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2017. doi:https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1161\u002FHYP.0000000000000065\u002F-\u002FDC1.\nWilliams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, Clement DL, Coca A, de Simone G, Dominiczak A, Kahan T, Mahfoud F, Redon J, Ruilope L, Zanchetti A, Kerins M, Kjeldsen SE, Kreutz R, Laurent S, Lip GYH, McManus R, Narkiewicz K, Ruschitzka F, Schmieder RE, Shlyakhto E, Tsioufis C, Aboyans V, Desormais I, Authors\u002FTask Force Members. 2018 ESC\u002FESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2018;36(10):1953–2041.\nvan den Born BH, Lip GYH, Brguljan-Hitij J, Cremer A, Segura J, Morales E, Mahfoud F, Amraoui F, Persu A, Kahan T, Agabiti Rosei E, de Simone G, Gosse P, Williams B. ESC Council on hypertension position document on the management of hypertensive emergencies. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2019;5(1):37–46.\nJanke AT, Mcnaughton CD, Brody AM, Welch RD, Levy PD. Trends in the incidence of hypertensive emergencies in US emergency departments From 2006 to 2013. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:1–8.\nPaini A, Aggiusti C, Bertacchini F, Agabiti Rosei C, Maruelli G, Arnoldi C, et al. Definitions and epidemiological aspects of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2018;25:241–4.\nLip GY, Beevers M, Beevers G. The failure of malignant hypertension to decline: a survey of 24 years’ experience in a multiracial population in England. J Hypertens. 1994;12:1297–305.\nZampaglione B, Pascale C, Marchisio M, Cavallo-Perin P. Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies. Prevalence and clinical presentation. Hypertension. 1996;27:144–7.\nPinna G, Pascale C, Fornengo P, Arras S, Piras C, Panzarasa P, et al. Hospital admissions for hypertensive crisis in the emergency departments: a large multicenter Italian study. PLoS One. 2014;9:1–6.\nSaladini F, Mancuso C, Bertacchini F, Spannella F, Maloberti A, Giavarini A, Rosticci M, Bruno RM, Pucci G, Grassi D, Pengo M, Muiesan ML. Diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive emergencies and urgencies among Italian emergency and intensive care departments. Results from an Italian survey: progetto GEAR (Gestione dell’Emergenza e urgenza in ARea critica). Eur J Int Med. 2019. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ejim.2019.10.004.\nPatel KK, Young L, Howell EH, Hu B, Rutecki G, Thomas G, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients presenting with hypertensive urgency in the office setting. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;44195:981–8.\nVlcek M, Bur A, Woisetschläger C, Herkner H, Laggner AN, Hirschl MM. Association between hypertensive urgencies and subsequent cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension. J Hypertens. 2008;26:657–62.\nMerlo C, Bally K, Tschudi P, Martina B, Zeller A. Management and outcome of severely elevated blood pressure in primary care. Swiss Med Wkly. 2012;142:1–6.\nRoubsanthisuk W, Wongsurin U, Buranakitjaroen P. Hypertensive emergencies remain a clinical problem and are associated with high mortality. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010;93(Suppl 1):54–61.\nJacobs Z. Reducing unnecessary treatment of asymptomatic elevated blood pressure with intravenous medications on the general internal medicine wards: a quality improvement initiative. J Hosp Med. 2019;14:144.\nKaya A, Tatlisu MA, Kaplan T, Pharm K, Yildirimturk O, Gungor B, et al. Pharmacology in emergency medicine. J Emerg Med. 2016;50:108–15.\nKaplan NM. Management of hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 1994;344(12):1994.\nMuiesan ML, Salvetti M, Paini A, Bertacchini F, Stassaldi D, Aggiusti C, Agabiti Rosei C, et al. Acute blood pressure elevation: therapeutic approach. Pharmacol Res. 2018;130:180–90.\nMuiesan ML, Salvetti M, Paini A, Riviera M, Pintossi C, Bertacchini F, et al. Ocular fundus photography with a smartphone device in acute hypertension. J Hypertens. 2017;35(8):1660–5. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1097\u002FHJH.0000000000001354.\nPeacock WF, Chandra A, Char D, Collins S. Clevidipine in acute heart failure: results of the A study of blood pressure control in acute heart failure: a pilot study (PRONTO). Am Heart J. 2014;167:529–36.\nAlviar CL, Gutierrez A, Cho L, Krishnaswamy A, Saleh A, Lincoff MA, et al. Clevidipine as a therapeutic and cost-effective alternative to sodium nitroprusside in patients with acute aortic syndromes. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2018. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1177\u002F2048872618777919.\nRosenfeldt Z, Conklen K, Jones B, Ferrill D, Deshpande M, Siddiqui FM. Comparison of nicardipine with clevidipine in the management of hypertension in acute cerebrovascular diseases. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;27:2067–73.\nGrossman E, Messerli FH, Grodzicki T, Kowey P. Should a moratorium be placed on sublingual nifedipine capsules given for hypertensive emergencies and pseudoemergencies? JAMA. 1996;276:1328–31.\nBrody A, Rahman T, Reed B, Millis S, Ference B, Flack JM, Levy PD. Safety and efficacy of antihypertensive prescription at emergency department discharge. Acad Emerg Med. 2015;22:632–5.\nCífková R, Johnson MR, Kahan T, Brguljan J, Williams B, Coca A, Manolis A, Thomopoulos C, Borghi C, Tsioufis C, Parati G, Sudano I, McManus RJ, van den Born BH, Regitz-Zagrosek V, de Simone G. Peripartum management of hypertension. 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Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002 Dec 18; 288 (23): 2981–97\nThe ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT). JAMA 2002 Dec 18; 288 (23): 2998–3007\nThe ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. JAMA 2000 Apr 19; 283 (15): 1967–75\nLewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002 Dec 14; 360(9349): 1903–13\nFurberg CD, Psaty BM, Pahor M, et al. Clinical implications of recent findings from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) and other studies of hypertension. Ann Intern Med 2001 Dec 18; 135(12): 1074–8\nJoint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997 Nov 24; 157 (21): 2413–46\nZanchetti A, Mancia G. The ALLHAT trial: a verdict or a challenge? [letter]. J Hypertens 2003 Feb; 21(2): 223\nPahor M, Psaty BM, Aldermann MH, et al. 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A similar effect on the primary endpoint (fatal and nonfatal coronary artery disease) was observed with all three of the studied drugs in spite of significantly lower systolic blood pressure in the chlorthalidone group.",{"EN":863},"The ALLHAT Study",{"VOID":865},"10.2165\u002F00151642-200310010-00002","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.2165\u002F00151642-200310010-00002",[868],{"id":869,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":870,"affiliations":871,"properties":890},"07ab42dc-5ee6-4e70-b7e3-73341c9bde28",[177],[872,880],{"id":20,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":873,"properties":20},{"id":874,"createTime":875,"updateTime":875,"relativeEntities":876,"slug":20,"properties":877,"entityType":49,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21},"c6095429-31f1-4339-9bf8-831d20afd854","2023-12-26T01:57:38.732+00:00",[],{"title":878},{"VI":879},"Italian Society of Hypertension, Milan, Italy",{"id":881,"sortIndex":117,"affiliation":882,"properties":889},"e55ea61d-69ab-4c28-9f71-d3f7d9074a17",{"id":883,"createTime":884,"updateTime":884,"relativeEntities":885,"slug":20,"properties":886,"entityType":49,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21},"b4c40383-2d8c-44f6-933a-3cac4a179d7c","2023-12-26T01:57:38.735+00:00",[],{"title":887},{"VI":888},"Policlinico Sant’Orsola, S. 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Structure and function of small arteries. Physiol Rev. 1990;70:921–71.\nSchiffrin EL. Remodeling of resistance arteries in essential hypertension and effects of antihypertensive treatment. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17(12 Pt 1):1192–200.\nIzzard AS, Rizzoni D, Agabiti-Rosei E, Heagerty AM. Small artery structure and hypertension: adaptive changes and target organ damage. J Hypertens. 2005;23:247–50.\nAalkjaer C, Haegerty AM, Petersen KK, Swales JD, Mul-vany MJ. Evidence for increased media thickness, increased neural amine uptake, and depressed excitation-contraction cou-pling in isolated resistance vessels from essential hyperten-sives. Circ Res. 1987;61(2):181–6.\nAalkjaer C, Eiskjaer H, Mulvany MJ, Jespersen B, Kjaer T, Sorensen SS, Pedersen EB. Abnormal structure and function of isolated subcutaneous resistance vessels from essential hypertensive patients despite antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens. 1989;7:305–10.\nHeagerty AM, Aalkjaaer C, Bund SJ, Korsgaard N, Mulvany MJ. Small artery structure in hypertension. Dual process of remodeling and growth. Hypertension. 1993;21:391–7.\nRizzoni D, Porteri E, Castellano M, Bettoni G, Muiesan ML, Muiesan P, Giulini SM, Agabiti Rosei E. Vascular hypertrophy and remodeling in secondary hypertension. Hypertension. 1996;28:785–90.\nRizzoni D, Porteri E, Guelfi D, Muiesan ML, Valentini U, Cimino A, Girelli A, Rodella L, Bianchi R, Sleiman I, Agabiti Rosei E. Structural alterations in subcutaneous small arteries of normotensive and hypertensive patients with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2001;103:1238–44.\nRizzoni D, Porteri E, Guelfi D, Piccoli A, Castellano M, Pasini G, Muiesan ML, Mulvany MJ, Agabiti Rosei E. Cellular hypertrophy in subcutaneous small arteries of patients with renovascular hypertension. Hypertension. 2000;35:931–5.\nRizzoni D, Palombo C, Porteri E, Muiesan ML, Kozàkovà M, La Canna G, Nardi M, Guelfi D, Salvetti M, Morizzo C, Vittone F, Agabiti Rosei E. Relationships between coronary vasodilator capacity and small artery remodeling in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003;21:625–32.\nRizzoni D, Porteri E, Boari GEM, De Ciuceis C, Sleiman I, Muiesan ML, Castellano M, Miclini M, Agabiti-Rosei E. Prognostic significance of small artery structure in hypertension. Circulation. 2003;108:2230–5.\nDe Ciuceis C, Porteri E, Rizzoni D, Rizzardi N, Paiardi S, Boari GEM, Miclini M, Zani F, Muiesan ML, Donato F, Salvetti M, Castellano M, Tiberio GA, Giulini SM, Agabiti Rosei E. Structural alterations of subcutaneous small arteries may predict major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:846–52.\nMathiassen ON, Buus NH, Sihm I, Thybo NK, Morn B, Schroeder AP, Thygesen K, Aalkjaer C, Lederballe O, Mulvany MJ, Christensen KL. Small artery structure is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2007;25:1021–6.\nRizzoni D, Porteri E, Platto C, Rizzardi N, De Ciuceis C, Boari GEM, Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Zani F, Miclini M, Paiardi S, Castellano M, Agabiti Rosei E. Morning rise of blood pressure and subcutaneous small resistance artery structure. J Hypertens. 2007;25:1698–703.\nBuus NH, Mathiassen ON, Fenger-Grøn M, Præstholm MN, Sihm I, Thybo NK, Schroeder AP, Thygesen K, Aalkjær C, Pedersen OL, Mulvany MJ, Christensen KL. Small artery structure during antihypertensive therapy is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2013;31:791–7.\nMulvany MJ. Small artery structure: time to take note? (editorial commentary). Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:853–4.\nAgabiti Rosei E, Rizzoni D. The effects of hypertension on the structure of human resistance arteries. In: Lip GYH, Hall JE, editors. Comprehensive hypertension, vol. 207, chapter 47. Amsterdam: Mosby Elsevier; 2007. p. 579.\nAgabiti-Rosei E, Heagerty AM, Rizzoni D. Effects of antihypertensive treatment on small artery remodelling. J Hypertens. 2009;27(6):1107–14.\nMathiassen ON, Buus NH, Larsen ML, Mulvany MJ, Christensen KL. Small artery structure adapts to vasodilatation rather than to blood pressure during antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens. 2007;25:1027–34.\nSavoia C, Touyz RM, Endemann DH, Pu Q, Ko EA, De Ciuceis C, Schiffrin EL. Angiotensin receptor blocker added to previous antihypertensive agents on arteries of diabetic hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2006;48:271–7.\nRizzoni D, Porteri E, De Ciuceis C, Sleiman I, Rodella L, Rezzani R, Paiardi S, Bianchi R, Ruggeri G, Boari GEM, Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Zani F, Miclini M, Agabiti Rosei E. Effects of treatment with candesartan or enalapril on subcutaneous small resistance artery structure in hypertensive patients with NIDDM. Hypertension. 2005;45(Part 2):659–65.\nPark JB, Integan HD, Schiffrin EL. Reduction of resistance artery stiffness by treatment with the AT1 receptor antagonists losartan in essential hypertension. JRAAS. 2000;1:40–5.\nSavoia C, Touyz RM, Amiri F, Schiffrin EL. Selective mineralocorticoid receptor blocker eplerenone reduces resistance artery stiffness in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2008;51:432–9.\nSmith RD, Yokoyama H, Averill DB, Schiffrin EL, Ferrario CM. Reversal of vascular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients through blockade of angiotensin II receptors. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2008;2:165–72.\nBoutouyrie P, Laurent S, Briet M. Importance of arterial stiffness as cardiovascular risk factor for future development of new type of drugs. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2008;22:241–6.\nMahmud A, Feely J. Spurious systolic hypertension of youth: fit young men with elastic arteries. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16(3):229–32.\nLaurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, Boutouyrie P, Giannattasio C, Hayoz D, Pannier B, Vlachopoulos C, Wilkinson I, Struijker-Boudier H, on behalf of the European Network for Non-invasive Investigation of Large Arteries. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur. Heart J. 2006;27:2588–605.\nMancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redón J, Zanchetti A, Böhm M, Christiaens T, Cifkova R, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Galderisi M, Grobbee DE, Jaarsma T, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Manolis AJ, Nilsson PM, Ruilope LM, Schmieder RE, Sirnes PA, Sleight P, Viigimaa M, Waeber B, Zannad F, Members Task Force. ESH\u002FESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2013;2013(31):1281–357.\nAgabiti-Rosei E, Mancia G, O’Rourke MF, Roman MJ, Safar ME, Smulyan H, Wang JG, Wilkinson IB, Williams B, Vlachopoulos C. Central blood pressure measurements and antihypertensive therapy: a consensus document. Hypertension. 2007;50:154–60.\nMcEniery CM, Yasmin, Hall IR, Qasem A, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR; ACCT Investigators. Normal vascular aging: differential effects on wave reflection and aortic pulse wave velocity: the Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT). Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(9):1753–60.\nBen-Shlomo Y, Spears M, Boustred C, May M, Anderson SG, Benjamin EJ, Boutouyrie P, Cameron J, Chen CH, Cruickshank JK, Hwang SJ, Lakatta EG, Laurent S, Maldonado J, Mitchell GF, Najjar SS, Newman AB, Ohishi M, Pannier B, Pereira T, Vasan RS, Shokawa T, Sutton-Tyrell K, Verbeke F, Wang KL, Webb DJ, Willum Hansen T, Zoungas S, McEniery CM, Cockcroft JR, Wilkinson IB. Aortic pulse wave velocity improves cardiovascular event prediction: an individual participant meta-analysis of prospective observational data from 17,635 subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:636–46.\nDart AM, Kingwell BA. Pulse pressure—a review of mechanisms and clinical relevance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:9759–84.\nSafar ME, Rizzoni D, Blacher J, Muiesan ML, Agabiti-Rosei E. Macro and microvasculature in hypertension: therapeutic aspects. J Hum Hypertens. 2008;22(9):590–5.\nWesterhof BE, van den Wijngaard JP, Murgo JP, Westerhof N. Location of a reflection site is elusive: consequences for the calculation of aortic pulse wave velocity. Hypertension. 2008;52(3):478–83.\nRehman A, Schiffrin EL. Vascular effects of antihypertensive drug therapy. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2010;12:226–32.\nBoari GE, Rizzardi N, de Ciuceis C, Platto C, Paiardi S, Porteri E, Paini A, Salvetti M, Muiesan ML, Rizzoni D, Agabiti-Rosei E. Determinants of the structure of resistance-sized arteries in hypertensive patients. Blood Press. 2008;17(4):204–11.\nMuiesan ML, Salvetti M, Rizzoni D, Paini A, Agabiti-Rosei C, Aggiusti C, Bertacchini F, Stassaldi D, Gavazzi A, Porteri E, De Ciuceis C, Agabiti-Rosei E. Pulsatile hemodynamics and microcirculation: evidence for a close relationship in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2013;61:130–6.\nHashimoto J, Aikawa T, Imai Y. Large artery stiffening as a link between cerebral lacunar infarction and renal albuminuria. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(12):1304–9.\nBrisset M, Boutouyrie P, Pico F, Zhu Y, Zureik M, Schilling S, Dufouil C, Mazoyer B, Laurent S, Tzourio C, Debette S. Large-vessel correlates of cerebral small-vessel disease. Neurology. 2013;80:662–9.\nWåhlin A, Ambarki K, Birgander R, Malm J, Eklund A. Intracranial pulsatility is associated with regional brain volume in elderly individuals. Neurobiol Aging. 2014;35:365–72.\nWaldstein SR, Rice SC, Thayer JF, Najjar SS, Scuteri A, Zonderman AB. Pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity are related to cognitive decline in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Hypertension.2008;51:99–104.\nMitchell GF, van Buchem MA, Sigurdsson S, Gotal JD, Jonsdottir MK, Kjartansson Ó, Garcia M, Aspelund T, Harris TB, Gudnason V, Launer LJ. Arterial stiffness, pressure and flow pulsatility and brain structure and function: the Age, Gene\u002FEnvironment Susceptibility—Reykjavik study. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 11):3398–407.\nWebb AJ, Simoni M, Mazzucco S, Kuker W, Schulz U, Rothwell PM. Increased cerebral arterial pulsatility in patients with leukoaraiosis: arterial stiffness enhances transmission of aortic pulsatility. Stroke. 2012;43:2631–6.\nO’Rourke MF, Safar ME. Relationship between aortic stiffening and microvascular disease in brain and kidney: cause and logic of therapy. Hypertension. 2005;46:200–4.\nScuteri A, Nilsson PM, Tzourio C, Redon J, Laurent S. Microvascular brain damage with aging and hypertension: pathophysiological consideration and clinical implications. J Hypertens. 2011;29:1469–77.\nHarazny JM, Ritt M, Baleanu D, Ott C, Heckmann J, Schlaich MP, Michelson G, Schmieder RE. Increased wall:lumen ratio of retinal arterioles in male patients with a history of a cerebrovascular event. Hypertension. 2007;50(4):623–829.\nRizzoni D, Porteri E, Duse S, De Ciuceis C, Agabiti Rosei C, La Boria E, Semeraro F, Costagliola C, Sebastiani A, Danzi P, Tiberio GA, Giulini SM, Docchio F, Sansoni G, Sarkar A, Agabiti Rosei E. Relationship between media-to-lumen ratio of subcutaneous small arteries and wall-to-lumen ratio of retinal arterioles evaluated noninvasively by scanning laser Doppler flowmetry. J Hypertens. 2012;30:1169–75.\nOtt C, Raff U, Harazny JM, Michelson G, Schmieder RE. Central pulse pressure is an independent determinant of vascular remodeling in the retinal circulation. Hypertension. 2013;61:1340–5.\nSalvetti M, Agabiti Rosei C, Paini A, Aggiusti C, Cancarini A, Duse S, Semeraro F, Rizzoni D, Agabiti Rosei E, Muiesan ML. Relationship of wall-to-lumen ratio of retinal arterioles with clinic and 24-hour blood pressure. Hypertension. 2014;63:1110–5.\nLaurent S, Briet M, Boutouyrie P. Large and small artery cross-talk and recent morbidity-mortality trials in hypertension. Hypertension. 2009;54:388–92.\nRizzoni D, Paiardi S, Rodella L, Porteri E, De Ciuceis C, Rezzani R, Boari GE, Zani F, Miclini M, Tiberio GA, Giulini SM, Agabiti Rosei C, Bianchi R, Agabiti Rosei E. Changes in extracellular matrix in subcutaneous small resistance arteries of patients with primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2638–42.\nLaurent S, Kingwell B, Bank A, Weber M, Struijker-Boudier H. Clinical applications of arterial stiffness: therapeutics and pharmacology. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15:453–858.\nGhiadoni L, Bruno RM, Stea F, Virdis A, Taddei S. Central blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and wave reflection: new targets of treatment in essential hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2009;11:190–6.\nLondon GM, Asmar RG, O’Rourke MF, Safar ME, Reason Project Investigators. Mechanism(s) of selective systolic blood pressure reduction after a low-dose combination of perindopril\u002Findapamide in hypertensive subjects: comparison with atenolol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:92.\nWilliams B, Lacy PS, Thom SM, Cruickshank K, Stanton A, Collier D, Hughes AD, Thurston H, O’Rourke M, CAFE Investigators, Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial Investigators, CAFE Steering Committee and Writing Committee, et al. Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFÉ) study. Circulation. 2006;113:1213–25.\nDe Luca N, Asmar R, London GM, O’Rourke MF, Safar ME, REASON Project Investigators. Selective reduction of cardiac mass and central blood pressure on low- dose combination perindopril\u002Findapamide in hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens. 2004;22:1623–30.\nMorgan T, Lauri J, Bertram D, Anderson A. Effect of different antihypertensive drug classes on central aortic pressure. Am J Hypertens. 2004;7:118–23.\nO’Rourke MF, Hashimoto J. Mechanical factors in arterial aging: a clinical perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1–13.",{"EN":936},"Macrovasculature, microvasculature, and the heart are the main determinants of the structure and function of the circulatory system. Due to viscoelastic properties of large arteries, the pulsatile pressure and flow that result from intermittent ventricular ejection are smoothed out, so that microvasculature mediates steadily the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to tissues. The disruption of this function, which occurs when microvascular structure develops, mainly in response to hypertension, leads to end-organ damage. Microvascular structure is not only the site of vascular resistance but probably also the origin of most of the wave reflections generating increased central systolic blood pressure in the elderly. Many data of the literature suggest that hypertension-related damage to the micro and macrovascular system may be corrected by pharmacological agents. Among them, β-blocking agents and diuretics have a negligible effect on microvascular structure, while renin-angiotensin system antagonists and calcium entry blockers have favorable actions, improving large artery mechanics and possibly reducing central wave reflections. Central pulse pressure, indicative of changes in large conduit arteries is an independent determinant of vascular remodelling in small resistance arteries and might represent a main target of antihypertensive treatment.",{"EN":938},"Interactions Between Macro- and Micro-Circulation: Are They 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A. 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Association between metabolic syndrome and nephrolithiasis in an inpatient population in southern Italy: role of gender, hypertension and abdominal obesity. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:900–6. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fndt\u002Fgfn548.\nDong C, Song C, He Z, Liao W, Song Q, Xiong Y, Meng L, Yang S. An overview of global research landscape in etiology of urolithiasis based on bibliometric analysis. Urolithiasis. 2023;51:71. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00240-023-01447-1.\nWang K, Ge J, Han W, et al. Risk factors for kidney stone disease recurrence: a comprehensive meta-analysis. BMC Urol. 2022;22:62. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12894-022-01017-4.\nWimpissinger F, Springer C, Kurtaran A, Stackl W, Türk C. Functional aspects of silent ureteral stones investigated with MAG-3 renal scintigraphy. BMC Urol. 2014;14:3. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002F1471-2490-14-3.\nChuang TF, Hung HC, Li SF, Lee MW, Pai JY, Hung CT. Risk of chronic kidney disease in patients with kidney stones-a nationwide cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21:292. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12882-020-01950-2.\nTasian GE, Ross ME, Song L, et al. Annual incidence of nephrolithiasis among children and adults in South Carolina from 1997 to 2012. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11:488–96. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2215\u002FCJN.07610715.\nAlberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120:1640–5. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1161\u002FCIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644.\nStrazzullo P, Barba G, Vuotto P, et al. Past history of nephrolithiasis and incidence of hypertension in men: a reappraisal based on the results of the Olivetti Prospective Heart Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:2232–5. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fndt\u002F16.11.2232.\nPrezioso D, Strazzullo P, Lotti T, et al. Dietary treatment of urinary risk factors for renal stone formation. A review of CLU Working Group [published correction appears in Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2016 Mar;88(1):76. Ferraro, Manuel [added]]. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2015;87(2):105–20. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.4081\u002Faiua.2015.2.105.\nFerraro PM, Bargagli M, Trinchieri A, Gambaro G. Risk of kidney stones: influence of dietary factors, dietary patterns, and vegetarian-vegan diets. Nutrients. 2020;12:779. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fnu12030779.\nChewcharat A, Thongprayoon C, Vaughan LE, et al. Dietary risk factors for incident and recurrent symptomatic kidney stones. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022;97:1437–48. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.mayocp.2022.04.016.\nBhupathiraju SN, Tucker KL. Coronary heart disease prevention: nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412:1493–514. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.cca.2011.04.038.\nMcDonough AA, Fenton RA. Potassium homeostasis: sensors, mediators, and targets. Pflugers Arch. 2022;474:853–67. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00424-022-02718-3.\nRodríguez-Rodríguez E, Ortega RM, Andrés Carvajales P, González-Rodríguez LG. Relationship between 24 h urinary potassium and diet quality in the adult Spanish population. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18:850–9. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS1368980014001402.\nNational Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Oria M, Harrison M, Stallings VA, eds. Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); March 5, 2019.\nStrazzullo P, Vuotto P. Genetics of stone forming diseases. Genetics of Renal Disease. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004. p. 580.\nWilliams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC\u002FESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3021–104. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Feurheartj\u002Fehy339.\nSchepens D, Verswijvel G, Kuypers D, Vanrenterghem Y. Images in Nephrology. Renal cortical nephrocalcinosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:1080–2. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fndt\u002F15.7.1080.\nGambaro G, Croppi E, Coe F, et al. Metabolic diagnosis and medical prevention of calcium nephrolithiasis and its systemic manifestations: a consensus statement. J Nephrol. 2016;29:715–34. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs40620-016-0329-y.\nAmihăesei IC, Chelaru L. Metabolic syndrome a widespread threatening condition; risk factors, diagnostic criteria, therapeutic options, prevention and controversies: an overview. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2014;118:896–900.\nO’Halloran SA, Grimes CA, Lacy KE, Campbell KJ, Nowson CA. Dietary intake and sources of potassium and the relationship to dietary sodium in a sample of australian pre-school children. Nutrients. 2016;8:496. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fnu8080496.\nWHO. Guideline: Potassium intake for adults and children. Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO), 2012. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fpublications\u002Fi\u002Fitem\u002F9789241504829.\nSun H, Weaver CM. Rise in potassium deficiency in the US Population linked to agriculture practices and dietary potassium deficits. J Agric Food Chem. 2020;68:11121–7. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1021\u002Facs.jafc.0c05139.\nAl-Mawali A, D’Elia L, Jayapal SK, et al. National survey to estimate sodium and potassium intake and knowledge attitudes and behaviours towards salt consumption of adults in the Sultanate of Oman. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e037012. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1136\u002Fbmjopen-2020-037012.\nD’Elia L, Brajović M, Klisic A, et al. Sodium and potassium intake, knowledge attitudes and behaviour towards salt consumption amongst adults in Podgorica, Montenegro. Nutrients. 2019;11:160. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fnu11010160.\nD’Elia L, Obreja G, Ciobanu A, Breda J, Jewell J, Cappuccio FP. Sodium, potassium and iodine intake, in A National Adult Population Sample of the Republic of Moldova. Nutrients. 2019;11:2896. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fnu11122896.\nKumssa DB, Joy EJM, Broadley MR. Global Trends (1961–2017) in human dietary potassium supplies. Nutrients. 2021;13:1369. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fnu13041369.\nMalavolti M, Naska A, Fairweather-Tait SJ, et al. Sodium and potassium content of foods consumed in an Italian population and the impact of adherence to a Mediterranean Diet on their intake. Nutrients. 2021;13:2681. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fnu13082681.\nWidmer RJ, Flammer AJ, Lerman LO, Lerman A. The Mediterranean diet, its components, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Med. 2015;128:229–38. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.amjmed.2014.10.014.\nSorensen MD, Hsi RS, Chi T, et al. Dietary intake of fiber, fruit and vegetables decreases the risk of incident kidney stones in women: a Women’s Health Initiative report. J Urol. 2014;192:1694–9. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.juro.2014.05.086.\nHoorn EJ, Gritter M, Cuevas CA, Fenton RA. Regulation of the renal NaCl cotransporter and its role in potassium homeostasis. Physiol Rev. 2020;100:321–56. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1152\u002Fphysrev.00044.2018.\nRodriguez A, Curhan GC, Gambaro G, Taylor EN, Ferraro PM. Mediterranean diet adherence and risk of incident kidney stones. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111:1100–6. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fajcn\u002Fnqaa066.\nBorghi L, Schianchi T, Meschi T, et al. Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:77–84. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1056\u002FNEJMoa010369.\nTaylor EN, Fung TT, Curhan GC. DASH-style diet associates with reduced risk for kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:2253–9. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1681\u002FASN.2009030276.\nMangels AR. Bone nutrients for vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;1:469S-S475. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3945\u002Fajcn.113.071423. (Epub 2014 Jun 4 PMID: 24898231).\nMa Y, He FJ, Sun Q, Yuan C, Kieneker LM, Curhan GC, MacGregor GA, Bakker SJL, Campbell NRC, Wang M, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hofman A, Gansevoort RT, Cook NR, Hu FB. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(3):252–63. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1056\u002FNEJMoa2109794.\nFilippini T, Naska A, Kasdagli MI, et al. Potassium intake and blood pressure: a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e015719. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1161\u002FJAHA.119.015719.\nD’Elia L, Barba G, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Potassium intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease a meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1210–9. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jacc.2010.09.070.\nD’Elia L, Iannotta C, Sabino P, Ippolito R. Potassium-rich diet and risk of stroke: updated meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24:585–7. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.numecd.2014.03.001.\nD’Elia L, Masulli M, Cappuccio FP, Zarrella AF, Strazzullo P, Galletti F. Dietary potassium intake and risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Nutrients. 2022;14:4785. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fnu14224785.\nD’Elia L, Cappuccio FP, Masulli M, La Fata E, Rendina D, Galletti F. Effect of potassium supplementation on endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. Nutrients. 2023;15:853. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fnu15040853.\nD’Elia L, Dinu M, Sofi F, Volpe M, Strazzullo P, SINU Working Group, Endorsed by SIPREC. 100% Fruit juice intake and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective and randomised controlled studies. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60:2449–67. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00394-020-02426-7.\nD’Elia L, La Fata E, Galletti F, Scalfi L, Strazzullo P. Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58:271–80. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00394-017-1591-z.",{"EN":1075},"Hypertension (Htn) is a crucial cause of cardio-vascular and chronic kidney disease. Moreover, it is an independent risk factor for nephrolithiasis (NL). A diet rich in vegetables and fruits is indicated for both Htn and NL prevention, and the 24-h urinary potassium excretion can be used as a warning light for adherence. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the association between urinary potassium excretion and recurrent nephrolithiasis among patients affected by Htn. We have analyzed medical records of 119 patients affected by Htn and NL (SF-Hs) referring to Bone and Mineral Metabolism laboratory and 119 patients affected by Htn but without NL (nSF-Hs) referring to Hypertension and Organ Damage Hypertension related laboratory, both in Federico II University of Naples. The potassium 24-h urinary levels in SF-Hs were significantly lower compared to nSF-Hs. This difference was confirmed by the multivariable linear regression analysis in the unadjusted model and adjusted model for age, gender, metabolic syndrome, and body mass index. In conclusion, a higher potassium urinary excretion in 24-h is a protective factor against NL in patients affected by Htn and dietary interventions can be considered for kidney protection.",{"EN":1077},"Low Potassium Intake: A Common Risk Factor for Nephrolithiasis in Patients with High Blood 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S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, Gautier I, Laloux B, Guize L, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2001;37(5):1236–41.\nWilliams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, et al. 2018 Practice Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology: ESH\u002FESC Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2018;36(12):2284–309.\nVlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1318–27.\nLaurent S, Cockcroft JR, van Bortel LM, Boutouyrie P, Giannattasio C, Hayoz D, et al. Abridged version of the expert consensus document. Artery Res. 2007;1:2–12.\nMcEniery CM, Wilkinson IB. The pressures of aging. Hypertension. 2013;62:823–4.\nSafar M. Arterial stiffness as a risk factor for clinical hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15:97–105.\nLászló A, Reusz G, Nemcsik J. Ambulatory arterial stiffness in chronic kidney disease: a methodological review. Hypertens Res. 2016;39:192–8.\nPrenner SB, Chirinos JA. Arterial stiffness in diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 2015;238(2):370–9.\nD’Elia L, Strazzullo P. Excess body weight, insulin resistance and isolated systolic hypertension: potential pathophysiological links. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2018;25:17–23.\nSelcuk A, Bulucu F, Kalafat F, Cakar M, Demirbas S, Karaman M, et al. Skinfold thickness as a predictor of arterial stiffness: obesity and fatness linked to higher stiffness measurements in hypertensive patients. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2013;35(6):459–64.\nHaynes WG. Role of leptin in obesity-related hypertension. Exp Physiol. 2005;90:683–8.\nSabbatini AR, Fontana V, Laurent S, Moreno H. An update on the role of adipokines in arterial stiffness and hypertension. J Hypertens. 2015;33(3):435–44.\nConsidine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:292–5.\nGalletti F, D'Elia L, De Palma D, Russo O, Barba G, Siani A, et al. Hyperleptinemia is associated with hypertension, systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in overweight but not in normal weight men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;22(3):300–6.\nGalletti F, D’Elia L, Barba G, Siani A, Cappuccio FP, Farinaro E, et al. High-circulating leptin levels are associated with greater risk of hypertension in men independently of body mass and insulin resistance: results of an eight-year follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(10):3922–6.\nD’Elia L, Strazzullo P, Iacone R, Russo O, Galletti F. Leptin levels predict the development of insulin resistance in a sample of adult men—the Olivetti Heart Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29(1):39–44.\nOwecki M, Nikisch E, Miczke A, Pupek-Musialik D, Sowinski J. Leptin, soluble leptin receptors, free leptin index, and their relationship with insulin resistance and BMI: high normal BMI is the threshold for serum leptin increase in humans. Horm Metab Res. 2010;42(8):585–9.\nGalletti F, Barbato A, Versiero M, Iacone R, Russo O, Barba G, et al. Circulating leptin levels predict the development of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men: an 8-year follow-up study. J Hypertens. 2007;25(8):1671–7.\nFranks PW, Brage S, Luan J, Ekelund U, Rahman M, Farooqi IS, et al. Leptin predicts a worsening of the features of the metabolic syndrome independently of obesity. Obes Res. 2005;13(8):1476–84.\nD'Elia L, Giaquinto A, Cappuccio FP, Iacone R, Russo O, Strazzullo P, et al. Circulating leptin is associated with serum uric acid level and its tubular reabsorption in a sample of adult middle-aged men. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(5):587–93.\nD’Elia L, Manfredi M, Perna L, Iacone R, Russo O, Strazzullo P, et al. Circulating leptin levels predict the decline in renal function with age in a sample of adult men (The Olivetti Heart Study). Intern Emerg Med. 2019;14(4):507–13.\nFaulkner JL, Bruder-Nascimento T, Belin de Chantemèle EJ. The regulation of aldosterone secretion by leptin: implications in obesity-related cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2018;27(2):63–9.\nLau DC, Dhillon B, Yan H, Szmitko PE, Verma S. Adipokines: molecular links between obesity and atheroslcerosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;288:H2031–H20412041.\nSchroeter MR, Eschholz N, Herzberg S, Jerchel I, Leifheif-Nestler M, Czepluch FS, et al. Leptin-dependent and leptin-independent paracrine effects of perivascualr adipose tissue on neointima formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33:980–7.\nBelin de Chantemèle EJ, Mintz JD, Rainey WE, Stepp DW. Impact of leptin-mediated sympatho-activation on cardiovascular function in obese mice. Hypertension. 2011;58(2):271–9.\nMaytin M, Leopold J, Loscalzo J. Oxidant stress in the vasculature. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 1999;1:156–64.\nGuzik TJ, Skiba DS, Touyz RM, Harrison DG. The role of infiltrating immune cells in dysfunctional adipose tissue. Cardiovasc Res. 2017;113(9):1009–233.\nPayne GA, Borbouse L, Bratz IN, Roell WC, Bohlen HG, Dick GM, et al. Endogenous adipose-derived factors diminish coronary endothelial function via inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. Microcirculation. 2008;15:417–26.\nZachariah JP, Hwang S, Hamburg NM, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Levy D, et al. Circulating adipokines and vascular function: cross-sectional associations in a community-based cohort. Hypertension. 2016;67(2):294–300.\nAhiante BO, Smith W, Lammertyn L, Schutte AE. Leptin and the vasculature in young adults: The African-PREDICT study. Eur J Clin Invest. 2019;49(1):e13039. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Feci.13039.\nLiu W, Jiang L, Chen J, Gao C, Zhou J, Zhou J, et al. Association of adipokines with blood pressure, arterial elasticity and cardiac markers in dialysis patients: cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a cohort study. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2017;14:34.\nWindham BG, Griswold ME, Farasat SM, Ling SM, Carlson O, Egan JM, et al. Influence of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin on the association between abdominal adiposity and arterial stiffness. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(5):501–7.\nTanna N, Patel K, Moore AE, Dulnoan D, Edwards S, Hampson G. The relationship between circulating adiponectin, leptin and vaspin with bone mineral density (BMD), arterial calcification and stiffness: a cross-sectional study in post-menopausal women. J Endocrinol Invest. 2017;40(12):1345–53.\nKuo CH, Lin YL, Lee CJ, Wang CH, Lai YH, Liou HH, et al. Hyperleptinemia positively associated with central arterial stiffness in hemodialysis patients. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(1):e0190694. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0190694.\nKhiyami AM, Dore FJ, Mammadova A, Amdur RL, Sen S. The correlation of arterial stiffness with biophysical parameters and blood biochemistry. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2017;15(4):178–82.\nTsai JP, Lee MC, Chen YC, Ho GJ, Shih MH, Hsu BG. Hyperleptinemia is a risk factor for the development of central arterial stiffness in kidney transplant patients. Transpl Proc. 2015;47(6):1825–30.\nTsai JP, Hsu BG, Lee CJ, Hsieh YH, Chen YC, Wang JH. Serum leptin is a predictor for central arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients. Nephrology (Carlton). 2017;22(10):783–9.\nTsai JP, Wang JH, Chen ML, Yang CF, Chen YC, Hsu BG. Association of serum leptin levels with central arterial stiffness in coronary artery disease patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2016;16:80.\nYu H, Chen J, Lu J, Bao Y, Tu Y, Zhang L, et al. Decreased visceral fat area correlates with improved arterial stiffness after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in Chinese obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 12-month follow-up. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12(3):550–5.\nTeoh WL, Price JF, Williamson RM, Payne RA, Van Look LA, Reynolds RM, et al. Metabolic parameters associated with arterial stiffness in older adults with Type 2 diabetes: the Edinburgh Type 2 diabetes study. J Hypertens. 2013;31(5):1010–7.\nScuteri A, Orru M, Morrell C, Piras MG, Taub D, Schlessinger D, et al. Independent and additive effects of cytokine patterns and the metabolic syndrome on arterial aging in the SardiNIA Study. Atherosclerosis. 2011;215(2):459–64.\nSabbatini AR, Faria AP, Barbaro NR, Gordo WM, Modolo RG, Pinho C, et al. Deregulation of adipokines related to target organ damage on resistant hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28(6):388–92.\nVlachopoulos C, Manesis E, Baou K, Papatheodoridis G, Koskinas J, Tiniakos D, et al. Increased arterial stiffness and impaired endothelial function in nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease: a pilot study. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(11):1183–9.\nLiberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000100. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1371\u002Fjournal.pmed.1000100.\nHiggins JPT, Altman DG. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (eds) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.0.1 [updated September 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2008. https:\u002F\u002Fhandbook-5-1.cochrane.org\u002Fchapter_13\u002F13_5_2_3_tools_for_assessing_methodological_quality_or_risk_of.htm. Accessed 13 Jul 2017.\nSterne JA, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, Jones DR, Lau J, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d4002.\nSutton AJ, Duval SJ, Tweedie RL, Abrams KR, Jones DR. Empirical assessment of effect of publication bias on meta-analyses. BMJ. 2000;320:1574–7.\nKuo CH, Lin YL, Wang CH, Lai YH, Syu RJ, Hsu BG. High serum leptin levels are associated with central arterial stiffness in geriatric patients on hemodialysis. Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2018;30(4):227–32.\nSchroeter MR, Schneiderman J, Schumann B, Gluckermann R, Grimmas P, Buchwald AB, et al. Expression of the leptin receptor in different types of vascular lesions. Histochem Cell Biol. 2007;128:323–33.\nSchroeter MR, Leifheit-Nestler M, Hubert A, Schumann B, Glückermann R, Eschholz N, et al. Leptin promotes neointima formation and smooth muscle cell proliferation via NADPH oxidase activation and signalling in caveolin-rich microdomains. Cardiovasc Res. 2013;99(3):555–65.\nRahmouni K. Leptin-induced sympathetic nerve activation: signaling mechanisms and cardiovascular consequences in obesity. Curr Hypertens Rev. 2010;6(2):104–209.\nD'Elia L, La Fata E, Iannuzzi A, Rubba PO. Effect of statin therapy on pulse wave velocity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2018;40(7):601–8.\nSingh P, Zhang Y, Sharma P, Covassin N, Soucek F, Friedman PA, et al. Statins decrease leptin expression in human white adipocytes. Physiol Rep. 2018;6(2):e13566. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.14814\u002Fphy2.13566.",{"EN":1242},"Leptin is associated with cardiovascular risk. Some studies analyzed the potential association between leptin and arterial stiffness, an independent cardiovascular risk factor. However, the studies that investigated this association provided inconsistent and heterogeneous results. We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the available studies on the relationship between leptin and arterial stiffness to achieve definitive conclusions. A systematic search of the on-line databases available (up to December 2019) was conducted including the observational studies that reported the evaluation of the relationship between non-invasively assessed arterial stiffness (expressed by carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity) and leptin. For each study, the effect size was standardized and pooled using a random effect model. Sensitivity analysis, heterogeneity, publication bias, meta-regression and sub-group analyses were also assessed. Ten studies met the pre-defined inclusion criteria and provided 11 cohorts with 7,580 total participants. Leptin levels were positively and significantly associated with risk of increased arterial stiffness (odds ratio 1.04; p \u003C 0.01), with no significant heterogeneity among studies. Likewise, pooled analysis of correlation showed a significant and positive association between leptin and pulse wave velocity (z = 0.27, p \u003C 0.01), with significant heterogeneity among studies. The results of this meta-analysis indicate that leptin is positively associated with arterial stiffness. This association significantly adds to the recognized value of leptin in cardiovascular disease.",{"EN":1244},"Relationship between circulating leptin levels and arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies",{"VOID":1246},"10.1007\u002Fs40292-020-00404-y","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs40292-020-00404-y",[1249,1264,1276,1288,1300],{"id":1250,"sortIndex":118,"researcher":20,"roles":1251,"affiliations":1252,"properties":1261},"dd0b6254-1f90-4e02-91db-afb385a406ad",[177],[1253],{"id":20,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1254,"properties":20},{"id":1255,"createTime":1256,"updateTime":1256,"relativeEntities":1257,"slug":20,"properties":1258,"entityType":49,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"syncStatus":19,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21},"0ca2c43c-b142-4ae2-a189-f3941a1e584e","2024-01-08T10:33:25.078+00:00",[],{"title":1259},{"VI":1260},"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 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