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disease in rheumatoid arthritis, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 12, 200, 10.1097\u002F00002281-200005000-00007\nDeGroot, 2002, Molecular markers for osteoarthritis: the road ahead, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 14, 585, 10.1097\u002F00002281-200209000-00019\nStucki, 1997, Management of rheumatoid arthritis, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 9, 229, 10.1097\u002F00002281-199705000-00009\nScott, 1996, Clinical and laboratory assessments in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, Br J Rheumatol, 35, 6, 10.1093\u002Frheumatology\u002F35.suppl_3.6\nOry, 2003, Interpreting radiographic data in rheumatoid arthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 62, 597, 10.1136\u002Fard.62.7.597\nMøller, 1998, Connective tissue markers of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 58, 269, 10.1080\u002F00365519850186445\nChristgau, 2002, Isomerized aggrecan fragments are released during cartilage degradation and can be measured in serum, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 10, S12\nDeberg, 2003, Cartilage degradation and oxidative damage in osteoarthritic and rheumatoid arthritic patients, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 11, S15\nGarnero, 2001, Cross sectional evaluation of biochemical markers of bone, cartilage, and synovial tissue metabolism in patients with knee osteoarthritis: relations with disease activity and joint damage, Ann Rheum Dis, 60, 619, 10.1136\u002Fard.60.6.619\nGarnero, 2002, Baseline levels of urinary glucosyl-galactosyl pyridinoline and type II collagen C-telopeptide are associated with progression of joint destruction in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 46, 21, 10.1002\u002F1529-0131(200201)46:1\u003C21::AID-ART10061>3.0.CO;2-Q\nChristgau, 2001, Collagen type II degradation products in urine as an index of cartilage degradation, Bone, 29, 209, 10.1016\u002FS8756-3282(01)00504-X\nØstergård, 2003, Imaging in rheumatoid arthritis–why MRI and ultrasonography can no longer be ignored, Scand J Rheumatol, 32, 63, 10.1080\u002F03009740310000058\nBrandi, 2001, Genetic markers of osteoarticular disorders: facts and hopes, Arthritis Res, 3, 270, 10.1186\u002Far316\nArcher, 2003, The chondrocyte, Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 35, 401, 10.1016\u002FS1357-2725(02)00301-1\nvan der Kraan, 2002, Interaction of chondrocytes, extracellular matrix and growth factors: relevance for articular cartilage tissue engineering, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 10, 631, 10.1053\u002Fjoca.2002.0806\nMartin, 2002, Aging, articular cartilage chondrocyte senescence and osteoarthritis, Biogerontology, 3, 257, 10.1023\u002FA:1020185404126\nProckop, 1995, Collagens: Molecular biology, diseases and potential for therapy, Annu Rev Biochem, 64, 203, 10.1146\u002Fannurev.bi.64.070195.002155\nNelson, 1998, Evidence for altered synthesis of type II collagen in patients with osteoarthritis, J Clin Invest, 102, 2115, 10.1172\u002FJCI4853\nGarnero, 2002, Uncoupling of type II collagen metabolism predicts progression of joint damage in patients with knee osteoarthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 46, 2613, 10.1002\u002Fart.10576\nEyre, 1991, 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osteoarthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 56, 119, 10.1136\u002Fard.56.2.119\nSinger, 1997, Aggrecanase and metalloproteinase-specific aggrecan neo-epitopes are induced in the articular cartilage of mice with collagen II-induced arthritis, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 5, 407, 10.1016\u002FS1063-4584(97)80045-3\nLark, 1995, Aggrecan degradation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, Acta Orthop Scand Suppl, 266, 92, 10.3109\u002F17453679509157660\nMüller, 1998, COMP (Cartilage Oligomeric Protein) is synthesized in ligament, tendon, meniscus and articular cartilage, Connect Tissue Res, 39, 233, 10.3109\u002F03008209809021499\nDodge, 1998, Production of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) by cultured human dermal and synovial fibroblasts, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 6, 435, 10.1053\u002Fjoca.1998.0147\nDi Cesare, 2000, Expression of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) by embryonic and adult osteoblasts, J Orthop Res, 18, 713, 10.1002\u002Fjor.1100180506\nPetersson, 1998, Changes in cartilage and bone metabolism identified by serum markers in early osteoarthritis of the knee joint, Br J Rheumatol, 37, 46, 10.1093\u002Frheumatology\u002F37.1.46\nVilim, 2002, Serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein reflects the presence of clinically diagnosed synovitis in patients with knee osteoarthritis, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 9, 612, 10.1053\u002Fjoca.2001.0434\nSkoumal, 2003, Serum levels of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. A predicting factor and a valuable parameter for disease management in rheumatoid arthritis, Scand J Rheumatol, 32, 156, 10.1080\u002F03009740310002498\nDragomir, 2002, Serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and clinical signs and symptoms of potential pre-radiographic hip and knee pathology, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 10, 687, 10.1053\u002Fjoca.2002.0816\nCarlson, 2002, Synovial fluid biomarker levels predict articular cartilage damage following complete medial meniscectomy in the canine knee, J Orthop Res, 20, 92, 10.1016\u002FS0736-0266(01)00066-3\nLiao, 2003, COMP is selectively up-regulated in degenerating acinar cells in chronic pancreatitis and in chronic-pancreatitis-like lesions in pancreatic cancer, Scand J Gastroenterol, 38, 207, 10.1080\u002F00365520310000717\nHarvey, 1998, Chondrex: new marker of joint disease, Clin Chem, 44, 509, 10.1093\u002Fclinchem\u002F44.3.509\nKirkpatrick, 1997, Induction and expression of human cartilage glycoprotein 39 in rheumatoid inflammatory and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages, Exp Cell Res, 237, 46, 10.1006\u002Fexcr.1997.3764\nCawston, 1996, Metalloproteinase inhibitors and the prevention of connective tissue breakdown, Pharmacol Ther, 70, 163, 10.1016\u002F0163-7258(96)00015-0\nPosthumus, 2003, Serum matrix metalloproteinase 3 levels in comparison to C-reactive protein in periods with and without progression of radiological damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 21, 465\nBrennan, 1997, Reduction of serum matrix MMP 1 and MMP 3 in rheumatoid arthritis patients following anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha (cA2) therapy, Br J Rheumatol, 36, 643, 10.1093\u002Frheumatology\u002F36.6.643\nGreen, 2003, Serum MMP-3 and MMP-1 and progression of joint damage in early rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatology (Oxford), 42, 83, 10.1093\u002Frheumatology\u002Fkeg037\nIshiguro, 1996, Determination of stromelysin-1, 72 and 92 kDa type IV collagenase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and TIMP-2 in synovial fluid and serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, J Rheumatol, 23, 1599\nManicourt, 1995, Levels of circulating collagenase, stromelysin-1, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 1 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Relationship to serum levels of antigenic keratan sulfate and systemic parameters of inflammation, Arthritis Rheum, 38, 1031, 10.1002\u002Fart.1780380803\nAbad, 2002, The role of the resting zone in growth plate chondrogenesis, Endocrinology, 143, 1851, 10.1210\u002Fen.143.5.1851\nVerzijl, 2002, Crosslinking by advanced glycation end products increases the stiffness of the collagen network in human articular cartilage: a possible mechanism through which age is a risk factor for osteoarthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 46, 114, 10.1002\u002F1529-0131(200201)46:1\u003C114::AID-ART10025>3.0.CO;2-P\nCloos, 2002, Non-enzymatic covalent modifications of proteins: mechanisms, physiological consequences and clinical applications, Matrix Biol, 21, 39, 10.1016\u002FS0945-053X(01)00188-3\nGarnero, 2003, Biomarkers in osteoarthritis, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 15, 641, 10.1097\u002F00002281-200309000-00020\nChristgau, 2003, Current and future applications of bone turnover markers, Clin Lab, 49, 439\nBettica, 2002, Evidence for increased bone resorption in patients with progressive knee osteoarthritis: longitudinal results from the Chingford study, Arthritis Rheum, 46, 3178, 10.1002\u002Fart.10630\nBlair, 2002, Mechanisms balancing skeletal synthesis and degradation, Biochem J, 364, 329, 10.1042\u002Fbj20020165\nCloos, 2000, Collagen fragments in urine derived from bone resorption are highly racemized and isomerized: a biological clock of protein aging with clinical potential, Biochem J, 345, 473, 10.1042\u002F0264-6021:3450473\nChristgau, 2000, Serum crosslaps for monitoring the response in individuals undergoing antiresorptive therapy, Bone, 26, 505, 10.1016\u002FS8756-3282(00)00248-9\nEastell, 2003, Relationship of early changes in bone resorption to the reduction in fracture risk with risedronate, J Bone Miner Res, 18, 1051, 10.1359\u002Fjbmr.2003.18.6.1051\nBruyere, 2003, Interest of biochemical markers of bone turnover for long-term prediction of new vertebral fracture in postmenopausal osteoporotic women, Maturitas, 44, 259, 10.1016\u002FS0378-5122(03)00042-2\nDe Ceuninck, 2003, Urinary collagen type II C-telopeptide fragments are sensitive markers of matrix metalloproteinase-dependent cartilage degradation in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis, J Rheumatol, 30, 1561\nLeff, 2003, Molecular changes in human osteoarthritic cartilage after 3 weeks of oral administration of BAY 12-9566, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, J Rheumatol, 30, 544\nShingleton, 2003, In vitro model of human articular cartilage degradation, Methods Mol Biol, 225, 99\nVingsbo-Lundberg, 1998, Increased serum levels of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in chronic erosive arthritis in rats, Arthritis Rheum, 41, 544, 10.1002\u002F1529-0131(199803)41:3\u003C544::AID-ART21>3.0.CO;2-#\nSeed, 2003, The assessment of inflammation, cartilage matrix, and bone loss in experimental monoarticular arthritis of the rat, Methods Mol Biol, 225, 161\nLindhorst, 2000, Longitudinal characterization of synovial fluid biomarkers in the canine meniscectomy model of osteoarthritis, J Orthop Res, 18, 269, 10.1002\u002Fjor.1100180216\nHarrison, 1998, The performance of the 1987 ARA classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis in a population based cohort of patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis, J Rheumatol, 25, 2324\nHansen, 1999, A randomized trial of differentiated prednisolone treatment in active rheumatoid arthritis. 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10.1128\u002FIAI.65.6.2080-2087.1997\nLancefield, 1959, Persistence of type-specific antibodies in man following infection with Group A streptococci, J Exp Med, 110, 271, 10.1084\u002Fjem.110.2.271\nDale, 1982, Protective antigenic determinant of streptococcal M protein shared with sarcolemmal membrane protein of human heart, J Exp Med, 156, 1165, 10.1084\u002Fjem.156.4.1165\nDale, 1985, Multiple, heart-cross reactive epitopes of streptococcal M proteins, J Exp Med, 161, 113, 10.1084\u002Fjem.161.1.113\nHu, 2002, Immunogenicity of a 26-valent Group A streptococcal vaccine, Infect Immun, 70, 2171, 10.1128\u002FIAI.70.4.2171-2177.2002\nDale, 1999, Group A streptococcal vaccines, Infect Dis Clin North Am, 13, 227, 10.1016\u002FS0891-5520(05)70052-0",{"EN":259},"Acute rheumatic fever: Clinical aspects and insights into pathogenesis and 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10.1016\u002FS0264-410X(97)00088-1\nGurunathan, 1998, CD40 ligand\u002Ftrimer DNA enhances both humoral and cellular immune responses and induces protective immunity to infectious and tumor challenge, J Immunol, 161, 4563, 10.4049\u002Fjimmunol.161.9.4563\nKanellos, 1999, Mammalian granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and some CpG motifs have an effect on the immunogenicity of DNA and subunit vaccines in fish, Immunology, 96, 507, 10.1046\u002Fj.1365-2567.1999.00771.x\nSun, 2002, Co-expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor with antigen enhances humoral and tumor immunity after DNA vaccination, Vaccine, 20, 1466, 10.1016\u002FS0264-410X(01)00476-5",{"EN":367},"The use of cytokines and chemokines as genetic adjuvants for plasmid DNA 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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, Annu Rev Med, 38, 175, 10.1146\u002Fannurev.me.38.020187.001135\nO'Gorman, 1993, A rapid whole blood lysis technique for the diagnosis of moderate or severe leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD), Ann N Y Acad Sci, 677, 427, 10.1111\u002Fj.1749-6632.1993.tb38807.x\nYamada, 1999, Flow cytometric analysis of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) protein in lymphocytes from WAS patients and their familial carriers, Blood, 93, 756, 10.1182\u002Fblood.V93.2.756\nBastian, 1989, Prediction of persistent immunodeficiency in the DiGeorge anomaly, J Pediatr, 115, 391, 10.1016\u002FS0022-3476(89)80837-6\nSullivan, 1998, Lack of correlation between impaired T cell production, immunodeficiency, and other phenotypic features in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndromes, Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 86, 141, 10.1006\u002Fclin.1997.4463",{"EN":494},"Role of flow cytometry in the diagnostic evaluation of primary immunodeficiency 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A review, Acta Cytol, 41, 98, 10.1159\u002F000332313\nGorczyca, 1997, Laser scanning cytometric analysis of cyclin B1 in primary human malignancies, Mod Pathol, 10, 457\nKawamura, 2000, DNA ploidy analysis in urinary tract epithelial tumors by laser scanning cytometry, Anal Quant Cytol Histol, 22, 26\nGorczyca, 1998, Analysis of apoptosis in solid tumors by laser scanning cytometry, Mod Pathol, 11, 1\nGorczyca, 1999, Laser scanning cytometry quantification of estrogen receptors in breast cancer, Anal Quant Cytol Histol, 20, 470\nWoltmann, 1997, Image analysis enhancement of the laser scanning cytometer, Cytometry, 33, 262\nMora, 2001, Neuroblastic and Schwannian stromal cells of neuroblastoma are derived from a tumor progenitor cell, Cancer Res, 61, 6892\nTanke, 1998, Use of platinum coproporphyrin and delayed luminescence imaging to extend the number of targets FISH karyotyping, Cytometry, 33, 453, 10.1002\u002F(SICI)1097-0320(19981201)33:4\u003C453::AID-CYTO9>3.0.CO;2-S\nSmolewski, 2001, Liquidless cell staining by dye diffusion from gels and analysis by laser scanning cytometry. 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1998, Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function, Br J Nutr, 80, S147, 10.1079\u002FBJN19980108\nDelneste, 1998, Functional foods, Nutr Rev, 56, S93, 10.1111\u002Fj.1753-4887.1998.tb01650.x\nBlum, 1999, Intestinal microflora and the interaction with immunocompetent cells, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 67, 199, 10.1023\u002FA:1002009807580\nMacDonald, 2000, Bacterial regulation of intestinal immune responses, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 6, 116, 10.1002\u002Fibd.3780060209\nBjorksten, 1999, The intestinal microflora in allergic Estonian and Swedish 2-year-old children, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 342, 10.1046\u002Fj.1365-2222.1999.00560.x\nKalliomaki, 2000, Distinct patterns of neonatal gut microflora in infants in whom atopy was and was not developing, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 107, 129, 10.1067\u002Fmai.2001.111237\nSudo, 1997, The requirement of intestinal bacterial flora for the development of an IgE production system fully susceptible to oral tolerance induction, J Immunol, 159, 1739, 10.4049\u002Fjimmunol.159.4.1739\nAlm, 1999, Atopy in children of families with an anthroposophic lifestyle, Lancet, 353, 1485, 10.1016\u002FS0140-6736(98)09344-1\nHaller, 2000, Non-pathogenic bacteria elicit a differential cytokine response by intestinal epithelial cell\u002Fleucocyte co-cultures, Gut, 47, 79, 10.1136\u002Fgut.47.1.79\nCross, 2001, Can immunoregulatory lactic acid bacteria be used as dietary supplements to limit allergies?, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 125, 112, 10.1159\u002F000053804\nSolis-Pereyra, 1991, Induction of 2'-5'A synthetase activity and interferon in humans by bacteria used in dairy products, Eur Cytokine Netw, 2, 137\nAattouri, 1997, Production of interferon induced by Streptococcus thermophilus, Nutr Biochem, 8, 25, 10.1016\u002FS0955-2863(96)00147-7\nHaller, 2000, Activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by nonpathogenic bacteria in vitro, Infect Immun, 68, 752, 10.1128\u002FIAI.68.2.752-759.2000\nDe Simone, 1989, Modulation of immune 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following dietary consumption of the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001, J Am Coll Nutr, 20, 149, 10.1080\u002F07315724.2001.10719027\nNagao, 2000, Effects of a fermented milk drink containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on the immune system in healthy human subjects, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 64, 2706, 10.1271\u002Fbbb.64.2706\nPelto, 1998, Probiotic bacteria down-regulate the milk-induced inflammatory response in milk-hypersensitive subjects but have an immunostimulatory effect in healthy subjects, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 1474, 10.1046\u002Fj.1365-2222.1998.00449.x\nSchiffrin EJ, Brassart D, Servin A, Rochat F, Donnet-Hughes A. Immune modulation of blood leukocytes in humans by lactic acid bacteria: criteria for strain selection. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:515–20S.\nTrapp, 1993, The influence of chronic yogurt consumption on populations of young and elderly adults, Int J Immunother, 9, 53\nWheeler, 1997, Immune and clinical impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus on asthma, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 79, 229, 10.1016\u002FS1081-1206(10)63007-4\nMajamaa, 1997, Probiotics, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, 179, 10.1016\u002FS0091-6749(97)70093-9\nIsolauri, 2000, Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema, Clin Exp Allergy, 30, 1604, 10.1046\u002Fj.1365-2222.2000.00943.x\nKalliomaki, 2001, Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease, Lancet, 357, 1076, 10.1016\u002FS0140-6736(00)04259-8\nPessi, 2000, Interleukin-10 generation in atopic children following oral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Clin Exp Allergy, 30, 1804, 10.1046\u002Fj.1365-2222.2000.00948.x\nvon der Weid, 2001, Induction by a lactic acid bacterium of a population of CD4+ T cells with low proliferative capacity that produce transforming growth factor beta and interleukin-10, Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 8, 695, 10.1128\u002FCDLI.8.4.695-701.2001\nSawamura, 1994, Enhancement of immuno-activities by oral administration of Lactobacillus casei in colorectal cancer patients, Biotherapy, 8, 1567\nAso, 1992, Prophylactic effect of a Lactobacillus casei preparation on the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer, Urol Int, 49, 125, 10.1159\u002F000282409\nAso, 1995, Preventive effect of a Lactobacillus casei preparation on the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer in a double-blind trial, Eur Urol, 27, 104, 10.1159\u002F000475138\nAkaza, 1997, New strategy of bio-chemoprevention on recurrence of superficial bladder cancer based on a hypothesis of the mechanism of recurrence, Jpn J Cancer Chemother, 24, 253\nZlotta, 2000, Biological response modifiers for the treatment of superficial bladder tumors, Eur Urol, 37, 10, 10.1159\u002F000052387\nTakahashi, 2001, Antitumor effects of the intravesical instillation of heat killed cells of the Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on the murine orthotopic bladder tumor MBT-2, J Urol, 166, 2506, 10.1016\u002FS0022-5347(05)65625-X\nRoitt, 1997\nBao, 2000, Interferon-gamma plays a critical role in intestinal immunity against Salmonella typhimurium infection, Immunology, 99, 464, 10.1046\u002Fj.1365-2567.2000.00955.x\nPerdigon, 1990, Prevention of gastrointestinal infection using immunobiological methods with milk fermented with Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus., J Dairy Res, 57, 255, 10.1017\u002FS002202990002687X\nPerdigon, 1991, Immunoadjuvant activity of oral Lactobacillus casei, J Dairy Res, 58, 485, 10.1017\u002FS0022029900030090\nShu, 2000, Dietary Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019) enhances resistance to oral Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice, Microbiol Immunol, 44, 213, 10.1111\u002Fj.1348-0421.2000.tb02486.x\nGill, 2001, Protection against translocating Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice by feeding the immuno-enhancing probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain HN001, Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 190, 97, 10.1007\u002Fs004300100095\nFang, 2000, Modulation of immune response through probiotic intake, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 29, 47, 10.1111\u002Fj.1574-695X.2000.tb01504.x\nWeksler, 1995, Immune senescence, Nutr Rev, 53, S3\nGill, 2001, Optimizing immunity and gut function in the elderly, J Nutr Health Aging, 5, 80\nArunachalam, 2000, Enhancement of natural immune function by dietary consumption of Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019), Eur J Clin Nutr, 54, 1, 10.1038\u002Fsj.ejcn.1600938\nGill, 2001, Dietary probiotic supplementation enhances natural killer cell activity in the elderly, J Clin Immunol, 21, 264, 10.1023\u002FA:1010979225018\nGill, 2001, Enhancement of immunity in the elderly by dietary supplementation with the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis HN019, Am J Clin Nutr, 74, 833, 10.1093\u002Fajcn\u002F74.6.833\nKato, 1999, Lactic acid bacterium potently induces the production of interleukin-12 and interferon-γ by mouse splenocytes, Int J Immunopharmacol, 21, 121, 10.1016\u002FS0192-0561(98)00072-1\nShida, 1998, Lactobacillus casei inhibits antigen-induced IgE secretion through regulation of cytokine production in murine splenocyte cultures, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 115, 278, 10.1159\u002F000069458\nMiettinen, 1999, Lactobacilli and streptococci induce interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-18 and gamma-interferon production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Infect Immun, 66, 6058, 10.1128\u002FIAI.66.12.6058-6062.1998\nCross, 2002, Dietary intake of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 enhances production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines in antigen-primed mice, Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 191, 49, 10.1007\u002Fs00430-002-0112-7\nMurosaki, 1998, Heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 suppresses naturally fed antigen-specific IgE production by stimulation of IL-12 production in mice, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 57, 10.1016\u002FS0091-6749(98)70055-7\nMurosaki, 1999, Immunopotentiating activity of nigerooligosaccharides for the T helper 1-like immune response in mice, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 63, 373, 10.1271\u002Fbbb.63.373\nTejada-Simon, 1999, Ex vivo effects of lactobacilli, streptococci, and bifidobacteria ingestion on cytokine and nitric oxide production in a murine model, J Food Pro, 62, 162, 10.4315\u002F0362-028X-62.2.162\nMatsuzaki, 2000, Modulating immune responses with probiotic bacteria, Immunol Cell Biol, 78, 67, 10.1046\u002Fj.1440-1711.2000.00887.x\nMiettinen, 2000, Lactobacilli and streptococci activate NF-κB and STAT signaling pathways in human macrophages, J Immunol, 164, 3733, 10.4049\u002Fjimmunol.164.7.3733\nHaller, 2002, Activation of human NK cells by staphylococci and lactobacilli requires cell contact-dependent costimulation by autologous monocytes, Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 9, 649\nSchwandner, 1999, Peptidoglycan- and lipoteichoic acid-induced cell activation is mediated by toll-like receptor 2, J Biol Chem, 274, 1746, 10.1074\u002Fjbc.274.25.17406\nYoshimura, 1999, Recognition of gram-positive bacterial cell wall components by the innate immune system occurs via toll-like receptor 2, J Immunol, 163, 1, 10.4049\u002Fjimmunol.163.1.1\nHessle, 1999, Lactobacilli from human gastrointestinal mucosa are strong stimulators of IL-12 production, Clin Exp Immunol, 116, 276, 10.1046\u002Fj.1365-2249.1999.00885.x\nHessle, 2000, Gram-positive bacteria are potent inducers of monocytic interleukin-12 (IL-12) while gram-negative bacteria preferentially stimulate IL-10 production, Infect Immun, 68, 3581, 10.1128\u002FIAI.68.6.3581-3586.2000\nCross, 2001, Anti-allergy properties of fermented foods, Int Immunopharmacol, 1, 891, 10.1016\u002FS1567-5769(01)00025-X\nTakagashi, 1991, Phagocytosis of lactic acid bacteria by M cells in rabbit Peyer's patches, J Clin Electron Microsc, 24, 5\nRescigno, 2001, Dendritic cells express tight junction proteins and penetrate gut epithelial monolayers to sample bacteria, Nat Immunol, 2, 361, 10.1038\u002F86373\nRiva, 1996, Bacteria and bacterial cell wall constituents induce the production of regulatory cytokines in dendritic cell clones, J Inflamm, 46, 98\nChristensen, 2002, Lactobacilli differentially modulate expression of cytokines and maturation surface markers in murine dendritic cells, J Immunol, 168, 171, 10.4049\u002Fjimmunol.168.1.171\nCangemi de Gutierrez, 2000, Effect of intranasal administration of Lactobacillus fermentum on the respiratory tract of mice, Biol Pharm Bull, 23, 973, 10.1248\u002Fbpb.23.973\nYasutake, 1999, The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the antitumor effect of intrapleural injection of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota in mice, Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 188, 9, 10.1007\u002Fs004300050099\nMacfarlane, 1999, Probiotics and prebiotics, BMJ, 318, 999, 10.1136\u002Fbmj.318.7189.999\nGorbach, 2000, Probiotics and gastrointestinal health, Am J Gastroenterol, 95, S2, 10.1016\u002FS0002-9270(99)00806-0\nSpanhaak, 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