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Nó có thể được sản xuất từ nhiều loại nguyên liệu sinh khối khác nhau bằng các công nghệ chuyển đổi nhiệt hóa khác nhau, có hoặc không thu hồi sản phẩm năng lượng phụ, dẫn đến các loại than (chars) có chất lượng khác nhau và một loạt các kết quả giảm thiểu khí nhà kính (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>) của hệ thống. Phân tích này mở rộng các nghiên cứu trước đây về tính bền vững bằng cách đề xuất một mô hình đánh giá chi phí hoạt động vòng đời cơ chế \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> và kinh tế cho việc đồng sản xuất biochar và bioenergy từ nguyên liệu thải sinh khối, với một nghiên cứu trường hợp cho khu vực trung bắc \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>olorado. Quá trình sản xuất được mô tả như một hàm liên tục của nhiệt độ cho các hệ thống nhiệt phân chậm, nhiệt phân nhanh và khí hóa. Lợi ích môi trường của biochar (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> lưu trữ, \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:roman>N\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>O\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> kiềm chế, cải thiện năng suất cây trồng) được dự đoán dựa trên giá trị kiềm hóa kỳ vọng và độ bền. Giảm thiểu \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> của hệ thống được tính toán, và lợi nhuận ròng được ước tính phản ánh các chi phí sản xuất kinh tế thay đổi, giá trị nông học của biochar dựa trên giá trị thay thế vôi nông nghiệp hoặc phân bón, và giá trị giảm thiểu \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>, với các kết quả so với việc sử dụng char cho sản xuất năng lượng. Kết quả từ nghiên cứu trường hợp cho thấy các hệ thống nhiệt phân chậm có thể giảm thiểu tới 1.4 \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Mg \u003Cjats:roman>CO\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>eq\u002F\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:roman>Mg\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> nguyên liệu tiêu thụ, nếu sử dụng nguyên liệu phù hợp, giảm thiểu khí thải ô nhiễm từ sản xuất, và thu hồi các sản phẩm năng lượng phụ. Mô hình cho thấy rằng trong khi lợi nhuận tài chính thường cao hơn khi char được sử dụng cho năng lượng (biocoal) so với khi được sử dụng như một chất cải tạo đất (biochar), các char sản xuất qua các quá trình chuyển đổi nhiệt độ cao sẽ có giá trị giảm thiểu \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> cao hơn. Kịch bản biochar đạt được sự bình đẳng kinh tế với mức giá carbon chỉ từ $50\u002F\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Mg \u003Cjats:roman>CO\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>eq cho các kịch bản tối ưu, bất chấp các giả định mô hình bảo thủ. Mô hình này là một bước tiến hướng tới đánh giá và tối ưu hóa thiết kế hệ thống biochar theo không gian trên các nguyên liệu khác nhau, công nghệ chuyển đổi và đất nông nghiệp.","\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Biochar has been advocated as a method of sequestering carbon while simultaneously improving crop yields and agro‐ecosystem sustainability. It can be produced from a wide variety of biomass feedstocks using different thermochemical conversion technologies with or without the recovery of energy coproducts, resulting in chars of differing quality and a range of overall system greenhouse gas (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>) mitigation outcomes. This analysis expands on previous sustainability studies by proposing a mechanistic life cycle \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> and economic operating cost assessment model for the coproduction of biochar and bioenergy from biomass residue feedstocks, with a case study for north‐central \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>olorado presented. Production is modeled as a continuous function of temperature for slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis, and gasification systems. Biochar environmental benefits (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> sequestration, \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:roman>N\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>O\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> suppression, crop yield improvements) are predicted in terms of expected liming value and recalcitrance. System‐level net \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> mitigation is computed, and net returns are estimated that reflect the variable economic costs of production, the agronomic value of biochar based on agricultural limestone or fertilizer displacement, and the value of \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> mitigation, with results compared to the alternate use of char for energy production. Case study results indicate that slow pyrolysis systems can mitigate up to 1.4 \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Mg \u003Cjats:roman>CO\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>eq\u002F\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:roman>Mg\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> feedstock consumed, provided a favorable feedstock is utilized, production air pollutant emissions are mitigated, and energy coproducts are recovered. The model suggests that while financial returns are generally greater when char is consumed for energy (biocoal) than when used as a soil amendment (biochar), chars produced through high‐temperature conversion processes will have greater \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>‐mitigation value as biochar. The biochar scenario reaches economic parity at carbon prices as low as $50\u002F\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Mg \u003Cjats:roman>CO\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>eq for optimal scenarios, despite conservative modeling assumptions. 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Các nghiên cứu trước đây dưới điều kiện khí hậu ít thuận lợi cho năng suất ở Tây Bắc Âu nhận thấy ít hoặc không có sự suy giảm năng suất ở \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> trong thời gian dài. Nghiên cứu này cung cấp phân tích đầu tiên về việc liệu có xảy ra sự suy giảm năng suất ở \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> dưới điều kiện Trung Tây của Hoa Kỳ hay không, thông qua các thử nghiệm cạnh tranh bên cạnh \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>. virgatum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> trong thời gian 8–10 năm tại bảy địa điểm khắp Illinois. Ảnh hưởng của độ tuổi cây giống đã được xác định bằng cách sử dụng mô hình hồi quy tuyến tính bao gồm các yếu tố thời tiết. \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>iscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> sản xuất năng suất gấp hơn hai lần \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>. virgatum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> với năng suất trung bình 23.4 ± 1.2 Mg ha\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> yr\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> và 10.0 ± 0.9 Mg ha\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> yr\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>, tương ứng, được tính trung bình trong 8–10 năm. Mối quan hệ giữa năng suất với lượng mưa và số ngày sinh trưởng đã được xây dựng và sử dụng để ước tính năng suất đã được điều chỉnh cho các yếu tố ngẫu nhiên của thời tiết. Tại tất cả các địa điểm và ở cả hai loài, năng suất ban đầu tăng cho đến khi đạt mức tối đa trong mùa sinh trưởng thứ năm và sau đó giảm xuống mức ổn định nhưng thấp hơn trong năm thứ tám. Mô hình này rõ ràng hơn ở \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. Năng suất trung bình được quan sát trong khoảng thời gian dài hơn này là 8–10 năm thấp hơn so với năng suất của 5 năm đầu. Tuy nhiên, sự suy giảm này tương đối lớn hơn ở \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> hơn ở \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>. virgatum,\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> cho thấy ảnh hưởng lớn hơn của độ tuổi cây giống đối với \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. Dựa trên năng suất trung bình trong thời gian nghiên cứu này, việc đáp ứng tiêu chuẩn năng lượng tái tạo của Hoa Kỳ với yêu cầu 60 tỷ lít ethanol cellulosic vào năm 2022 sẽ cần 6.8 triệu ha \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> hoặc 15.8 triệu ha \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>. virgatum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. Những con số này dường như là khả thi đối với Hoa Kỳ, xét đến 16.0 triệu ha trong Chương trình Dự trữ Bảo tồn Đất nông nghiệp cộng với 13.0 triệu ha bỏ hoang từ nông nghiệp trong thập kỷ qua.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>For the C4 perennial grasses, \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>iscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> and \u003Cjats:italic>Panicum virgatum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> (switchgrass) to be successful for bioenergy production they must maintain high yields over the long term. Previous studies under the less conducive climate for productivity in N.W. Europe found little or no yield decline in \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> in the long term. This study provides the first analysis of whether yield decline occurs in \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> under United States. Midwest conditions in side‐by‐side trials with \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>. virgatum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> over 8–10 years at seven locations across Illinois. The effect of stand age was determined by using a linear regression model that included effects of weather. \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>iscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> produced yields more than twice that of \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>. virgatum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> averaging 23.4 ± 1.2 Mg ha\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> yr\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> and 10.0 ± 0.9 Mg ha\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> yr\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>, respectively, averaged over 8–10 years. Relationships of yield with precipitation and growing degree days were established and used to estimate yields corrected for the stochastic effects of weather. Across all locations and in both species, yield initially increased until it reached a maximum during the fifth growing season and then declined to a stable, but lower level in the eighth. This pattern was more pronounced in \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. The mean yields observed over this longer term period of 8–10 years were lower than the yields of the first 5 years. However, this decline was proportionately greater in \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> than in \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>. virgatum,\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> suggesting a stronger effect of stand age on \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. Based on the average yield over the period of this study, meeting the United States Renewable Fuel Standard mandate of 60 billion liters of cellulosic ethanol by 2022, would require 6.8 Mha of \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> or 15.8 Mha of \u003Cjats:italic>\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>. virgatum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. These appear manageable numbers for the United States, given the 16.0 Mha in the farmland Conservation Reserve Program in addition to another 13.0 Mha abandoned from agriculture in the last decade.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":666,"VI":667},"Yields of \u003Ci>\u003Cscp>M\u003C\u002Fscp>iscanthus\u003C\u002Fi> × \u003Ci>giganteus\u003C\u002Fi> and \u003Ci>\u003Cscp>P\u003C\u002Fscp>anicum virgatum\u003C\u002Fi> decline with stand age in the Midwestern \u003Cscp>USA\u003C\u002Fscp>","Năng suất của \u003Ci>\u003Cscp>M\u003C\u002Fscp>iscanthus\u003C\u002Fi> × \u003Ci>giganteus\u003C\u002Fi> và \u003Ci>\u003Cscp>P\u003C\u002Fscp>anicum virgatum\u003C\u002Fi> suy giảm theo độ tuổi đứng trong vùng Trung Tây \u003Cscp>USA\u003C\u002Fscp>",{"VI":669},"",{"VOID":671},"10.1111\u002Fgcbb.12077","2024-09-29T02:31:22.429+00:00",[175],[177],"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fgcbb.12077",[677,704,721,740,757,780],{"id":678,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":679,"affiliations":680,"properties":697,"displayName":701,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"a5b6c9ff-8f59-4e93-ba55-e1ce0face034",[],[681,689],{"id":682,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":683,"properties":24},"0cf48fb1-b273-4187-9713-3a42208ad1d5",{"id":682,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":684,"slug":24,"properties":685,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":688,"statistic":24},[],{"title":686},{"EN":687},"Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IA USA",[],{"id":690,"sortIndex":123,"affiliation":691,"properties":24},"1ef1724e-be33-4a8a-8026-9146ee310553",{"id":690,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":692,"slug":24,"properties":693,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":696,"statistic":24},[],{"title":694},{"EN":695},"Energy Biosciences Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IA USA",[],{"orcid":698,"title":700,"openalex":702},{"VOID":699},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0009-0008-7040-6491",{"EN":701},"Rebecca A. 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Tuy nhiên, việc trồng trọt năng lượng sinh học quy mô lớn có thể gây áp lực đáng kể lên các nguồn tài nguyên đất và nước. Mặc dù sản xuất năng lượng sinh học có tưới tiêu có thể giảm áp lực lên đất do năng suất cao hơn, nhưng các yêu cầu về nước tưới đi kèm có thể dẫn đến sự suy thoái của các hệ sinh thái nước ngọt và gây ra xung đột với các người sử dụng tiềm năng khác. Trong bài viết này, chúng tôi nghiên cứu sự đánh đổi giữa yêu cầu về đất và nước trong sản xuất năng lượng sinh học quy mô lớn. Để làm điều này, chúng tôi áp dụng một quỹ đạo cầu exogenous cho năng lượng sinh học từ các cây năng lượng chuyên dụng, nhằm hạn chế khí thải nhà kính trong lĩnh vực năng lượng xuống còn 1100 Gt carbon dioxide tương đương đến năm 2095. Chúng tôi sau đó sử dụng mô hình phân bổ sử dụng đất và nước toàn cầu không gian rõ ràng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MA\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>g\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PIE\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> để dự đoán những hệ quả của mục tiêu năng lượng sinh học này đối với tài nguyên đất và nước toàn cầu. Chúng tôi phát hiện ra rằng việc sản xuất 300 \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EJ\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> yr\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> năng lượng sinh học vào năm 2095 từ các cây năng lượng sinh học chuyên dụng có khả năng làm tăng gấp đôi lượng nước rút cho nông nghiệp nếu không có chính sách bảo vệ nước rõ ràng nào được thực hiện. Do lượng nước rút của con người hiện tại chủ yếu được chi phối bởi nông nghiệp và đã dẫn đến sự suy thoái hệ sinh thái và mất đa dạng sinh học, việc tăng gấp đôi này sẽ gây ra một mối đe dọa nghiêm trọng đối với các hệ sinh thái nước ngọt. Nếu sản xuất năng lượng sinh học có tưới tiêu bị cấm để ngăn chặn những tác động tiêu cực từ việc trồng trọt năng lượng sinh học lên các nguồn nước, yêu cầu về đất cho năng lượng sinh học nhằm đạt được mục tiêu năng lượng sinh học 300 \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EJ\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> yr\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> sẽ tăng đáng kể (+ 41%) – chủ yếu là trên diện tích chăn thả và rừng nhiệt đới. Do đó, việc tránh các tác động môi trường tiêu cực từ sản xuất năng lượng sinh học quy mô lớn sẽ đòi hỏi các chính sách cân bằng giữa các yêu cầu về nước và đất liên quan.","\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Bioenergy is expected to play an important role in the future energy mix as it can substitute fossil fuels and contribute to climate change mitigation. However, large‐scale bioenergy cultivation may put substantial pressure on land and water resources. While irrigated bioenergy production can reduce the pressure on land due to higher yields, associated irrigation water requirements may lead to degradation of freshwater ecosystems and to conflicts with other potential users. In this article, we investigate the trade‐offs between land and water requirements of large‐scale bioenergy production. To this end, we adopt an exogenous demand trajectory for bioenergy from dedicated energy crops, targeted at limiting greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector to 1100 Gt carbon dioxide equivalent until 2095. We then use the spatially explicit global land‐ and water‐use allocation model \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MA\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>g\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PIE\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> to project the implications of this bioenergy target for global land and water resources. We find that producing 300 \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EJ\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> yr\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> of bioenergy in 2095 from dedicated bioenergy crops is likely to double agricultural water withdrawals if no explicit water protection policies are implemented. Since current human water withdrawals are dominated by agriculture and already lead to ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss, such a doubling will pose a severe threat to freshwater ecosystems. If irrigated bioenergy production is prohibited to prevent negative impacts of bioenergy cultivation on water resources, bioenergy land requirements for meeting a 300 \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EJ\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> yr\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> bioenergy target increase substantially (+ 41%) – mainly at the expense of pasture areas and tropical forests. 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Frankfurt Hydrology Paper 05. Institute of Physical Geography Rome Italy.",{},{"id":24,"text":1616,"url":24,"identifiers":1617},"10.1002\u002Fbbb.296",{"doi":1616},{"id":24,"text":1619,"url":24,"identifiers":1620},"10.1080\u002F02508060408691785",{"doi":1619},{"id":24,"text":1622,"url":24,"identifiers":1623},"10.1525\u002Fbio.2012.62.10.11",{"doi":1622},{"id":24,"text":1625,"url":24,"identifiers":1626},"10.1111\u002Fgcb.12160",{"doi":1625},{"id":24,"text":1628,"url":24,"identifiers":1629},"10.1016\u002Fj.cosust.2013.11.011",{"doi":1628},{"id":24,"text":1631,"url":24,"identifiers":1632},"10.1023\u002FA:1023625519092",{"doi":1631},{"id":24,"text":1634,"url":24,"identifiers":1635},"10.1029\u002F2008GL035296",{"doi":1634},{"id":1637,"createTime":1638,"updateTime":1639,"relativeEntities":1640,"slug":1641,"properties":1642,"entityType":171,"verifyStatus":172,"verifyTime":1638,"verifyNote":173,"languages":1656,"translateLanguages":1657,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1658,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1659,"publicationType":280,"publisherRelationship":1886,"citationCount":1949,"citationInfo":1950,"publishDate":1960,"publishYear":1951,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1961,"openAccess":24,"references":1962,"isForceReanalyzing":650},"9d42dd60-e46f-44b2-aec4-130942116cde","2024-09-02T23:59:13.575+00:00","2025-02-01T06:05:29.396+00:00",[],"Effects-of-biochar-application-on-soil-greenhouse-gas-fluxes-a-meta-analysis",{"openalex":1643,"mag":1645,"abstract":1647,"title":1650,"keywords":1653,"doi":1654},{"VOID":1644},"W2444032252",{"VOID":1646},"2444032252",{"VI":1648,"EN":1649},"\u003Cjats:title>Tóm tắt\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Việc ứng dụng biochar lên đất có thể làm tăng khả năng lưu trữ carbon (C) do các đầu vào của carbon hữu cơ bền vững. Tuy nhiên, các tác động của việc ứng dụng biochar lên dòng khí nhà kính trong đất (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>) dường như có sự biến đổi giữa nhiều nghiên cứu trường hợp; do đó, tính hiệu quả của biochar như một tác nhân lưu trữ carbon để giảm thiểu biến đổi khí hậu vẫn chưa chắc chắn. Chúng tôi đã thực hiện một phân tích tổng hợp từ 91 bài báo đã công bố với 552 so sánh cặp để lấy trung tâm xu hướng của ba dòng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> chính (tức là, \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>, \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CH\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>4\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>, và N\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>O) trong phản ứng với việc ứng dụng biochar. Kết quả của chúng tôi cho thấy việc ứng dụng biochar đã làm tăng đáng kể dòng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> trong đất lên 22,14%, nhưng lại giảm dòng N\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>O xuống 30,92% và không ảnh hưởng đến dòng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CH\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>4\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>. Do đó, việc ứng dụng biochar có thể đóng góp đáng kể vào việc tăng tiềm năng nóng lên toàn cầu (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GWP\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>) của tổng dòng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> trong đất do sự kích thích lớn của dòng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>. Tuy nhiên, dòng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> trong đất bị ức chế khi biochar được thêm vào đất đã bón phân, cho thấy rằng việc ứng dụng biochar có thể không kích thích được dòng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> trong lĩnh vực nông nghiệp, nơi mà việc bón phân đạm là phổ biến. Phản ứng của dòng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> trong đất chủ yếu biến đổi theo nguồn nguyên liệu biochar và kết cấu đất cũng như nhiệt độ khí hóa của biochar. Độ \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> của đất và biochar, tỷ lệ bón biochar, và vĩ độ cũng tác động lên dòng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> trong đất, nhưng ở mức độ ít hơn. Các phát hiện của chúng tôi cung cấp một cơ sở khoa học để phát triển các chiến lược hợp lý hơn nhằm thúc đẩy việc áp dụng rộng rãi biochar như một phụ gia cho đất nhằm giảm thiểu biến đổi khí hậu.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Biochar application to soils may increase carbon (C) sequestration due to the inputs of recalcitrant organic C. However, the effects of biochar application on the soil greenhouse gas (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>) fluxes appear variable among many case studies; therefore, the efficacy of biochar as a carbon sequestration agent for climate change mitigation remains uncertain. We performed a meta‐analysis of 91 published papers with 552 paired comparisons to obtain a central tendency of three main \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> fluxes (i.e., \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>, \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CH\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>4\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>, and N\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>O) in response to biochar application. Our results showed that biochar application significantly increased soil \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> fluxes by 22.14%, but decreased N\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>O fluxes by 30.92% and did not affect \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CH\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>4\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> fluxes. As a consequence, biochar application may significantly contribute to an increased global warming potential (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GWP\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>) of total soil \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> fluxes due to the large stimulation of \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> fluxes. However, soil \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> fluxes were suppressed when biochar was added to fertilized soils, indicating that biochar application is unlikely to stimulate \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> fluxes in the agriculture sector, in which N fertilizer inputs are common. Responses of soil \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> fluxes mainly varied with biochar feedstock source and soil texture and the pyrolysis temperature of biochar. Soil and biochar \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>, biochar applied rate, and latitude also influence soil \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> fluxes, but to a more limited extent. Our findings provide a scientific basis for developing more rational strategies toward widespread adoption of biochar as a soil amendment for climate change mitigation.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1651,"VI":1652},"Effects of biochar application on soil greenhouse gas fluxes: a meta‐analysis","Tác động của việc ứng dụng biochar lên dòng khí nhà kính trong đất: phân tích tổng 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Tuy nhiên, năng lượng sinh học không nhất thiết phải trung tính carbon, vì các phát thải \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:roman>CO\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>, \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:roman>N\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>O\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> và \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:roman>CH\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>4\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> trong quá trình sản xuất cây trồng có thể làm giảm hoặc hoàn toàn bù đắp cho việc tiết kiệm \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:roman>CO\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> từ các nhiên liệu hóa thạch thay thế. Những khí nhà kính này (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>s) cần được bao gồm trong tính toán dấu chân carbon của các cây năng lượng sinh học khác nhau dưới nhiều điều kiện đất và thực tiễn quản lý. Bài viết tổng hợp kiến thức hiện có về các rào cản nông học và môi trường cũng như cân bằng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> của các cây năng lượng sinh học chính ở châu Âu, mặc dù tập trung vào các cây lâu năm chuyên dụng như \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:italic>M\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:italic>iscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> và các loại cây cắt ngắn vòng. Những cây thế hệ thứ hai như vậy chỉ chiếm 3% sản lượng năng lượng sinh học hiện tại ở châu Âu, nhưng dữ liệu từ thực địa cho thấy chúng phát thải ít hơn 40% đến >99% \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:roman>N\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>O\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> so với các cây hàng năm thông thường. Điều này là kết quả của việc yêu cầu phân bón thấp hơn cũng như hiệu suất sử dụng N cao hơn, nhờ vào quy trình tái chế N hiệu quả. Các cây năng lượng lâu năm có tiềm năng thu giữ carbon bổ sung trong sinh khối đất nếu được trồng trên đất nông nghiệp cũ (0,44 Mg carbon trong đất ha\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> năm\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> cho cây poplar và willow và 0,66 Mg carbon trong đất ha\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> năm\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> cho \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:italic>M\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:italic>iscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>). Tuy nhiên, không có tác động tích cực hoặc thậm chí tiêu cực đến cân bằng carbon nếu các cây năng lượng được trồng trên đất cỏ trước đây. Việc tăng cường sản xuất năng lượng sinh học cũng có thể dẫn đến những thay đổi về mục đích sử dụng đất trực tiếp và gián tiếp với những mất mát carbon tiềm ẩn lớn khi các thảm thực vật tự nhiên được chuyển đổi thành cây trồng hàng năm. Mặc dù các cây năng lượng lâu năm chuyên dụng có tiềm năng cao để cải thiện cân bằng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> trong sản xuất năng lượng sinh học, nhưng vẫn còn nhiều rào cản nông học và kinh tế cần phải vượt qua.","\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Bioenergy from crops is expected to make a considerable contribution to climate change mitigation. However, bioenergy is not necessarily carbon neutral because emissions of \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:roman>CO\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>, \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:roman>N\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>O\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> and \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:roman>CH\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>4\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> during crop production may reduce or completely counterbalance \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:roman>CO\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> savings of the substituted fossil fuels. These greenhouse gases (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>s) need to be included into the carbon footprint calculation of different bioenergy crops under a range of soil conditions and management practices. This review compiles existing knowledge on agronomic and environmental constraints and \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> balances of the major \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>uropean bioenergy crops, although it focuses on dedicated perennial crops such as \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:italic>M\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:italic>iscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> and short rotation coppice species. Such second‐generation crops account for only 3% of the current \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>uropean bioenergy production, but field data suggest they emit 40% to >99% less \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:roman>N\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>O\u003C\u002Fjats:roman>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> than conventional annual crops. This is a result of lower fertilizer requirements as well as a higher N‐use efficiency, due to effective N‐recycling. Perennial energy crops have the potential to sequester additional carbon in soil biomass if established on former cropland (0.44 Mg soil C ha\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> yr\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> for poplar and willow and 0.66 Mg soil C ha\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> yr\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> for \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u003Cjats:italic>M\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:italic>iscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>). However, there was no positive or even negative effects on the C balance if energy crops are established on former grassland. Increased bioenergy production may also result in direct and indirect land‐use changes with potential high C losses when native vegetation is converted to annual crops. Although dedicated perennial energy crops have a high potential to improve the \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHG\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> balance of bioenergy production, several agronomic and economic constraints still have to be overcome.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":2263,"VI":2264},"Land‐use change to bioenergy production in \u003Cscp>E\u003C\u002Fscp>urope: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon","Biến đổi mục đích sử dụng đất để sản xuất năng lượng sinh học ở châu Âu: những tác động đối với cân bằng khí nhà kính và carbon trong 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tắt\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Biochar là vật liệu có hàm lượng carbon, xốp, được sản xuất thông qua quá trình xử lý nhiệt của các nguyên liệu hữu cơ trong môi trường hạn chế oxy. Nói chung, hầu hết biochar đều được coi là bền vững trước sự phân hủy hóa học và sinh học, do đó phù hợp cho việc lưu trữ carbon (C). Tuy nhiên, để đánh giá tiềm năng lưu trữ C của các loại biochar khác nhau, cần có một phương pháp đáng tin cậy để xác định tính ổn định của chúng. Một số kỹ thuật đã được đề xuất để đánh giá tính ổn định của biochar, ví dụ như phân tích gần đúng, tỷ lệ O:C và tỷ lệ H:C; tuy nhiên, chưa có phương pháp nào được công nhận rộng rãi hoặc được xác thực cho mục đích này. Biochar được sản xuất từ ba nguồn nguyên liệu (Gỗ thông, Trấu và Rơm lúa mì) ở bốn nhiệt độ (350, 450, 550 và 650 °C) và hai tốc độ nung (5 và 100 °C phút\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>) đã được phân tích bằng ba phương pháp xác định độ ổn định: phân tích gần đúng, phân tích cuối cùng và một công cụ phân tích mới được phát triển tại Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Biochar Vương quốc Anh, được gọi là công cụ lão hóa tăng tốc Edinburgh (công cụ ổn định Edinburgh). Như mong đợi, nhiệt độ khí hóa cao hơn dẫn đến tỷ lệ C ổn định và tổng C cao hơn do sự giải phóng các chất bay hơi gia tăng. Dữ liệu từ công cụ ổn định Edinburgh đã được so sánh với những dữ liệu thu được từ các phương pháp khác, tức là C cố định, chất dễ bay hơi, tỷ lệ O:C và H:C, để điều tra các mối quan hệ tiềm năng giữa chúng. Kết quả của sự so sánh này cho thấy có sự tương quan mạnh mẽ (\u003Cjats:italic>R\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> > 0.79) giữa C ổn định được xác định bởi công cụ ổn định Edinburgh và C cố định, chất dễ bay hơi và O:C, tuy nhiên, H:C cho thấy một sự tương quan yếu hơn (\u003Cjats:italic>R\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> = 0.65). Việc hiểu rõ ảnh hưởng của nguồn nguyên liệu và điều kiện sản xuất đến sự ổn định lâu dài của biochar là rất quan trọng cho chức năng của nó như một biện pháp giảm thiểu C, vì việc sản xuất và sử dụng biochar không ổn định sẽ dẫn đến sự trở lại nhanh chóng của C vào bầu khí quyển, từ đó có thể làm trầm trọng thêm biến đổi khí hậu thay vì giảm thiểu nó.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Biochar is the porous, carbonaceous material produced by thermochemical treatment of organic materials in an oxygen‐limited environment. In general, most biochar can be considered resistant to chemical and biological decomposition, and therefore suitable for carbon (C) sequestration. However, to assess the C sequestration potential of different types of biochar, a reliable determination of their stability is needed. Several techniques for assessing biochar stability have been proposed, e.g. proximate analysis, oxygen (O): C ratio and hydrogen (H): C ratio; however, none of them are yet widely recognized nor validated for this purpose. Biochar produced from three feedstocks (Pine, Rice husk and Wheat straw) at four temperatures (350, 450, 550 and 650 °C) and two heating rates (5 and 100 °C min\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>) was analysed using three methods of stability determination: proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and a new analytical tool developed at the UK Biochar Research Centre known as the Edinburgh accelerated ageing tool (Edinburgh stability tool). As expected, increased pyrolysis temperatures resulted in higher fractions of stable C and total C due to an increased release of volatiles. Data from the Edinburgh stability tool were compared with those obtained by the other methods, i.e. fixed C, volatile matter, O : C and H : C ratios, to investigate potential relationships between them. Results of this comparison showed that there was a strong correlation (\u003Cjats:italic>R\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> > 0.79) between the stable C determined by the Edinburgh stability tool and fixed C, volatile matter and O : C, however, H : C showed a weaker correlation (\u003Cjats:italic>R\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> = 0.65). An understanding of the influence of feedstock and production conditions on the long‐term stability of biochar is pivotal for its function as a C mitigation measure, as production and use of unstable biochar would result in a relatively rapid return of C into the atmosphere, thus potentially intensifying climate change rather than alleviating it.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":3177,"VI":3178},"The effect of pyrolysis conditions on biochar stability as determined by three methods","Ảnh hưởng của điều kiện khí hóa đến sự ổn định của biochar được xác định qua ba phương pháp",{"VI":669},{"VOID":3181},"10.1111\u002Fgcbb.12030","2024-09-02T21:37:39.524+00:00",[175],[177],"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fgcbb.12030",[3187,3206,3223,3240,3255],{"id":3188,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":3189,"affiliations":3190,"properties":3199,"displayName":3203,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"aa11cc7d-8abe-4698-bce7-7d9a21527bda",[],[3191],{"id":3192,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":3193,"properties":24},"40847230-050b-4eb1-9e43-c365bdf48030",{"id":3192,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":3194,"slug":24,"properties":3195,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":3198,"statistic":24},[],{"title":3196},{"VI":3197},"UK Biochar Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, UK",[],{"orcid":3200,"title":3202,"openalex":3204},{"VOID":3201},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-0691-6821",{"EN":3203},"Kyle Crombie",{"VOID":3205},"A5067308345",{"id":3207,"sortIndex":123,"researcher":24,"roles":3208,"affiliations":3209,"properties":3216,"displayName":3220,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"8e0568ef-fd08-4e5b-862c-ac43556fa01c",[],[3210],{"id":3192,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":3211,"properties":24},{"id":3192,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":3212,"slug":24,"properties":3213,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":3215,"statistic":24},[],{"title":3214},{"VI":3197},[],{"orcid":3217,"title":3219,"openalex":3221},{"VOID":3218},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-0713-766X",{"EN":3220},"Ondřej 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standard – D 1762‐84, 1990, Standard Method for Chemical Analysis of Wood Charcoal",{},{"id":24,"text":3352,"url":24,"identifiers":3353},"10.1016\u002FS0146-6380(02)00062-1",{"doi":3352},{"id":24,"text":3355,"url":24,"identifiers":3356},"10.1016\u002Fj.orggeochem.2006.06.022",{"doi":3355},{"id":24,"text":3358,"url":24,"identifiers":3359},"Cross A, 2012, A method for screening the relative long‐term stability of biochar, Global Change Biology and Bioenergy: Biochar Special issue",{},{"id":24,"text":3361,"url":24,"identifiers":3362},"DarvellLI HryckoP JonesJM NowakowskiDJ PourkashanianM WilliamsA(2005)Impact of minerals and alkali metals on willow combustion properties. World Renewable Energy Congress.University of Aberdeen Aberdeen May 2005.",{},{"id":24,"text":3364,"url":24,"identifiers":3365},"10.1080\u002F00908310252889979",{"doi":3364},{"id":24,"text":3367,"url":24,"identifiers":3368},"10.1016\u002Fj.jaap.2004.07.003",{"doi":3367},{"id":24,"text":3370,"url":24,"identifiers":3371},"Downie A, 2009, Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology",{},{"id":24,"text":3373,"url":24,"identifiers":3374},"Elad Y, 2010, Induction of systemic resistance in plants by biochar, a soil‐applied carbon sequestering agent, Disease Control and Pest Management, 100, 1",{},{"id":24,"text":3376,"url":24,"identifiers":3377},"10.1016\u002Fj.biortech.2012.03.022",{"doi":3376},{"id":24,"text":3379,"url":24,"identifiers":3380},"10.1007\u002Fs11104-010-0544-6",{"doi":3379},{"id":24,"text":3382,"url":24,"identifiers":3383},"10.1016\u002Fj.orggeochem.2006.07.003",{"doi":3382},{"id":24,"text":3385,"url":24,"identifiers":3386},"10.1016\u002FS0146-6380(00)00096-6",{"doi":3385},{"id":24,"text":3388,"url":24,"identifiers":3389},"International Biochar Initiative (IBI) Guidelines, 2012, Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines for Biochar that is used in Soil",{},{"id":24,"text":2074,"url":24,"identifiers":3391},{"doi":2074},{"id":24,"text":3393,"url":24,"identifiers":3394},"10.1016\u002FS0960-8524(99)00127-3",{"doi":3393},{"id":24,"text":3396,"url":24,"identifiers":3397},"10.1021\u002Fes00010a034",{"doi":3396},{"id":24,"text":3399,"url":24,"identifiers":3400},"10.1029\u002F95GB02742",{"doi":3399},{"id":24,"text":3402,"url":24,"identifiers":3403},"Lehmann J, 2009, Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology, 183",{},{"id":24,"text":3405,"url":24,"identifiers":3406},"10.1016\u002Fj.gca.2008.09.028",{"doi":3405},{"id":24,"text":3408,"url":24,"identifiers":3409},"10.1016\u002Fj.fuel.2011.08.044",{"doi":3408},{"id":24,"text":3411,"url":24,"identifiers":3412},"10.1016\u002Fj.marchem.2004.06.043",{"doi":3411},{"id":24,"text":3414,"url":24,"identifiers":3415},"10.1021\u002Fef0502397",{"doi":3414},{"id":24,"text":3417,"url":24,"identifiers":3418},"10.5194\u002Fbg-3-397-2006",{"doi":3417},{"id":24,"text":3420,"url":24,"identifiers":3421},"Schmidt HP, 2012, European Biochar Certificate: Guidelines for Biochar Production",{},{"id":24,"text":3423,"url":24,"identifiers":3424},"ShackleyS SohiS BrownsortPet al. (2009)An Assessment of the Benefits and Issues Associated with the Application of Biochar to Soil. A report commissioned by the UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs and Department of Energy and Climate Change.",{},{"id":24,"text":567,"url":24,"identifiers":3426},{"doi":567},{"id":24,"text":3428,"url":24,"identifiers":3429},"10.1016\u002FS0065-2113(10)05002-9",{"doi":3428},{"id":24,"text":3431,"url":24,"identifiers":3432},"10.1021\u002Fef050316y",{"doi":3431},{"id":24,"text":582,"url":24,"identifiers":3434},{"doi":582},{"id":24,"text":3436,"url":24,"identifiers":3437},"Taylor R, 1990, Interpretation of the correlation coefficient: a basic review, The Journal of Defence Modelling and Simulation, 1, 35",{},{"id":24,"text":3439,"url":24,"identifiers":3440},"Stelt MJC, 2011, Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: a review, Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 3748",{},{"id":24,"text":3442,"url":24,"identifiers":3443},"10.1016\u002Fj.fuel.2009.10.022",{"doi":3442},{"id":3445,"createTime":3446,"updateTime":3447,"relativeEntities":3448,"slug":3449,"properties":3450,"entityType":171,"verifyStatus":172,"verifyTime":3446,"verifyNote":173,"languages":3464,"translateLanguages":3465,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":3466,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":3467,"publicationType":280,"publisherRelationship":3537,"citationCount":3599,"citationInfo":3600,"publishDate":3610,"publishYear":1372,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":3611,"openAccess":24,"references":3612,"isForceReanalyzing":650},"12041908-306d-45c4-a4b6-6cbde9f408db","2024-09-02T23:59:27.622+00:00","2025-02-01T06:02:31.134+00:00",[],"Biochar-stability-in-soil-meta-analysis-of-decomposition-and-priming-effects",{"openalex":3451,"mag":3453,"abstract":3455,"title":3458,"keywords":3461,"doi":3462},{"VOID":3452},"W2039972428",{"VOID":3454},"2039972428",{"VI":3456,"EN":3457},"\u003Cjats:title>Tóm tắt\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Độ ổn định và sự phân hủy của biochar là rất quan trọng để hiểu sự bền vững của nó trong đất, đóng góp của nó vào việc lưu giữ carbon (C), và do đó, vai trò của nó trong vòng tuần hoàn C toàn cầu. Tuy nhiên, kiến thức hiện tại của chúng ta về khả năng phân hủy của biochar còn hạn chế. Bằng cách sử dụng 128 quan sát từ 24 nghiên cứu về \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> lấy từ biochar với đồng vị carbon ổn định (\u003Cjats:sup>13\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>C) và phóng xạ (\u003Cjats:sup>14\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>C), chúng tôi đã thực hiện phân tích meta sự phân hủy biochar trong đất và ước tính thời gian cư trú trung bình (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRT\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>). Khối lượng biochar bị phân hủy tăng theo hàm số logarithm với thời gian thí nghiệm, trong khi tỷ lệ phân hủy giảm dần theo thời gian. Tỷ lệ phân hủy biochar khác nhau theo thời gian thí nghiệm, nguyên liệu, nhiệt độ nhiệt phân và hàm lượng đất sét của đất. Các giá trị \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRT\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> cho các bể carbon biochar dễ phân hủy và bền bỉ được ước tính lần lượt là 108 ngày và 556 năm, với kích thước bể là 3% và 97%. Những kết quả này cho thấy chỉ một phần nhỏ của biochar có sẵn cho sinh học và 97% còn lại đóng góp trực tiếp vào việc lưu giữ carbon dài hạn trong đất. Cơ sở dữ liệu thứ hai (116 quan sát từ 21 nghiên cứu) được sử dụng để đánh giá hiệu ứng khởi động sau khi thêm biochar. Biochar chỉ làm chậm quá trình khoáng hóa chất hữu cơ trong đất (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOM\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>; trung bình tổng thể: −3.8%, 95% \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> = −8.1–0.8%) so với đất không có biochar. Hiệu ứng khởi động âm đáng kể thường gặp ở các nghiên cứu có thời gian ngắn hơn nửa năm (−8.6%), biochar từ cây trồng (−20.3%), nhiệt phân nhanh (−18.9%), nhiệt độ nhiệt phân thấp nhất (−18.5%), và lượng ứng dụng nhỏ (−11.9%). Ngược lại, việc thêm biochar vào đất cát đã kích thích mạnh mẽ quá trình khoáng hóa \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOM\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> tăng 20.8%. Điều này cho thấy biochar kích thích hoạt động vi sinh vật đặc biệt trong các loại đất có độ màu mỡ thấp. Hơn nữa, các quá trình vô sinh và hữu sinh, cũng như các đặc tính của biochar và đất, ảnh hưởng đến sự phân hủy của biochar cũng được thảo luận. Chúng tôi kết luận rằng biochar có thể tồn tại trong đất theo thang thời gian hàng thế kỷ và có tác động tích cực đến động lực \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOM\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> và do đó đến việc lưu giữ carbon.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>The stability and decomposition of biochar are fundamental to understand its persistence in soil, its contribution to carbon (C) sequestration, and thus its role in the global C cycle. Our current knowledge about the degradability of biochar, however, is limited. Using 128 observations of biochar‐derived \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> from 24 studies with stable (\u003Cjats:sup>13\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>C) and radioactive (\u003Cjats:sup>14\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>C) carbon isotopes, we meta‐analyzed the biochar decomposition in soil and estimated its mean residence time (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRT\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>). The decomposed amount of biochar increased logarithmically with experimental duration, and the decomposition rate decreased with time. The biochar decomposition rate varied significantly with experimental duration, feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, and soil clay content. The \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRT\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>s of labile and recalcitrant biochar C pools were estimated to be about 108 days and 556 years with pool sizes of 3% and 97%, respectively. These results show that only a small part of biochar is bioavailable and that the remaining 97% contribute directly to long‐term C sequestration in soil. The second database (116 observations from 21 studies) was used to evaluate the priming effects after biochar addition. Biochar slightly retarded the mineralization of soil organic matter (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOM\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>; overall mean: −3.8%, 95% \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> = −8.1–0.8%) compared to the soil without biochar addition. Significant negative priming was common for studies with a duration shorter than half a year (−8.6%), crop‐derived biochar (−20.3%), fast pyrolysis (−18.9%), the lowest pyrolysis temperature (−18.5%), and small application amounts (−11.9%). In contrast, biochar addition to sandy soils strongly stimulated \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOM\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> mineralization by 20.8%. This indicates that biochar stimulates microbial activities especially in soils with low fertility. Furthermore, abiotic and biotic processes, as well as the characteristics of biochar and soils, affecting biochar decomposition are discussed. We conclude that biochar can persist in soils on a centennial scale and that it has a positive effect on \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOM\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> dynamics and thus on C sequestration.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":3459,"VI":3460},"Biochar stability in soil: meta‐analysis of decomposition and priming effects","Độ ổn định của biochar trong đất: phân tích meta về sự phân hủy và hiệu ứng khởi 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Ảnh hưởng của thành phần sinh khối đến hiệu suất xử lý sinh khối miscanthus cho các chuỗi giá trị trong các nhà máy biên chế khác nhau đã được đánh giá, bao gồm quá trình đốt, tiêu hóa kỵ khí và thủy phân enzym để sản xuất bioethanol. Chất lượng và thành phần sinh khối đã được phân tích chi tiết bằng cách sử dụng phần thân và lá của sinh khối thu hoạch vào mùa hè (tháng 7) và mùa đông (tháng 3) của tám kiểu gen \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus sinensis\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> có thành phần đa dạng. Hiệu suất của các kiểu gen trong các thử nghiệm thủy phân enzym, tiêu hóa kỵ khí và đốt khác nhau rất nhiều. Sự khác biệt giữa kiểu gen có hiệu suất tốt nhất và tồi tệ nhất là 18% về sản lượng biogaz (ml g\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> dm) và 42% về hiệu suất thủy phân (giải phóng glucose theo %dm). Hàm lượng tro của kiểu gen có hiệu suất tốt nhất thấp hơn 62% so với kiểu gen có hàm lượng tro cao nhất và cho thấy nhiệt độ nóng chảy của tro khá cao trong quá trình đốt. Sự biến đổi giữa các kiểu gen trong chất lượng sinh khối cho các quá trình chuyển đổi nhiệt hóa lý khác nhau cho thấy có sự tương quan mạnh mẽ với sự khác biệt trong thành phần sinh khối. Các đặc tính quan trọng nhất có tác động tích cực đến sản lượng biogaz và hiệu suất thủy phân là hàm lượng cao của axit trans-ferulic, tỷ lệ cao giữa axit para-coumaric và lignin, và hàm lượng lignin thấp. Thêm vào đó, hàm lượng cao của polysacarit hemicellulosic ảnh hưởng tích cực đến hiệu suất thủy phân. Hàm lượng tro và các nguyên tố vô cơ thấp tác động tích cực đến chất lượng sinh khối cho quá trình đốt, và hàm lượng kali và clorua thấp góp phần làm tăng nhiệt độ nóng chảy của tro. Những kết quả này cho thấy tiềm năng tối ưu hóa và khai thác \u003Cjats:italic>M. sinensis\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> như một nguồn nguyên liệu lignocellulosic đa năng, đặc biệt cho các ứng dụng năng lượng sinh học.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Miscanthus is a promising fiber crop with high potential for sustainable biomass production for a biobased economy. The effect of biomass composition on the processing efficiency of miscanthus biomass for different biorefinery value chains was evaluated, including combustion, anaerobic digestion and enzymatic saccharification for the production of bioethanol. Biomass quality and composition was analyzed in detail using stem and leaf fractions of summer (July) and winter (March) harvested biomass of eight compositionally diverse \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus sinensis\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> genotypes. Genotype performance in tests for enzymatic saccharification, anaerobic digestion and combustion differed extensively. The variation between the best and the worst performing genotype was 18% for biogas yield (ml g\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> dm) and 42% for saccharification efficiency (glucose release as %dm). The ash content of the best performing genotype was 62% lower than that of the genotype with the highest ash content and showed a considerably high ash melting temperature during combustion. Variation between genotypes in biomass quality for the different thermochemical bioconversion processes was shown to be strongly correlated to differences in biomass composition. The most important traits that contributed favorably to biogas yields and saccharification efficiency were a high content of \u003Cjats:italic>trans\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>‐ferulic acid, a high ratio of \u003Cjats:italic>para\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>‐coumaric acid to lignin and a low lignin content. Additionally, a high content of hemicellulosic polysaccharides positively affected saccharification efficiency. Low contents of ash and inorganic elements positively affect biomass quality for combustion and low potassium and chloride contents contributed to a higher ash melting temperature. 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12529",{},{"id":24,"text":4219,"url":24,"identifiers":4220},"10.1007\u002Fs11101-009-9141-9",{"doi":4219},{"id":24,"text":4222,"url":24,"identifiers":4223},"10.1016\u002F0008-6215(95)00237-N",{"doi":4222},{"id":24,"text":4225,"url":24,"identifiers":4226},"Selig M, 2008, Laboratory Analytical Procedure, 1",{},{"id":24,"text":4228,"url":24,"identifiers":4229},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.1009252108",{"doi":4228},{"id":24,"text":4231,"url":24,"identifiers":4232},"10.1016\u002Fj.biombioe.2011.11.014",{"doi":4231},{"id":24,"text":4234,"url":24,"identifiers":4235},"10.1007\u002Fs12155-013-9337-0",{"doi":4234},{"id":24,"text":4237,"url":24,"identifiers":4238},"10.1007\u002Fs12155-014-9507-8",{"doi":4237},{"id":24,"text":4240,"url":24,"identifiers":4241},"10.1186\u002Fs13068‐016‐0479‐0",{"doi":4240},{"id":24,"text":4243,"url":24,"identifiers":4244},"Weijde T, 2013, The potential of C4 grasses for cellulosic biofuel production, Frontiers in Plant Science, 4, 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tắt\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Sử dụng hiệu quả sinh khối lignocellulosic của \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> để sản xuất các hóa chất sinh học, như ethanol, là một thách thức do tính cứng của nó, điều này bị ảnh hưởng bởi các polymer của thành tế bào thực vật và các tương tác của chúng. Thành phần sinh khối lignocellulosic khác nhau tùy thuộc vào nhiều yếu tố, như độ tuổi của cây, ngày thu hoạch, loại cơ quan, và gen. Trong nghiên cứu này, bốn giống \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> được chọn (jats:italic>Miscanthus sinensis\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus sacchariflorus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus sinensis\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus sacchariflorus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> lai) đã được trồng và thu hoạch, phân tách thành thân và lá, và được đặc trưng hóa cho thành phần và cấu trúc polysaccharide không tinh bột, hàm lượng và cấu trúc lignin, và hồ sơ hydroxycinnamate (monome và ferulic acid dehydrodimer). Polysaccharide của tất cả các giống chủ yếu bao gồm cellulose và arabinoxylans thay thế thấp. Tỉ lệ hemicellulose\u002Fcellulose là tương đương, ngoại trừ \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus sinensis\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> cho thấy tỉ lệ hemicellulose\u002Fcellulose cao hơn. Hàm lượng lignin của thân \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> cao hơn so với lá \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. Xét cùng một cơ quan, bốn giống không khác nhau về hàm lượng lignin Klason, nhưng \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> cho thấy hàm lượng lignin hòa tan trong acetylbromide cao nhất. Polymers lignin tách ra từ thân có tỷ lệ S\u002FG và phân bố loại liên kết khác nhau giữa các giống. \u003Cjats:italic>p\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>-Acid coumaric là monome hydroxycinnamate gắn este phong phú nhất trong tất cả các mẫu. Ferulic acid dehydrodimer được phân tích như là các liên kết chéo thành tế bào, với acid diferulic liên kết 8-5 là dimmer chính, tiếp theo là 8-O-4 và 5-5-diferulic acid. Hàm lượng \u003Cjats:italic>p\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>-acid coumaric, ferulic acid, và dimers ferulic acid khác nhau tùy thuộc vào giống và loại cơ quan. Hàm lượng liên kết chéo thành tế bào lớn nhất được phân tích cho \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus sinensis\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Efficient utilization of lignocellulosic \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> biomass for the production of biochemicals, such as ethanol, is challenging due to its recalcitrance, which is influenced by the individual plant cell wall polymers and their interactions. Lignocellulosic biomass composition differs depending on several factors, such as plant age, harvest date, organ type, and genotype. Here, four selected \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> genotypes (\u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus sinensis\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>,\u003Cjats:italic> Miscanthus sacchariflorus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>,\u003Cjats:italic> Miscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>,\u003Cjats:italic> Miscanthus sinensis\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus sacchariflorus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> hybrid) were grown and harvested, separated into stems and leaves, and characterized for their non‐starch polysaccharide composition and structures, lignin contents and structures, and hydroxycinnamate profiles (monomers and ferulic acid dehydrodimers). Polysaccharides of all genotypes are mainly composed of cellulose and low‐substituted arabinoxylans. Ratios of hemicelluloses to cellulose were comparable, with the exception of \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus sinensis\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> that showed a higher hemicellulose\u002Fcellulose ratio. Lignin contents of \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> stems were higher than those of \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> leaves. Considering the same organs, the four genotypes did not differ in their Klason lignin contents, but \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> × \u003Cjats:italic>giganteus\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> showed the highest acetylbromide soluble lignin content. Lignin polymers isolated from stems varied in their S\u002FG ratios and linkage type distributions across genotypes. \u003Cjats:italic>p\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>‐Coumaric acid was the most abundant ester‐bound hydroxycinnamte monomer in all samples. Ferulic acid dehydrodimers were analyzed as cell wall cross‐links, with 8‐5‐coupled diferulic acid being the main dimer, followed by 8‐O‐4‐, and 5‐5‐diferulic acid. Contents of \u003Cjats:italic>p\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>‐coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and ferulic acid dimers varied depending on genotype and organ type. The largest amount of cell wall cross‐links was analyzed for \u003Cjats:italic>Miscanthus sinensis\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":4284,"VI":4285},"Characterization of \u003Ci>Miscanthus\u003C\u002Fi> cell wall polymers","Đặc điểm hóa các polymer thành tế bào của 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Một thí nghiệm ủ kéo dài 510 ngày đã được thực hiện (i) để điều tra sự phát thải \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> từ các loại đất được bổ sung bằng fresher corn stover (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>) hoặc biochar được sản xuất từ \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> tươi tại nhiệt độ 350 (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>‐350) hoặc 550 °C (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>‐550), và (ii) để đánh giá hiệu ứng kích thích của các phụ gia này đối với sự phân hủy của \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NOM\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>. Hai loại đất đã được nghiên cứu: Alfisol và Andisol, với tỷ lệ carbon hữu cơ lần lượt là 4% và 10%. Ngoại trừ các mẫu chứng (không có bổ sung C), tất cả các điều trị đều nhận được 7.18 t C ha\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>. Chúng tôi đã đo lưu lượng C trong các khoảng thời gian ngắn và dấu hiệu đồng vị của nó để phân biệt giữa C phát thải từ các phụ gia C\u003Cjats:sub>4\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> và \u003Cjats:sub>C\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> không chiếm ưu thế C\u003Cjats:sub>3\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> trong \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NOM\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>. Tỷ lệ phát thải sau đó đã được tổng hợp cho toàn bộ thời gian để bao gồm tổng phát thải. Tổng lượng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>-C phát thải từ C gốc trong \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>, \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>-350 và \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>-550 cao hơn ở Andisol (78%, 13% và 14%) so với Alfisol (66%, 8% và 7%). Đối với cả hai loại đất, (i) không có sự khác biệt có ý nghĩa (\u003Cjats:italic>P \u003C\u002Fjats:italic>>\u003Cjats:italic>  \u003C\u002Fjats:italic>0.05) nào được quan sát thấy trong tỷ lệ phát thải \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> giữa các mẫu chứng và các điều trị biochar; và (ii) tổng lượng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> phát thải từ phụ gia không than cháy cao hơn một cách có ý nghĩa (\u003Cjats:italic>P \u003C\u002Fjats:italic><\u003Cjats:italic>  \u003C\u002Fjats:italic>0.05) so với các điều trị còn lại. Tại Alfisol, một hiệu ứng kích thích positve có ý nghĩa (\u003Cjats:italic>P \u003C\u002Fjats:italic><\u003Cjats:italic>  \u003C\u002Fjats:italic>0.05) đối với sự phân hủy \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NOM\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> được quan sát thấy khi bổ sung vào bằng \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> tươi, trong khi trái ngược lại được phát hiện ở các điều trị biochar. Ở Andisol, không có hiệu ứng kích thích ròng có ý nghĩa (\u003Cjats:italic>P \u003C\u002Fjats:italic>>\u003Cjats:italic>  \u003C\u002Fjats:italic>0.05) nào được quan sát thấy. Cân bằng carbon chỉ ra rằng carbon mất đi từ cả quá trình sản xuất và phân hủy biochar 'được bù đắp' với lượng carbon mất đi từ phân hủy dư lượng tươi sau <35 tuần. Điểm 'bù đắp' đã đạt được sớm hơn ở Andisol, nơi mà \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> tươi phân giải nhanh hơn. Những kết quả này cung cấp bằng chứng thực nghiệm về tiềm năng của biochar trong việc lưu giữ C và tránh phát thải \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> từ nguyên liệu gốc trong khi bảo vệ chất hữu cơ tự nhiên của đất.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>There is a need for further studies to compare the decomposition of biochar to that of the original feedstock and determine how these amendments affect the cycling of native organic matter (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NOM\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>) of different soils to improve our understanding of the resulting net C sequestration potential. A 510‐days incubation experiment was conducted (i) to investigate the evolution of \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> from soils amended with either fresh corn stover (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>) or with biochars produced from fresh \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> at either 350 (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>‐350) or 550 °C (\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>‐550), and (ii) to evaluate the priming effect of these amendments on \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NOM\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> decomposition. Two soil types were studied: an Alfisol and an Andisol, with organic C contents of 4% and 10%, respectively. Except for the controls (with no C addition), all treatments received 7.18 t C ha\u003Cjats:sup>−1\u003C\u002Fjats:sup>. We measured C efflux in short‐term intervals and its isotopic signature to distinguish between C evolved from C\u003Cjats:sub>4\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> amendments and C\u003Cjats:sub>3\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>‐dominated \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NOM\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>. Emission rates were then integrated for the whole time period to cover total emissions. Total \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>‐C evolved from the original C in fresh \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>,\u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>‐350 and \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>‐550 was greater in the Andisol (78%, 13% and 14%) than in the Alfisol (66%, 8% and 7%). For both soils, (i) no significant differences (\u003Cjats:italic>P \u003C\u002Fjats:italic>>\u003Cjats:italic> \u003C\u002Fjats:italic>0.05) were observed in the rate of \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> evolution between controls and biochar treatments; and (ii) total accumulated \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> evolved from the uncharred amendment was significantly higher (\u003Cjats:italic>P \u003C\u002Fjats:italic><\u003Cjats:italic> \u003C\u002Fjats:italic>0.05) than that from the other treatments. In the Alfisol, a significant (\u003Cjats:italic>P \u003C\u002Fjats:italic><\u003Cjats:italic> \u003C\u002Fjats:italic>0.05) net positive priming effect on \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NOM\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> decomposition was observed when amended with fresh \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>, while the opposite was detected in biochar treatments. In the Andisol, no significant (\u003Cjats:italic>P \u003C\u002Fjats:italic>>\u003Cjats:italic> \u003C\u002Fjats:italic>0.05) net priming effect was observed. A C balance indicated that the C lost from both biochar production and decomposition ‘broke even’ with that lost from fresh residue decomposition after <35 weeks. The ‘break‐even’ point was reached earlier in the Andisol, in which the fresh \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CS\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content> mineralizes faster. These results provided experimental evidence for the potential of biochar to sequester C and avoid \u003Cjats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO\u003C\u002Fjats:styled-content>\u003Cjats:sub>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> emissions from original feedstock while protecting native soil organic matter.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":4666,"VI":4667},"Experimental evidence for sequestering C with biochar by avoidance of \u003Cscp>CO\u003C\u002Fscp>\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> emissions from original feedstock and protection of native soil organic matter","Chứng minh thực nghiệm cho việc lưu giữ carbon bằng cách sử dụng biochar để tránh phát thải CO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> từ nguyên liệu gốc và bảo vệ chất hữu cơ tự nhiên trong đất",{"VI":669},{"VOID":3712},"2024-09-30T23:39:13.065+00:00",[175],[177],"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fgcbb.12183",[4675,4702,4719,4736,4755,4772],{"id":4676,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":4677,"affiliations":4678,"properties":4695,"displayName":4699,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"69dbb3e8-c338-4d20-8583-0f35bb2f6604",[],[4679,4687],{"id":4680,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":4681,"properties":24},"272f918a-c758-46da-b8f4-a343e1675573",{"id":4680,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":4682,"slug":24,"properties":4683,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":4686,"statistic":24},[],{"title":4684},{"EN":4685},"Department of Export Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, 90000, Sri Lanka",[],{"id":4688,"sortIndex":123,"affiliation":4689,"properties":24},"7d421aa8-25e1-49f6-90c3-47c18a90d256",{"id":4688,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":4690,"slug":24,"properties":4691,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":4694,"statistic":24},[],{"title":4692},{"EN":4693},"New Zealand Biochar Research Centre Soil and Earth Sciences Group Institute of Natural Resources Massey University Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand",[],{"orcid":4696,"title":4698,"openalex":4700},{"VOID":4697},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-4094-5589",{"EN":4699},"H. 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