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The article differentiates these two streams of research and explores areas where one body of research may be useful to the other. The article draws heavily on studies using the\u003Cjats:italic>Dimensions of a Learning Organization Questionnaire\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>(DLOQ\u003Cjats:italic>©\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>). Emerging work testing cross‐cultural validity and levels of analysis, as well as social network analyses, shows promise in deepening our understanding of the construct. 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In this study, the authors explore leadership effectiveness in driving change and innovation, along with the precursory skills necessary to do so. The findings confirm previously identified low rates of organizational success with change and point to skill deficiencies as a cause. Specifically, the abilities to communicate appropriately and motivate others significantly influence a leader's ability to effectively implement change and drive innovation.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1752},"Characteristics of leadership effectiveness: Implementing change and driving innovation in organizations",{"VOID":1754},"10.1002\u002Fhrdq.1232","2024-09-17T20:53:15.751+00:00",[117],"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Fhrdq.1232",[1759,1776,1793],{"id":1760,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1761,"affiliations":1762,"properties":1771,"displayName":1773,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"d90987dc-1eb6-46b1-8664-f11ff4f88e7f",[],[1763],{"id":1764,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1765,"properties":24},"dc4b05f6-754f-4ac6-9e92-c5dd67680a98",{"id":1764,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1766,"slug":24,"properties":1767,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1770,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1768},{"EN":1769},"Ferris State University, Big Rapids, Michigan",[],{"title":1772,"openalex":1774},{"EN":1773},"Ann Gilley",{"VOID":1775},"A5089390834",{"id":1777,"sortIndex":201,"researcher":24,"roles":1778,"affiliations":1779,"properties":1788,"displayName":1790,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"801cf18f-fcd8-4a69-977a-749b64372f69",[],[1780],{"id":1781,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1782,"properties":24},"becf7eb9-002b-4b4a-9b18-b695859912f6",{"id":1781,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1783,"slug":24,"properties":1784,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1787,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1785},{"EN":1786},"Wayne State College, Wayne, Nebraska",[],{"title":1789,"openalex":1791},{"EN":1790},"Pamela Dixon",{"VOID":1792},"A5040743103",{"id":1794,"sortIndex":199,"researcher":24,"roles":1795,"affiliations":1796,"properties":1805,"displayName":1807,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"4450e962-245d-4c7d-91ba-dab18fb77ebd",[],[1797],{"id":1798,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1799,"properties":24},"b3eb3fa2-7dcb-4f06-89cd-cb3e170da929",{"id":1798,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1800,"slug":24,"properties":1801,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1804,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1802},{"VI":1803},"Colorado State University, Fort Collins",[],{"title":1806,"openalex":1808},{"EN":1807},"Jerry W. 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A., 2005, The strategic communication imperative, MIT Sloan Management Review, 46, 83",{},{"id":24,"text":1872,"url":24,"identifiers":1873},"Argyris C., 1996, Organizational learning II: A theory of action perspective",{},{"id":24,"text":1875,"url":24,"identifiers":1876},"Balkundi P., 2006, Ties, leaders, and time in teams: Strong inference about network structure's effects on team viability and performance, Academy of Management, 49, 49, 10.5465\u002Famj.2006.20785500",{"doi":1877},"10.5465\u002Famj.2006.20785500",{"id":24,"text":1879,"url":24,"identifiers":1880},"Beer M., 1990, Why change programs don't produce change, Harvard Business Review, 68, 158",{},{"id":24,"text":1882,"url":24,"identifiers":1883},"Beer M., 2000, Breaking the code of change",{},{"id":24,"text":1885,"url":24,"identifiers":1886},"10.1890\u002F1051-0761(2000)010[1251:ROTEKA]2.0.CO;2",{"doi":1885},{"id":24,"text":1888,"url":24,"identifiers":1889},"Bibler R. S., 1989, The Arthur Young management guide to mergers and acquisitions",{},{"id":24,"text":1891,"url":24,"identifiers":1892},"10.1108\u002F03090590510585073",{"doi":1891},{"id":24,"text":1894,"url":24,"identifiers":1895},"Bossidy L., 2002, Execution: The discipline of getting things done",{},{"id":24,"text":1897,"url":24,"identifiers":1898},"10.1108\u002FEUM0000000006166",{"doi":1897},{"id":24,"text":1900,"url":24,"identifiers":1901},"10.2307\u002F20159029",{"doi":1900},{"id":24,"text":1903,"url":24,"identifiers":1904},"Burke W. W., 1992, Organizational development: A process of learning and changing",{},{"id":24,"text":1906,"url":24,"identifiers":1907},"Carlisle K. E., 1996, Practical motivation handbook",{},{"id":24,"text":1909,"url":24,"identifiers":1910},"Cohen J., 1988, Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences",{},{"id":24,"text":1912,"url":24,"identifiers":1913},"10.1287\u002Forsc.10.3.373",{"doi":1912},{"id":24,"text":1915,"url":24,"identifiers":1916},"Conner D., 1992, Managing at the speed of change",{},{"id":24,"text":1918,"url":24,"identifiers":1919},"Cope M., 2003, The seven C's of consulting",{},{"id":24,"text":1921,"url":24,"identifiers":1922},"Cummings T. G., 2005, Organization Development and Change",{},{"id":24,"text":1924,"url":24,"identifiers":1925},"10.1108\u002F10878570510700119",{"doi":1924},{"id":24,"text":1927,"url":24,"identifiers":1928},"Drucker P., 1999, Management challenges for the 21st century",{},{"id":24,"text":1930,"url":24,"identifiers":1931},"Finkelstein S., 2003, Why smart executives fail and what you can learn from their mistakes",{},{"id":24,"text":1933,"url":24,"identifiers":1934},"Flannery T. P., 1996, People performance and pay: Dynamic compensation for changing organizations",{},{"id":24,"text":1936,"url":24,"identifiers":1937},"10.4324\u002F9780203997673",{"doi":1936},{"id":24,"text":1939,"url":24,"identifiers":1940},"Follett M. P.(1924).Creative experience. Mary Parker Follett Foundation.",{},{"id":24,"text":1942,"url":24,"identifiers":1943},"Retrieved October 6 2007 http:\u002F\u002Fwww.follettfoundation.org\u002Fmpf.htm.",{},{"id":24,"text":1945,"url":24,"identifiers":1946},"10.1177\u002F014920630002600406",{"doi":1945},{"id":24,"text":1948,"url":24,"identifiers":1949},"Friedman T. L., 2005, The world is flat",{},{"id":24,"text":1951,"url":24,"identifiers":1952},"Fuqua D. 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W., 2001, The manager as change agent: A practical guide for high performance individuals and organizations",{},{"id":24,"text":1973,"url":24,"identifiers":1974},"10.1109\u002FTEM.2007.900791",{"doi":1973},{"id":24,"text":1976,"url":24,"identifiers":1977},"Howkins J., 2001, The creative economy",{},{"id":24,"text":1979,"url":24,"identifiers":1980},"Hudson F. M., 1999, The handbook of coaching: A comprehensive resource guide for managers, executives, consultants, and human resource professionals",{},{"id":24,"text":1982,"url":24,"identifiers":1983},"IBM. (2006).IBM Global CEO Study 2006.",{},{"id":24,"text":1985,"url":24,"identifiers":1986},"Retrieved April 1 2007 fromhttp:\u002F\u002Fwww31.ibm.com\u002Ftela\u002Fservlet\u002Fasset\u002F66859\u002FThe_Global_CEO_Study_2006.pdf.",{},{"id":24,"text":1988,"url":24,"identifiers":1989},"Johansson F., 2004, The Medici effect",{},{"id":24,"text":1991,"url":24,"identifiers":1992},"John‐Steiner V., 2000, Creative collaboration",{},{"id":24,"text":1994,"url":24,"identifiers":1995},"Kotter J. P., 1996, Leading change",{},{"id":24,"text":1997,"url":24,"identifiers":1998},"Kotter J. P., 1979, Choosing strategies for change, Harvard Business Review, 106",{},{"id":24,"text":2000,"url":24,"identifiers":2001},"Kuhn T. S., 1970, The structure of scientific revolutions",{},{"id":24,"text":2003,"url":24,"identifiers":2004},"LeBoeuf M., 1985, Getting results: The secret to motivating yourself and others",{},{"id":24,"text":2006,"url":24,"identifiers":2007},"Leifer R., 2000, Radical innovation: How mature companies can outsmart upstarts",{},{"id":24,"text":2009,"url":24,"identifiers":2010},"Lewin K., 1951, Field theory in social science",{},{"id":24,"text":2012,"url":24,"identifiers":2013},"10.1108\u002F09533239410061806",{"doi":2012},{"id":24,"text":2015,"url":24,"identifiers":2016},"Lewis P. S., 2001, Management: Challenges in the 21st century",{},{"id":24,"text":2018,"url":24,"identifiers":2019},"10.1016\u002FS0007-6813(00)80007-5",{"doi":2018},{"id":24,"text":2021,"url":24,"identifiers":2022},"Luecke R., 2003, Managing change and transition: Harvard business essentials series",{},{"id":24,"text":2024,"url":24,"identifiers":2025},"Lussier R. N., 2006, Management fundamentals: Concepts, applications, skill development",{},{"id":24,"text":2027,"url":24,"identifiers":2028},"10.1016\u002FS0090-2616(01)00036-5",{"doi":2027},{"id":24,"text":2030,"url":24,"identifiers":2031},"10.5465\u002FAME.1989.4274738",{"doi":2030},{"id":24,"text":2033,"url":24,"identifiers":2034},"Parker G. M., 1990, Team players and teamwork: The new competitive business strategy",{},{"id":24,"text":2036,"url":24,"identifiers":2037},"Patterson J., 1997, Coming clean about organizational change",{},{"id":24,"text":2039,"url":24,"identifiers":2040},"Peterson D. B., 1996, Leader as coach: Strategies for coaching and developing others",{},{"id":24,"text":2042,"url":24,"identifiers":2043},"10.5465\u002FAME.2005.19417910",{"doi":2042},{"id":24,"text":2045,"url":24,"identifiers":2046},"Pfeffer J., 2000, The knowing‐doing gap: How smart companies turn knowledge into action",{},{"id":24,"text":638,"url":24,"identifiers":2048},{"doi":638},{"id":24,"text":2050,"url":24,"identifiers":2051},"10.4135\u002F9781452231488",{"doi":2050},{"id":24,"text":2053,"url":24,"identifiers":2054},"10.1002\u002Fnpr.4040150311",{"doi":2053},{"id":24,"text":2056,"url":24,"identifiers":2057},"Rogers E. M., 2003, Diffusion of innovations",{},{"id":24,"text":2059,"url":24,"identifiers":2060},"10.1037\u002F0021-9010.84.4.514",{"doi":2059},{"id":24,"text":2062,"url":24,"identifiers":2063},"Saunders R., 1999, Communicating change, Harvard Management Communication Letter, 8, 35",{},{"id":24,"text":2065,"url":24,"identifiers":2066},"Schiemann W., 1992, Why change fails, Across the Board, 53",{},{"id":24,"text":2068,"url":24,"identifiers":2069},"10.1016\u002Fj.hrmr.2007.07.003",{"doi":2068},{"id":24,"text":2071,"url":24,"identifiers":2072},"10.5465\u002F20159585",{"doi":2071},{"id":24,"text":2074,"url":24,"identifiers":2075},"Senge P. M., 1999, The dance of change: The challenges of sustaining momentum in learning organizations",{},{"id":24,"text":2077,"url":24,"identifiers":2078},"10.1016\u002FS0149-2063(03)00016-3",{"doi":2077},{"id":24,"text":2080,"url":24,"identifiers":2081},"Sims R. R., 2002, Changing the way we manage change, 33",{},{"id":24,"text":2083,"url":24,"identifiers":2084},"Sims R. R., 2007, Human resource management: Contemporary issues, challenges, and opportunities",{},{"id":24,"text":2086,"url":24,"identifiers":2087},"Ulrich D., 1998, Champions of change: How CEOs and their companies are mastering the skills of radical change",{},{"id":24,"text":2089,"url":24,"identifiers":2090},"Ulrich D., 1999, Results‐based leadership: How leaders build the business and improve the bottom line",{},{"id":24,"text":2092,"url":24,"identifiers":2093},"Wheatley M. J., 1992, Leadership and the new science",{},{"id":24,"text":2095,"url":24,"identifiers":2096},"Wheatley M. J., 1999, A simpler way",{},{"id":24,"text":2098,"url":24,"identifiers":2099},"Whitmore J., 1997, Coaching for performance: The new edition of the practical guide",{},{"id":24,"text":2101,"url":24,"identifiers":2102},"10.1108\u002F00197850110385642",{"doi":2101},{"id":24,"text":2104,"url":24,"identifiers":2105},"10.1016\u002FS1048-9843(03)00051-1",{"doi":2104},{"id":24,"text":2107,"url":24,"identifiers":2108},"Zornada M., 2006, Stroke of genius?, Innovation, 28",{},{"id":24,"text":2110,"url":24,"identifiers":2111},"Retrieved November 16 2006 fromwww.instam.org.",{},{"id":2113,"createTime":2114,"updateTime":2114,"relativeEntities":2115,"slug":2116,"properties":2117,"entityType":113,"verifyStatus":114,"verifyTime":2128,"verifyNote":115,"languages":2129,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":2130,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":2131,"publicationType":139,"publisherRelationship":2206,"citationCount":2256,"citationInfo":2257,"publishDate":2260,"publishYear":2258,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":2261,"openAccess":24,"references":2262,"isForceReanalyzing":314},"85f89f4c-c382-407e-9df4-ab87b36a724f","2024-09-11T22:43:29.621+00:00",[],"Learning-About-Managing-the-Business-in-the-Hospitality-Industry",{"openalex":2118,"mag":2120,"abstract":2122,"title":2124,"doi":2126},{"VOID":2119},"W1676572093",{"VOID":2121},"1676572093",{"EN":2123},"\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>This research examines the learning experiences of general managers (GMs) in the hospitality industry, a sector much neglected in terms of research into management learning and human resource development. Our research focused on four large hospitality organizations (two hotels and two contract catering companies) and adopted an approach that integrates multiple data collection strategies in supporting our qualitative case studies. Data were collected by using document analysis plus detailed, qualitative interviews with 21 general managers, of whom 7 were subsequently observed at work and observation notes generated. Data analysis revealed that the participants learned to manage the business primarily through experience, a process consisting of four key stages: Being Challenged, Information Searching, Information Transformation, and Testing. Reflective thinking plays a central role in their learning, taking the form of “actions” involving association, integration and validation, and of “products” involving content, process and context reflections. We argue that the way hospitality managers learn, while sharing the learning approaches taken by other professionals, differs in that these managers' learning is more highly contextualized.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":2125},"Learning About Managing the Business in the Hospitality Industry",{"VOID":2127},"10.1002\u002Fhrdq.21171","2024-09-11T22:43:29.619+00:00",[117],"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Fhrdq.21171",[2132,2151,2168,2187],{"id":2133,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":2134,"affiliations":2135,"properties":2144,"displayName":2148,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"698aa741-e347-49b1-b5de-e3128c66f21a",[],[2136],{"id":2137,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2138,"properties":24},"92daeeb2-75a1-4c23-a686-9e8dbdfb8ed8",{"id":2137,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2139,"slug":24,"properties":2140,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2143,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2141},{"EN":2142},"Lecturer in Tourism Management, Surrey International Institute – DUFE, University of Surrey",[],{"orcid":2145,"title":2147,"openalex":2149},{"VOID":2146},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0001-9655-876X",{"EN":2148},"Li Li",{"VOID":2150},"A5100361069",{"id":2152,"sortIndex":201,"researcher":24,"roles":2153,"affiliations":2154,"properties":2163,"displayName":2165,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"70bfaa3e-7551-4588-88f3-74fc54dc9851",[],[2155],{"id":2156,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2157,"properties":24},"a4ac5cdd-a1be-44a2-902f-ef0016107b7c",{"id":2156,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2158,"slug":24,"properties":2159,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2162,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2160},{"EN":2161},"Professor of Management Learning",[],{"title":2164,"openalex":2166},{"EN":2165},"David E. 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W., 1998, ABC of action learning: Empowering managers to act to learn from action",{},{"id":24,"text":2486,"url":24,"identifiers":2487},"10.1177\u002F1350507698292004",{"doi":2486},{"id":24,"text":2489,"url":24,"identifiers":2490},"10.1016\u002Fj.ijhm.2003.10.001",{"doi":2489},{"id":24,"text":2492,"url":24,"identifiers":2493},"Ritchie J., 2003, Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers",{},{"id":24,"text":2495,"url":24,"identifiers":2496},"10.5465\u002FAME.2004.15268692",{"doi":2495},{"id":24,"text":2498,"url":24,"identifiers":2499},"Saunders M., 2009, Research methods for business students",{},{"id":24,"text":2501,"url":24,"identifiers":2502},"Schön D. A., 1991, The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action",{},{"id":24,"text":2504,"url":24,"identifiers":2505},"10.1111\u002Fj.1360-3736.2004.00192.x",{"doi":2504},{"id":24,"text":2507,"url":24,"identifiers":2508},"Stake R. 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