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However, timber increments are currently only partly harvested in many European mountain regions, which may lead to supply shortages for local timber industries, decreases in forest resistance to disturbances and functioning as protection from gravitational hazards. Using an inventory-based forest simulator, we evaluated scenarios to increase wood mobilization in the 7105-km2 Swiss canton of Grisons for the period 2007–2106. Scenarios varied with respect to landscape-scale harvesting amounts and silvicultural strategies (low vs. high stand-scale treatment intensity) and accounted for regulations and incentives for protection forest management. With 50 and 100% increases of harvests, the current average growing stock of 319 m3 ha−1 was simulated to be reduced by 12 and 33%, respectively, until 2106 in protection forests of Northern Grisons, where management is prioritized due to subsidies. Outside protection forests and in Southern Grisons, growing stock was simulated to continually increase, which led to divergent developments in forest structure in- and outside protection forests and in the Northern and Southern Grisons. The effect of silvicultural strategies on simulated forest structure was small compared to the effect of future harvesting levels. We discuss opportunities and threats of decreasing management activities outside protection forests and advocate for incentives to promote natural regeneration also outside protection forests to safeguard long-term forest stability.",{"EN":112},"Silvicultural strategies for increased timber harvesting in a Central European mountain landscape",{"VOID":114},"[]",{"VOID":116},"Abegg M, Brändli U-B, Cioldi F (2014) Fourth national forest inventory—result tables and maps on the Internet for the NFI 2009–2013 (NFI4b). www.lfi.ch 28 Oct 2015\nBaier R, Meyer J, Göttlein A (2005) Regeneration niches of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) saplings in small canopy gaps in mixed mountain forests of the Bavarian Limestone Alps. Eur J For Res 126:11–22. doi:10.1007\u002Fs10342-005-0091-5\nBarreiro S, Schelhaas M-J, Kändler G et al (2016) Overview of methods and tools for evaluating future woody biomass availability in European countries. 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Ecol Evol 6:3555–3570. doi:10.1002\u002Fece3.2146\nWastl C, Schunk C, Leuchner M et al (2012) Recent climate change: long-term trends in meteorological forest fire danger in the Alps. Agric For Meteorol 162–163:1–13. doi:10.1016\u002Fj.agrformet.2012.04.001\nWehrli A, Dorren LKA, Berger F et al (2006a) Modelling long-term effects of forest dynamics on the protective effect against rockfall. For Snow Landsc Res 80:57–76\nWehrli A, Weisberg PJ, Schönenberger W et al (2006b) Improving the establishment submodel of a forest patch model to assess the long-term protective effect of mountain forests. Eur J For Res 126:131–145. doi:10.1007\u002Fs10342-006-0142-6\nWermelinger B, Schneider Mathis D (2014) Befallsrisiko von Waldföhren durch Borkenkäfer. In: Wohlgemuth T, Rigling A (eds) Kurz- Langfristige Auswirkungen Klimas Auf Wäld. Im Churer Rheintal. WSL Berichte 17, Eidg. Forschungsanstalt WSL, Birmensdorf, pp 49–57\nWerner F, Taverna R, Hofer P et al (2010) National and global greenhouse gas dynamics of different forest management and wood use scenarios: a model-based assessment. Environ Sci Policy 13:72–85. doi:10.1016\u002Fj.envsci.2009.10.004\nWilhelm C, Kalberer M, Meier A (2011) Neuer Schutzwald Graubünden 2012. 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At human-disturbed treelines, it is particularly difficult to disentangle the specific role of natural and anthropogenic drivers controlling tree recruitment dynamics following land abandonment. We tested for a possible common regeneration pattern of Pinus nigra Arn. at four upper treeline ecotones in the central Apennines (Italy). The sites were selected based on (1) the occurrence of natural encroachment of P. nigra above 1600 m a.s.l., and (2) the mountain top elevation higher than 2000 m a.s.l. We assessed structure and spatiotemporal patterns of P. nigra advancing regeneration using point and surface pattern analyses. We mapped, measured, and dated 845 trees sampled on a total surface area of 336 ha. P. nigra is the only tree species expanding at high altitude and features a scattered process that started 35–40 years ago, with a maximum recruitment frequency between 1995 and 2003. Pinus regeneration appeared over-dispersed along the slope at a scale range of 12–18 m. We found spatial segregation between saplings and young trees at intermediate distances (8–17 m) and small patches of young trees distributed along the treeline ecotone. The spatial pattern of P. nigra encroachment in the central Apennines revealed a replicable model independent of treeline topography and local disturbance histories.",{"EN":249},"Pinus nigra anthropogenic treelines in the central Apennines show common pattern of tree 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Edward Arnold, London",{"doi":395},{"id":20,"text":464,"url":465,"identifiers":466},"Farjon A (2013) Pinus nigra ssp. nigra. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2013: e.T20453795A20453836. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fdetails\u002F20453795\u002F0. Accessed 12 Feb 2016","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fdetails\u002F20453795\u002F0",{},{"id":468,"text":469,"url":470,"identifiers":471},"fa6b9c56-9ef9-40d7-a83a-3e916c29c6e5","Garbarino M, Lingua E, Weisberg PJ, Bottero A, Meloni F, Motta R (2013) Land-use history and topographic gradients as driving factors of subalpine Larix decidua forests. Landsc Ecol 28:805–817","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10980-012-9792-6",{"doi":472},"10.1007\u002Fs10980-012-9792-6",{"id":391,"text":474,"url":393,"identifiers":475},"Gehrig-Fasel J, Guisan A, Zimmermann NE (2007) Tree line shifts in the Swiss Alps: climate change or land abandonment? J Veg Sci 18:571–582",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":477,"url":393,"identifiers":478},"Getis A, Ord JK (1992) The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geogr Anal 24:189–206",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":480,"url":393,"identifiers":481},"Harsch MA, Bader MY (2011) Treeline form—a potential key to understanding treeline dynamics. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 20:582–596",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":483,"url":393,"identifiers":484},"Harsch MA, Hulme PE, McGlone MS, Duncan RP (2009) Are treelines advancing? A global meta-analysis of treeline response to climate warming. Ecol Lett 12:1040–1049",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":486,"url":393,"identifiers":487},"Holtmeier F, Broll G (2005) Sensitivity and response of northern hemisphere altitudinal and polar treelines to environmental change at landscape and local scales. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 14:395–410",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":489,"url":393,"identifiers":490},"Hulme PE (1996) Herbivory, plant regeneration, and species coexistence. J Ecol 84:609–615",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":492,"url":393,"identifiers":493},"Huyghe C, De Vliegher A, van Gils B, Peeters A (2014) Grasslands and herbivore production in Europe and effects of common policies. Editions Quae, Versailles",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":495,"url":393,"identifiers":496},"Isajev V, Fady B, Semerci H, Andonovski V (2004) EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for European black pine (Pinus nigra). International Plant Genetic Resources, Rome",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":498,"url":393,"identifiers":499},"Körner C (2012) Alpine treelines. Functional ecology of the global high elevation tree limits. Springer, Basel",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":501,"url":393,"identifiers":502},"Kullman L (1998) Tree-limits and montane forests in the Swedish Scandes: Sensitive biomonitors of climate change and variability. Ambio 27:312–321",{"doi":395},{"id":20,"text":504,"url":20,"identifiers":505},"Lamedica S, Lingua E, Popa I, Motta R, Carrer M (2011) Spatial structure in four Norway spruce stands with different management history in the Alps and Carpathians. Silva Fenn 45:865–873",{},{"id":391,"text":507,"url":393,"identifiers":508},"Leonelli G, Pelfini M, Morra di Cella U (2009) Detecting climatic treelines in the Italian Alps: the influence of geomorphological factors and human impacts. Phys Geogr 30:338–352",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":510,"url":393,"identifiers":511},"Lingua E, Cherubini P, Nola P, Motta R (2008) Spatial structure along an altitudinal gradient in the Italian central Alps suggests competition and facilitation among coniferous species. J Veg Sci 19:425–436",{"doi":395},{"id":20,"text":513,"url":20,"identifiers":514},"Miehe G, Miehe S (2000) Comparative high mountain research on the treeline ecotone under human impact. Erdkunde 54:34–50",{},{"id":391,"text":516,"url":393,"identifiers":517},"Motta R, Morales M, Nola P (2006) Human land-use, forest dynamics and tree growth at the treeline in the Western Italian Alps. Ann For Sci 63:739–747",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":519,"url":393,"identifiers":520},"Palombo C, Chirici G, Marchetti M, Tognetti R (2013) Is land abandonment affecting forest dynamics at high elevation in Mediterranean mountains more than climate change? Plant Biosyst 147(1):1–11",{"doi":395},{"id":20,"text":522,"url":20,"identifiers":523},"Pedrotti F (1969) Introduzione alla vegetazione dell’Appennino centrale. Mitt ostalp-din pflanzensoz 9:21–57",{},{"id":391,"text":525,"url":393,"identifiers":526},"Pelorosso R, Leone A, Boccia L (2009) Land cover and land use change in the Italian central Apennines: a comparison of assessment methods. Appl Geogr 29:35–48",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":528,"url":393,"identifiers":529},"Peroni P, Ferri F, Avena GC (2000) Temporal and spatial changes in a mountainous area of central Italy. J Veg Sci 11:505–514",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":531,"url":393,"identifiers":532},"Petritan IC, Marzano R, Petritan AM, Lingua E (2014) Overstory succession in a mixed Quercus petraea–Fagus sylvatica old growth forest revealed through the spatial pattern of competition and mortality. For Ecol Manag 326:9–17",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":534,"url":393,"identifiers":535},"Pezzi G, Ferrari C, Corazza M (2008) The altitudinal limit of beech woods in the northern Apennines (Italy). Its spatial pattern and some thermal inferences. Folia Geobot 43:447–459",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":537,"url":393,"identifiers":538},"Piermattei A, Renzaglia F, Urbinati C (2012) Recent expansion of Pinus nigra Arn. above the timberline in the central Apennines, Italy. Ann For Sci 69:509–517",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":540,"url":393,"identifiers":541},"Piermattei A, Garbarino M, Urbinati C (2014) Structural attributes, tree-ring growth and climate sensitivity of Pinus nigra Arn. at high altitude: common patterns of a possible treeline shift in the central Apennines (Italy). Dendrochronologia 32:210–219",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":543,"url":393,"identifiers":544},"Potthoff K (2009) Grazing history affects the tree-line ecotone: a case study from Hardanger, Western Norway. Fennia 187(2):81–98",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":546,"url":393,"identifiers":547},"Richardson DM (2000) Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":549,"url":393,"identifiers":550},"Richardson DM, Rejmanek M (2004) Conifers as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive framework. Divers Distrib 10:321–331",{"doi":395},{"id":20,"text":552,"url":553,"identifiers":554},"Rivas-Martinez S, Rivas-Saenz S (2009) Worldwide bioclimatic classification system, 1996–2015. Phytosociological Research Center, Spain. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.globalbioclimatics.org. Accessed 28 July 2015","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.globalbioclimatics.org",{},{"id":391,"text":556,"url":393,"identifiers":557},"Rolando A, Caldoni R, Sanctis A, Laiolo P (2001) Vigilance and neighbour distance in foraging flocks of red-billed choughs, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax. J Zool 253:225–232",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":559,"url":393,"identifiers":560},"Rössler O, Bräuning A, Löffler J (2008) Dynamics and driving forces of treeline fluctuation and regeneration in central Norway during the past decades. Erdkunde 62:117–128",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":562,"url":393,"identifiers":563},"Santilocchi R, D’Ottavio P (2005) The evolution of cattle and sheep breeding systems in Central Italy over the past two centuries. In: Georgoudis A, Rosati A, Mosconi C (eds) Animal production and natural resources utilisation in the Mediterranean mountain areas. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, pp 15–18",{"doi":395},{"id":20,"text":565,"url":20,"identifiers":566},"Sawada M (1999) Rookcase: an Excel 97\u002F2000 Visual Basic (VB) add-in for exploring global and local spatial autocorrelation. Bull Ecol Soc Am 80:231–234",{},{"id":568,"text":569,"url":570,"identifiers":571},"56885046-5937-427d-88bd-98f642c97316","Stanisci A, Lavieri D, Acosta A, Blasi C (2000) Structure and diversity trends at Fagus timberline in central Italy. Community Ecol 1:133–138","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.akademiai.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1556\u002FComEc.1.2000.2.2",{"doi":572},"10.1556\u002FComEc.1.2000.2.2",{"id":20,"text":574,"url":20,"identifiers":575},"Stoyan D, Stoyan H (1994) Fractals, random shapes, and point fields: methods of geometrical statistics. Wiley, Chichester",{},{"id":20,"text":577,"url":20,"identifiers":578},"Theurillat JP, Guisan A (2001) Potential impacts of climate change on vegetation in the European Alps: a review. Clim Change 50:77–109",{},{"id":20,"text":580,"url":20,"identifiers":581},"Torta G (2004) Consequences of rural abandonment in a Northern Apennines landscape (Tuscany, Italy). In: Mazzoleni S, Di Pasquale G, Mulligan M, Di Martino P, Rego F (eds) Recent dynamics of the mediterranean vegetation and landscape. Wiley, Chichester, pp 157–165",{},{"id":20,"text":583,"url":20,"identifiers":584},"Tranquillini W (1979) Physiological ecology of the alpine timberline. Ecological series 31. Springer, New York",{},{"id":391,"text":586,"url":393,"identifiers":587},"Troll C (1973) The upper timberlines in different climatic zones. Arct Alp Res 5:3–18",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":589,"url":393,"identifiers":590},"Veblen TT (1992) Regeneration dynamics. In: Glenn-Lewin DC, Peet RK, Veblen TT (eds) Plant succession: theory and prediction. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 152–187",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":592,"url":393,"identifiers":593},"Vittoz P, Rulence B, Largey T, Freléchoux F (2008) Effects of climate and land-use change on the establishment and growth of cembran pine (Pinus cembra L.) over the altitudinal treeline ecotone in the Central Swiss Alps. Arct Antarct Alp Res 40:225–232",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":595,"url":393,"identifiers":596},"Wiegand T, Moloney KA (2004) Rings, circles, and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology. Oikos 104:209–229",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":598,"url":393,"identifiers":599},"Wiegand T, Moloney KA (2014) Handbook of spatial point-pattern analysis in ecology. Chapman and Hall\u002FCRC, Boca Raton",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":601,"url":393,"identifiers":602},"Wiegand T, Camarero JJ, Rüger N, Gutiérrez E (2006) Abrupt population changes in treeline ecotones along smooth gradients. J Ecol 94:880–892",{"doi":395},{"id":604,"createTime":605,"updateTime":606,"relativeEntities":607,"slug":608,"properties":609,"entityType":119,"verifyStatus":120,"verifyTime":620,"verifyNote":122,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":621,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":622,"publicationType":180,"publisherRelationship":651,"citationCount":21,"citationInfo":703,"publishDate":706,"publishYear":704,"citationAnalyzeStatus":707,"lastCitationAnalyze":606,"indexDatabases":708,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":238},"47ab7b13-74a6-4d2a-813a-ce6f3fa157e8","2024-01-05T17:32:02.892+00:00","2026-07-27T23:18:24.857+00:00",[],"Governance-issues-in-the-Ecosystem-Approach-what-lessons-from-the-Forest-Stewardship-Council-",{"abstract":610,"title":612,"gsPaper":614,"references":616,"doi":618},{"EN":611},"The certification scheme of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Ecosystem Approach (EA) as conceptualised under the Convention on Biological Diversity show substantial convergence in their broader aims and normative background. Taking this finding as a starting point, the paper discusses what lessons could be learned from FSC’s experience in developing and implementing specific norms and standards. The elaborate decision-making mechanisms of FSC may prove useful for the refinement and implementation of the EA, in particular regarding the transformation of generic principles into national and regional level standards. FSC’s strong reliance on market mechanisms, however, and the related influence of dominant economic actors limit its suitability as an overall blueprint for the implementation of the EA.",{"EN":613},"Governance issues in the Ecosystem Approach: what lessons from the Forest Stewardship Council?",{"VOID":615},"[\"16442799255192408635\"]",{"VOID":617},"Astleithner F, Hamedinger A, Holman N, Rydin Y (2004) Institutions and indicators: the discourse about indicators in the context of sustainability. J Housing Built Environ 19(1):7–24\nBass S, Thornber K, Markopoulos M, Roberts S, Grieg-Gran M (2001) Certifications’s impacts on forests, stakeholders and supply chains. IIED, London\nBurger D, Lang B, Hess J (2005) Forest certification: taking stock from a development policy perspective. In: Burger D, Hess J, Lang B (eds) Forest certification: an innovative instrument in the service of sustainable development? Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn, pp 3–21\nCashore B, Auld G, Newsom D (2004) Governing through markets: forest certification and the emergence of non-state authority. Yale University Press, New Haven\nCBD (2000) COP 5 Decision V\u002F6 (UNEP\u002FCBD\u002FCOP\u002F5\u002F6)\nCBD (2004) COP 7 Decision VII\u002F11, Annex II: A, 20 (UNEP\u002FCBD\u002FCOP\u002F7\u002F11)\nCounsell S, Loraas KT (2002) Trading in credibility: the myth and reality of the Forest Stewardship Council. Rainforest Foundation, London\nCumming GS, Cumming DHM, Redman CL (2006) Scale mismatches in social-ecological systems: causes, consequences, and solutions. Ecol Soc 11(1):14. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecologyandsociety.org\u002Fvol11\u002Fiss1\u002Fart14\u002F, Sep 28, 2009\nDingwerth K (2007) The new transnationalism. Transnational governance and democratic legitimacy. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke\nDingwerth K (2008) North-south parity in global governance: the affirmative procedures of the Forest Stewardship Council. Glob Gov 14:53–71\nEbeling J (2005) Market-based conservation and global governance. Can forest certification compensate for poor environmental law enforcement? Insights from Ecuador and Bolivia, MA. Thesis, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg im Breisgau\nEbeling J, Yasué M (2009) The effectiveness of market-based conservation in the tropics: forest certification in Ecuador and Bolivia. J Environ Manage 90:1145–1153\nEllis K, Keane J (2008) A review of ethical standards and labels: is there a gap in the market for a new ‘good for development’ label? Overseas Development Institute working paper 297\nFlitner M, Garrelts H (2008) Die Bedeutung des ökosystemaren Ansatzes der CBD für den Schutz der Biodiversität in Wäldern. Natur und Landschaft 83(4):150–153\nFlitner M, Matthes U, Oesten G, Roeder A (eds) (2006) The ecosystem approach in forest biosphere reserves: results from three case studies (= BfN-Skripten 168). Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn\nFrankenhauser D, Flitner M (2006) The ecosystem approach in forest areas—starting points. In: Flitner M et al (eds) The ecosystem approach in forest biosphere reserves: results from three case studies. Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn, pp 3–17\nFSC (1996) FSC international standard. FSC principles and criteria for forest stewardship. Forest Stewardship Council, Bonn\nFSC (2003a) FSC social strategy. Building and implementing a social agenda. Version 2.1. Forest Stewardship Council, Bonn\nFSC (2003b) The decentralized FSC network: promoting responsible forest management globally and locally. Forest Stewardship Council, Bonn\nFSC (2009a) Facts and figures. Forest Stewardship Council, Bonn. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fsc.org\u002Ffacts-figures.html, Sep 28, 2009\nFSC (2009b) FSC membership list. Forest Stewardship Council, Bonn. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fsc.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002Fweb-data\u002Fpublic\u002Fdocument_center\u002Fmembership_documents\u002FFSC_Membership_List_-_ENG.pdf, Sep 28, 2009\nFSC (2009c) Forest stewardship council A.C: by-laws. Forest Stewardship Council, Bonn\nFSC (2009d) FSC around the world. Forest Stewardship Council, Bonn. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fsc.org\u002Ffsc-locations.html, Sep 28, 2009\nFSC (2009e) FSC Accreditation documents. Forest Stewardship Council, Bonn. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fsc.org\u002Faccreditation_docs.html, Sep 28, 2009\nFSC (2009f) Our vision and mission. Forest Stewardship Council, Bonn\nFSC—Lake States Working Group of the FSC—US (2005) Revised final regional forest stewardship standard for the Lake States-Central Hardwoods Region (USA). Version LS V3.0 February 10, 2005. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.forestrycenter.org\u002Flibrary.cfm?refID=74101, Sep 28, 2009\nFSC-Watch (2009a) Homepage (about). http:\u002F\u002Ffsc-watch.org, Sep 28, 2009\nFSC-Watch (2009b) Thousands of indigenous people evicted from FSC-certified Mount Elgon National Park. http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fsc-watch.org\u002Farchives\u002F2008\u002F07\u002F01\u002FThousands_of_Indigen, Sep 28, 2009\nGale F (2005) Global democratic governance. Learning from the Forest Stewardship Council. Paper presented to the 46th annual ISA Convention Honolulu, Hawaii March 1–5\nGale F, Haward M (2004) Public accountability in private regulation: contrasting models of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). Refereed paper presented to the Australian Political Studies Association conference. University of Adelaide 29, September–1 October 2004\nHartje V, Klaphake A, Schliep R (2003) The international debate on the ecosystem approach. Critical review—international actors, obstacles and challenges (= BfN-Skripten 80). Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn\nHaufler V (2003) New forms of governance: certification as social regulation of the global markets. In: Meidinger E, Elliott C, Oesten G (eds) Social and political dimensions of forest certification. Remagen-Königswinter, pp 237–247\nHess J (2005) Impacts, obstacles to and risks of forest certification. In: D. Burger, J. Hess, B. Lang (eds.) Forest certification: An innovative instrument in the service of sustainable development? Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, Eschborn\nHolman N (2009) Incorporating local sustainability indicators into the structures of local governance: a review of the literature’. Local Environ 14(4):365–375\nKern K (2004) Globale Governance durch transnationale Netzwerkorganisation. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen zivilgesellschaftlicher Selbstorganisation. In: Gosewinkel D, Rucht D, van den Daele W, Kocka J (eds) Zivilgesellschaft–national und transnational. WZB-Jahrbuch 2003. Edition sigma, Berlin, pp 285–308\nKlooster D (2005) Environmental certification of forests: the evolution of environmental governance in a commodity network. J Rural Stud 21:403–417\nKruedener Bv (2000) FSC forest certification—enhancing social forestry developments? For Trees People Newsl 43:12–18\nMcDermott CL, Noah E, Cashore B (2008) Differences that matter? Framework for comparing environmental certification and government policies. J Environ Policy Plann 10(1):47–70\nMeidinger E (1999) Private environmental regulation, human rights and community. Buffalo Environ Law J 7:123–237\nMurray J (1998) Corporate codes of conduct and labour standards. In: Kyloh R (ed) Mastering the challenge of globalisation. Towards a trade union agenda. ILO Bureau for workers’ activities. Working paper produced under project INT\u002F97\u002FMO1\u002FITA (“Information, technology, workers’ participation and social dialogue”). Geneva, ILO, pp 45–104\nPattberg PH (2005) What role for private rule-making in global environmental governance? Analysing the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Int Environ Agreements 5:175–189\nPonte S (2008) Greener than thou: the political economy of fish ecolabeling and its local manifestations in South Africa. World Dev 36(1):159–175\nPoschen P (2000) Social criteria and indicators for sustainable forest development. A guide to ILO texts. Forest certification working paper no. 3, Eschborn\nRydin Y, Holman N (2004) Re-evaluating the contribution of social capital in achieving sustainable development. Local Environ 9(2):117–133\nSalvador S (2007) Social issues in the chain of custody. Presentation at the BWI global wood and forestry meeting, December 11 and 12, 2007\nSayer JA, Maginnis S (2005) New challenges for forest management. In: Sayer J, Maginnis S (eds) Forests in landscapes. Ecosystem approaches to sustainability. Earthcan, London, pp 1–16\nTaylor PL (2005a) In the market but not of it: fair trade coffee and Forest Stewardship Council certification as market-based social change. World Dev 33(1):129–147\nTaylor PL (2005b) A fair trade approach to community forest certification? A framework for discussion. J Rural Stud 21:433–447",{"VOID":619},"10.1007\u002Fs10342-009-0350-y","2024-08-30T23:54:13.203+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10342-009-0350-y",[623,638],{"id":624,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":625,"affiliations":626,"properties":635,"displayName":637,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"87498a5b-4efb-4609-8957-868d0cf0e609",[128],[627],{"id":628,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":629,"properties":20},"a40d5757-c29a-428e-b5c7-acb970466291",{"id":628,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":630,"slug":20,"properties":631,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":634,"statistic":20},[],{"title":632},{"VI":633},"Artec, Research Centre for Sustainability Studies, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany",[],{"title":636},{"VI":637},"Heiko Garrelts",{"id":639,"sortIndex":94,"researcher":20,"roles":640,"affiliations":641,"properties":648,"displayName":650,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"300880fa-37b2-4ab7-95f5-61b37e976247",[128],[642],{"id":628,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":643,"properties":20},{"id":628,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":644,"slug":20,"properties":645,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":647,"statistic":20},[],{"title":646},{"VI":633},[],{"title":649},{"VI":650},"Michael Flitner",{"url":621,"publisher":652,"properties":698},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":653,"slug":10,"properties":654,"entityType":18,"verifyStatus":19,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"subjectFields":658,"manageAffiliations":667,"indexDatabases":678,"url":87,"thumbnailPath":20,"statistic":693,"gsStatistic":20,"type":97,"analyzePriority":20},[],{"issn":655,"title":656,"eissn":657},{"VOID":13},{"EN":15},{"VOID":17},[659,663],{"id":24,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":660,"label":661,"description":662,"parentId":20,"standard":20,"scholarHubFieldId":20},[],{"EN":27},{},{"id":30,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":664,"label":665,"description":666,"parentId":20,"standard":20,"scholarHubFieldId":20},[],{"EN":33},{},[668,673],{"id":37,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":669,"slug":20,"properties":670,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":672,"statistic":20},[],{"title":671},{"EN":41},[43],{"id":45,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":674,"slug":20,"properties":675,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":677,"statistic":20},[],{"title":676},{"EN":49},[],[679,686],{"id":70,"indexDatabase":680,"url":81,"indexYears":82,"academicFieldIds":685,"indexDatabaseRanking":86},{"id":72,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":681,"label":682,"description":683,"key":78,"publicationTags":684,"standard":20},[],{"EN":75,"VI":75},{"EN":75,"VI":77},[80],[84,85],{"id":53,"indexDatabase":687,"url":66,"indexYears":20,"academicFieldIds":692,"indexDatabaseRanking":20},{"id":55,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":688,"label":689,"description":690,"key":62,"publicationTags":691,"standard":20},[],{"EN":58,"VI":58},{"EN":60,"VI":61},[64,65],[68],{"impactFactor":21,"impactFactorByYear":694,"i10Index":21,"i10IndexLast5Year":21,"totalPublication":90,"totalPublicationByYear":695,"totalCitation":21,"totalCitationByYear":696,"totalCitationPerPublication":21,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":697,"hindexLast5Year":21,"hindex":21},{},{"1896":92,"1898":93,"1899":94,"1900":94,"1944":94,"2008":94,"2010":94,"2011":93,"2012":93,"2013":94,"2014":92,"2016":92,"2020":94,"2021":94,"2022":94,"2023":94},{},{},{"pages":699,"volume":701},{"VOID":700},"395-405",{"VOID":702},"130",{"total":21,"publishYear":704,"statisticByYear":705},2010,{},"2010-01-05","ERROR_IN_ANALYZE_CITATION",[64,86],{"id":710,"createTime":711,"updateTime":712,"relativeEntities":713,"slug":714,"properties":715,"entityType":119,"verifyStatus":120,"verifyTime":726,"verifyNote":122,"languages":727,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":729,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":730,"publicationType":180,"publisherRelationship":767,"citationCount":821,"citationInfo":822,"publishDate":825,"publishYear":823,"citationAnalyzeStatus":383,"lastCitationAnalyze":826,"indexDatabases":827,"openAccess":20,"references":828,"isForceReanalyzing":238},"29d124ca-4528-4d0c-80c8-1b1d2bf50a10","2024-04-21T13:32:52.547+00:00","2026-07-27T09:39:00.798+00:00",[],"Flowering-behavior-of-clones-in-a-Norway-maple-Acer-platanoides-seed-orchard-and-mating-system-analysis-using-nuclear-SSR-markers",{"openalex":716,"abstract":718,"title":720,"gsPaper":722,"doi":724},{"VOID":717},"W4281298847",{"EN":719},"\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Norway maple (\u003Cjats:italic>Acer platanoides\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> L.) is a tree species native to Central Europe and occurs in scattered or in small populations mixed with other tree species. Since Norway maple is considered to be adaptable to climate change, it has increasingly become a focus of forestry as one of the so-called alternative tree species to diversify species composition in forests. However, little knowledge exists on the phenotypic variation in the natural range, and no studies on the reproductive behavior of this monoecious and insect-pollinated tree species. The sexual system of Norway maple is known as heterodichogamous, with male-first and female-first flowering individuals mixed in a population. In a first step, we conducted a mating system analysis in a seed orchard. We used a recently developed set of species-specific SSR markers to genotype the parental clones and respective seed samples. The total seed had proportions of 68% outcrossed offspring between clones of the seed orchard, 11% selfing and 20% external pollination. Four flower types were observed, with protogynous and hermaphrodite types contributing more female gametes, while the protandrous type is highly variable in its female or male contributions. The number of ramets per clone in the seed set has a significant impact on the proportion of genetic contribution per clone to total seed yield. Conclusions are drawn for the establishment of new seed orchards and for further research.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":721},"Flowering behavior of clones in a Norway maple (Acer platanoides) seed orchard and mating system analysis using nuclear SSR 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T (1982) Chromosome counts of vascular plants of the island Seili in Nauvo, southwestern Finland. Ann Univ Turku Ser A Biol-Geogr 3:1–12",{},{"id":20,"text":833,"url":20,"identifiers":834},"BLE (2019) Übersicht über zugelassenes Ausgangsmaterial für forstliches Vermehrungsgut in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Stand: 01.07.2019) [online]. https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ble.de\u002FDE\u002FThemen\u002FWald-Holz\u002FForstliches-Vermehrungsgut\u002Fforstliches-vermehrungsgut_node.html [cited August 8, 2020]",{},{"id":20,"text":836,"url":20,"identifiers":837},"Caudullo G, de Rigo D (2016) Acer platanoides in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. Publ. Off. EU, Luxembourg, European Atlas of Forest Tree Species, p e019159",{},{"id":20,"text":839,"url":20,"identifiers":840},"de Jong PC (1976) Flowering and sex expression in Acer L.: a biosystematic study, Veenman, Wageningen",{},{"id":20,"text":842,"url":20,"identifiers":843},"Dumolin S, Demesure B, Petit RJ (1995) Inheritance of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes in pedunculate oak investigated with an efficient PCR method. Theor Appl Genet 91(8):1253–1256. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002FBF00220937",{"doi":844},"10.1007\u002FBF00220937",{"id":20,"text":846,"url":20,"identifiers":847},"Eriksson G, Black-samuelsson S, Jensen M, Myking T, Rusanen M, Skrøppa T, Vakkari P, Westergaard L (2003) Genetic variability in two tree species, Acer platanoides L. and Betula pendula Roth, with contrasting life-history traits. Scandinavian J Forest Res 18(4):320–331. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F02827580310015422",{"doi":848},"10.1080\u002F02827580310015422",{"id":20,"text":850,"url":20,"identifiers":851},"Gabriel WJ (1967) Reproductive behavior in sugar maple: self-compatibility, cross-compatibility, agamospermy, and agamocarpy. Silv Genet 16:165–168",{},{"id":20,"text":853,"url":20,"identifiers":854},"Haas TP (1933) Untersuchungen an der Gattung Acer. Philosphische Fakultät II. Sektion, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Verlag B. Heller in München, pp 5–45",{},{"id":20,"text":856,"url":20,"identifiers":857},"Jones OR, Wang J (2010) COLONY: a program for parentage and sibship inference from multilocus genotype data. Mol Ecol Resour 10(3):551–555. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1755-0998.2009.02787.x",{"doi":858},"10.1111\u002Fj.1755-0998.2009.02787.x",{"id":20,"text":860,"url":20,"identifiers":861},"Kalinowski ST, Taper ML, Marshall TC (2007) Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment. Mol Ecol 16(5):1099–1106. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1365-294X.2007.03089.x",{"doi":862},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-294X.2007.03089.x",{"id":20,"text":864,"url":20,"identifiers":865},"Kang KS, Harju AM, Lindgren D, Nikkanen T, Almqvist C, Suh GU (2001) Variation in effective number of clones in seed orchards. New for 21(1):17–33. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1023\u002FA:1010785222169",{"doi":866},"10.1023\u002FA:1010785222169",{"id":20,"text":868,"url":20,"identifiers":869},"Kikuchi S, Shibata M, Tanaka H, Yoshimaru H, Niiyama K (2009) Analysis of the disassortative mating pattern in a heterodichogamous plant, Acer mono Maxim. using microsatellite markers. Plant Ecol 204(1):43–54. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11258-008-9564-1",{"doi":870},"10.1007\u002Fs11258-008-9564-1",{"id":20,"text":872,"url":20,"identifiers":873},"Lazic D, George J-P, Rusanen M, Ballian D, Pfattner S, Konrad H (2022) Population differentiation in Acer platanoides L. at the regional scale—laying the basis for effective conservation of its genetic resources in Austria. Forests 13: 552. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Ff13040552",{"doi":874},"10.3390\u002Ff13040552",{"id":20,"text":876,"url":20,"identifiers":877},"Liesebach H, Liepe K, Bäucker C (2021) Towards new seed orchard designs in Germany—a review. Silv Genet 70(1):84–98. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2478\u002Fsg-2021-0007",{"doi":878},"10.2478\u002Fsg-2021-0007",{"id":20,"text":880,"url":20,"identifiers":881},"Marshall TC, Slate J, Kruuk LEB, Pemberton JM (1998) Statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural populations. Mol Ecol 7(5):639–655. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1046\u002Fj.1365-294x.1998.00374.x",{"doi":882},"10.1046\u002Fj.1365-294x.1998.00374.x",{"id":20,"text":884,"url":20,"identifiers":885},"Paul M, Steiner W, Schleich S, Lau M, Leisten D, Moos M, Schmidt C (2020) Samenplantagen und Mutterquartiere als Beitrag zur Biologischen Vielfalt. Niedersächsisches Ministerium Für Ernährung LuV, Waldzustandsbericht 2020:31–34",{},{"id":20,"text":887,"url":20,"identifiers":888},"Roloff A, Pietzarka U (1998) Acer platanoides LINNÉ, 1753. Enzyklopädie der Holzgewächse 13. Erg Lfg 9\u002F98:1–16",{},{"id":20,"text":890,"url":20,"identifiers":891},"Ruņģis DE, Krivmane B (2021) Assessment of the structure and diversity of Latvian Acer platanoides populations using cross-species nuclear microsatellites. Proc Latvian Acad Sci Sect B 75(4(733):254–260. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2478\u002Fprolas-2021-0038",{"doi":892},"10.2478\u002Fprolas-2021-0038",{"id":20,"text":894,"url":20,"identifiers":895},"Rusanen M, Vakkari P, Blom A (2000) Evaluation of the Finnish gene-conservation strategy for Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) in the light of allozyme variation. Forest Genetics 7(3):155–165",{},{"id":20,"text":897,"url":20,"identifiers":898},"Rusanen M, Vakkari P, Blom A (2003) Genetic structure of Acer platanoides and Betula pendula in northern Europe. Can J Forest Res 33(6):1110–1115. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1139\u002Fx03-025",{"doi":899},"10.1139\u002Fx03-025",{"id":20,"text":901,"url":20,"identifiers":902},"SAS Institute Inc. (2016) SAS 9.4 TS Level 1M5 X64_10PRO platform. Copyright (c) 2016 by SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA",{},{"id":20,"text":904,"url":20,"identifiers":905},"Scholz E (1960) Blütenmorphologische und -biologische Untersuchungen bei Acer pseudoplatanus L. und Acer platanoides L. Der Züchter 30(1):11–16",{"doi":906},"10.1007\u002FBF00711139",{"id":20,"text":908,"url":20,"identifiers":909},"Tal O (2006) Comparative flowering ecology of Fraxinus excelsior, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus and Tilia cordata in the canopy of Leipzig’s floodplain forest. Fakultät für Biowissenschaften, Pharmazie und Psychologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, pp 1–250",{},{"id":20,"text":911,"url":20,"identifiers":912},"Wang J (2013) An improvement on the maximum likelihood reconstruction of pedigrees from marker data. Heredity 111(2):165–174. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fhdy.2013.34",{"doi":913},"10.1038\u002Fhdy.2013.34",{"id":20,"text":915,"url":20,"identifiers":916},"Wright JW (1953) Notes on flowering and fruiting of northeastern trees. Station Paper NE-60. Upper Darby, PA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 38 p. 60",{},{"id":918,"createTime":919,"updateTime":920,"relativeEntities":921,"slug":922,"properties":923,"entityType":119,"verifyStatus":120,"verifyTime":932,"verifyNote":122,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":933,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":934,"publicationType":180,"publisherRelationship":950,"citationCount":94,"citationInfo":1002,"publishDate":1005,"publishYear":1003,"citationAnalyzeStatus":383,"lastCitationAnalyze":1006,"indexDatabases":1007,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":238},"89ff5822-4ab1-4448-801d-5bd75706b5ee","2023-11-30T14:01:46.507+00:00","2026-07-24T01:50:31.903+00:00",[],"Das-Bundesnaturschutzgesetz-und-die-Konsequenzen-f%C3%BCr-eine-ordnungsgem%C3%A4%C3%9Fe-Landwirtschaft",{"abstract":924,"title":926,"gsPaper":928,"doi":930},{"EN":925},"Die Belastungen der Umwelt durch die Landwirtschaft und die daraus resultierenden Konflikte für Boden-, Wasser- und Artenschutz werden dargestellt. Die Zielvorstellungen des Naturschutzes gehen von einem abgestuften Nutzungskonzept aus, wobei Nutzungsverzichte (z.B. im NSG) sowie eine Nutzung unter Auflagen bzw. mit Beschränkungen (z. B. in Wasserschutzgebieten, auf Feuchtwiesen etc.) auf insgesamt ca. 20% der Fläche und agrarische Vorranggebiete definiert werden sollen, für welch' letztere aber auch eine drastische Verringerung der stofflichen Belastung erwartet wird. Es wird ein neues Leitbild für eine umweltschonendere Landwirtschaft entworfen und deutlich gemacht, daß ein effektiver Naturschutz nur zusammen mit der Landwirtschaft verwirklicht werden kann. Dies bedeutet u.a., daß die wirtschaftliche Belastungsfähigkeit der Landwirtschaft berücksichtigt und Regelungen zum finanziellen Ausgleich von Nutzungsbeschränkungen durchgesetzt werden müssen. Solche Ausgleichsregelungen als Folge hoheitlicher Akte sollen nach dem Entwurf zur Novelle des Bundesnaturschutzgesetzes durch freiwillige Vereinbarungen (Kooperationsprinzip) mit Landwirten ergänzt werden. Darüber hinaus unterstützten eine Reihe von Spezialgesetzen, Verordnungen und Programme (Pflanzenschutzgesetz, Gülleverordnungen, Gewässer-, Wiesen- und Ackerrandstreifenprogramme etc.) die Bemühungen des Naturschutzes.",{"EN":927},"Das Bundesnaturschutzgesetz und die Konsequenzen für eine ordnungsgemäße Landwirtschaft",{"VOID":929},"[\"14763939853258326498\"]",{"VOID":931},"10.1007\u002FBF02741651","2024-04-24T09:25:19.899+00:00","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002FBF02741651",[935],{"id":936,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":937,"affiliations":938,"properties":947,"displayName":949,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"45744f72-4076-41ad-9e5b-5dd3192190f3",[128],[939],{"id":940,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":941,"properties":20},"717a155f-98a7-49dc-ade8-de51ab0759a8",{"id":940,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":942,"slug":20,"properties":943,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":946,"statistic":20},[],{"title":944},{"VI":945},"Bundesminister für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Bonn 1, Bundesrepublik Deutschland",[],{"title":948},{"VI":949},"K. 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The results indicated that soil organic carbon significantly decreased by 30.7 and 28.5% in MBF and CHF, respectively. The aromatic C and aromaticity also significantly decreased in MBF and CHF (P \u003C 0.05), while alkyl, O-alkyl and carbonyl C contents increased (P > 0.05). Significant changes of the soil microbial community were found after the forest type changed from CBMF to MBF and CHF. Total soil microbial PLFAs, soil bacteria PLFAs, fungus PLFAs, actinobacteria PLFAs, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi PLFAs and protozoan PLFAs ranked as follows: CBMF > CHF > MBF (P \u003C 0.05). The ratio of soil fungus to bacteria was in the order of MBF (0.78) > CHF (0.66) > CBMF (0.49) (P \u003C 0.05), while an opposite order was found for ratio of G+\u002FG− values (CBMF > CHF > MBF, P \u003C 0.05). The converting CBMF into MBF and CHF combined with fertilization and tillage significantly changed the SOC and microbial community. Therefore, necessary measures should be taken to improve the SOC and soil fertility in the MBF and CHF.",{"EN":1018},"Forest-type shift and subsequent intensive management affected soil organic carbon and microbial community in southeastern 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Appl Soil Ecol 13:151–158","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS092913939900030X",{"doi":1378},"10.1016\u002Fs0929-1393(99)00030-x",{"id":20,"text":1380,"url":20,"identifiers":1381},"Wang QZ, Xu QF, Jiang PK, Qin H (2009) DGGE analysis of PCR of 16SrDNA V3 fragments of soil bacteria community in soil under natural broadleaf forest invaded by phyllostachy pubescensin Tianmu mountain nature serve. Acta Pedol Sin 46(4):662–669",{},{"id":391,"text":1383,"url":393,"identifiers":1384},"Wang H, Liu SR, Mo JM, Wang JX, Makeschin F, Wolff M (2010) Soil organic carbon stock and chemical composition in four plantations of indigenous tree species in subtropical Chin. Ecol Res 25:1071–1079",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":1386,"url":393,"identifiers":1387},"Wang ZJ, Huang XZ, Tang XH, Huang JQ, Qian LF, Li ZJ (2011) Analysis on economic and ecological benefits of no-tillage management of Carya cathayensis. 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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome",{},{"id":20,"text":1398,"url":20,"identifiers":1399},"Wu JS, Lin HP, Meng SF, Jiang PK, Fu WJ (2014a) Effects of intercropping grasses on soil organic carbon and microbial community functional diversity under Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) stands. Soil Res 52:575–583",{},{"id":20,"text":1401,"url":20,"identifiers":1402},"Wu JS, Qian JF, Tong ZP, Huang JQ, Zhao KL (2014b) Changes in soil organic carbon and soil microbial functional diversity of Carya cathayensisplantations under intensive managements. Chin J Appl Ecol 25(9):2486–2492",{},{"id":20,"text":1404,"url":20,"identifiers":1405},"Yu S, He ZL, Chen GC, Huang CY (2003) Soil chemical characteristics and their impacts on soil microflora in the root layer of tea plants whith different cultivating ages. Acta Pedol Sin 40(3):433–439",{},{"id":1407,"text":1408,"url":1409,"identifiers":1410},"6e3c8e41-fd12-48f4-bd4f-75d1e1d0f19f","Zhang T, Li YF, Chang SX, Jiang PK, Zhou GM, Liu J, Lin L (2013a) Converting paddy fields to Lei bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox) stands affected soil nutrient concentrations, labile organic carbon pools, and organic carbon chemical compositions. Plant Soil 367:249–261","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11104-012-1551-6",{"doi":1411},"10.1007\u002Fs11104-012-1551-6",{"id":391,"text":1413,"url":393,"identifiers":1414},"Zhang RJ, Li H, Wang AY, Zhang Q, Gao CH (2013b) Effects of different reclamation patterns on soil microbial diversity in abandoned aluminum mining land. J Agro Environ Sci 32(10):2012–2019",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":1416,"url":393,"identifiers":1417},"Zogg GP, Zak DR, Ringleberg DB, MacDonald NW, Pregitzer KS, White DC (2006) Compositional and functional shifts in microbial communities due to soil warming. Soil Sci Soc Am J 61(2):475–481",{"doi":395},{"id":1419,"createTime":1420,"updateTime":1421,"relativeEntities":1422,"slug":1423,"properties":1424,"entityType":119,"verifyStatus":120,"verifyTime":1433,"verifyNote":122,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":1434,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":1435,"publicationType":180,"publisherRelationship":1504,"citationCount":21,"citationInfo":1556,"publishDate":1559,"publishYear":1557,"citationAnalyzeStatus":19,"lastCitationAnalyze":1421,"indexDatabases":1560,"openAccess":20,"references":1561,"isForceReanalyzing":238},"cf6a503d-bd7d-449f-806f-a5ea5dd3867f","2024-02-11T16:47:22.673+00:00","2026-07-22T00:53:49.713+00:00",[],"Genetic-differentiation-of-indigenous-Quercus-robur-L-and-late-flushing-oak-stands-Q-robur-L-subsp-slavonica-G%C3%A1yer-M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s-in-western-Germany-North-Rhine-Westphalia-",{"abstract":1425,"title":1427,"gsPaper":1429,"doi":1431},{"EN":1426},"Slavonian oaks (Quercus robur subsp. slavonica (Gáyer) Mátyás) originating from Croatia have been cultivated in Germany mainly in the Münsterland region of North Rhine-Westphalia since the second half of the nineteenth century. Compared to indigenous pedunculate oak stands in Germany, they are characterised by their late bud burst, but also by their excellent bole shape and faster height growth. Previously, Slavonian pedunculate oaks (= late flushing oaks) were mainly studied at chloroplast (cp) DNA markers in order to determine their geographical origin. The origin of the material is probably the Sava lowland between Zagreb and Belgrade. In the present study, the aim was to genetically differentiate between indigenous Quercus robur and Slavonian oak stands using nuclear DNA markers. For this purpose, we used 20 nuclear Simple Sequence Repeats (nSSRs). A total of 37 pedunculate oak stands (mean: 18.6 samples per population with an age of 95 to 210 years) were examined, of which 21 were characterized as Slavonian late flushing oaks and three stands for which the Slavonian origin was not clear. Maternally inherited chloroplast markers were analysed earlier in all 37 stands to validate their geographic origin. We found that the stands of native pedunculate oaks and Slavonian pedunculate oaks are represented by two genetic clusters which are weakly differentiated. Slavonian oaks (Na = 9.85, Ar = 8.689, Ho = 0.490, He = 0.540) showed similar levels of genetic variation as native oak stands (Na = 7.850, Ar = 7.846, Ho = 0.484, He = 0.526). Differences in growth and phenology and low but consistent genetic differentiation between groups suggest that both taxa represent different ecotypes with specific local adaptations, which are perhaps separated by less overlapping flowering phenologies. The nuclear microsatellite markers in combination with the cpDNA markers are suitable to differentiate between Slavonian and local oak stands.",{"EN":1428},"Genetic differentiation of indigenous (Quercus robur L.) and late flushing oak stands (Q. robur L. subsp. slavonica (Gáyer) Mátyás) in western Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia)",{"VOID":1430},"[\"10089012870972960958\"]",{"VOID":1432},"10.1007\u002Fs10342-021-01395-8","2024-05-04T02:17:10.823+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10342-021-01395-8",[1436,1451,1466,1481],{"id":1437,"sortIndex":21,"researcher":20,"roles":1438,"affiliations":1439,"properties":1448,"displayName":1450,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"17b541f1-d33c-4fda-a7d0-eecd884c2b24",[128],[1440],{"id":1441,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1442,"properties":20},"067c28b9-b59b-4b3c-a16f-1c8d9a8b59af",{"id":1441,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1443,"slug":20,"properties":1444,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1447,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1445},{"VI":1446},"Faculty for Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany",[],{"title":1449},{"VI":1450},"Katrin Burger",{"id":1452,"sortIndex":94,"researcher":20,"roles":1453,"affiliations":1454,"properties":1461,"displayName":1463,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"dfa07fb3-d4f9-4400-ad54-983370f95265",[128],[1455],{"id":1441,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1456,"properties":20},{"id":1441,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1457,"slug":20,"properties":1458,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1460,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1459},{"VI":1446},[],{"title":1462,"gsAuthor":1464},{"VI":1463},"Markus 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Rogge",{"id":1482,"sortIndex":92,"researcher":20,"roles":1483,"affiliations":1484,"properties":1499,"displayName":1501,"givenName":20,"familyName":20},"f9fec5d4-763e-4b71-9f82-6a8552af839c",[128],[1485,1491],{"id":1441,"sortIndex":21,"affiliation":1486,"properties":20},{"id":1441,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1487,"slug":20,"properties":1488,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1490,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1489},{"VI":1446},[],{"id":1492,"sortIndex":94,"affiliation":1493,"properties":20},"bfa8e10b-0b03-4b26-8291-a08107180924",{"id":1492,"createTime":20,"updateTime":20,"relativeEntities":1494,"slug":20,"properties":1495,"entityType":20,"verifyStatus":20,"verifyTime":20,"verifyNote":20,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":20,"url":20,"parentIds":1498,"statistic":20},[],{"title":1496},{"VI":1497},"Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany",[],{"title":1500,"gsAuthor":1502},{"VI":1501},"Oliver 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DH, Lange K (2011) Enhancements to the ADMIXTURE algorithm for individual ancestry estimation. 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J Mol Biol 215:403–410. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS0022-2836(05)80360-2","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0022283605803602",{"doi":1582},"10.1016\u002Fs0022-2836(05)80360-2",{"id":20,"text":1584,"url":1585,"identifiers":1586},"Baran Y, Pasaniuc B, Sankararaman S, Torgerson DG, Gignoux C, Eng C, Rodriguez-Cintron W, Chapela R, Ford JG, Avila PC, Rodriguez-Santana J, Burchard EG, Halperin E (2012) Fast and accurate inference of local ancestry in Latino populations. 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TAG Theor Appl Genet 108(3):558–566. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00122-003-1462-2","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00122-003-1462-2",{"doi":1597},"10.1007\u002Fs00122-003-1462-2",{"id":20,"text":1599,"url":20,"identifiers":1600},"Baudouin L, Lebrun P (2001) An operational Bayesian approach for the identification of sexually reproduced cross-fertilized populations using molecular markers. Proc Int Symp on molecular markers Eds. Doré, Dosba and Baril Acta Hort. 546: 81–94.",{},{"id":1602,"text":1603,"url":1604,"identifiers":1605},"1a3eaee4-3d7d-42f3-81ea-c4ea310e815d","Bodénès C, Chancerel E, Gailing O, Vendramin GG, Bagnoli F, Durand J, Goicoechea PG, Soliani C, Villani F, Mattioni C, Koelewijn HP, Murat F, Salse J, Roussel G, Boury C, Alberto F, Kremer A, Plomion C (2012) Comparative mapping in the Fagaceae and beyond with EST-SSRs. BMC Plant Biol 12:153. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1186\u002F1471-2229-12-153","https:\u002F\u002Fbmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002F1471-2229-12-153",{"doi":1606},"10.1186\u002F1471-2229-12-153",{"id":20,"text":1608,"url":1609,"identifiers":1610},"Bordács S, Flaviu P, Slade D, Csaikl U, Lesur I, Borovics A, Kézdy P, König A, Gömöry D, Brewer S, Burg K, Petit R (2002) Chloroplast DNA variation of white oaks in the Northern Balkans and in the Carpathian Basin. For Ecol Manage 156:197–209. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS0378-1127(01)00643-0","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fs0378-1127(01)00643-0",{"mag":1611,"openalex":1612,"doi":1613},"2031026658","W2031026658","10.1016\u002Fs0378-1127(01)00643-0",{"id":20,"text":1615,"url":1616,"identifiers":1617},"Brownstein MJ, Carpten JD, Smith JR (1996) Modulation of non-templated nucleotide addition by Taq DNA polymerase: primer modifications that facilitate genotyping. Biotechniques 20(6):1004–1010. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2144\u002F96206st01","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2144\u002F96206st01",{"mag":1618,"openalex":1619,"pm":1620,"doi":1621},"2415046415","W2415046415","8780871","10.2144\u002F96206st01",{"id":20,"text":1623,"url":1624,"identifiers":1625},"Buonaccorsi VP, Kimbrell CA, Lynn EA, Hyde JR (2012) Comparative population genetic analysis of bocaccio rockfish Sebastes paucispinis using anonymous and gene-associated simple sequence repeat loci. J Hered 103(3):391–399. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fjhered\u002Fess002","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fjhered\u002Fess002",{"mag":1626,"openalex":1627,"pm":1628,"doi":1629},"2118554573","W2118554573","22490232","10.1093\u002Fjhered\u002Fess002",{"id":1631,"text":1632,"url":1633,"identifiers":1634},"7978f813-4d1f-4574-8b6c-a846a8b9357f","Burger K, Müller M, Gailing O (2018) Characterization of EST-SSRs for European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and their transferability to Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Castanea dentata Bork, and Quercus rubra L. Silvae Genet 67(1):127–132. https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2478\u002Fsg-2018-0019","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciendo.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.2478\u002Fsg-2018-0019",{"doi":1635},"10.2478\u002Fsg-2018-0019",{"id":391,"text":1637,"url":393,"identifiers":1638},"Chakraborty R (1993) Analysis of genetic structure of populations: meaning, methods, and implications. In: Majumder PP (ed) Human population genetics. Springer, Boston, MA, pp 189–206",{"doi":395},{"id":391,"text":1640,"url":393,"identifiers":1641},"Crăciunesc I, Ciocîrlan E, Şofletea N, Curtu AL (2011) Genetic diversity of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in prejmer natural reserve. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov, 4 (53) No 1: 15–20",{"doi":395},{"id":1602,"text":1643,"url":1604,"identifiers":1644},"Durand JC, Bodénès C, Chancerel E, Frigerio JM, Vendramin G, Sebastiani F, Buonamici A, Gailing O, Koelewijn HP, Villani F, Mattioni C, Cherubini M, Goicoechea PG, Herrán A, Ikaran Z, Cabané C, Ueno S, Alberto F, Dumoulin PY, Guichoux E, de Daruvar A, Kremer A, Plomion C (2010) A fast and cost-effective approach to develop and map EST-SSR markers: oak as a case study. 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Plant Ecol 213:993–1002",{"doi":2400},"10.1007\u002Fs11258-012-0059-8",{"id":2402,"createTime":2403,"updateTime":2404,"relativeEntities":2405,"slug":2406,"properties":2407,"entityType":119,"verifyStatus":120,"verifyTime":2418,"verifyNote":122,"languages":20,"translateLanguages":20,"viewCount":21,"primaryUrl":2419,"fullTextUrl":20,"authors":2420,"publicationType":180,"publisherRelationship":2453,"citationCount":2505,"citationInfo":2506,"publishDate":2514,"publishYear":2507,"citationAnalyzeStatus":383,"lastCitationAnalyze":2515,"indexDatabases":2516,"openAccess":20,"references":20,"isForceReanalyzing":238},"6aee5a6b-8ebd-4c8d-8144-9550bdbe3c88","2024-01-19T12:22:36.754+00:00","2026-07-18T23:06:16.275+00:00",[],"Biomass-expansion-factors-for-Sitka-spruce-Picea-sitchensis-Bong-Carr-in-Ireland",{"abstract":2408,"title":2410,"gsPaper":2412,"references":2414,"doi":2416},{"EN":2409},"The assessment of a forest resource in national inventories provides a firm basis for the calculation of biomass and carbon (C) stocks of forests. Biomass expansion factors (BEFs) and conversion factors provide a robust and simple method of converting from forest tree stem volume to total forest biomass. These factors should be constructed on the basis of nationally specific data in order to take account of regional differences in growth rates, management practices, etc. The objective of this study is to improve the accuracy of biomass estimation by calculating a range of age-dependant BEFs from representative data that more accurately describe the allometry of present forests. The results from this study show that the allocation of biomass to compartments in forest stands and throughout a rotation varies considerably, and that the use of BEFs for the calculation of C stocks in forests of sub-timber dimensions is highly impractical.",{"EN":2411},"Biomass expansion factors for Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) in Ireland",{"VOID":2413},"[\"4925564635256375129\"]",{"VOID":2415},"Black K, Tobin B, Siaz G, Byrne KA, Osborne B (2004) Allometric regressions for an improved estimate of biomass expansion factors for Ireland based on a Sitka spruce chronosequence. Irish For 61:50–65\nBrown S (2002) Measuring carbon in forests: current status and future challenges. Environ Pollut 116:363–372\nByrne KA, Perks M (2000) Possibilities for carbon sequestration in Irish Forests. Biotechnol Agron Soc Environ 4:300–302\nCarey ML, O’Brien D (1979) Biomass, nutrient content and distribution in a stand of Sitka spruce. Irish For 36:25–35\nCoomes DA, Allen RB, Scott NA, Goulding C, Beets P (2002) Designing systems to monitor carbon stocks in forests and shrublands. For Ecol Manage 164:89–108\nDewar RC, Cannell MGR (1992) Carbon sequestration in the trees, products and soils of forest plantations: an analysis using UK examples. 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Ecol Modell 164:177–199\nMilne R, Brown TAW, Murray TD (1998) The effect of geographical variation of planting rate on the uptake of carbon by new forests of Great Britain. Forestry 71:297–309\nMund M, Kummetz E, Hein M, Bauer GA, Schulze E-D (2002) Growth and carbon stocks of a spruce forest chronosequence in central Europe. For Ecol Manage 171:275–296\nOlesen PO (1971) The water displacement method-a fast and accurate method of determining the green volume of wood samples.In: Forest Tree Improvement 3. Akademisk Forlag, Copenhagen, pp 5–16\nO’Sullivan P (1976) The influence of initial espacement and thinning regime upon wood density in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). Presented to Department of Crop Science, Horticulture and Forestry. University College Dublin, Dublin\nPenman J, Gytarsky M, Hiraishi T, Krug T, Kruger D, Pipatti R, Buendia L, Miya K, Ngara T, Tanabe K, Wagner. Eds. F (2003) IPCC good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and forestry. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Kanagawa\nPorté A, Trichet P, Bert D, Loustau D (2002) Allometric relationships for branch and tree woody biomass of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aút.). For Ecol Manage 158:71–83\nSavill PS (1992) The silviculture of trees used in British foresty. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK\nSchoene D (2002) Terminology in assessing and reporting forest carbon change. In: Second expert meeting on harmonizing forest-related definitions for use by various stakeholders. FAO, Rome\nTreacy M, Evertsen JA, Ní Dhubháin Á (2000) A comparison of mechanical and physical wood properties of a range of Sitka spruce provenances. COFORD, Dublin\nWard D, Gardiner JJ (1976) The influence of tracheid length and density in Sitka spruce. Irish For 33:39–56\nWills JM, Sundström E, Gardiner JJ, Keane MG (1999) The effect of cultivation technique on root and shoot biomass production by young Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) trees on surface water gley soils. Plant Soil 217:79–90\nWinjum JK, Brown S, Schlamadinger B (1998) Forest harvests and wood products:Sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide. For Sci 44:272–284\nWoodcock DW, Shrier AD (2003) Does canopy position affect wood specific gravity in temperate forest trees? 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