:00","2024-12-30T19:27:27.452+00:00",[],"Unit%C3%A9-de-Recherches-sur-les-Herbivores",{"title":385},{"EN":386},"Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores",{"openalex":388,"orcid":390,"title":392},{"VOID":389},"A5083261553",{"VOID":391},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-2409-3881",{"EN":393},"Jean-François J.-F. 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Les numérations cellulaires varient avec la race, le lait des vaches des races les moins productives (Abondance, Simmental Française) étant moins concentré en cellules que celui des races plus productives (Prim’Holstein, Pie Rouge des Plaines). Ces différences entre races se maintiennent à niveau de production équivalent. Elles ne sont donc pas attribuable au niveau de production en tant que tel et leur origine reste à éclaircir. Intra-race, les vaches faibles productrices ont des numérations cellulaires élevées, ce qui reflète probablement l’effet dépressif des infections sur la production laitière. Intra-race, les numérations cellulaires augmentent avec le rang de lactation, traduisant l’augmentation de l’incidence et de la persistance des infections mammaires avec l’âge. Au cours de la lactation, la numération cellulaire présente un profil inversé par rapport à la production laitière. Excepté au début de la lactation, ce profil semble résulter essentiellement d’un phénomène de concentration avec la diminution du volume de lait produit puisque la quantité de cellules excrétées est stable en milieu et fin de lactation. Les numérations cellulaires apparaissent plus élevées en été et plus faibles en automne ; elles varient entre régions d’élevage. Elles apparaissent, en revanche, relativement stables au cours des dernières années, dénotant une bonne maîtrise de la part des éleveurs.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":589},"Bilan national des numérations cellulaires dans le lait des différentes races bovines laitières 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des céréales entières distribuées avec un aliment complémentaire dans l’alimentation du poulet de chair présente un regain d’intérêt avec les succès rencontrés dans certains élevages d’Europe du nord. Les résultats de la recherche permettent de comparer les trois principaux modes de distribution des deux aliments : l’alimentation séparée dans l’espace, le mélange et l’alimentation séquentielle.
\nMélange et alimentation séquentielle sont adaptés à l’élevage : ces techniques permettent de mieux contrôler les proportions de céréale et d’aliment complémentaire consommées par les poulets. L’alimentation séparée laisse en revanche s’exprimer les facteurs individuels de la sélection alimentaire et ne permet pas toujours d’obtenir la croissance et la composition corporelle escomptées par l’éleveur.
\nLe poulet digère aussi bien les céréales entières que broyées. Il est capable de s’adapter rapidement à un régime comportant une céréale entière, en modifiant son comportement alimentaire. La présentation physique et la composition de l’aliment complémentaire affectent la proportion de céréales consommée. Les céréales entières induisent un développement du gésier, dont les effets sur la digestion et la prévention de la coccidiose méritent d’être approfondis.
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