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":328},{"EN":320},"Altered characteristics of urban microclimates elongating the daily and seasonal exposure periods to heat stress and enlarging the size of the thermal uncomfortable urban surfaces. This situation is human thermal comfort conditions negatively which in turn affect public health and wellbeing. The aim of this study is to determine the spatial distribution of thermal comfort conditions in the neighbourhood of Yakutiye, the center of Erzurum city over the hottest 2 months of the year (July and August) based on long term (2004–2020) meteorological data to show the impact of urban areas on thermal comfort conditions where structured surfaces are dominant. PET index was used to calculate thermal comfort conditions through RayMan model and ArcGIS 10.5 software for their spatial distribution. It was seen as the result of the study that solar radiation and wind are two effective factors on thermal comfort contrarily to each other depending on the characteristics of the city in the mentioned period. Overheating by solar radiation due to concrete structured urban surface is tolerated by north-easterly cool winds. However, lack of moisture source (i.e. green areas) to moderate heat and cold stress is one of the main causes of thermally uncomfortable periods and areas in the city center. In order to improve such negative conditions, mitigating efforts should be focused on creating city parts that comply with spatial planning and design principles, taking into account all natural and human factors from a geographical perspective.",{"EN":322,"VI":323},"Evaluating the Spatial Distribution of Thermal Comfort Conditions in a High-Elevated Cold City Centre, Erzurum","Đánh giá sự phân bố không gian của các điều kiện tiện nghi nhiệt tại trung tâm thành phố lạnh ở độ cao lớn, Erzurum",{"EN":325},"",{"VOID":327},"Akbarı, H., Pomerantz, M., & Taha, H. (2001). Cool surfaces and shade trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas. Solar Energy, 70, 95–310.\nAzeri, A. R. K., Akbarnıa, E., Molume, F. K., & Kolavani, S. S. K. (2015). The effect of green spaces on cities with health and efficiency approach. Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Science: Science Journal (CSJ), 36(3), 4217–4223.\nBłażejczyk, K., Baranowski, J., & Blazejczyk, A. (2018). Climate related diseases. Current regional variability and projections to the year 2100. Quaestiones Geographicae, 37(1), 23–36.\nBoukhabla, M., & Alkama, D. (2012). Impact of vegetation on thermal conditions outside, Thermal modeling of urban microclimate, Case study: The street of the republic, Biskra. Energy Procedia, 18, 73–84.\nC40 Cities. (2012). Retrieved from https:\u002F\u002Fwww.c40.org\u002Fending-climate-change-begins-in-the-city. Accessed 08 Mar 2023\nÇağlak, S. (2024). A new model approach to mapping bioclimatic comfort conditions. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00704-023-04816-3\nChapman, S., Watson, J. E., Salazar, A., Thatcher, M., & McAlpine, C. A. (2017). The impact of urbanization and climate change on urban temperatures: A systematic review. Landscape Ecology, 32(10), 1921–1935.\nChen, L., Ng, E., An, X., Ren, C., Lee, M., Wang, U., & He, Z. (2012). Sky view factor analysis of street canyons and its implications for daytime intra-urban air temperature differentials in high-rise, high-density urban areas of Hong Kong: A GIS-based simulation approach. International Journal of Climatology, 32, 121–136. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fjoc.2243\nCleugh, H., & Grimmond, S. (2012). Urban climates and global climate change. In A. Henderson-Sellers & K. McGuffie (Eds.), The future of the world’s climate (2nd ed., pp. 47–76). Elsevier. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FB978-0-12-386917-3.00003-8\nCohen, P., Potchter, O., & Matzarakis, A. (2012). Daily and seasonal climatic conditions of green urban open spaces in the Mediterranean climate and their impact on human comfort. Building and Environment, 51, 285–295.\nDemircan, N., & Toy, S. (2019). Checking three-year differences in some climatic elements between urban and rural areas after a twelve-year period considering some effective parameters and solutions. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28(2), 718–725.\nDirksen, M., Rondab, R. J., Theeuwesc, N. E., & Pagani, G. A. (2019). Sky view factor calculations and its application in urban heat island studies. Urban Climate, 30(2019), 100498. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.uclim.2019.100498\nDokhanien, F., Mohajerani, M., Estaji, H., & Nikravan, M. (2023). Shading design optimization in a semi-arid region: Considering energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and cost. Journal of Cleaner Production, 428, 139293.\nGal, T., Rzepa, M., Gromek, B., & Unger, J. (2007). Comparison between sky view factor values computed by two different methods in an urban environment. ACTA Climatologica Et Chorologica, 40(41), 17–26.\nGómez, F., Gaja, E., & Reig, A. (1998). Vegetation and climatic changes in a city. Ecological Engineering, 10(4), 355–360.\nGrimmond, S. (2007). Urbanization and global environmental change: Local effects of urban warming. The Geographical Journal, 173(1), 83–88. Environment and Development in the Former South African Bantustans.\nHöppe, P. (1999). The physiological equivalent temperature—A universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. International Journal of Biometeorology, 43, 71–75.\nISO. (1994). ISO 7730, moderate thermal environments—Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort (2nd ed.). International Organization for Standardization.\nKarimi, A., Mohajerani, M., Moslehi, H., Mohammedzadeh, N., Martinez, A. G., & Rangel, D. M. (2023). An innovative simulation-based methodology for evaluating cooling strategies in climate change-induced overheating. Journal of Building Engineering, 80, 108167.\nKarimi, A., Sanaieian, H., Farhadi, H., & Norouzian-Maleki, S. (2020). Evaluation of the thermal indices and thermal comfort improvement by different vegetation species and materials in a medium-sized urban park. Energy Reports, 6, 1670–1684.\nKlemm, W., Heusinkveld, B. G., Lenzholzer, S., Jacobs, M. H., & Van Hove, B. (2015). Psychological and physical impact of urban green spaces on outdoor thermal comfort during summertime in The Netherlands. Building and Environment, 83, 120–128.\nLandsberg, H. E. (1981). Urban climate. International geophysics series. Academic Press.\nLeroyer, S., Belair, S., Spacak, L., & Gultepe, I. (2018). Modelling of radiation-based thermal stress indicators for urban numerical weather prediction. Urban Climate, 25, 64–81.\nLindberg, F., & Grimmond, C. S. (2011). The influence of vegetation and building morphology on shadow patterns and mean radiant temperatures in urban areas: model development and evaluation. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 1050(3), 311–323. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00704-010-0382-8\nLiu, Z., He, C., Zhou, Y., & Wu, J. (2014). How much of the world’s land has been urbanized, really? A hierarchical framework for avoiding confusion. Landscape Ecology, 29(5), 763–771.\nMatzarakis, A. (2020). A note on the assessment of the effect of atmospheric factors and components on humans. Atmosphere, 11, 1283. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Fatmos11121283\nMatzarakis, A., & Mayer, H. (1996). Another kind of environmental stress: Thermal stress. WHO Newsletters, 18, 7–10.\nMatzarakis, A., Mayer, H., & Iziomon, M. G. (1999). Applications of a universal thermal index: Physiological equivalent temperature. International Journal of Biometeorology, 43, 76–84.\nMatzarakis, A., Rutz, F., & Mayer, H. (2007). Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments—Application of the RayMan model. International Journal of Biometeorology, 51, 323–334.\nMurshed, M., & Saadat, S. Y. (2018). Effects of urbanization on climate change: Evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 8, 1–8. Special Issue for ICNST 2018.\nNaboni, E., Natanian, J., Brizzi, G., Florio, S., Chokhachian, A., Galanos, T., & Rastogi, P. (2019). A digital workflow to quantify regenerative urban design in the context of a changing climate. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 113, 1–15.\nNarimani, N. A., Karimi, A., & Brown, R. D. (2022). Effects of street orientation and tree species thermal comfort within urban canyons in a hot, dry climate. Ecological Informatic, 69, 101671.\nNastos, T. P., & Matzarakis, A. (2011). The effect of air temperature and human thermal indices on mortality in Athens, Greece. Theoretical and Applied Climatology., 108(3–4), 591–599.\nNowak, D. J., & Dwyer, J. F. (2000). Handbook of urban and community. Springer.\nOke, T. (1973). City size and the urban heat island. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 7(8), 769–779. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0004-6981(73)90140-6\nOke, T. R. (1981). Canyon geometry and the nocturnal heat island: Comparison of scale model and field observations. Journal of Climatology, 1, 237–254.\nOke, T., Mills, G., Christen, A., & Voogt, J. (2017). Urban climates. Cambridge University Press.\nOmar, N. (2019). The effect of natural environments on the urban microclimate by using ENVI-MET Ver 4.3 simulation programme. Kejuruteraan, Teknologi Dan Sains Sosial, 1(1), 161–176.\nParsons, K. (2003). Human thermal environments: The effects of hot, moderate, and cold environments on human health, comfort and performance. Taylor & Francis.\nSandstrom, U. G. (2002). Green infrastructure planning in urban Sweden. 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Outdoor thermal comfort by different heat mitigation strategies—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 2011–2018.\nTheeuwes, N. E., Steeneveld, G.-J., Ronda, R. J., & Holtslag, A. A. M. (2017). A diagnostic equation for the daily maximum urban heat island effect for cities in northwestern Europe. International Journal of Climatology, 37, 443–454. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fjoc.4717\nToy, S., & Kantor, N. (2017). Evaluation of human thermal comfort ranges in urban climate of winter cities on the example of Erzurum city. Environmental Science and Pollution Research., 24(2), 1811–1820.\nToy, S., Yılmaz, S., & Yılmaz, H. (2007). Determination of bioclimatic comfort in three different land uses in the city of Erzurum, Turkey. Building and Environment, 42(3), 1315–1318.\nUnited Nations. (2016). UN-habitat the strategic plan 2020–2023. Retrieved from https:\u002F\u002Funhabitat.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fdocuments\u002F2019-09\u002Fstrategic_plan_2020-2023.pdf. Accessed 8 Mar 2024.\nUnited Nations. (2018). World urbanization prospects the 2018 revision. Retrieved from https:\u002F\u002Funhabitat.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fdocuments\u002F2019-09\u002Fstrategic_plan_2020-2023.pdf. Accessed 8 Mar 2024.\nUnited Nations. (2019). Sustainable cities and communities. Retrieved from https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fsustainabledevelopment\u002Fcities\u002F. Accessed 8 Mar 2024.\nVerein Deutscher Ingenieure. (1998). VDI 3787, Part I: Environmental meteorology, methods for the human-biometeorological evaluation of climate and air quality for the urban and regional planning at regional level. Part I: Climate. VDI\u002FDIN-Handbuch Reinhaltung der Luft, Band 1b, Düsseldorf\nWMO. (2023). Guidance on measuring, modelling and monitoring the canopy layer urban heat island (CL UHI). In K. H. Schlünzen, S. Grimmond, & A. Baklanov (Eds.), weather climate water (p. 88). 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P.S. (2006) British Colombia (Canada) Tsunami Warning Methods A Toolkit for Community Planning (Simon Fraser University, Canada, 2006), 121 pp.",{},{"id":22,"text":663,"url":22,"identifiers":664},"Atwater, B. F., and Others (2005) The Orphan Tsunami of 1700 (University of Washington Press, 2005), 133 pp.",{},{"id":22,"text":666,"url":22,"identifiers":667},"Bernard, E.N., González, F.I., Meinig, C., and Milburn, H.B. (2001), Early detection and real-time reporting of deep-ocean tsunamis. In Proceedings of the International Tsunami Symposium 2001 (ITS 2001) (on CD-ROM), NTHMP Review Session, R-6, Seattle, WA, 7–10 August 2001), 97–108.",{},{"id":22,"text":669,"url":22,"identifiers":670},"Berkman, S.C., and Symons, J.M., The Tsunami of May 22, 1960 as Recorded at Tide Stations (US Coast and Geodetic Survey, Final Report, 1960), 79 pp.",{},{"id":22,"text":672,"url":22,"identifiers":673},"Butler, R., T. Lay, Creager, K., Earle, P., Fischer, K., Gaherty, J., Laske, G., Leith, W., Park, J., Ritzwoller, M., Tromp, J., and Wen, L. (2004), The Global Seismographic Network surpasses its design goal, EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 85, 225–229.",{"doi":674},"10.1029\u002F2004EO230001",{"id":22,"text":676,"url":22,"identifiers":677},"Cox, D.C., and Mink, J.F. (1963). The Tsunami of 23 May 1960 in the Hawaiian Islands, Bull. Seismo. Soc. Amer., 53, 1191-1209.",{"doi":678},"10.1785\u002FBSSA0530061191",{"id":22,"text":680,"url":22,"identifiers":681},"Crawford, G.L. (2006). On Shore Tsunami Communications – Getting the Tsunami Warning to the People on the Beach, In Proceedings of the 8th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, April 18-22, 2006, San Francisco, California).",{},{"id":22,"text":683,"url":22,"identifiers":684},"Eaton, J.P., Richter, D.H. and Ault, W.U. (1961). The Tsunami of May 23, 1960, on the Island of Hawaii, Bull Seism. Soc. Amer, 51, 135-157.",{},{"id":22,"text":686,"url":22,"identifiers":687},"Fraser, G., Eaton, J.P., and Wentworth, C.K. (1959). The Tsunami of March 9, 1957, on the island of Hawaii, Bull. Seismo. Soc. Amer., 49:1, 79-90.",{"doi":688},"10.1785\u002FBSSA0490010079",{"id":22,"text":690,"url":22,"identifiers":691},"Fryer, G., Watts, P., and Pratson, L.F. (2004). Source of the great tsunami of 1 April 1946; a landslide in the upper Aleutian forearc, Marine Geology, 203:3-4, 201-218.",{"doi":692},"10.1016\u002FS0025-3227(03)00305-0",{"id":22,"text":694,"url":22,"identifiers":695},"Green, C.K. (1946), Seismic Sea Wave of April 1, 1946, as recorded on tide gages. American Geophysical Union, 27:IV, 490-500.",{"doi":696},"10.1029\u002FTR027i004p00490",{"id":22,"text":698,"url":22,"identifiers":699},"Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), The Report of the Tsunami of Chilean Earthquake, 1960 (JMA, 1963), Technical Report 8, 93 pp.",{},{"id":22,"text":701,"url":22,"identifiers":702},"JMA. Manual on Operation and Systems for Tsunami Warning Service (JMA, 2007), Brochure, 86 pp.",{},{"id":22,"text":704,"url":22,"identifiers":705},"JMA (2009a). Distant Earthquake Information (in Japanese), http:\u002F\u002Fwww.seisvol.kishou.go.jp\u002Feq\u002Ffarearth.html.",{},{"id":22,"text":707,"url":22,"identifiers":708},"JMA (2009b). Earthquake Early Warnings, http:\u002F\u002Fwww.jma.go.jp\u002Fjma\u002Fen\u002FActivities\u002Feew.html.",{},{"id":22,"text":710,"url":22,"identifiers":711},"Kowalik, Z and Whitmore, P.M. (1991). An Investigation of Two Tsunamis Recorded at Adak, Alaska, Science of Tsunami Hazards, 9(2), 67-83.",{},{"id":22,"text":713,"url":22,"identifiers":714},"Lay, T., Berger, J., Buland, R., Butler, R., Ekström, G., Hutt, C.R., and Romanowicz, B., Global Seismic Network Design Goals Update 2002 (IRIS, 2002).",{},{"id":22,"text":716,"url":22,"identifiers":717},"Lopez, A.M. and Okal, E.A. (2006). A seismological reassessment of the source of the 1946 Aleutian “tsunami” earthquake, Geophysical Journal International, 165, 835-849.",{"doi":718},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-246X.2006.02899.x",{"id":22,"text":720,"url":22,"identifiers":721},"Macdonald, G.A., Shepard, F.P., and Cox, D.C., The Tsunami of April 1, 1946, in the Hawaiian Islands: The Smithsonian Report for 1947 (US Govt Printing Office, 1948), Publication 3929, 257-280.",{},{"id":22,"text":723,"url":22,"identifiers":724},"Macdonald, G.A., and Wentworth, C.K. (1954). The Tsunami of November 4, 1965, on the island of Hawaii, Bull. Seismo. Soc. Amer., 44:3, 463-469.",{"doi":725},"10.1785\u002FBSSA0440030463",{"id":22,"text":727,"url":22,"identifiers":728},"Meinig, C., Stalin, S.E., Nakamura, A.I., and H.B. Milburn, H.B. (2005), Real-Time Deep-Ocean Tsunami Measuring, Monitoring, and Reporting System: The NOAA DART II Description and Disclosure, http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ndbc.noaa.gov\u002Fdart\u002Fdart.shtml.",{},{"id":22,"text":730,"url":22,"identifiers":731},"New Zealand Civil Defense and Emergency Management, Public Alerting: Options Assessment, Information for the CDEM Sector [IS 1009] (NZ MCDEM, May 2009).",{},{"id":22,"text":733,"url":22,"identifiers":734},"Okal, E. A., and Herbert, H. (2007). Far-field simulation of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami, Geophysical Journal International, 169:3, 1229-1238.",{"doi":735},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-246X.2007.03375.x",{"id":22,"text":737,"url":22,"identifiers":738},"Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) (2009a), PTWC history, http:\u002F\u002Fwww.prh.noaa.gov\u002Fptwc\u002Fhistory.php.",{},{"id":22,"text":740,"url":22,"identifiers":741},"Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC), PTWC Operations, Systems and Procedures Manual, version 1.12 (PTWC, 2009b), 263 pp.",{},{"id":22,"text":743,"url":22,"identifiers":744},"Park, J., Butler, R., Anderson, K., Berger, J., Benze, H, Davis, P., Hutt, C.R., McCreery, C.S., Ahern, T., Ekstron, G., and Aster, R (2005), Performance Review of the Global Seismographic Network for the Sumatra-Andaman Megathrust Earthquake, Seis. Res. Lett., 76, 329-341.",{},{"id":22,"text":746,"url":22,"identifiers":747},"Plafker, G., Okal, E.A., and Synolakis, C.E. (2002), A new survey of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami in the near field; evidence for a large underwater landslide at Davidson Bank, Seismo. Res. Lett,, 73. 259.",{},{"id":22,"text":749,"url":22,"identifiers":750},"Powers, H.A. (1946a), Tidal Wave of April 1, 1946, The Volcano Letter, Hawaii, 491, 1-4.",{},{"id":22,"text":752,"url":22,"identifiers":753},"Powers, H.A. (1946b), The Aleutian tsunami at Hilo, Hawaii, April 1, 1946, Bull Seismo Seis Amer., 36, 355-356.",{"doi":754},"10.1785\u002FBSSA0360040355",{"id":22,"text":756,"url":22,"identifiers":757},"Salsman, G.G., The Tsunami of March 9, 1957, as Recorded at Tide Stations (US Govt Printing Office, 1959), US Coast and Geodetic Survey Technical Bull 6, 18 pp.",{},{"id":22,"text":759,"url":22,"identifiers":760},"Satake, K., Tsunamis, In International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology (Academic Press, 2002), 437-451.",{"doi":761},"10.1016\u002FS0074-6142(02)80231-5",{"id":22,"text":763,"url":22,"identifiers":764},"Sievers, C. H.A., Villegas C., G., and Barros, G. (1963). The Seismic Sea Wave of 22 May 1960 Along the Chilean Coast, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer., 53:6, 1125-1190.",{"doi":765},"10.1785\u002FBSSA0530061125",{"id":22,"text":767,"url":22,"identifiers":768},"Tang, L., Titov, V.V., and Chamberlin, C.D. (2009). Development, testing, and applications of site-specific tsunami inundation models for real-time forecasting, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C12025, 22 pp.",{"doi":769},"10.1029\u002F2009JC005476",{"id":22,"text":771,"url":22,"identifiers":772},"The Committee For Field Investigation of the Chilean Tsunami of 1960 (R. Takahashi Chairman) (1961). Report of the Chilean Tsunami of May 24, 1960 as Observed along the Coast of Japan, 397 pp.",{},{"id":22,"text":774,"url":22,"identifiers":775},"Titov, V.V., González, F.I, Bernard, E,N, Eble, M.C., Mofjeld, H.O., Newman, J.C., and Venturato, A.J. (2005). Real-time tsunami forecasting: Challenges and solutions, Nat. Hazards, 35(1), Special Issue, US National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, 41–58.",{"doi":776},"10.1007\u002F1-4020-3607-8_3",{"id":22,"text":778,"url":22,"identifiers":779},"United Nations Educational Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO\u002FIOC), IOC Report of the Working Group Meeting on The International Aspects of the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific, Honolulu, Hawaii, April 27-30, 1965, Chair, H. Steward (US Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1965), 33 pp.",{},{"id":22,"text":781,"url":22,"identifiers":782},"UNESCO\u002FIOC, Twenty-third Session of the Assembly, Paris, 21–30 June 2005 (UNESCO\u002FIOC, January 2009c), IOC Reports of Governing and Major Subsidiary Bodies No. 109, 173 pp.",{},{"id":22,"text":784,"url":22,"identifiers":785},"UNESCO\u002FIOC. From Commitments to Action: Advancements in Developing an Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (UNESCO\u002FIOC, 2006), IOC Brochure 2006-1, 27 pp.",{},{"id":22,"text":787,"url":22,"identifiers":788},"United Nations Educational Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO\u002FIOC), Five Years After the tsunami in the Indian Ocean: From strategy to implementation, Advancements in global early warning systems for tsunamis and other ocean hazards 2004-2009 (UNESCO\u002FIOC, 2009a), IOC Brochure 2009-4, 24 pp.",{},{"id":22,"text":790,"url":22,"identifiers":791},"UNESCO\u002FIOC (2009b), Global Tsunami web site, http:\u002F\u002Fioc-tsunami.org\u002F.",{},{"id":22,"text":793,"url":22,"identifiers":794},"UNESCO\u002FIOC, Operational Users Guide for the Pacific Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (PTWS) (UNESCO\u002FIOC, January 2009d, revised 2010), IOC Technical Series No. 87, 142 pp.",{},{"id":22,"text":796,"url":22,"identifiers":797},"UNESCO\u002FIOC – NOAA International Tsunami Information Center (1985), ITIC Newsletters, http:\u002F\u002Fitic.ioc-unesco.org\u002Findex.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=1228&Itemid=1228&lang=en.",{},{"id":22,"text":799,"url":22,"identifiers":800},"US Nationa l Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program , Tsunami Warning System and Procedures Guidance for Local Officials, Special Paper 35 (Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, 2001).",{},{"id":22,"text":802,"url":22,"identifiers":803},"United States Geological Survey (USGS) (2009a), Historic Earthquakes, http:\u002F\u002Fearthquake.usgs.gov\u002Fregional\u002Fstates\u002Fevents\u002F1946_04_01.php http:\u002F\u002Fearthquake.usgs.gov\u002Fregional\u002Fworld\u002Fevents\u002F1960_05_22.php , http:\u002F\u002Fearthquake.usgs.gov\u002Feqcenter\u002Feqinthenews\u002F2004\u002Fusslav\u002F.",{},{"id":22,"text":805,"url":22,"identifiers":806},"United States Geological Survey (USGS) (2009b), Earthquake Early Warning System Possible (Press Release), Trans. Amer. Geophs. Union, Fall 2009 AGU Meeting, Sessions S13A-1718, 1719, 1720; S21C-01, 03, 04 on CISN ShakeAlert and Earthquake Early Warning, http:\u002F\u002Fwww.usgs.gov\u002Fnewsroom\u002Farticle.asp?ID=2366&from=rss.",{},{"id":22,"text":808,"url":22,"identifiers":809},"US National Geophysical Data Center (2009), Tsunami and Earthquake databases, http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov\u002Fhazard\u002F.",{},{"id":22,"text":811,"url":22,"identifiers":812},"Wang, D., Walsh, D., Becker, N.C., and Fryer, G.F. (2009). A Methodology for Tsunami Wave Propagation Forecast in Real Time, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, Fall 2009 AGU Meeting, Session S43A-1367 (abstract).",{},{"id":22,"text":814,"url":22,"identifiers":815},"Wessel, P. (2009). Analysis of Observed and Predicted Tsunami Travel Times for the Pacific and Indian Oceans, Pure Applied Geophys, 166, 301-324.",{"doi":816},"10.1007\u002Fs00024-008-0437-2",{"id":22,"text":818,"url":22,"identifiers":819},"West Coast\u002FAlaska Tsunami Warning Center (WC\u002FATWC) (2009a). Communications and Networking Architecture, http:\u002F\u002Fwcatwc.arh.noaa.gov\u002Fthewcatwc\u002Fhistory.htm.",{},{"id":22,"text":821,"url":22,"identifiers":822},"West Coast\u002FAlaska Tsunami Warning Center (WC\u002FATWC), User’s Guide for the Tsunami Warning System in the West Coast\u002FAlaska Tsunami Warning Center Area-of-Responsibility (WC\u002FATWC, 2009b), 43 pp.",{},{"id":22,"text":824,"url":22,"identifiers":825},"Whitmore, P.W. and Sokolowski, T.J. (1996). Predicting Tsunami Amplitudes along the North American Coast from Tsunamis Generated in the Northwest Pacific Ocean during Tsunami Warnings, Science of Tsunami Hazards, 14(3), 147-166.",{},{"id":827,"createTime":828,"updateTime":829,"relativeEntities":830,"slug":831,"properties":832,"entityType":330,"verifyStatus":331,"verifyTime":843,"verifyNote":333,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":844,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":845,"publicationType":369,"publisherRelationship":861,"citationCount":23,"citationInfo":913,"publishDate":916,"publishYear":914,"citationAnalyzeStatus":512,"lastCitationAnalyze":829,"indexDatabases":917,"openAccess":22,"references":22,"isForceReanalyzing":420},"db235822-c555-4cf9-8137-405f4d413a1a","2024-01-11T19:27:02.574+00:00","2026-08-16T10:40:45.529+00:00",[],"Pressure-wind-adjustment-relationships-during-a-multilevel-primitive-equation-prediction-process-using-tropical-atmospheric-data",{"abstract":833,"title":835,"gsPaper":837,"references":839,"doi":841},{"EN":834},"In numerical weather forecasting process, with primitive equations, the wind and pressure fields mutually adjust to each other until some form of balance is achieved. The type of balance so achieved by the mass and wind fields during the numerical integration of the primitive equations governing atmospheric motions is not knowna priori. This is particularly so in the case of tropical regions where the pressure wind adjustment laws prevailing in a tropical atmosphere are not well understood. In this study we perform a systematic investigation of the pressure wind adjustment relations during a numerical integration of the primitive equations governing atmospheric motions in a tropical atmosphere. Therefore, a two-day prediction experiment is carried out using the Florida State University Tropical Prediction (FSU) Model (Krishnamurti, 1969;Krishnamurti,et al. 1973;Kanamitsu, 1975). The 200 mb predicted motion (u, v) and height (z) fields are then extracted at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours of forecast time. Using these motion (u, v) fields three other 200 mb height (z) fields were computed from the inverse nonlinear, linear and quasigeostrophic balance equations. Each of these three diagnostic heights for the 200 mb pressure surface were compared with the respective 200 mb heights obtained from the Florida State University Tropical Preciction Model. The comparison is done by computing the root-mean-square differences between the predicted 200 mb height fields and each of the three 200 mb heights obtained from the inverse non-linear, linear and quasigeostrophic balance equations. The results show that the root-meansquare differences between thez fields from the FSU model and those obtained from the non-linear and linear balance equations lie within the ranges 23 to 44 and 25 to 50 metres respectively. The root-mean-square differences between the predicted heights and the heights computed from the quasigeostrophic balance equation lie in the range 54 to 62 metres. These root-mean-square differences are of significant magnitude since large-scale disturbances in the tropical atmosphere are associated with rather small pressure changes. The variations of these root-mean-square differences as one moves from one forecast time to another exhibit no clear increasing or decreasing trend. In fact the variations appear somewhat random. This rather unsystematic time variation of the root-mean-square differences is a manifestation of the constant changes of the physics in the model as different weather systems evolve in the course of the forecasting process. It seems therefore that the pressure-wind adjustments that take place during a numerical integration of the model equations are of complex nature and cannot simply be approximated by simple diagnostic relations like the ones used in this study.",{"EN":836},"Pressure wind adjustment relationships during a multilevel primitive equation prediction process using tropical atmospheric data",{"VOID":838},"[\"9027583600415066320\"]",{"VOID":840},"Doos, B. R.,Numerical experimentation related to GARP. GARP publications series, no. 6 (WMO, Geneva, 1970).\nJohnson, D. H. (1965),African synoptic meteorology inMeteorology and Desert Locust. WMO Tech. note, No. 69, 48–90.\nJohnson, D. H. andMörth, H. T.,Forecasting research in East Africa inSymposium on Tropical Meteorology (Ed. D. J. Bargman), (Munitalp Foundation, 1960).\nKanamitsu, M. (1975),On numerical prediction over a global tropical belt. Ph.D. thesis (Report No. 75-1), Department of Meteorology, Florida State University, Tallahasse, U.S.A.\nKnighting, E., Corby, G. A., andRowntree, P. R. (1962),An experiment in operational numerical weather prediction. Met. Office, Scientific Paper, no. 16, 28.\nKrishnamurti, T. N. (1969),An experiment in numerical prediction in equatorial latitudes, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.95, 405, 594–620.\nKrishnamurti, T. N., Kanamitsu, M., Ceselski, B., andMuthur, M. B. (1973),Florida State University's Tropical Prediction Model, Tellus25, 568–585.\nLettau, B. (1974a),Pressure-wind relationships in the equatorial westerlies, Mon. Wea. Rev.102, 3, 208–218.\nLettau, B. (1974b),Surface winds and pressure gradients on the equator. Preprints of Inter. Trop. Meteorology Meeting. Jan. 31–Feb. 7, Nairobi (Kenya), pp. 68–71.\nSmagorinsky, J., Manabe, S., andHolloway, J. L., Jr. (1965),Numerical results from a nine-level general circulation model of the atmosphere, Mon. Wea. Rev.93, 12, 727–768.\nWinnighoff, F. J. (1973),Note on a simple restorative-iterative procedure for initialization of a global forecast model, Mon. Wea. Rev.79, 79–84.",{"VOID":842},"10.1007\u002FBF00876066","2024-06-24T13:15:27.387+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF00876066",[846],{"id":847,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":848,"affiliations":849,"properties":858,"displayName":860,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"59901b46-faf5-4e15-98b2-47d85aa5b193",[341],[850],{"id":851,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":852,"properties":22},"737866d9-c138-4788-b5a6-c7b3890c5d8b",{"id":851,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":853,"slug":22,"properties":854,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":857,"statistic":22},[],{"title":855},{"VI":856},"Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Kenya",[],{"title":859},{"VI":860},"P. M. R. Kiangi",{"url":844,"publisher":862,"properties":908},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":863,"slug":10,"properties":864,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":21,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"subjectFields":868,"manageAffiliations":877,"indexDatabases":888,"url":22,"thumbnailPath":22,"statistic":903,"gsStatistic":22,"type":307,"analyzePriority":22},[],{"issn":865,"title":866,"eissn":867},{"VOID":15},{"EN":17},{"VOID":13},[869,873],{"id":26,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":870,"label":871,"description":872,"parentId":22,"standard":22,"scholarHubFieldId":22},[],{"EN":29},{},{"id":32,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":874,"label":875,"description":876,"parentId":22,"standard":22,"scholarHubFieldId":22},[],{"EN":35},{},[878,883],{"id":39,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":879,"slug":22,"properties":880,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":882,"statistic":22},[],{"title":881},{"EN":43},[],{"id":46,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":884,"slug":22,"properties":885,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":887,"statistic":22},[],{"title":886},{"EN":50},[52],[889,896],{"id":55,"indexDatabase":890,"url":66,"indexYears":67,"academicFieldIds":895,"indexDatabaseRanking":22},{"id":57,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":891,"label":892,"description":893,"key":63,"publicationTags":894,"standard":22},[],{"EN":60,"VI":60},{"EN":60,"VI":62},[65],[69,70],{"id":72,"indexDatabase":897,"url":22,"indexYears":22,"academicFieldIds":902,"indexDatabaseRanking":22},{"id":74,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":898,"label":899,"description":900,"key":81,"publicationTags":901,"standard":22},[],{"EN":77,"VI":77},{"EN":79,"VI":80},[83,84],[86],{"impactFactor":23,"impactFactorByYear":904,"i10Index":101,"i10IndexLast5Year":102,"totalPublication":103,"totalPublicationByYear":905,"totalCitation":170,"totalCitationByYear":906,"totalCitationPerPublication":238,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":907,"hindexLast5Year":147,"hindex":147},{"2006":89,"2007":90,"2008":91,"2012":92,"2013":93,"2014":94,"2015":94,"2016":95,"2017":96,"2018":97,"2019":94,"2020":98,"2021":99,"2022":99,"2023":100},{"1939":105,"1940":106,"1941":107,"1942":108,"1943":109,"1944":110,"1945":111,"1946":107,"1947":112,"1948":113,"1949":114,"1950":115,"1951":114,"1952":116,"1953":117,"1954":118,"1955":119,"1956":120,"1957":121,"1958":122,"1959":123,"1960":124,"1961":125,"1962":118,"1963":117,"1964":119,"1965":126,"1966":127,"1967":127,"1968":127,"1969":128,"1970":129,"1971":130,"1972":131,"1973":132,"1974":133,"1975":134,"1976":135,"1977":135,"1978":136,"1979":137,"1980":138,"1981":139,"1982":116,"1983":140,"1984":141,"1985":142,"1986":143,"1987":122,"1988":144,"1989":145,"1990":146,"1991":147,"1992":148,"1993":121,"1994":149,"1995":115,"1996":150,"1997":116,"1998":135,"1999":120,"2000":123,"2001":125,"2002":146,"2003":151,"2004":152,"2005":153,"2006":128,"2007":154,"2008":154,"2009":155,"2010":156,"2011":157,"2012":158,"2013":159,"2014":160,"2015":161,"2016":162,"2017":163,"2018":164,"2019":165,"2020":166,"2021":167,"2022":168,"2023":169,"2024":116},{"1939":111,"1940":172,"1942":173,"1944":174,"1946":172,"1948":175,"1949":176,"1950":172,"1951":177,"1952":174,"1953":178,"1954":179,"1955":180,"1956":181,"1957":182,"1958":174,"1959":161,"1960":183,"1961":184,"1962":185,"1963":186,"1964":144,"1965":173,"1966":187,"1967":188,"1968":125,"1969":136,"1970":189,"1971":190,"1972":191,"1973":192,"1974":193,"1975":194,"1976":195,"1977":196,"1978":197,"1979":183,"1980":198,"1981":199,"1982":177,"1983":200,"1984":180,"1985":201,"1986":202,"1987":203,"1988":204,"1989":205,"1990":206,"1991":207,"1992":208,"1993":209,"1994":210,"1995":211,"1996":212,"1997":138,"1998":213,"1999":214,"2000":215,"2002":216,"2003":217,"2004":218,"2005":219,"2006":220,"2007":221,"2008":222,"2009":223,"2010":224,"2011":225,"2012":226,"2013":227,"2014":228,"2015":229,"2016":230,"2017":231,"2018":232,"2019":233,"2020":234,"2021":235,"2022":236,"2023":237},{"1939":240,"1940":92,"1942":241,"1944":90,"1946":97,"1948":92,"1949":242,"1950":243,"1951":244,"1952":245,"1953":246,"1954":93,"1955":93,"1956":247,"1957":248,"1958":245,"1959":249,"1960":250,"1961":251,"1962":96,"1963":252,"1964":253,"1965":243,"1966":254,"1967":250,"1968":255,"1969":256,"1970":257,"1971":249,"1972":258,"1973":259,"1974":260,"1975":261,"1976":262,"1977":263,"1978":264,"1979":265,"1980":266,"1981":267,"1982":268,"1983":269,"1984":270,"1985":176,"1986":271,"1987":272,"1988":273,"1989":274,"1990":275,"1991":276,"1992":277,"1993":278,"1994":279,"1995":280,"1996":281,"1997":282,"1998":283,"1999":284,"2000":285,"2002":286,"2003":287,"2004":288,"2005":289,"2006":290,"2007":291,"2008":292,"2009":293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the Garhwal Himalayan Corridor (GHC), we recorded the magnetotelluric (MT) data at 40 sites, in three phases. Out of these 40 sites, useful tipper or vertical magnetic field transfer function (VTF) data was available only at 19 sites. The resistivity model, obtained from 3D inversion of the MT data, is used to investigate the existence of transverse tectonic structures in the Garhwal Himalaya. Through a synthetic inversion experiment on scattered data over a profile, like our GHC profile, we have demonstrated that the MT data can be used to qualitatively infer about the off-profile resistivity structures within about 20 km from the profile. We carried out several 3D inversion experiments using different subsets of full impedance tensor and VTF responses individually and jointly to arrive at the final resistivity model. The 2D profile section of our 3D resistivity model explains the thrust tectonic and flat ramp flat geometry of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). Furthermore, the inverted model delineated Delhi–Haridwar Ridge (DHR) as a highly resistive (> 1000 Ωm) feature beneath the low resistive (\u003C 50 Ωm) sediments of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The DHR continues up to the Inner Lesser Himalayan region, and it is bounded by two conductive (\u003C 10 Ωm) fluid-saturated fractured zones situated off-profile, and these run nearly parallel to the DHR. From the electrical image of the DHR and of the associated conducting feature, which have the geoelectric strike of N13°E, we inferred that these features are transverse to the main Himalayan arc.",{"EN":928},"Transverse Tectonics Structures in the Garhwal Himalaya Corridor Inferred from 3D Inversion of Magnetotelluric Profile Data",{"VOID":930},"[\"15026161423120527055\"]",{"VOID":932},"Arora, B. R., & Adam, A. (1992). Anomalous directional behaviour of induction arrows above elongated conductive structures and its possible causes. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,74(3–4), 183–190.\nArora, B. R., Unsworth, M. J., & Rawat, G. (2007). Deep resistivity structure of the northwest Indian Himalaya and its tectonic implications. Geophysical Research Letters. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2006GL029165.\nAuden, J. B. (1935). Transverses in the Himalaya. Geological Survey of India Recruitment,69(2), 123–167.\nAvdeeva, A., Moorkamp, M., Avdeev, D., Jegen, M., & Miensopust, M. (2015). Three-dimensional inversion of magnetotelluric impedance tensor data and full distortion matrix. Geophysical Journal International,202(1), 464–481.\nBansal, B. K., & Verma, M. (2012). The M 4.9 Delhi earthquake of 5 March 2012. Current Science,102(12), 1704–1708.\nByerlee, J. (1990). Friction, overpressure and fault normal compression. Geophysical Research Letters,17(12), 2109–2112.\nCaldwell, W. B., Klemperer, S. L., Lawrence, J. F., & Rai, S. S. (2013). Characterizing the main Himalayan Thrust in the Garhwal Himalaya, India with receiver function CCP stacking. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,367, 15–27.\nEgbert, G. D., & Kelbert, A. (2012). Computational recipes for electromagnetic inverse problems. Geophysical Journal International,189(1), 251–267.\nFriedrichs, B. (2003). MAPROS: Magnetotelluric data processing software. Braunschweig: Metronix GmbH.\nGahalaut, V. K., & Arora, B. R. (2012). Segmentation of seismicity along the Himalayan Arc due to structural heterogeneities in the under-thrusting Indian plate and overriding Himalayan wedge. Episodes,35(4), 493–500.\nGahalaut, V. K., & Kundu, B. (2012). Possible influence of subducting ridges on the Himalayan arc and on the ruptures of great and major Himalayan earthquakes. Gondwana Research,21(4), 1080–1088.\nGansser, A. (1974). Himalaya (Vol. 4, pp. 267–278). London: Geological Society. (Special Publications).\nGodin, L., & Harris, L. B. (2014). Tracking basement cross-strike discontinuities in the Indian crust beneath the Himalayan orogen using gravity data—relationship to upper crustal faults. Geophysical Journal International,198(1), 198–215.\nGokarn, S. G., Gupta, G., Rao, C. K., & Selvaraj, C. (2002). Electrical structure across the Indus Tsangpo suture and Shyok suture zones in NW Himalaya using magnetotelluric studies. Geophysical Research Letters,29(8), 92-1–92-4.\nGupta, G., Gokarn, S. G., & Singh, B. P. (1994). Thickness of the Siwalik sediments in the Mohand-Ramnagar region using magnetotelluric studies. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,83(3–4), 217–224.\nHarris, R. A. (1998). Introduction to special section: Stress triggers, stress shadows, and implications for seismic hazard. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth,103(B10), 24347–24358.\nIsrail, M., Mamoriya, P., Gupta, P. K., & Varshney, S. K. (2016). Transverse tectonics feature delineated by modelling of magnetotelluric data from Garhwal Himalaya corridor India. Current Science,111(5), 868–875.\nIsrail, M., Tyagi, D. K., Gupta, P. K., & Niwas, S. (2008). Magnetotelluric investigations for imaging electrical structure of Garhwal Himalayan corridor, Uttarakhand India. Journal of Earth System Science,117(3), 189.\nKanaujia, J., Kumar, A., & Gupta, S. C. (2016). Three-dimensional velocity structure around Tehri region of the Garhwal Lesser Himalaya: Constraints on geometry of the underthrusting Indian plate. Geophysical Journal International,205(2), 900–914.\nKhattri, K. M., & Tyagi, A. (1983a). Seismicity patterns in the Himalayan plate boundary and identification of the areas of high seismic potential. Tectonophysics,96(3–4), 281–297.\nKhattri, K., & Tyagi, A. K. (1983b). The transverse tectonic features in the Himalaya. Tectonophysics,96(1–2), 19–29.\nKiyan, D., Jones, A. G., & Vozar, J. (2013). The inability of magnetotelluric off-diagonal impedance tensor elements to sense oblique conductors in three-dimensional inversion. Geophysical Journal International,196(3), 1351–1364.\nKumar, G. P., Manglik, A., & Thiagarajan, S. (2014). Crustal geoelectric structure of the Sikkim Himalaya and adjoining Gangetic foreland basin. Tectonophysics,637, 238–250.\nLemonnier, C., Marquis, G., Perrier, F., Avouac, J. P., Chitrakar, G., Kafle, B., et al. (1999). Electrical structure of the Himalaya of central Nepal: High conductivity around the mid-crustal ramp along the MHT. Geophysical Research Letters,26(21), 3261–3264.\nMahesh, P., Rai, S. S., Sivaram, K., Paul, A., Gupta, S., Sarma, R., et al. (2013). One dimensional reference velocity model and precise locations of earthquake hypocenters in the Kumaon-Garhwal Himalaya. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,103(1), 328–339.\nManglik, A., Kumar, G. P., & Thiagarajan, S. (2013). Transverse tectonics in the Sikkim Himalaya: A magnetotelluric study. Tectonophysics,589, 142–150.\nMiglani, R., Shahrukh, M., Israil, M., Gupta, P. K., Varshney, S. K., & Elena, S. (2014). Geoelectric structure estimated from magnetotelluric data from the Uttarakhand Himalaya India. Journal of earth system science,123(8), 1907–1918.\nPrasath, R. A., Paul, A., & Singh, S. (2017). Upper crustal stress and seismotectonics of the Garhwal Himalaya using small-to-moderate earthquakes: Implications to the local structures and free fluids. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,135, 198–211.\nQureshy, M. N. (1969). Thickening of a basalt layer as a possible cause for the uplift of the Himalayas—a suggestion based on gravity data. Tectonophysics,7(2), 137–157.\nRawat, G., Arora, B. R., & Gupta, P. K. (2014). Electrical resistivity cross-section across the Garhwal Himalaya: Proxy to fluid-seismicity linkage. Tectonophysics,637, 68–79.\nSati, D., & Nautiyal, S. P. (1994). Possible role of Delhi–Haridwar subsurface ridge in generation of Uttarkashi earthquake, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Current Science,67, 39–44.\nSen, A., Kumar, A., Gupta, S. C., & Kumar, A. (2014). Spectral analysis of the earthquake sources around Roorkee (INDIA) region and its surrounding Indo-Gangetic planes. Disaster Advances,7(6), 1–11.\nShandilya, A. K., & Shandilya, A. (2016). Studies on the Seismicity in Garhwal Himalaya, India. In N. Raju (Ed.), Geostatistical and geospatial approaches for the characterization of natural resources in the environment (pp. 503–512). Cham: Springer. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002F978-3-319-18663-4_76.\nSingh, A. (2018). Development of MATLAB based 3D inversion algorithm for MT and DCR data. Thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.\nSingh, A., Dehiya, R., Gupta, P. K., & Israil, M. (2017). A MATLAB based 3D modeling and inversion code for MT data. Computers & Geosciences,104, 1–11.\nSiripunvaraporn, W., Egbert, G., & Uyeshima, M. (2005). Interpretation of two-dimensional magnetotelluric profile data with three-dimensional inversion: Synthetic examples. Geophysical Journal International,160(3), 804–814.\nSmirnov, M. Y. (2003). Magnetotelluric data processing with a robust statistical procedure having a high breakdown point. Geophysical Journal International,152(1), 1–7.\nSpratt, J. E., Jones, A. G., Nelson, K. D., Unsworth, M. J., & INDEPTH MT Team. (2005). Crustal structure of the India-Asia collision zone, southern Tibet, from INDEPTH MT investigations. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,150(1–3), 227–237.\nThakur, V. C., & Rawat, B. S. (1992). Geological map of the western Himalaya 1:1,200,000. Oxford: Pergamon Press.\nTietze, K., Ritter, O., & Egbert, G. D. (2015). 3-D joint inversion of the magnetotelluric phase tensor and vertical magnetic transfer functions. Geophysical Journal International,203(2), 1128–1148.\nUnsworth, M. (2010). Magnetotelluric studies of active continent–continent collisions. Surveys In Geophysics,31(2), 137–161.\nUnsworth, M. J., Jones, A. G., Wei, W., Marquis, G., Gokarn, S. G., Spratt, J. E., et al. (2005). Crustal rheology of the Himalaya and Southern Tibet inferred from magnetotelluric data. Nature,438(7064), 78.\nValdiya, K. S. (1976). Himalayan transverse faults and folds and their parallelism with subsurface structures of north Indian plains. Tectonophysics,32(3–4), 353–386.\nValdiya, K. S. (1980). Geology of the Kumaon Lesser Himalaya. Dehra Dun: Wadia Institute of Himalaya.\nVarentsov, I. M. (2007). Joint robust inversion of magnetotelluric and magnetovariational data. Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics,40, 185–218.\nVarentsov, I. M., & Sokolova, E. Y. (2005). The magnetic control approach for the reliable estimation of transfer functions in the EMTESZ Pomerania project. Publications of the Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences,95(386), 68–79.\nVarentsov, I. M., Sokolova, E. Y., Martanus, E. R., & Nalivaiko, K. V. (2003). System of electromagnetic field transfer operators for the BEAR array of simultaneous soundings: Methods and results. Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth,39(2), 118–148.\nWason, H. R., Kumar, J., & Walia, S. K. (1999). Local seismicity of the Garhwal Himalaya subsequent to the Uttarkashi earthquake of October 20, 1991. Gondwana Research Group Memoir,6, 335–340.\nYu, G., Khattri, K. N., Anderson, J. G., Brune, J. N., & Zeng, Y. (1995). Strong ground motion from the Uttarkashi, Himalaya, India, earthquake: Comparison of observations with synthetics using the composite source model. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,85(1), 31–50.",{"VOID":934},"10.1007\u002Fs00024-019-02222-3","2024-06-26T19:59:50.734+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00024-019-02222-3",[938,955,970,983,1000],{"id":939,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":940,"affiliations":941,"properties":950,"displayName":952,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"fe83793b-66d1-4b7b-85af-a8520d330d3c",[341],[942],{"id":943,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":944,"properties":22},"b274b954-2553-4725-b506-335a7356a396",{"id":943,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":945,"slug":22,"properties":946,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":949,"statistic":22},[],{"title":947},{"VI":948},"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India",[],{"title":951,"gsAuthor":953},{"VI":952},"Anita Devi",{"VOID":954},"[\"i2zbCDwAAAAJ\"]",{"id":956,"sortIndex":174,"researcher":22,"roles":957,"affiliations":958,"properties":965,"displayName":967,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"629fbdaf-e866-4e24-96b2-bddcc5c38b02",[341],[959],{"id":943,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":960,"properties":22},{"id":943,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":961,"slug":22,"properties":962,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":964,"statistic":22},[],{"title":963},{"VI":948},[],{"title":966,"gsAuthor":968},{"VI":967},"Mohammad Israil",{"VOID":969},"[\"T5SGf_cAAAAJ\"]",{"id":971,"sortIndex":573,"researcher":22,"roles":972,"affiliations":973,"properties":980,"displayName":982,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"4fb951e7-96be-4f7d-a7ec-eefa90843249",[341],[974],{"id":943,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":975,"properties":22},{"id":943,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":976,"slug":22,"properties":977,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":979,"statistic":22},[],{"title":978},{"VI":948},[],{"title":981},{"VI":982},"Pravin K. 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on the concepts of statistical mesoscopic damage mechanics, the rupture of a heterogeneous medium is investigated in terms of numerical simulations of a network model, subjected to simple shear loading. The heterogeneities are simulated by varying the sizes and fracture strains of the elements of the network. Progressive damage is governed by a damage field equation and a dynamic function of damage (DFD). From the damage field equation, a criterion for damage localization can be derived, and the DFD can be extracted from the simulations of the network. Importantly, the DFD intrinsically governs the damage localization. Both stress-free and periodic boundary conditions for the network are examined. It is found that damage localization may be the underlying mechanism of eventual rupture and thus could be used as a possible precursor of earthquake rupture.",{"EN":1081},"Damage Localization as a Possible Precursor of Earthquake Rupture",{"VOID":1083},"[\"1359669081752626195\"]",{"VOID":1085},"10.1007\u002FPL00001068","2024-05-16T20:55:03.292+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FPL00001068",[1089,1104,1119,1132,1147],{"id":1090,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":1091,"affiliations":1092,"properties":1101,"displayName":1103,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"c265b960-ab24-4381-a255-3c214e2e67b8",[341],[1093],{"id":1094,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1095,"properties":22},"df5c62db-5309-4eed-b2c5-fadc2068aec7",{"id":1094,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1096,"slug":22,"properties":1097,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":1100,"statistic":22},[],{"title":1098},{"VI":1099},"State Key Laboratory of Non-linear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China. 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earthquake scaling relations play a central role in fundamental studies of earthquake physics and in current practice of earthquake hazard assessment, and are being refined by advances in earthquake source analysis. A scaling relation between seismic moment (M\n                        0) and rupture area (A) currently in use for ground motion prediction in Japan features a transition regime of the form M\n                        0–A\n                        2, between the well-recognized small (self-similar) and very large (W-model) earthquake regimes, which has counter-intuitive attributes and uncertain theoretical underpinnings. Here, we investigate the mechanical origin of this transition regime via earthquake cycle simulations, analytical dislocation models and numerical crack models on strike-slip faults. We find that, even if stress drop is assumed constant, the properties of the transition regime are controlled by surface rupture effects, comprising an effective rupture elongation along-dip due to a mirror effect and systematic changes of the shape factor relating slip to stress drop. Based on this physical insight, we propose a simplified formula to account for these effects in M\n                        0–A scaling relations for strike-slip earthquakes.",{"EN":1228},"Surface Rupture Effects on Earthquake Moment-Area Scaling Relations",{"VOID":1230},"[\"13524777062835009845\"]",{"VOID":1232},"Dalguer, L. A., Miyake, H., Day, S. M., & Irikura, K. (2008). Surface rupturing and buried dynamic rupture models calibrated with statistical observations of past earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 98, 1147–1161. doi:10.1785\u002F0120070134.\nFujii, Y., & Matsu’ura, M. (2000). Regional difference in scaling laws for large earthquakes and its tectonic implication. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 157(11–12), 2283–2301.\nGallovič, F. (2008). Heterogeneous Coulomb stress perturbation during earthquake cycles in a 3D rate-and-state fault model. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(21).\nHanks, T. C., & Bakun, W. H. (2002). A bilinear source-scaling model for M–log A observations of continental earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92(5), 1841–1846.\nHanks, T. C., & Bakun, W. H. (2014). M–log A models and other curiosities. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 104(5), 2604–2610.\nHillers, G., Ben-Zion, Y., & Mai, P. M. (2006). Seismicity on a fault controlled by rate-and-state dependent friction with spatial variations of the critical slip distance. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 111(B1), B01403.\nHillers, G., Mai, P. M., Ben-Zion, Y., & Ampuero, J. P. (2007). Statistical properties of seismicity of fault zones at different evolutionary stages. Geophysical Journal International, 169(2), 515–533.\nIrikura, K., & Miyake, H. (2001). Prediction of strong ground motions for scenario earthquakes. Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi), 110(6), 849–875.\nIrikura, K., & Miyake, H. (2011). Recipe for predicting strong ground motion from crustal earthquake scenarios. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 168(1–2), 85–104.\nKanamori, H., & Anderson, D. L. (1975). Theoretical basis of some empirical relations in seismology. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 65(5), 1073–1095.\nLeonard, M. (2010). Earthquake fault scaling: Self-consistent relating of rupture length, width, average displacement, and moment release. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(5A), 1971–1988.\nMarone, C. (1998). Laboratory-derived friction laws and their application to seismic faulting. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 26(1), 643–696.\nMatsu’ura, M., & Sato, T. (1997). Loading mechanism and scaling relations of large interplate earthquakes. Tectonophysics, 277(1), 189–198.\nMiyakoshi, K., Irikura, K., & Kamae, K. (2015). Re-examination of scaling relationships of source parameters of the inland crustal earthquakes in Japan based on the waveform inversion of strong motion data. Journal of Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering, 15–7, 141–156. (in Japanese with English abstract).\nMurotani, S., Matsushima, S., Azuma, T., Irikura, K., & Kitagawa, S. (2015). Scaling relations of source parameters of earthquakes occurring on inland crustal mega-fault systems. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 172(5), 1371–1381.\nOkada, Y. (1992). Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 82(2), 1018–1040.\nRomanowicz, B., & Rundle, J. B. (1993). On scaling relations for large earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 83(4), 1294–1297.\nRubin, A. M., & Ampuero, J. P. (2005). Earthquake nucleation on (aging) rate and state faults. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 110(B11), B11312.\nScholz, C. H. (1982). Scaling laws for large earthquakes: consequences for physical models. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 72(1), 1–14.\nScholz, C. H. (1998). Earthquakes and friction laws. Nature, 391(6662), 37–42.\nShaw, B. E. (2009). Constant stress drop from small to great earthquakes in magnitude-area scaling. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 99(2A), 871–875.\nShaw, B. E., & Wesnousky, S. G. (2008). Slip-length scaling in large earthquakes: The role of deep-penetrating slip below the seismogenic layer. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 98(4), 1633–1641.\nSomerville, P., Irikura, K., Graves, R., Sawada, S., Wald, D., Abrahamson, N., et al. (1999). Characterizing crustal earthquake slip models for the prediction of strong ground motion. Seismological Research Letters, 70(1), 59–80.\nSong, S. G., Beroza, G. C., & Segall, P. (2008). A unified source model for the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 98(2), 823–831.\nStreit, J. E., & Cox, S. F. (2001). Fluid pressures at hypocenters of moderate to large earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106(B2), 2235–2243.\nWells, D. L., & Coppersmith, K. J. (1994). New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84(4), 974–1002.\nBodin, P., & Brune, J. N. (1996). On the scaling of slip with rupture length for shallow strike-slip earthquakes: Quasi-static models and dynamic rupture propagation. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86(5), 1292–1299.\nMai, P. M., & Beroza, G. C. (2000). Source scaling properties from finite-fault-rupture models. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 90(3), 604–615.\nCausse, M., & Song, S. G. (2015). Are stress drop and rupture velocity of earthquakes independent? Insight from observed ground motion variability. Geophysical Research Letters, 42(18), 7383–7389.",{"VOID":1234},"10.1007\u002Fs00024-017-1467-4","2024-09-13T07:46:26.029+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00024-017-1467-4",[1238,1255,1270,1287],{"id":1239,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":1240,"affiliations":1241,"properties":1250,"displayName":1252,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"715deea0-1edc-4302-8f42-5950f1ce557b",[341],[1242],{"id":1243,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1244,"properties":22},"b08acd07-9bac-4bfa-b7f6-f9fb8780a449",{"id":1243,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":1245,"slug":22,"properties":1246,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":1249,"statistic":22},[],{"title":1247},{"VI":1248},"Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA",[],{"title":1251,"gsAuthor":1253},{"VI":1252},"Yingdi 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analysis of the 1992 Flores Island, Indonesia earthquake tsunami is carried out with the composite fault model consisting of two different slip values. Computed results show good agreement with the measured runup heights in the northeastern part of Flores Island, except for those in the southern shore of Hading Bay and at Riangkroko. The landslides in the southern part of Hading Bay could generate local tsunamis of more than 10 m. The circular-arc slip model proposed in this study for wave generation due to landslides shows better results than the subsidence model, It is, however, difficult to reproduce the tsunami runup height of 26.2 m at Riangkroko, which was extraordinarily high compared to other places. The wave propagation process on a sea bottom with a steep slope, as well as landslides, may be the cause of the amplification of tsunami at Riangkroko. The simulation model demonstrates that the reflected wave along the northeastern shore of Flores Island, accompanying a high hydraulic pressure, could be the main cause of severe damage in the southern coast of Babi Island.",{"EN":1368},"Numerical simulation of the 1992 Flores tsunami: Interpretation of tsunami phenomena in northeastern Flores Island and damage at Babi Island",{"VOID":1370},"[\"15032835372372477475\"]",{"VOID":1372},"Aida, I. (1977),Numerical Experiment for the Tsunami Inundation — in the Case of Susaki and Usa in Kochi Prefecture, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo52, 441–460 (in Japanese).\nGica, E. (1994),A Study on the 1992 Flores Indonesia Earthquake Tsunami; Numerical Model on the Wave Generation due to Landslide, Master Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology, 67 pp.\nGonzález, F., Sutisna, S., Hadi, P., Bernard, E., andWinnarso, P. (1993),Some Observations Related to the Flores Island Earthquake and Tsunami, Proc. Int. Tsunami Symp. in Wakayama, 789–801.\nHamilton, W. B. (1988),Plate Tectonics and Island Arcs, Geological Soc. Am. Bull.100, 1503–1527.\nHatori, T. (1984),On the Damage to House due to Tsunamis, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo59, 422–439.\nImamura, F., Shuto N., Ide, S., Yoshida, Y., andAbe, Ka. (1993a),Estimate of the Tsunami Source of the 1992 Nicaraguan Earthquake from Tsunami Data, Geophys. Res. Lett.20, 1515–1518.\nImamura, F., Matsutomi, H., Tsuji, Y., Matsuyama, M., Kawata, Y., andTakahashi, T. (1993b),Field Survey of the 1992 Indonesia Flores Tsunami and its Analysis, Proc. of Coastal Eng. in Japan40, 181–185 (in Japanese).\nImamura, F., andKikuchi, M. (1994),Moment Release of the 1992 Flores Island Earthquake Inferred from Tsunami and Teleseismic Data, Sci. Tsunami Hazards12, 67–76.\nMatsutomi, H. (1993),Tsunami and Damage in the Northeast Part of Flores Island, Kaiyo Monthly25, 756–761. (in Japanese).\nMing, D., andWang, D. (1993),Studies on Waves Generated by Landslide, Proc. XXV Congress of IAHR, Tokyo, Tech. Session C, 1–8.\nNoda, E. K. (1970),Water Waves Generated by Landslide, J. Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Eng. Div., ASCE96, 835–855.\nShuto, N., Goto, C., andImamura, F. (1990),Numerical Simulation as a Means of Warning for Near-field Tsunami, Coastal Eng. in Japan,33, 2, 173–193.\nTsuji, Y., Imamura, F., Kawata, Y., Matsutomi, H., Takeo, M., Hakuno, M., Shibuya, J., Matsuyama, M., andTakahasi, T. (1993),The 1992 Indonesia Flores Earthquake Tsunami, Kaiyo Monthly25, 735–744 (in Japanese).\nYeh, H., Imamura, F., Synolakis, C., Tsuji, Y., Liu, P., andShi, S. (1993),The Flores Island Tsunamis, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. 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For recent earthquakes, it is possible to validate the modeling by comparing the synthetic seismograms with the records. We consider for our computations the frequency range from 0.05 to 1.0 Hz and control the synthetic signals against the accelerograms of the Magurele station, low-pass filtered with a cut-off frequency of 1.0 Hz of the 3 last major strong (M\n                        \n                  w\n                 > 6) Vrancea earthquakes. Using the hybrid method with a double-couple seismic source approximation, scaled for the source dimensions and relatively simple regional (bedrock) and local structure models, we succeeded in reproducing the recorded ground motion in Bucharest at a satisfactory level for seismic engineering. 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