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It discusses laboratory measurements of electrical resistivity of rocks stressed up to fracture, particular attention being paid to the interpretation of results according to the diffusion-dilatancy theory. This is followed by the discussion of field measurements of electrical characteristics of rocks in seismic areas in connections with seismic activity in these regions. Piezoelectric and electrostrictive phenomena are briefly discussed, and also a theoretical model of electro-elastic effects associated with an earthquake source. The last part concerns electrokinetic phenomena in porous rocks, caused by the diffusion of fluids into the dilatant focal region. The divergence of opinion about the physical models of the earthquake process is emphasized.",{"EN":111},"Electromechanical phenomena associated with earthquakes",{"VOID":113},"[\"6601654614809638089\"]",{"VOID":115},"10.1007\u002FBF01449191","PUBLICATION","VERIFIED","2024-05-05T17:38:47.207+00:00","Auto Verify","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002FBF01449191",[122],{"id":123,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":124,"affiliations":126,"properties":135,"displayName":137,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"f46d6e10-defb-4211-b447-802871f04839",[125],"AUTHOR",[127],{"id":128,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":129,"properties":22},"07f44e65-badd-4c67-9dbd-9ede802636c5",{"id":128,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":130,"slug":22,"properties":131,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":134,"statistic":22},[],{"title":132},{"VI":133},"Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland",[],{"title":136},{"VI":137},"Renata Dmowska","ARTICLE",{"url":120,"publisher":140,"properties":186},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":141,"slug":10,"properties":142,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"subjectFields":146,"manageAffiliations":155,"indexDatabases":166,"url":22,"thumbnailPath":22,"statistic":181,"gsStatistic":22,"type":96,"analyzePriority":22},[],{"issn":143,"title":144,"eissn":145},{"VOID":15},{"EN":17},{"VOID":13},[147,151],{"id":26,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":148,"label":149,"description":150,"parentId":22,"standard":22,"scholarHubFieldId":22},[],{"EN":29},{},{"id":32,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":152,"label":153,"description":154,"parentId":22,"standard":22,"scholarHubFieldId":22},[],{"EN":35},{},[156,161],{"id":39,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":157,"slug":22,"properties":158,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":160,"statistic":22},[],{"title":159},{"EN":43},[],{"id":46,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":162,"slug":22,"properties":163,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":165,"statistic":22},[],{"title":164},{"EN":50},[52],[167,174],{"id":55,"indexDatabase":168,"url":68,"indexYears":22,"academicFieldIds":173,"indexDatabaseRanking":22},{"id":57,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":169,"label":170,"description":171,"key":64,"publicationTags":172,"standard":22},[],{"EN":60,"VI":60},{"EN":62,"VI":63},[66,67],[70],{"id":72,"indexDatabase":175,"url":83,"indexYears":84,"academicFieldIds":180,"indexDatabaseRanking":88},{"id":74,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":176,"label":177,"description":178,"key":80,"publicationTags":179,"standard":22},[],{"EN":77,"VI":77},{"EN":77,"VI":79},[82],[86,87],{"impactFactor":23,"impactFactorByYear":182,"i10Index":23,"i10IndexLast5Year":23,"totalPublication":91,"totalPublicationByYear":183,"totalCitation":23,"totalCitationByYear":184,"totalCitationPerPublication":23,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":185,"hindexLast5Year":23,"hindex":23},{},{"1976":93,"1980":93},{},{},{"pages":187,"volume":189},{"VOID":188},"157-174",{"VOID":190},"3",{"total":23,"publishYear":192,"statisticByYear":193},1977,{},"1977-10-01","2026-07-22T16:47:27.104+00:00",[66],[198,201,207,210,213,216,219,222,225,228,231,234,237,240,243,246,249,252,258,261,264,267,270,273,276,279,282,285,288,291,294,297,300,303,306,309,315],{"id":22,"text":199,"url":22,"identifiers":200},"Anderson, D. L. and Whitcomb, J. H.: 1973, ‘The Dilatancy-Diffusion Model of Earthquake Prediction’, inProceedings of the Conference on Tectonic Problems of the San Andreas Fault System, ed. by R. L. Kovach and A. Nur, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, Calif.",{},{"id":202,"text":203,"url":204,"identifiers":205},"4c68646b-0035-4279-8000-0006b275d4fa","Anderson, D. L. and Whitcomb, J. H.: 1975, ‘Time-dependent Seismology’,J. Geophys. Res. 80, 1497.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10440-022-00541-7",{"doi":206},"10.1007\u002Fs10440-022-00541-7",{"id":22,"text":208,"url":22,"identifiers":209},"Barsukov, O. M.: 1970, ‘Relationship Between the Electrical Resistivity of Rocks and Tectonic Processes’, Izv.AN SSSR, Fiz. Zemli, No. 1,84.",{},{"id":22,"text":211,"url":22,"identifiers":212},"Barsukov, O. M. and Sorokin, O. N.: 1973, ‘Variations in Apparent Resistivity of Rocks in the Seismically Active Garm Region’,Izv. AN SSSR, Fiz. Zemli, No. 10.",{},{"id":202,"text":214,"url":204,"identifiers":215},"Brace, W. F.: 1971, ‘Resistivity of Saturated Crustal Rocks to 40 km Based on Laboratory Measurements’,Geophysical Monograph Series,14, 243. Amer. Geophys. Un., Washington.",{"doi":206},{"id":22,"text":217,"url":22,"identifiers":218},"Brace, W. F.: 1971, ‘Micromechanics in Rock Systems; Structure’, Solid Mechanics and Eng. Design.",{},{"id":202,"text":220,"url":204,"identifiers":221},"Brace, W. F.: 1975, ‘Dilatancy-Related Electrical Resistivity Changes in Rocks’,Pageoph. 113, 207–219.",{"doi":206},{"id":202,"text":223,"url":204,"identifiers":224},"Brace, W. F. and Orange, A. S.: 1966, ‘Electrical Resistivity: Changes in Saturated Rock Due to Stress’,Science 153, 1525.",{"doi":206},{"id":202,"text":226,"url":204,"identifiers":227},"Brace, W. F. and Orange, A. S.: 1968, ‘Electrical Resistivity Changes in Saturated Rocks During Fracture and Frictional Sliding’,J. Geophys. Res. 73, 1433.",{"doi":206},{"id":202,"text":229,"url":204,"identifiers":230},"Brace, W. F., Orange, A.S., and Madden, T. M.: 1965, ‘The Effect of Pressure on the Electrical Resistivity of Water-Saturated Crystalline Rocks’,J. Geophys. Rev. 70, 5669.",{"doi":206},{"id":22,"text":232,"url":22,"identifiers":233},"Bufe, C. G., Bahun, W. H., and Tocher, D.: 1973, ‘Geophysical Studies in the San Andreas Fault Zone at the Stone Canyon Observatory, California’, in R. L. Kovach and A. Nur (eds.),Proceedings of the Conference on Tectonic Problems of the San Andreas Fault System, Stanford Univ.,Publ. Geol. Sci. 13, 86–93.",{},{"id":202,"text":235,"url":204,"identifiers":236},"Coe, R. S.: 1971, ‘Earthquake Prediction Program in the People's Republic of China’,EOS (Trans. Am. Geophys. Union) 52, 940–943.",{"doi":206},{"id":202,"text":238,"url":204,"identifiers":239},"Dmowska, R., Hanyga, A., and Teisseyre, R.: 1977, ‘Electromechanical Effects Connected with Earthquakes’,Pure and Appl. Geophys., in press.",{"doi":206},{"id":202,"text":241,"url":204,"identifiers":242},"Fedotov, S. A., Dolbilkina, N. A., Morozov, V. N., Myachkin, V. I., Preobrazensky, V. B., and Sobolev, G. A.: 1970, ‘Investigation on Earthquake Prediction in Kamchatka’,Tectonophysics 9, 249–258.",{"doi":206},{"id":202,"text":244,"url":204,"identifiers":245},"Mazzella, A. and Morrison, H. F.: 1974, ‘Electrical Resistivity Variations Associated with Earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault’,Science 185, 855.",{"doi":206},{"id":202,"text":247,"url":204,"identifiers":248},"Mizutani, H., Ishido, T., Yokokura, T., and Ohnisi, S.: 1976, ‘Electrokinetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes’,Geophys. Res. Letters 3, No. 7.",{"doi":206},{"id":202,"text":250,"url":204,"identifiers":251},"Myachkin, V. I., Sobolev, G. A., Dolbilkina, N. A., Morozov, V. N., and Preobrazensky, V. B.: 1972, ‘The Study of Variations in Geophysical Fields Near Focal Zones of Kamchatka’,Tectonophysics 14, 287–293.",{"doi":206},{"id":253,"text":254,"url":255,"identifiers":256},"a2ed7187-4277-480b-b683-f197a4e03fe8","Myachkin, V. I., Brace, W. F., Sobolev, G. A., and Dieterich, J. H.: 1975, ‘Two Models for Earthquake Forerunners’,Pageoph. 113, 169–183.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF01592908",{"doi":257},"10.1007\u002FBF01592908",{"id":202,"text":259,"url":204,"identifiers":260},"Parkhomenko, E. I.: 1965, ‘Elektricheskye svoistva gornykh porod’,Nauka.",{"doi":206},{"id":202,"text":262,"url":204,"identifiers":263},"Press, F. and Brace, W. F.: 1966, ‘Earthquake Prediction’,Science 152, 1575.",{"doi":206},{"id":22,"text":265,"url":22,"identifiers":266},"Rikitake, T.: 1976,Earthquake Prediction, Elsevier, Amsterdam.",{},{"id":22,"text":268,"url":22,"identifiers":269},"Rikitake, T. and Yamazaki, Y.: 1969, ‘Electrical Conductivity of Strained Rocks’, (5th paper), ‘Residual Strains Associated with Large Earthquakes as Observed by a Resistivity Variometer’,Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. 47, 99–105.",{},{"id":202,"text":271,"url":204,"identifiers":272},"Rikitake, T. and Yamazaki, Y.: 1970, ‘Strain Steps as Observed by a Resistivity Variometer’,Tectonophysics 9, 197–203.",{"doi":206},{"id":202,"text":274,"url":204,"identifiers":275},"Russell, J. E. and Hoskins, E. R.: 1970, ‘Correlation of Electrical Resistivity of Dry Rock with Cumulative Damage’,Proc. 11th Sympos. on Rock Mechanics, Berkeley, June 1969, ed. SME and AIMMPE, New York.",{"doi":206},{"id":202,"text":277,"url":204,"identifiers":278},"Scholz, C. H., Sykes, L. R., and Aggarval, Y. P.: 1973, ‘Earthquake Prediction: A Physical Basis’,Science 181, 803.",{"doi":206},{"id":22,"text":280,"url":22,"identifiers":281},"Semenov, A. S.: 1968,Elektrorazvedka metodom estestvennogo elektricheskogo pola, Moscow.",{},{"id":22,"text":283,"url":22,"identifiers":284},"Sobolev, G. A.: 1973, ‘Perspectivy operativnogo prognoza zemletriasenij po elektrotelluricheskim nabludeniam’, inPredvestniki zemletrasenij (in Russian).",{},{"id":202,"text":286,"url":204,"identifiers":287},"Sobolev, G. A.: 1975, ‘Application of Electric Method to the Tentative Short-term Forecast of Kamchatka Earthquakes’,Pageoph. 113, 229–237.",{"doi":206},{"id":22,"text":289,"url":22,"identifiers":290},"Sobolev, G. A., Bogaevskij, V. N., Lementueva, R. A., Migunov, N. J., and Khromov, A. A.: 1975, ‘Izuchenie mekhanoelektricheskikh yavleniy w seismoaktivnom rayonie’, inFizika ochaga zemletryaseniya (in Russian), Moskow.",{},{"id":22,"text":292,"url":22,"identifiers":293},"Sobolev, G. A. and Morozov, V. N.: 1970, ‘Lokalnye vozmushcheniya elektricheskogo pola na Kamchatke i ikh svyaz s zemletryaseniyami’, inFizicheskiye osnovaniya poiskov metodov prognoza zemletryaseniy (in Russian), Moskow.",{},{"id":22,"text":295,"url":22,"identifiers":296},"Sobolev, G. A., Morozov, V. N., and Migunov, N. J.: 1972, ‘Elektrotelluricheskoye pole i silnoe zemletryasenije na Kamchatke’,Izv. AN SSSR, Fizika Zemli, No. 2.",{},{"id":22,"text":298,"url":22,"identifiers":299},"Sobolev, G. A. and Slavina, L. B.: 1974, ‘Bystrye izmeneniya elektricheskikh i seismicheskikh svoistv sredy v seismoaktivnom raiones’,DAN SSSR 215, No. 5.",{},{"id":22,"text":301,"url":22,"identifiers":302},"Tomashevskaya, J. S. and Sobolev, G. A.: 1969, ‘Odnovremiennye issledovanya mekhanicheskikh i elektricheskikh yavlenyi, soprovozhdayushchikh processy razrushenya obrazcov gornykh porod pri slozhnom naprazhennom sostoyanyi’, inFizika gornykh porod i processov, Moscow.",{},{"id":22,"text":304,"url":22,"identifiers":305},"Volarovitch, M. P. and Sobolev, G. A.: 1969,Piezoelektricheskiy metod geofizicheskoy razvedki kvarcevykh i pegmatytovykh zhil, Moscow.",{},{"id":202,"text":307,"url":204,"identifiers":308},"Wideman, C. J. and Major, M. W.: 1967, ‘Strain Steps Associated with Earthquakes’,Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 57, 1429–1444.",{"doi":206},{"id":310,"text":311,"url":312,"identifiers":313},"fa1321d7-a4e6-4c42-8f70-34be9e90ad3b","Yamazaki, Y.: 1974, ‘Coseismic Resistivity Steps’,Tectonophysics 22, 159–171.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F0040195174900390",{"doi":314},"10.1016\u002F0040-1951(74)90039-0",{"id":316,"text":317,"url":318,"identifiers":319},"a35c5af2-4778-42bc-ae0a-c7389aea65f8","Yamazaki, Y.: 1975, ‘Precursory and Coseismic Resistivity Changes’,Pageoph. 113, 219–229.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF01592912",{"doi":320},"10.1007\u002FBF01592912",false,{"id":323,"createTime":324,"updateTime":325,"relativeEntities":326,"slug":327,"properties":328,"entityType":116,"verifyStatus":117,"verifyTime":339,"verifyNote":119,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":340,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":341,"publicationType":138,"publisherRelationship":405,"citationCount":22,"citationInfo":22,"publishDate":457,"publishYear":458,"citationAnalyzeStatus":21,"lastCitationAnalyze":459,"indexDatabases":460,"openAccess":22,"references":22,"isForceReanalyzing":321},"e9db2b10-7bfd-4588-815c-dcca5a78911c","2023-11-25T13:36:05.946+00:00","2026-07-22T16:39:46.462+00:00",[],"A-Survey-of-Precipitation-Induced-Atmospheric-Cold-Pools-over-Oceans-and-Their-Interactions-with-the-Larger-Scale-Environment",{"abstract":329,"title":331,"gsPaper":333,"references":335,"doi":337},{"EN":330},"Pools of air cooled by partial rain evaporation span up to several hundreds of kilometers in nature and typically last less than 1 day, ultimately losing their identity to the large-scale flow. These fundamentally differ in character from the radiatively-driven dry pools defining convective aggregation. Advancement in remote sensing and in computer capabilities has promoted exploration of how precipitation-induced cold pool processes modify the convective spectrum and life cycle. This contribution surveys current understanding of such cold pools over the tropical and subtropical oceans. In shallow convection with low rain rates, the cold pools moisten, preserving the near-surface equivalent potential temperature or increasing it if the surface moisture fluxes cannot ventilate beyond the new surface layer; both conditions indicate downdraft origin air from within the boundary layer. When rain rates exceed \n                \n                  \n                \n                $$\\sim$$\n                \n                    \n                  \n               2 mm h\n                \n                  \n                \n                $$^{-1}$$\n                \n                    \n                  \n              , convective-scale downdrafts can bring down drier air of lower equivalent potential temperature from above the boundary layer. The resulting density currents facilitate the lifting of locally thermodynamically favorable air and can impose an arc-shaped mesoscale cloud organization. This organization allows clouds capable of reaching 4–5 km within otherwise dry environments. These are more commonly observed in the northern hemisphere trade wind regime, where the flow to the intertropical convergence zone is unimpeded by the equator. Their near-surface air properties share much with those shown from cold pools sampled in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Cold pools are most effective at influencing the mesoscale organization when the atmosphere is moist in the lower free troposphere and dry above, suggesting an optimal range of water vapor paths. Outstanding questions on the relationship between cold pools, their accompanying moisture distribution and cloud cover are detailed further. Near-surface water vapor rings are documented in one model inside but near the cold pool edge; these are not consistent with observations, but do improve with smaller horizontal grid spacings.",{"EN":332},"A Survey of Precipitation-Induced Atmospheric Cold Pools over Oceans and Their Interactions with the Larger-Scale Environment",{"VOID":334},"[\"10357779479491338100\"]",{"VOID":336},"Addis RP, Garstang M, Emmitt GD (1984) Downdrafts from tropical oceanic cumuli. 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J Appl Meteor Clim (Under review)\nZhou X, Heus T, Kollias P (2017) Influences of drizzle on stratocumulus cloudiness and organization. J Geophys Res 122(13):6989–7003. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002F2017JD026641\nZipser E (1977) Mesoscale and convective-scale downdrafts as distinct components of squall line structure. Mon Weather Rev 105:1568–1589\nZuidema P (1998) The 600–800-mb minimum in tropical cloudiness observed during TOGA COARE. J Atmos Sci 55:2220–2228\nZuidema P, Painemal D, deSzoeke S, Fairall C (2009) Stratocumulus cloud top height estimates and their climatic implications. J Clim 22:4652–4666\nZuidema P, Li Z, Hill R, Bariteau L, Rilling B, Fairall C, Brewer WA, Albrecht B, Hare J (2012) On trade-wind cumulus cold pools. 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can provide a useful chronological tool for constraining earthquakes and documenting significant evidence that would otherwise be lost. In this paper, we report a case of surface faulting on ancient man-made structures belonging to the archaeological site of Santa Venera al Pozzo situated along the eastern flank of Mt. Etna volcano in eastern Sicily (southern Italy), which is affected by well-developed tectonic faults. Geological surveys highlight a set of fractures affecting the archaeological ruins, suggesting the occurrence of a capable fault zone across the area. An integrated geophysical survey was carried out in order to identify the main subsurface tectonic discontinuity ascribable to the fault zone. The information derived from different geophysical techniques, such as electrical resistivity tomography, seismic refraction tomography, ground-penetrating radar, and magnetic surveys allowed us to infer that the fractures observed at the surface could have been produced by coseismic rupture. They are conceivably linked to a strong earthquake that probably occurred in the Roman period, around mid-end of the third-century AD; time constraints are inferred through the dating of buildings of the archaeological site.",{"EN":651},"Coseismic Damage at an Archaeological Site in Sicily, Italy: Evidence of Roman Age Earthquake Surface Faulting",{"VOID":653},"[\"1346188856055138529\"]",{"VOID":655},"Adam JP (1984) L’arte di costruire presso i Romani. Materiali e Tecniche, Longanesi and Co, Milan\nAlparone S, Bonaccorso A, Bonforte A, Currenti G (2013) Long-term stress–strain analysis of volcano flank instability: the eastern sector of Etna from 1980 to 2012. J Geophys Res Sol Earth 118:5098–5108. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fjgrb.50364\nAmari S (2006) I materiali in esposizione nell’ Antiquarium- Sale I-II-II. In: Branciforti MG (ed) L’area archeologica di Santa Venera al Pozzo- Acium. Antiquarium, Palermo, pp 105–183\nAmari S (2007) A late Roman pottery and brick factory in Sicily (Santa Venera al Pozzo). Br Archaeol Rep Int Ser 1691(1):121–128\nAmari S (2014) Observations on the late Roman coarse wares production from the factory of Acium in Sicily (Italy). Br Archaeol Rep Int Ser 2616(1):225–234\nAmbraseys NN (1971) Value of historical records of earthquakes. Nature 232:275–279\nAzzaro R (1999) Earthquake surface faulting at Mount Etna volcano (Sicily) and implications for active tectonics. J Geodyn 28:193–213\nAzzaro R (2004) Seismicity and active tectonics in the Etna region: constraints for a seismotectonic model. In: Bonaccorso A, Calvari S, Coltelli M, Del Negro C, Falsaperla S (eds) Mt. Etna: volcano laboratory, vol 143. American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph, Washington, pp 205–220. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002FGM143\nAzzaro R, Branca S, Gwinner K, Coltelli M (2012) The volcano-tectonic map of Etna volcano, 1:100.000 scale: morphotectonic analysis from high-resolution DEM integrated with geologic, active faulting and seismotectonic data. Ital J Geosci 131:153–170\nAzzaro R, Bonforte A, Branca S, Guglielmino F (2013) Geometry and kinematics of the fault systems controlling the unstable flank of Etna volcano (Sicily). J Volcanol Geotherm Res 251:5–15\nBarbarito L (1999) L’analisi di Settore: Metodologia E Applicazioni. Franco Angeli, Milan\nBarreca G, Barbano MS, Carbone S, Monaco C (2012) Archaeological evidence for Roman-age faulting in central-northern Sicily: possible effects of coseismic deformation. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 471:223–232\nBlanco-Montenegro I, De Ritis R, Chiappini M (2007) Imaging and modelling the subsurface structure of volcanic calderas with high-resolution aeromagnetic data at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Bull Volcanol 69(6):643–659\nBonforte A, Guglielmino F, Coltelli M, Ferretti A, Puglisi G (2011) Structural assessment of Mount Etna volcano from permanent scatterers analysis. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 12:Q02002\nBonforte A, Federico C, Giammanco S, Guglielmino F, Liuzzo M, Neri M (2013) Soil gases and SAR measurements reveal hidden faults on the sliding flank of Mt. Etna. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 251:27–40\nBonforte A, Bonfanti P, Giammanco S, Guglielmino F, Maugeri SR (2018) Peripheral deformation and gas release at the southern foot of Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily), Geophys Res Abstr 20: EGU2018-PREVIEW, 2018\nBoschi E, Guidoboni E, Ferrari G, Gasperini P, Mariotti D, Valensise G (2000) Catalogue of strong Italian earthquakes from 461 A.C. to 1997. Annali di Geofisica 43(4):843–868 and CD-ROM\nBottari C, Bottari A, Carveni P, Saccà C, Spigo U, Teramo A (2008) Evidence of seismic deformation of the paved floor of the decumanus at Tindari (SE, Sicily). Geophys J Int 174:213–222\nBottari C, Stiros SC, Teramo A (2009) Archaeological evidence for destructive earthquakes in Sicily between 400 BC and AD 600. Geoarchaeology 24:147–175\nBottari C, Barbano MS, Pirrotta C, Azzaro R, Gueli A, Ristuccia G (2013) Archaeological evidence for a possible first century AD earthquake in the site of Abakainon (NE Sicily). Quat Int 316:190–199\nBottari C, Coltelli M, Monaco C (2015) Evidence of late Roman collapse at Catania (Sicily, southern Italy): an earthquake in the 4th century AD? Quat Int 357:336–343\nBranca S, Coltelli M, Groppelli G (2011a) Geological evolution of a complex basaltic stratovolcano: Mount Etna, Italy. Ital J Geosci 130(3):306–317\nBranca S, Coltelli M, Groppelli G, Lentini F (2011b) Geological map of Etna volcano, 1:50,000 scale. Ital J Geosci 130(3):265–291\nBranciforti MG (2006) L’area archeologica di santa Venera al Pozzo- Acium. Antiquarium, Palermo\nCai J, McMechan GA, Fisher MA (1996) Application of ground-penetrating radar to investigation of near-surface fault properties in the San Francisco Bay region. BSSA 86(5):1459–1470\nChiocci LF, Coltelli M, Bosman A, Cavallaro D (2011) Continental margin large-scale instability controlling the flank sliding of Etna volcano. Earth Planet Sci Lett 305:57–64\nCicero (70BC) Actio in Verrem II, 5, 66, 169\nCooper GRJ (1997) Forward modelling of magnetic data. Comput Geosci 23(10):1125–1129\nCorsaro RA, Neri M, Pompilio M (2002) Paleo-environmental and volcano-tectonic evolution of the southern flank of Mt. Etna during the last 225 ka inferred from the volcanic succession of the ‘Timpe’, Acireale, Sicily. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 113:289–306\nCosentini C (1966) Le antiche terme di Santa Venera al Pozzo. Memorie e Rendiconti dell’Accademia di Scienze Lettere e Belle Arti degli Zelanti e dei Dafnici di Acireale - Serie I, vol VI\nDe Guidi G, Scudero S, Gresta S (2012) New insights into the local crust structure of Mt. Etna volcano from seismological and morphotectonic data. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 223:83–92\nDe Ritis R, Ventura G, Chiappini M (2007) Aeromagnetic anomalies reveal hidden tectonic and volcanic structures in the central sector of the Aeolian Islands, southern Tyrrhenian Sea,Italy. J Geophys Res Sol Earth 112:B10\nDel Negro C, Napoli R (2002) Ground and marine magnetic surveys of the lower eastern flank of Etna volcano (Italy). J Volcanol Geotherm Res 114(3–4):357–372\nDemanet D, Renardy F, Vanneste K, Jongmans D, Camelbeeck T, Meghraoui M (2001) The use of geophysical prospecting for imaging active faults in the Roer Graben, Belgium. Geophysics 66(1):78–89\nDi Stefano A, Branca S (2002) Long-term uplift rate of the Etna volcano basement (southern Italy) from biochronological data of the Pleistocene sediments. Terra Nova 14(1):61–68\nDrahor MG, Berge MA (2017) Integrated geophysical investigations in a fault zone located on southwestern part of İzmir city, Western Anatolia, Turkey. J Appl Geophys 136:114–133\nErcoli M, Pauselli C, Frigeri A, Forte E, Federico C (2013) Geophysical paleoseismology through high resolution GPR data: a case of shallow faulting imaging in Central Italy. J Appl Geophys 90:27–40\nFabbris L (1983) Analisi Esplorativa di Dati Multidimensionali. Cleup, Padova\nFerrara V (2010) Le acque termominerali di S. Venera al Pozzo Studi e indagini idrogeologiche. Memorie e Rendiconti dell’Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Belle Arti degli Zelanti e dei Dafnici, Serie V, vol IX\nGaladini F, Galli P (2001) Archaeoseismology in Italy: case studies and implications on long-term seismicity. J Earth Eng 5:35–68\nGaladini F, Galli P (2004) The 346 AD earthquake (central-southern Italy): an archaeoseismological approach. Ann Geofis 47:885–905\nGaladini F, Hinzen KG, Stiros S (2006) Archaeoseismology: methodological issues and procedure. J Seismol 10:395–414\nGalli P, Galadini F (2003) Disruptive earthquakes revealed by faulted archaeological relics in Samnium (Molise, southern Italy). GRL. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2002GL016456\nGalli PAC, Giocoli A, Peronace E, Piscitelli S, Quadrio B, Bellanova J (2014) Integrated near surface geophysics across the active Mount Marzano fault system (southern Italy): seismogenic hints. Intern J Earth Sci 103(1):315–325\nGibson PJ, Lyle P, George DM (1996) Environmental applications of magnetometry profiling. Environ Geol 27(3):178–183\nGuidoboni E, Comastri A, Traina G (1994) Catalogue of ancient earthquakes in the Mediterranean area up to tenth century. ING, Rome\nGuidoboni E, Muggia A, Marconi C, Boschi E (2002) A case study in archaeoseismology. The collapses of the Selinunte temples (southwestern Sicily): two earthquakes identified. BSSA 92:2961–2982\nGuidoboni E, Ferrari G, Mariotti D, Comastri A, Tarabusi G, Valensise G (2007) CFTI4Med, catalogue of strong earthquakes in Italy (461 B.C.-1997) and Mediterranean area (760 B.C.-1500). Storia Geofisica Ambiente, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia\nGuidoboni E, Ciuccarelli C, Mariotti D, Comastri A, Bianchi MG (2014) L’Etna nella storia. Catalogo delle eruzioni dall’antichità fino al XVII secolo. INGV, Rome\nHaberland C, Maercklin N, Kesten D, Ryberg T, Janssen C, Agnon A, El-Kelani R (2007) Shallow architecture of the Wadi Araba fault (Dead Sea Transform) from high-resolution seismic investigations. Tectonophysics 432(1):37–50\nHinze WJ, Von Frese RR, Saad AH (2013) Gravity and magnetic exploration: principles, practices, and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge\nHinzen KG, Fleischer C, Reamer SK, Schreiber S, Scütte S, Yerli B (2011) Quantitative methods in archaeoseismology. Quat Int 241:31–41\nHoüel JP (2013) Il viaggio in Sicilia 1776–1779.Ediz. Storia e Studi Sociali, Scicli\nImposa S, De Guidi G, Grassi S, Scudero S, Barreca G, Patti G, Boso D (2015) Applying geophysical techniques to investigate a segment of a creeping fault in the urban area of San Gregorio di Catania, southern flank of Mt. Etna (Sicily—Italy). J Appl Geophys 123:153–163\nKarastathis VK, Ganas A, Makris J, Papoulia J, Dafnis P, Gerolymatou E, Drakatos G (2007) The application of shallow seismic techniques in the study of active faults: The Atalanti normal fault, central Greece. J Appl Geophys 62(3):215–233\nLentini F, Carbone S, Guarnieri P (2006) Collisional and postcollisional tectonics of the Apenninic–Maghrebian orogen (southern Italy). Dilek Y, Pavlides S (eds) Postcollisional tectonics and magmatism in the Mediterranean region and Asia: The Geological Society of America, special papers, vol 409, pp 57–81\nLiberty LM, Hemphill-Haley MA, Madin IP (2003) The Portland Hills Fault: uncovering a hidden fault in Portland, Oregon using high-resolution geophysical methods. Tectonophysics 368(1):89–103\nLiner CL, Liner JL (1997) Application of GPR to a site investigation involving shallow faults. Lead Edge 16(11):1649–1651\nLodolo E, Civile D, Zanolla C, Geletti R (2012) Magnetic signature of the Sicily Channel volcanism. Mar Geophys Res 33(1):33–44\nLoke MH (2013) Tutorial: 2-D and 3-D electrical imaging surveys. www.geotomosoft.com. Accessed July 2017.\nLoke MH, Wilkinson PB, Chambers JE, Uhlemann SS, Sorensen JPR (2015) Optimized arrays for 2-D resistivity survey lines with a large number of electrodes. 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J Appl Geophys 137:34–48\nMattia M, Bruno V, Caltabiano T, Cannata A, Cannavò F, D’Alessandro W, Di Grazia G, Federico C, Giammanco S, La Spina A, Liuzzo M, Longo M, Monaco C, Patanè D, Salerno G (2015) A comprehensive interpretative model of slow slip events on Mt. Etna’s eastern flank. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 16:635–658. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002F2014GC005585\nMonaco C, Tortorici L (2007) Active faulting and related tsunami in eastern Sicily and south-western Calabria. BGTA 48(2):163–184\nMonaco C, Ventura G (1995) Magmatic and structural features of the “Valverde Center” (Mt. Etna, Sicily). Stud Geol Camerti 13:89–101\nMonaco C, Tapponnier P, Tortorici L, Gillot PY (1997) Late quaternary slip rates on the Acireale-Piedimonte normal faults and tectonic origin of Mt. Etna (Sicily). Earth Planet Sci Lett 147(1–4):125–139\nMonaco C, Catalano S, Cocina O, De Guidi G, Ferlito C, Gresta S, Musumeci C, Tortorici L (2005) Tectonic control on the eruptive dynamics at Mt. 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Measurements and calculations of run-outon such slopes will improve our understanding of retaining damdesign. We have studied three different, well described avalancheevents; for each case we have calculated the run-out distance usingthe Noren, Irgens and Schieldrops continuum model (NIS), adjustingthe parameters to fit the simulated avalancheto the observed one. Using the same parameters, the run-out onidentical terrain, but without counter-slope, is computed. Comparisonbetween the energy dissipation in these different cases tells us whichtopography most efficiently retards an avalanche. With a smoothly curved valley bottom, the energy dissipation at agiven point on the opposite slope is less than on a flatrun-out. The explanation to this is that, when gravity retards anavalanche, a smaller portion of the energy loss is due to dissipationfrom viscous (velocity dependent) friction. When the avalanche travelsover a retaining dam, with much smaller curvature radii, a significantportion of the energy is dissipated. The consequence of this is that defence structures are not sodependent on the counter-slope inclination as on the curvature radiusin the transition to up-gradient. Further, introduction of acounter-slope in an avalanche path may conserve energy rather thancausing dissipation – if the inclination is not altered abruptlyenough. If the counter-slope is smooth, and not large enough tocompletely stop the avalanche, it will not reduce destructive energyon the downstream side. In fact, the destructive energy may bepartially conserved until the run-out.",{"EN":878},"Avalanche Run-Out on Counter-Slopes",{"VOID":880},"[\"11591939530561835487\"]",{"VOID":882},"Kristensen, K.: 1997, ‘The Ryggfonn Project. Avalanche Data from the Winters 1994\u002F95 and 1995\u002F96’, NGI report 581200–32, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute.\nKristensen, K.: 2001, ‘The Ryggfonn Project. Avalanche Data from the Winters 1996\u002F1997, 1997\u002F1998, 1998\u002F1999 and 1999\u002F2000’, NGI report 581200–33, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute.\nLied, K., Moe, A., Kristensen, K., and Issler, D.: 2002, ‘Snow Avalanche Research Programme SIP-6: Ryggfonn. Full Scale Avalanche Test Site and the Effect of the Catching Dam’, NGI report 581200–35, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute.\nGubler, H., Miller, M., Klauseggen, G., and Suter, U.: 1986, ‘Mitteilung No. 41’, EISLF, Davos.\nMcClung, D. M. and Mears, A. I.: 1995, ‘Dry-Flowing Avalanche Run-Up and Run-Out’, J. Glaciol. 41(138).\nNorem, H., Irgens, F., and Schieldrop, B.: 1989, ‘Simulation of Snow-Avalanche Flow in Run-Out Zones’. in B. Wold (ed.), Annals of Glaciology, Vol. 13, International Glaciological Society, pp. 218–225.",{"VOID":884},"10.1023\u002FB:GEOP.0000006086.58366.6f","2024-06-25T21:17:09.760+00:00","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1023\u002FB:GEOP.0000006086.58366.6f",[888,903,918,931],{"id":889,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":890,"affiliations":891,"properties":900,"displayName":902,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"3ef4b615-c14f-4468-8bc7-4548715ca452",[125],[892],{"id":893,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":894,"properties":22},"0e7791fc-d386-4c65-9b52-b36198377618",{"id":893,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":895,"slug":22,"properties":896,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":899,"statistic":22},[],{"title":897},{"VI":898},"Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway",[],{"title":901},{"VI":902},"Arne 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the pervasive use of the global positioning system (GPS) as a positioning technology for its high efficiency and accuracy, several factors reduce its performance. This study examines to which extent the frequency offset and the frequency stability of the internal quartz oscillator or of an externally supplied rubidium oscillator have an influence. Observations were made at the Taiwan Ching Yun University (TCYU) tracking station, where a quartz oscillator and a rubidium oscillator were applied alternatively on a monthly basis throughout a 16-month period. Moreover, the accuracy of the local oscillator used in this study was calibrated by the National Standard Time and Frequency Laboratory, Taiwan. The frequency offset and frequency stability calculated via the remote method at the TCYU station were compared with values (uncertainty is 3.0E−13) measured directly at the National Standard Time and Frequency Laboratory, Taiwan. Analytical results show that the two methods vary by 1.4E−10 in terms of frequency offset and by 6.5E−12 in terms of frequency stability, demonstrating that the remote method can yield computational results almost as accurate as direct measurement. Positioning precision results also show that rubidium oscillator accuracy improved by 5, 11, and 15 % for short-, medium-, and long-baseline positioning, respectively, indicating that clock quality is more influential for long-baseline GPS relative positioning and that the frequency stability of a receiver clock is far more critical than the frequency offset. On the other hand, the positioning performance noted is essentially independent (max. 15 % change) of the reference frequency stability, which indeed differed by 4 orders of magnitude.",{"EN":1010},"The Impact on the Positioning Accuracy of the Frequency Reference of a GPS Receiver",{"VOID":1012},"[\"4389721473474667259\"]",{"VOID":1014},"Allan D, Weiss M (1980) Accurate time and frequency transfer during common-view of a GPS satellite. In: Proceedings of 1980 IEEE frequency control symposium, Philadelphia, pp 334–356\nAltamimi Z, Sillard P, Boucher C (2002) ITRF 2000: a new release of the international terrestrial reference frame for earth science applications. J Geophys Res 107(B10):art.2214\nBertiger W, Desai SD, Haines B, Harvey N, Moore A, Owen S, Weiss P (2010) Single receiver phase ambiguity resolution with GPS data. J Geodesy 84(5):327–337\nBock O, Doerflinger E (2001) Atmospheric modeling in GPS data analysis for high accuracy positioning. Phys Chem Earth 26(6–8):373–383\nBock H, Dach R, Jaggi A, Beutler G (2009) High-rate GPS clock corrections from CODE: support of 1 Hz applications. J Geodesy 83(11):1083–1094\nChen CH, Yeh TK, Liu JY, Wang CH, Wen S, Yen HY, Chang SH (2011) Surface deformation and seismic rebound: implications and applications. Surv Geophys 32(3):291–313\nDach R, Beutler G, Hugentobler U, Schaer S, Schildknecht T, Springer T, Dudle G, Prost L (2003) Time transfer using GPS carrier phase: error propagation and results. J Geodesy 77:1–14\nDach R, Hugentobler U, Fridez P, Meindl M (2007) Bernese GPS software version 5.0 user manual. Astronomical Institute University of Bern, Bern\nDow JM, Neilan RE, Rizos C (2009) The International GNSS service in a changing landscape of global navigation satellite systems. J Geodesy 83(3–4):191–198\nEstey LH, Meertens CM (1999) The multi-purpose toolkit for GPS\u002FGLONASS data. GPS Solut 3(1):42–49\nHauschild A, Montenbruck O (2009) Kalman-filter-based GPS clock estimation for near real-time positioning. GPS Solut 13(3):173–182\nLeick A (2004) GPS satellite surveying. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ\nLesage P, Ayi T (1984) Characterization of frequency stability: analysis of the modified allan variance and properties of its estimate. IEEE Trans Instrum Measure IM-33(4):332–336\nRay J, Senior K (2005) Geodetic techniques for time and frequency comparisons using GPS phase and code measurements. Metrologia 42(3):215–232\nSenior KL, Ray JR, Beard RL (2008) Characterization of periodic variations in the GPS satellite clocks. GPS Solut 12(3):211–225\nSymmetricom (2004) 8040C rubidium frequency standard user guide. Symmetricom, San Jose, California, pp 20–21\nWang CS, Liou YA, Yeh TK (2008) Impact of surface meteorological measurements on GPS height determination. Geophys Res Lett 35(23):L23809\nXu G (2007) GPS—theory, algorithms and applications, 2nd edn. Springer, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-72714-9\nYeh TK, Wang CS, Lee CW, Liou YA (2006) Construction and uncertainty evaluation of a calibration system for GPS receivers. Metrologia 43(5):451–460\nYeh TK, Hwang C, Xu G (2008) GPS height and gravity variations due to ocean tidal loading around Taiwan. Surv Geophys 29(1):37–50\nYeh TK, Hwang C, Xu G, Wang CS, Lee CC (2009) Determination of global positioning system (GPS) receiver clock errors: impact on positioning accuracy. Meas Sci Technol 20:075105\nYeh TK, Chung YD, Wu CT, Wang CS, Zhang K, Chen CH (2012) Identifying the relationship between GPS data quality and positioning precision: case study on IGS tracking stations. J Surv Eng-ASCE 138(3):136–142",{"VOID":1016},"10.1007\u002Fs10712-012-9202-2","2024-05-10T17:40:14.290+00:00","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10712-012-9202-2",[1020,1037,1052,1067,1080],{"id":1021,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":1022,"affiliations":1023,"properties":1032,"displayName":1034,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"1dc7c1ca-d4eb-4597-9273-4b3854ebdc34",[125],[1024],{"id":1025,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1026,"properties":22},"827868de-873c-4527-8021-4d41d79b03ee",{"id":1025,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1027,"slug":22,"properties":1028,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":1031,"statistic":22},[],{"title":1029},{"VI":1030},"Department of Real Estate and Built Environment, National Taipei University, Sanxia District, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan, ROC",[],{"title":1033,"gsAuthor":1035},{"VI":1034},"Ta-Kang 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Chen",{"url":1018,"publisher":1094,"properties":1140},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":1095,"slug":10,"properties":1096,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"subjectFields":1100,"manageAffiliations":1109,"indexDatabases":1120,"url":22,"thumbnailPath":22,"statistic":1135,"gsStatistic":22,"type":96,"analyzePriority":22},[],{"issn":1097,"title":1098,"eissn":1099},{"VOID":15},{"EN":17},{"VOID":13},[1101,1105],{"id":26,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1102,"label":1103,"description":1104,"parentId":22,"standard":22,"scholarHubFieldId":22},[],{"EN":29},{},{"id":32,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1106,"label":1107,"description":1108,"parentId":22,"standard":22,"scholarHubFieldId":22},[],{"EN":35},{},[1110,1115],{"id":39,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1111,"slug":22,"properties":1112,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":1114,"statistic":22},[],{"title":1113},{"EN":43},[],{"id":46,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1116,"slug":22,"properties":1117,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":1119,"statistic":22},[],{"title":1118},{"EN":50},[52],[1121,1128],{"id":55,"indexDatabase":1122,"url":68,"indexYears":22,"academicFieldIds":1127,"indexDatabaseRanking":22},{"id":57,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1123,"label":1124,"description":1125,"key":64,"publicationTags":1126,"standard":22},[],{"EN":60,"VI":60},{"EN":62,"VI":63},[66,67],[70],{"id":72,"indexDatabase":1129,"url":83,"indexYears":84,"academicFieldIds":1134,"indexDatabaseRanking":88},{"id":74,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1130,"label":1131,"description":1132,"key":80,"publicationTags":1133,"standard":22},[],{"EN":77,"VI":77},{"EN":77,"VI":79},[82],[86,87],{"impactFactor":23,"impactFactorByYear":1136,"i10Index":23,"i10IndexLast5Year":23,"totalPublication":91,"totalPublicationByYear":1137,"totalCitation":23,"totalCitationByYear":1138,"totalCitationPerPublication":23,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":1139,"hindexLast5Year":23,"hindex":23},{},{"1976":93,"1980":93},{},{},{"pages":1141,"volume":1143},{"VOID":1142},"73-87",{"VOID":1144},"34",{"total":23,"publishYear":1146,"statisticByYear":1147},2012,{},"2012-11-21","2026-07-11T04:05:10.769+00:00",[66,88],{"id":1152,"createTime":1153,"updateTime":1154,"relativeEntities":1155,"slug":1156,"properties":1157,"entityType":116,"verifyStatus":117,"verifyTime":1168,"verifyNote":119,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":1169,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":1170,"publicationType":138,"publisherRelationship":1186,"citationCount":22,"citationInfo":22,"publishDate":1238,"publishYear":1239,"citationAnalyzeStatus":21,"lastCitationAnalyze":1154,"indexDatabases":1240,"openAccess":22,"references":22,"isForceReanalyzing":321},"414c9cc3-3dd5-475f-8113-5eb82b14040f","2024-01-20T02:02:38.508+00:00","2026-05-22T00:15:10.262+00:00",[],"Near-surface-and-topographic-distortions-in-electromagnetic-induction",{"abstract":1158,"title":1160,"gsPaper":1162,"references":1164,"doi":1166},{"EN":1159},"The most revealing description of electromagnetic (EM) distortions due to near-surface inhomogeneities and topography is in terms of galvanic and inductive effects. In either case, the distorted electric and magnetic fields can be best visualized as a vectorial sum of primary and secondary fields. Secondary electric fields due to electric charge build-up in the galvanic case persist to the longest periods. In contrast, the secondary electric and magnetic fields due to inductive, vortex currents disappear at long periods. The static shift of magnetotelluric (MT) apparent resistivity sounding curves is a classic example of the galvanic effect. Methods to correct for unwanted distortions such as the static shift can be classified into six categories: use of invariant response parameters, curve shifting, statistical averaging, spatial filtering, use of distortion tensors, and computer modeling. Although invariant impedance calculations are simple to make, they cannot, in general, recover the undistorted impedance. Short period curve shifting is best done with auxiliary soundings such as time domain EM; however, this requires multiple surveys. The shifting of long period MT sounding branches is useful if a standard curve is known and can be matched. Statistical averaging of neighboring MT soundings that are conformal but static shifted has proven very effective at removing random distortions if adaquate data are available. The new EMAP (Electromagnetic Array Profiling) method combats the inherent spatial high pass characteristics of EM distortions by low pass operations in data collection and processing. EMAP proposes the continuous, in-field measurement of electric field dipoles to avoid spatial aliasing. Distortion tensor stripping of topographic distortions is possible since terrain is deterministic but stripping the effects of uncertain subsurface inhomogeneities may be misleading. A new decomposition of the MT impedance tensor under the assumption of surficial three-dimensional (3-D) galvanic effects imposed on a one- or two-dimensional (1-D and 2-D) regional setting promises a way to recover the regional structure. There is a continual need for 3-D computer modeling to test new methods and to calculate topographic and regional effects. Computer modeling has established the value of 2-D modeling of the data identified as transverse magnetic (TM) in some 3-D environments. Ideally, EM distortion correction requires continuous, or at least many, data and the application of more than one correction-modeling scheme.",{"EN":1161},"Near-surface and topographic distortions in electromagnetic induction",{"VOID":1163},"[\"5658029487262434781\"]",{"VOID":1165},"Adam, A., Szarka, L., Vero, J., and Wallner, A.: 1986, ‘Magnetotellurics (MT) in Mountains — Noise, Topography and Crustal Inhomogeneity Effects’,Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 42, 165–177.\nAndrieux, P. and Wightman, W. E.: 1984, ‘The So-called Static Correction in Magnetotelluric Measurements’, 54th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Explor. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, pp. 43–44.\nBerdichevsky, M. N., Bezruk, I. A., and Chinavera, O. 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App. Geophys. 125, 483–497.",{"VOID":1167},"10.1007\u002FBF01901659","2024-06-24T05:45:41.266+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF01901659",[1171],{"id":1172,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":1173,"affiliations":1174,"properties":1183,"displayName":1185,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"9ccba65c-bab7-4afd-abec-e5f6163eebc7",[125],[1175],{"id":1176,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1177,"properties":22},"82dba8c8-738e-4f00-a96a-18367cb5a167",{"id":1176,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1178,"slug":22,"properties":1179,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":1182,"statistic":22},[],{"title":1180},{"VI":1181},"Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, U.S.A.",[],{"title":1184},{"VI":1185},"George R. Jiracek",{"url":1169,"publisher":1187,"properties":1233},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":1188,"slug":10,"properties":1189,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"subjectFields":1193,"manageAffiliations":1202,"indexDatabases":1213,"url":22,"thumbnailPath":22,"statistic":1228,"gsStatistic":22,"type":96,"analyzePriority":22},[],{"issn":1190,"title":1191,"eissn":1192},{"VOID":15},{"EN":17},{"VOID":13},[1194,1198],{"id":26,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1195,"label":1196,"description":1197,"parentId":22,"standard":22,"scholarHubFieldId":22},[],{"EN":29},{},{"id":32,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1199,"label":1200,"description":1201,"parentId":22,"standard":22,"scholarHubFieldId":22},[],{"EN":35},{},[1203,1208],{"id":39,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1204,"slug":22,"properties":1205,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":1207,"statistic":22},[],{"title":1206},{"EN":43},[],{"id":46,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1209,"slug":22,"properties":1210,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":1212,"statistic":22},[],{"title":1211},{"EN":50},[52],[1214,1221],{"id":55,"indexDatabase":1215,"url":68,"indexYears":22,"academicFieldIds":1220,"indexDatabaseRanking":22},{"id":57,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1216,"label":1217,"description":1218,"key":64,"publicationTags":1219,"standard":22},[],{"EN":60,"VI":60},{"EN":62,"VI":63},[66,67],[70],{"id":72,"indexDatabase":1222,"url":83,"indexYears":84,"academicFieldIds":1227,"indexDatabaseRanking":88},{"id":74,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1223,"label":1224,"description":1225,"key":80,"publicationTags":1226,"standard":22},[],{"EN":77,"VI":77},{"EN":77,"VI":79},[82],[86,87],{"impactFactor":23,"impactFactorByYear":1229,"i10Index":23,"i10IndexLast5Year":23,"totalPublication":91,"totalPublicationByYear":1230,"totalCitation":23,"totalCitationByYear":1231,"totalCitationPerPublication":23,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":1232,"hindexLast5Year":23,"hindex":23},{},{"1976":93,"1980":93},{},{},{"pages":1234,"volume":1236},{"VOID":1235},"163-203",{"VOID":1237},"11","1990-09-01",1990,[66,88],{"id":1242,"createTime":1243,"updateTime":1244,"relativeEntities":1245,"slug":1246,"properties":1247,"entityType":116,"verifyStatus":117,"verifyTime":1258,"verifyNote":119,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":1259,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":1260,"publicationType":138,"publisherRelationship":1408,"citationCount":22,"citationInfo":22,"publishDate":1460,"publishYear":1461,"citationAnalyzeStatus":21,"lastCitationAnalyze":1462,"indexDatabases":1463,"openAccess":22,"references":22,"isForceReanalyzing":321},"0e5c4042-a93c-43e3-811c-83cfca081e90","2023-12-09T02:57:36.515+00:00","2026-05-01T23:08:48.168+00:00",[],"Energetic-Electrons-as-a-Field-Line-Topology-Tracer-in-the-High-Latitude-Boundary-CUSP-Region-Cluster-Rapid-Observations",{"abstract":1248,"title":1250,"gsPaper":1252,"references":1254,"doi":1256},{"EN":1249},"Energetic electrons (e.g., 50 keV) travel along field lines with a high speed of around 20 R\n                  E\n                s−1. These swift electrons trace out field lines in the magnetosphere in a rather short time, and therefore can provide nearly instantaneous information about the changes in the field configuration in regions of geospace. The energetic electrons in the high latitude boundary regions (including the cusp) have been examined in detail by using Cluster\u002FRAPID data for four consecutive high latitude\u002Fcusp crossings between 16 March and 19 March 2001. Energetic electrons with high and stable fluxes were observed in the time interval when the IMF had a predominately positive B\n                  z\n                 component. These electrons appeared to be associated with a lower plasma density exhibiting no obvious tailward plasma flow (\u003C20 keV). On the other hand, no electrons or only spike-like electron events have been observed in the cusp region during southward IMF. At that time, the plasma density was as high as that in the magnetosheath and was associated with a clear tailward flow. The fact that no stable energetic electron fluxes were observed during southward IMF indicates that the cusp has an open field line geometry. The observations indicate that both the South and North high latitude magnetospheric boundary regions (including both North and South cusp) can be energetic particle trapping regions. The energetic electron observations provide new ways to investigate the dynamic cusp processes. Finally, trajectory tracing of test particles has been performed using the Tsyganenko 96 model; this demonstrates that energetic particles (both ions and electrons) may be indeed trapped in the high latitude magnetosphere.",{"EN":1251},"Energetic Electrons as a Field Line Topology Tracer in the High Latitude Boundary\u002FCUSP Region: Cluster Rapid Observations",{"VOID":1253},"[\"6803638926858826438\"]",{"VOID":1255},"K. A. Anderson H. K. Harris R. J. 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Res. 106 25541–25556 Occurrence Handle10.1029\u002F2000JA000127",{"VOID":1257},"10.1007\u002Fs10712-005-1879-z","2024-06-23T10:03:47.471+00:00","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10712-005-1879-z",[1261,1278,1291,1306,1319,1334,1347,1362,1377,1392],{"id":1262,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":1263,"affiliations":1264,"properties":1273,"displayName":1275,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"dbd74bf3-4521-4924-956c-139182be35bb",[125],[1265],{"id":1266,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1267,"properties":22},"256b4529-ecf9-448b-b375-6bb22027159c",{"id":1266,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1268,"slug":22,"properties":1269,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":1272,"statistic":22},[],{"title":1270},{"VI":1271},"Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, USA",[],{"title":1274,"gsAuthor":1276},{"VI":1275},"Q. G. 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However, a lot of socalled zerophase-sections still carry a significant phase-error, which is due to unrealistic assumptions in the processing stream in terms of the design of standard processes as for example deconvolution. The two major issues here are the color of the reflectivity series and the misuse of prewhitening. If not properly handled they lead to a phase- and amplitude spectrum bias in the final section, preventing it from being zerophase. Whereas the reflectivity bias leads to a phase error of 50 to 90 deg, the prewhitening bias results in a phase error, which is directly proportional to the logarithm of the actual prewhitening factor. Therefore, if the spike deconvolution process is applied in a time-variant manner, as a consequence a time-variant and usually frequency dependent phase error is introduced! In this article we have made an effort to include sufficient detail to facilitate a clear understanding of the problems involved. The standard processing flow should have a minimum-delay transform and spike deconvolution prestack, followed by a zerophase transform poststack, where the residual wavelet is assumed to be minimum phase.",{"EN":1474},"Perfect zerophase sections, fact or fiction?",{"VOID":1476},"[\"16116351188491236865\"]",{"VOID":1478},"10.1007\u002FBF01901492","2024-05-01T08:38:28.880+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF01901492",[1482],{"id":1483,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":1484,"affiliations":1485,"properties":1494,"displayName":1496,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"09a77ed1-9b01-42a4-b12f-b8868bf595fb",[125],[1486],{"id":1487,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1488,"properties":22},"5048a4d5-aa63-4b19-a768-c0f7e567dd0b",{"id":1487,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1489,"slug":22,"properties":1490,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":1493,"statistic":22},[],{"title":1491},{"VI":1492},"Prakla-Seismos AG, Hannover 51, Germany",[],{"title":1495},{"VI":1496},"R. 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Prosp. 35, 7, 739–766.",{},{"id":22,"text":1558,"url":22,"identifiers":1559},"Budny, M.: 1987, Personal communication.",{},{"id":1561,"text":1562,"url":1563,"identifiers":1564},"57a0c91d-d52d-41e3-b5d1-e87dae714515","Bunch, A.W.H. and White, R.E.: 1985, ‘Cross-Equalisation of Seismic Traces’,Geoexploration, V. 23, pp. 239–256, Elsevier Science Publ. B.V., Amsterdam.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002F0016714285900596",{"doi":1565},"10.1016\u002F0016-7142(85)90059-6",{"id":22,"text":1567,"url":22,"identifiers":1568},"Dash, B.P. and Obaidullah, K.A.: 1970, ‘Determination of Signal and Noise Statistics Using Correlation Theory’,Geophysics 35, 24–32.",{},{"id":22,"text":1570,"url":22,"identifiers":1571},"Ellender, S.A.: 1986, ‘Considerations in Estimating the Minimum-Phase Properties of Sampled Data’,Geophys. Prosp. 34, 1200–1212.",{},{"id":22,"text":1573,"url":22,"identifiers":1574},"Fourman, J.M.: 1982,Minimum-Phase Decon of Band-Limited Data, 52nd SEG-convention, Dallas. Expanded Abstracts, paper S. 9.4.",{},{"id":22,"text":1576,"url":22,"identifiers":1577},"Kets, F.B.: 1987,Deconvolution of Sampled Signals, paper presented at 49th EAEG meeting, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Preprint, Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V., Exploration and Production Division, The Hague.",{},{"id":22,"text":1579,"url":22,"identifiers":1580},"Marschall, R.: 1978,Derivation of Two-Sided Recursive (TSR) Filters with Seismic Applications, paper presented at 48th SEG convention, San Francisco. Preprint Prakla-Seismos AG.",{},{"id":22,"text":1582,"url":22,"identifiers":1583},"Marschall, R.: 1985,Ein- und zweidimensionale Rekursiv-Filter und ihre Anwendung in der Seismik, Habilitationsschrift, Ruhr-Universität Bochum.",{},{"id":22,"text":1585,"url":22,"identifiers":1586},"Marschall, R.: 1986,Remarks on Vibroseis Phase Compensation, 39th Annual Midwest Regional Meeting of the SEG, March 23–26, Tulsa. Preprint, Prakla-Seismos AG, Hannover.",{},{"id":22,"text":1588,"url":22,"identifiers":1589},"Marschall, R.: 1988,How to Establish the Perfectly Repeatable Source; Bergbau im Wandel, Leobener Bergmannstag 1987. Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz. Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen.",{},{"id":22,"text":1591,"url":22,"identifiers":1592},"Marschall, R. and Knecht, M.: 1986, Reflectivity Corrected Deconvolution, and its Influence on Inversion; paper presented at: Research Workshop on Deconvolution and Inversion, Rome, Italy. Preprint, Prakla-Seismos AG.",{},{"id":202,"text":1594,"url":204,"identifiers":1595},"Oldenburg, D.W., Levy, S., and Stinson, K.J.: 1986, ‘Inversion of Band-Limited Reflection Seismograms: Theory and Practice’, Proc. IEEE, special issue on seismic inversion,74, No. 3.",{"doi":206},{"id":22,"text":1597,"url":22,"identifiers":1598},"Papoulis, A.: 1962,The Fourier Integral and its Applications, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.",{},{"id":22,"text":1600,"url":22,"identifiers":1601},"Papoulis, A.: 1977,Signal Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.",{},{"id":22,"text":1603,"url":22,"identifiers":1604},"Pieuchot, M.: 1984,Seismic Instrumentation, Geophys. Press, London-Amsterdam.",{},{"id":22,"text":1606,"url":22,"identifiers":1607},"Rabiner, L. R. and Gold, B.: 1975,Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.",{},{"id":202,"text":1609,"url":204,"identifiers":1610},"Rietsch, E.: 1982, ‘Deconvolution in the Presence of Noise and a Higher than Nyquist signal Rate’,Geoexploration 20, pp. 61–73. Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co., Amsterdam.",{"doi":206},{"id":22,"text":1612,"url":22,"identifiers":1613},"Robinson, E. A.: 1983,Seismic Velocity Analysis and the Convolutional Model, IHRDC, Boston, U.S.A.",{},{"id":22,"text":1615,"url":22,"identifiers":1616},"Robinson, E.A. and Treitel, S.: 1985,Geophysical Signal Analysis, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632.",{},{"id":22,"text":1618,"url":22,"identifiers":1619},"Waters, K.H.: 1978,Reflection Seismology, John Wiley & Sons, New York.",{},{"id":22,"text":1621,"url":22,"identifiers":1622},"Wunsch, G.: 1962,Moderne Systemtheorie, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Geest & Portig KG, Leipzig.",{},{"id":1624,"createTime":1625,"updateTime":1626,"relativeEntities":1627,"slug":1628,"properties":1629,"entityType":116,"verifyStatus":117,"verifyTime":1640,"verifyNote":119,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":1641,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":1642,"publicationType":138,"publisherRelationship":1690,"citationCount":22,"citationInfo":22,"publishDate":1741,"publishYear":638,"citationAnalyzeStatus":21,"lastCitationAnalyze":1742,"indexDatabases":1743,"openAccess":22,"references":22,"isForceReanalyzing":321},"68870417-c9f5-4d09-8108-688a606e4616","2024-02-20T21:11:38.767+00:00","2026-04-24T10:17:40.833+00:00",[],"Upper-Crustal-Structure-of-Denizli-Graben-Western-Turkey-From-Bouguer-Gravity-Data-and-Seismic-Reflection-Sections",{"abstract":1630,"title":1632,"gsPaper":1634,"references":1636,"doi":1638},{"EN":1631},"The defining of upper crustal structures is an essential process for understanding the tectonic evolution and geodynamics of a region. In this context, the paper aims to determine basement depth and upper crustal structures through the Bouguer gravity anomalies and seismic reflection sections in Denizli Graben located in the western part of Turkey. The gravity data have been analyzed using the power spectrum technique. The results from this technique show that the average Moho depth, basement depth of the middle layer, and the depth of sediment basin in the region have been calculated as 33.6, 12.8, and 3.9 km, respectively. Furthermore, the Moho depth of the region has been estimated using gravity anomalies and is computed to be about 33 km in Denizli Graben. As such, it is shown that the depth values obtained from power spectrum analysis and Moho depth calculations are consistent with each other. Bouguer gravity anomalies have been also modeled three-dimensionally (3D). In the model map, the basement depth of the Denizli Graben has been calculated as approximately 9–10 km. Besides these, by interpreting the seismic section, the depth of the interface in the Denizli Graben has been obtained as approximately 2634 m for one-way travel time. This depth is quite shallow compared to the one (i.e., around 10 km) obtained from the gravity model. Thus, the interface seen in the seismic section is not considered to be the deepest part of the Denizli Graben. From the geothermal and oil exploration perspectives, the obtained basement and interface depths are quite beneficial, especially for the drilling planning.",{"EN":1633},"Upper Crustal Structure of Denizli Graben (Western Turkey) From Bouguer Gravity Data and Seismic Reflection Sections",{"VOID":1635},"[\"17136872651483174843\"]",{"VOID":1637},"Akgün F, Sözbilir H (2001) A palynostratigraphic approach to the SW Anatolian molasse basin: Kale Tavas Molasse and Denizli Molasse. Geodin Acta 14:71–93\nAkyol N, Zhu L, Mitchell BJ, Sözbilir H, Kekovalı K (2006) Crustal structure and local seismicity in Western Anatolia. Geophys J Int 166(3):1259–1269. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1365-246X.2006.0353\nAlçiçek H, Varol B, Özkul M (2007) Sedimentary facies, depositional environments and paleo-geographic evolution of the Neogene Denizli Basin of SW Anatolia, Turkey. Sed Geol 202:596–563\nAlçiçek MC, Brogi A, Capezzuoli E, Liotta D, Meccheri M (2013) Superimposed basin formation during Neogene-Quaternary extension in SW-Anatolia (Turkey): insights from the kinematics of the Dinar fault zone. Tectonophysics 608:713–727\nAlçiçek H, Bülbül A, Alçiçek MC (2016) Hydrogeochemistry of the thermal waters from the Yenice Geothermal Field (Denizli Basin, southwestern Turkey). J Volcanol Geoth Res 309:118–138\nAlçiçek H, Bülbül A, Brogi A, Liotta D, Ruggieri G, Capezzuoli E, Meccheri M, Yavuzer I, Alçiçek MC (2018) Origin, evolution and geothermometry of the thermal waters in the Gölemezli Geothermal Field, Denizli Basin (SW Anatolia, Turkey). J Volcanol Geoth Res 349:1–30\nAltınoğlu FF, Sari M, Aydin A (2015) Detection of lineaments in Denizli basin of Western Anatolia region using Bouguer gravity data. Pure appl Geophys 172(2):415–425\nAltınoğlu FF (2020) Structural interpretation of SW part of Denizli, Turkey, based on gravity data analysis. Arab J Geoscience 13:320. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12517-020-05294-x\nAtes A, Sevinc A, Kadioglu YK, Kearey P (1997) Geophysical investigations into the deep structure of the Aydın-Milas region, southwest Turkey: a possible extension of the Hellenic Arc. Israel J Earth Sci 46:29–40\nAtes A, Kearey P, Tufan S (1999) New gravity and magnetic maps of Turkey. 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