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A constitution is a set of general rules, it is the fundamental law.… Constitution-making is a matter of science.Mao Tse-tung On 5 March 1978 the People's Republic of China promulgated its second constitution in little more than three years and the third since its establishment in 1949. What functions does a constitution serve in the Chinese political-legal system? Is it a sham not worth the paper on which it is printed? Is it an artifice of propaganda designed to impress and mislead foreigners? Does it have legal as well as political significance? The 1954 Constitution was not revised for two decades – why then was its 1975 successor so quickly overtaken by events? What are the differences among these basic documents?\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":115},"China's Changing Constitution",{"VOID":117},"10.1017\u002Fs0305741000049584","PUBLICATION","2025-01-01T14:14:30.150+00:00","Author affiliation is blank",[122],"EN","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002Fidentifier\u002FS0305741000049584\u002Ftype\u002Fjournal_article",[125],{"id":126,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":127,"affiliations":128,"properties":129,"displayName":131,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"2ae469b9-cc6f-471f-aaae-5917a759d48e",[],[],{"title":130,"openalex":132},{"EN":131},"Jerome Alan Cohen",{"VOID":133},"A5109814997","ARTICLE",{"url":24,"publisher":136,"properties":182},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":137,"slug":10,"properties":138,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"subjectFields":143,"manageAffiliations":156,"indexDatabases":167,"url":97,"thumbnailPath":24,"statistic":24,"gsStatistic":24,"type":24,"analyzePriority":24},[],{"country":139,"eissn":140,"issn":141,"title":142},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"VOID":17},{"EN":19},[144,148,152],{"id":28,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":145,"label":146,"description":147,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":31},{},{"id":34,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":149,"label":150,"description":151,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":37},{},{"id":40,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":153,"label":154,"description":155,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":43},{},[157,162],{"id":47,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":158,"slug":24,"properties":159,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":161,"statistic":24},[],{"title":160},{"EN":51},[],{"id":54,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":163,"slug":24,"properties":164,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":166,"statistic":24},[],{"title":165},{"EN":58},[],[168,175],{"id":62,"indexDatabase":169,"url":75,"indexYears":24,"academicFieldIds":174,"indexDatabaseRanking":24},{"id":64,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":170,"label":171,"description":172,"key":71,"publicationTags":173,"standard":24},[],{"EN":67,"VI":67},{"EN":69,"VI":70},[73,74],[77],{"id":79,"indexDatabase":176,"url":90,"indexYears":91,"academicFieldIds":181,"indexDatabaseRanking":96},{"id":81,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":177,"label":178,"description":179,"key":87,"publicationTags":180,"standard":24},[],{"EN":84,"VI":84},{"EN":84,"VI":86},[89],[93,94,95],{"pages":183,"volume":185},{"VOID":184},"794-841",{"VOID":186},"76",45,{"total":187,"publishYear":189,"statisticByYear":190},1978,{"2012":191,"2013":192,"2015":191,"2016":192,"2018":191,"2019":191,"2020":192,"2021":191},1,2,"1978-12-01",[73,96],[196,199,202,205,208,211,214,217,220,223,226,229,232,235,238,241,244,247,250,253,256,259,262,264,267,270,273,275,278,281,284,287,290,293,296,299,302,305,308,311,314,317,320,323,327,330,333,336,338,341,344,347,351,354,357,360,363,366,369,372,375,378,382,385,388,391,394,397,400,403,406,409,412,416,419,422,425,428,431,434,437,440,443,446,448,451,454,457,460,463,466,469,472,475,478,481,484,487,490,493,496,499,502,505,508,511,514,517,520,523,526,529,532,535,538,541,544,547,550,553,556,559,562,565,568,571,574,577,580,583,586,589,592,595,598,601,604,607,610,613,616,619,623,626,629,632,635,638,641,644,647,650,653,656,659,662,665,668,672,675,678,681,684,687,690,693,696,699,702,704,707,710,713,716,719,722,725,728,731,734,737,740,743,746,749,752,755,758,760,763],{"id":24,"text":197,"url":24,"identifiers":198},"1978, People's Daily editorial hails judicial work conference, Peking NCNA Domestic, E1",{},{"id":24,"text":200,"url":24,"identifiers":201},"Sharlet, 1977, The new Soviet constitution, Problems of Communism, 1",{},{"id":24,"text":203,"url":24,"identifiers":204},"See Articles 36, 42 (1978 Constitution).",{},{"id":24,"text":206,"url":24,"identifiers":207},"Takayanagi, 1963, Law in Japan, 5",{},{"id":24,"text":209,"url":24,"identifiers":210},"Article 53.",{},{"id":24,"text":212,"url":24,"identifiers":213},"Article 28 (1978 Constitution).",{},{"id":24,"text":215,"url":24,"identifiers":216},"Article 16.",{},{"id":24,"text":218,"url":24,"identifiers":219},"Article 15.",{},{"id":24,"text":221,"url":24,"identifiers":222},"See Article 22.",{},{"id":24,"text":224,"url":24,"identifiers":225},"Article 25.",{},{"id":24,"text":227,"url":24,"identifiers":228},"See Cohen , “The Party and the courts: 1949–1959,” pp. 141–47.",{},{"id":24,"text":230,"url":24,"identifiers":231},"Article 76.",{},{"id":24,"text":233,"url":24,"identifiers":234},"Article 47.",{},{"id":24,"text":236,"url":24,"identifiers":237},"Article 2.",{},{"id":24,"text":239,"url":24,"identifiers":240},"Article 25 (1975 Constitution).",{},{"id":24,"text":242,"url":24,"identifiers":243},"1978, Shantung provincial Party committee's united front department sends a letter to the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council, Jen-min jih-pao, 4",{},{"id":24,"text":245,"url":24,"identifiers":246},"Article 36. This power of local congresses to address inquiries to the procuracy, court and revolutionary committee of the same level is an innovation of the 1978 Constitution. The NPC Standing Committee recently adopted a decision authorizing provincial revolutionary committees to select the chief procurator of the province when the provincial people's congress is in recess. “NPC Standing Committee holds second session 23–24 May,” NCNA Domestic (24 May 1978), in FBIS-CHI-78-101 (24 May 1978), E12, E13.",{},{"id":24,"text":248,"url":24,"identifiers":249},"Quoted in “Ten years of the Chinese people's constitution,” p. 28.",{},{"id":24,"text":251,"url":24,"identifiers":252},"Seikichi, 1975, The judicial system under the new Chinese constitution, 124",{},{"id":24,"text":254,"url":24,"identifiers":255},"Article 22. The new provision makes no reference to a power to declare a general amnesty, and there are other minor differences.",{},{"id":24,"text":257,"url":24,"identifiers":258},"Article 17.",{},{"id":24,"text":260,"url":24,"identifiers":261},"Article 18.",{},{"id":24,"text":257,"url":24,"identifiers":263},{},{"id":24,"text":265,"url":24,"identifiers":266},"See Berman , Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure, p. 14 and sources cited therein, and",{},{"id":24,"text":268,"url":24,"identifiers":269},"Chiang Hua, 1978, To implement the new constitution is the glorious task of the people's courts, Jen-min, 3",{},{"id":24,"text":271,"url":24,"identifiers":272},"1978, Kirin purges gang follower, compensates victims, Peking NCNA Domestic, L1",{},{"id":24,"text":224,"url":24,"identifiers":274},{},{"id":24,"text":276,"url":24,"identifiers":277},"Article 12.",{},{"id":24,"text":279,"url":24,"identifiers":280},"Article 81.",{},{"id":24,"text":282,"url":24,"identifiers":283},"Article 9.",{},{"id":24,"text":285,"url":24,"identifiers":286},"Liu Shao-ch'i, 1954, Report on the draft constitution of the People's Republic of China, Documents of the First NPC, 9",{},{"id":24,"text":288,"url":24,"identifiers":289},"Munzel, 1974, Eine Verfassung der Proletarischen Diktatur, WGO-Monatshefte für Osteuropäisches Recht, 4, 243",{},{"id":24,"text":291,"url":24,"identifiers":292},"Bevan, 1917, China's constitutions, The Chinese Social and Political Science Review, II, 89, 92",{},{"id":24,"text":294,"url":24,"identifiers":295},"1975, The internal political scene, Problems of Communism, XXIV, 1, 5",{},{"id":24,"text":297,"url":24,"identifiers":298},"For an example of more scholarly Soviet analysis of the 1975 Constitution, see Gudoshnikov , “Two constitutions of the People's Republic of China.” And for an interesting commentary on a similar Soviet work, by an American expert on Soviet law,",{},{"id":24,"text":300,"url":24,"identifiers":301},"Hsüeh, 1975, The new constitution, Problems of Communism, XXIV, 11",{},{"id":24,"text":303,"url":24,"identifiers":304},"1974, Background on China, 321",{},{"id":24,"text":306,"url":24,"identifiers":307},"Article 36.",{},{"id":24,"text":309,"url":24,"identifiers":310},"Article 15 (1975 Constitution).",{},{"id":24,"text":312,"url":24,"identifiers":313},"Quoted in Miscellany of Mao Tse-tung Thought (1949–1968) (Mao Tse-tung ssu-hsiang wan-sui) (1967, 1969), Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS), No. 61269–1 (20 February 1974), p. 138.",{},{"id":24,"text":315,"url":24,"identifiers":316},"See the discussion in the text infra, after note 107.",{},{"id":24,"text":318,"url":24,"identifiers":319},"10.1017\u002FS030574100004916X",{"doi":318},{"id":24,"text":321,"url":24,"identifiers":322},"1954, Law of the People's Republic of China for the Organization of People's Procuracies, promulgated, Documents of the First Session, 201, 206",{},{"id":24,"text":324,"url":24,"identifiers":325},"Houn, 1955, Communist China's new constitution, The Western Political Quarterly, 199, 10.1177\u002F106591295500800204",{"doi":326},"10.1177\u002F106591295500800204",{"id":24,"text":328,"url":24,"identifiers":329},"Tao-tai Hsia, 1967, Guide to Selected Legal Sources of Mainland China, 261",{},{"id":24,"text":331,"url":24,"identifiers":332},"Vogel, 1969, Canton under Communism, 279",{},{"id":24,"text":334,"url":24,"identifiers":335},"Article 43.",{},{"id":24,"text":233,"url":24,"identifiers":337},{},{"id":24,"text":339,"url":24,"identifiers":340},"Chien-ying, Report on the revision of the constitution, 204",{},{"id":24,"text":342,"url":24,"identifiers":343},"See Article 17.",{},{"id":24,"text":345,"url":24,"identifiers":346},"Article 78.",{},{"id":24,"text":348,"url":24,"identifiers":349},"Articles 22 (6), 25 (7), 42 (1978 Constitution).",{"doi":350},"10.1097\u002F00007890-197801000-00011",{"id":24,"text":352,"url":24,"identifiers":353},"See supra, note 75.",{},{"id":24,"text":355,"url":24,"identifiers":356},"10.2307\u002F1951638",{"doi":355},{"id":24,"text":358,"url":24,"identifiers":359},"Cohen, 1968, The Criminal Process in the People's Republic of China",{},{"id":24,"text":361,"url":24,"identifiers":362},"Instructions of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council of the PRC relating to checking the blind outflow of people from rural villages (18 December 1957), The Criminal Process in the PRC, 287",{},{"id":24,"text":364,"url":24,"identifiers":365},"Article 37.",{},{"id":24,"text":367,"url":24,"identifiers":368},"Chien-ying Yeh , “Report on the revision of the constitution,” p. 198.",{},{"id":24,"text":370,"url":24,"identifiers":371},"Article 2, p. 314, Lindsay , The New Constitution of Communist China.",{},{"id":24,"text":373,"url":24,"identifiers":374},"Ming-min, 1971, Political offences in Taiwan: laws and problems, The China Quarterly (CQ), 471",{},{"id":24,"text":376,"url":24,"identifiers":377},"Tung, The Political Institutions of Modern China, 322",{},{"id":24,"text":379,"url":24,"identifiers":380},"Hazard, 1960, Settling Disputes in Soviet Society, 157, 10.7312\u002Fhaza92762",{"doi":381},"10.7312\u002Fhaza92762",{"id":24,"text":383,"url":24,"identifiers":384},"See Article 7 of the Arrest and Detention Act of the People's Republic of China, promulgated 20 December 1954. For an English translation of the Act, see Cohen , The Criminal Process in The People's Republic of China, pp. 360–62, 386, 584–85.",{},{"id":24,"text":386,"url":24,"identifiers":387},"For an English translation of the 1946 Constitution, see Ch'ien , The Government and Politics of China, p. 447.",{},{"id":24,"text":389,"url":24,"identifiers":390},"Cohen, The Criminal Process in the People's Republic of China, 15",{},{"id":24,"text":392,"url":24,"identifiers":393},"Article 25 (4) (1978 Constitution).",{},{"id":24,"text":395,"url":24,"identifiers":396},"10.1017\u002FS0305741000011619",{"doi":395},{"id":24,"text":398,"url":24,"identifiers":399},"1917, Law reform in China, The Chinese Social and Political Science Review, II, 13",{},{"id":24,"text":401,"url":24,"identifiers":402},"Ch'ien, The Government and Politics of China, 308",{},{"id":24,"text":404,"url":24,"identifiers":405},"Chien-ying, Report on the revision of the constitution, 212",{},{"id":24,"text":407,"url":24,"identifiers":408},"See Hsia and Haun , The 1975 Revised Constitution, p. 82, for a similar conclusion.",{},{"id":24,"text":410,"url":24,"identifiers":411},"Tche-hao, 1975, Les traits particuliers de la nouvelle constitution chinoise, Revue internationale de droit comparé, 349",{},{"id":24,"text":413,"url":24,"identifiers":414},"Article 85.",{"doi":415},"10.2298\u002FTSCI101006085S",{"id":24,"text":417,"url":24,"identifiers":418},"Tsao, 1947, The Constitutional Structure of Modern China",{},{"id":24,"text":420,"url":24,"identifiers":421},"10.2307\u002Fj.ctt1tfjbnk",{"doi":420},{"id":24,"text":423,"url":24,"identifiers":424},"Tao-tai, 1978, The Re-emergence of the Procuratorial System in the People's Republic of China, 9",{},{"id":24,"text":426,"url":24,"identifiers":427},"1978, Socialist legal system, China News Analysis, 7",{},{"id":24,"text":429,"url":24,"identifiers":430},"1978, District in Shensi improves public security work-style, Sian Shensi Provincial Service, M1",{},{"id":24,"text":432,"url":24,"identifiers":433},"Chien-ying Yeh , “Report on the revision of the constitution,” pp. 200–201. China's English translation of this passage of Yeh's text omits reference to “reactionary capitalists.” The Chinese text simply refers to fan, which could symbolize either reactionary capitalists or counter-revolutionaries, and the translator chose the latter.",{},{"id":24,"text":435,"url":24,"identifiers":436},"Article 28. Article 27 also authorizes the NPC or its Standing Committee to establish special committees “as deemed necessary,” and this provision could become the basis for investigating committees.",{},{"id":24,"text":438,"url":24,"identifiers":439},"1978, Party justice, China News Analysis, 4",{},{"id":24,"text":441,"url":24,"identifiers":442},"10.4159\u002Fharvard.9780674188297",{"doi":441},{"id":24,"text":444,"url":24,"identifiers":445},"1964, Ten years of the Chinese people's constitution, Bulletin of the International Commission of Jurists, 1, 22",{},{"id":24,"text":236,"url":24,"identifiers":447},{},{"id":24,"text":449,"url":24,"identifiers":450},"Kuang, 1957, Overcome subjectivist ideology, raise the quality of investigation of cases, Kuang-ming Daily",{},{"id":24,"text":452,"url":24,"identifiers":453},"Article 95.",{},{"id":24,"text":455,"url":24,"identifiers":456},"Chien-ying, 1978, Report on the revision of the constitution, Documents of the First Session of the Fifth NPC, 173",{},{"id":24,"text":458,"url":24,"identifiers":459},"1978, Shenyang, Fushun committees reverse wrong decisions, Shenyang Liaoning Provincial Service, L4",{},{"id":24,"text":461,"url":24,"identifiers":462},"Rowe, 1975, PRC's constitutions and the philosophy of constitutionalism, 2",{},{"id":24,"text":464,"url":24,"identifiers":465},"Mao , “On the draft constitution,” p. 145.",{},{"id":24,"text":467,"url":24,"identifiers":468},"Article 25 (3). One should also note that the power to annul illegal decisions of local government that Article 60 of the 1954 Constitution conferred upon local people's congresses has not been revived by Article 36 of the 1978 Constitution.",{},{"id":24,"text":470,"url":24,"identifiers":471},"10.4159\u002Fharvard.9780674283367",{"doi":470},{"id":24,"text":473,"url":24,"identifiers":474},"1978, Liberation Army Daily on observance of law, discipline,, Peking Domestic Service, E6",{},{"id":24,"text":476,"url":24,"identifiers":477},"Wang, 1908, Law reform in China, 14",{},{"id":24,"text":479,"url":24,"identifiers":480},"Recall text discussion beginning at note 113.",{},{"id":24,"text":482,"url":24,"identifiers":483},"Supra, note 47.",{},{"id":24,"text":485,"url":24,"identifiers":486},"Article 27.",{},{"id":24,"text":488,"url":24,"identifiers":489},"Article 28.",{},{"id":24,"text":491,"url":24,"identifiers":492},"1978, Reportage on national judicial conference held in Peking, Peking NCNA Domestic, E1",{},{"id":24,"text":494,"url":24,"identifiers":495},"Article 35. Article 34 also established various permanent committees.",{},{"id":24,"text":497,"url":24,"identifiers":498},"Gudoshnikov, 1975, Two constitutions of the People's Republic of China, 72",{},{"id":24,"text":500,"url":24,"identifiers":501},"Chang Hui, 1958, These are not the basic principles of our country's criminal litigation, Political-Legal Research, 77",{},{"id":24,"text":503,"url":24,"identifiers":504},"1970, Revised draft of the constitution of the PRC",{},{"id":24,"text":506,"url":24,"identifiers":507},"Article 45 (1978 Constitution).",{},{"id":24,"text":509,"url":24,"identifiers":510},"Cohen, The Criminal Process in the People's Republic of China, 11",{},{"id":24,"text":512,"url":24,"identifiers":513},"1978, Nanking court re-examines appeals, Peking NCNA Domestic, E12",{},{"id":24,"text":515,"url":24,"identifiers":516},"Zurcher, 1951, Constitutions and Constitutional Trends since World War II, 191",{},{"id":24,"text":518,"url":24,"identifiers":519},"Berman, 1972, Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure, 10",{},{"id":24,"text":521,"url":24,"identifiers":522},"1975, An English translation of the 1975 version can be found in The Constitution of the People's Republic of China",{},{"id":24,"text":524,"url":24,"identifiers":525},"Blaustein, 1962, Fundamental Legal Documents of Communist China, 104",{},{"id":24,"text":527,"url":24,"identifiers":528},"10.1007\u002F978-94-015-1011-0",{"doi":527},{"id":24,"text":530,"url":24,"identifiers":531},"1962, Communist China 1955–1959, Policy Documents with Analysis, 273",{},{"id":24,"text":533,"url":24,"identifiers":534},"An English translation can be found in Blaustein, Fundamental Legal Documents of Communist China, 266",{},{"id":24,"text":536,"url":24,"identifiers":537},"Hazard, 1975, A Soviet model for Marxian socialist constitutions, Cornell Law Quarterly, 60, 985",{},{"id":24,"text":539,"url":24,"identifiers":540},"Ch'un-ch'iao, 1975, Documents of the First Session of the Fourth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, 36",{},{"id":24,"text":542,"url":24,"identifiers":543},"Chien-ying Yeh , “Report on the revision of the constitution,” p. 197.",{},{"id":24,"text":545,"url":24,"identifiers":546},"Mao Tse-tung, 1954, On the draft constitution of the People's Republic of China, V, 141, 145",{},{"id":24,"text":548,"url":24,"identifiers":549},"Compare Article 4 of the 1978 Constitution and Article 3 of the 1954 Constitution with Article 3 of the 1975 document, which lacks the two quoted passages.",{},{"id":24,"text":551,"url":24,"identifiers":552},"An English translation of the 1954 document can be found in Documents of the First National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1955), pp. 131–63. All quotations from these constitutions are from those translations unless otherwise indicated, but the term “procuracy” has been substituted for the more awkward and less familiar “procuratorate.”",{},{"id":24,"text":554,"url":24,"identifiers":555},"Tung, The Political Institutions of Modern China, 344",{},{"id":24,"text":557,"url":24,"identifiers":558},"Bevan , “China's constitutions,” p. 90.",{},{"id":24,"text":560,"url":24,"identifiers":561},"Mao , “On the draft constitution,” p. 142.",{},{"id":24,"text":563,"url":24,"identifiers":564},"1978, Documents of the First Session of the Fifth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, 125",{},{"id":24,"text":566,"url":24,"identifiers":567},"Article 11.",{},{"id":24,"text":569,"url":24,"identifiers":570},"Fu-shun, 1966, Chinese Law, Past and Present, 49",{},{"id":24,"text":572,"url":24,"identifiers":573},"Michael, 1976, The New Constitution of Communist China: Comparative Analyses, 312",{},{"id":24,"text":575,"url":24,"identifiers":576},"Chien-ying Yeh , “Report on the revision of the constitution,” p. 197. The restoration of the procuracy is but one of a number of measures taken by the regime to increase the likelihood of discovering violations of law and discipline. Others include: revival of the Party disciplinary commissions; renewed emphasis on letters to newspapers and visits to government offices as important means of airing grievances; and re-establishment of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference as a forum for discussion and protests by intellectuals.",{},{"id":24,"text":578,"url":24,"identifiers":579},"Ch'ien, The Government and Politics of China, 436",{},{"id":24,"text":581,"url":24,"identifiers":582},"Chien-ying Yeh , “Report on the revision of the constitution,” p. 211.",{},{"id":24,"text":584,"url":24,"identifiers":585},"10.2307\u002F1943930",{"doi":584},{"id":24,"text":587,"url":24,"identifiers":588},"1978, Cases of infringing on rights noted in Heilungkiang, Harbin Heilungkiang Provincial Service, L1",{},{"id":24,"text":590,"url":24,"identifiers":591},"1978, Shanghai resumes open-court hearings after 10 years, Peking NCNA, G5",{},{"id":24,"text":593,"url":24,"identifiers":594},"1978, American reflects on his rise and fall in China, Los Angeles Times, 1",{},{"id":24,"text":596,"url":24,"identifiers":597},"See Article 45 (1978 Constitution).",{},{"id":24,"text":599,"url":24,"identifiers":600},"Fukushima, 1960, Chinese legal affairs (second discussion), 47",{},{"id":24,"text":602,"url":24,"identifiers":603},"Tung, 1956, Adjudication work of the people's courts in the preceding year, Hsin-hua pan-yüeh k'an, 10",{},{"id":24,"text":605,"url":24,"identifiers":606},"MacFarquhar, 1960, The Hundred Flowers Campaign and the Chinese Intellectuals, 48",{},{"id":24,"text":608,"url":24,"identifiers":609},"Cohen, The Criminal Process in the PRC, 13",{},{"id":24,"text":611,"url":24,"identifiers":612},"1978, Socialist legal system, China News Analysis, 4",{},{"id":24,"text":614,"url":24,"identifiers":615},"1978, Liaoning Daily on need to reverse incorrect verdicts, Shenyang Liaoning Provincial Service, L4",{},{"id":24,"text":617,"url":24,"identifiers":618},"Article 3 (1978 Constitution).",{},{"id":24,"text":620,"url":24,"identifiers":621},"Articles 21 and 35 (1978 Constitution).",{"doi":622},"10.1177\u002F107755877803500104",{"id":24,"text":624,"url":24,"identifiers":625},"Article 3. In his commentary on the 1975 Constitution, Gudoshnikov pointed out that the phrase “democratic consultation” was used to describe the process of selecting delegates not only to the government congresses but also to the ninth and 10th Party congresses. Under this arrangement, he stated, “the will of the electorate was not brought out, the deputies or delegates being appointed by the corresponding local agencies (‘revolutionary committees’ or Party committees) following consultations with the centre.” See Gudoshnikov, “Two constitutions of the People's Republic of China,” p. 73. See also Article 9 of the 1977 Party Constitution, infra, note 172, p. 20.",{},{"id":24,"text":627,"url":24,"identifiers":628},"Article 54 of the new constitution specifically guarantees the just rights and interests not only of “overseas Chinese,” as in previous constitutions, but also of “their relatives,” that is, those actually residing in China. The Soviet Union has long struggled to define the boundary between earned and unearned income, and Article 13 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution maintains the distinction.",{},{"id":24,"text":630,"url":24,"identifiers":631},"Ch'un-ch'iao Chang , “Report on the revision of the constitution,” p. 38.",{},{"id":24,"text":633,"url":24,"identifiers":634},"Article 16 (1975 Constitution).",{},{"id":24,"text":636,"url":24,"identifiers":637},"Article 19.",{},{"id":24,"text":639,"url":24,"identifiers":640},"Article 14 (1975 Constitution).",{},{"id":24,"text":642,"url":24,"identifiers":643},"Article 18 (1978 Constitution).",{},{"id":24,"text":645,"url":24,"identifiers":646},"Article 100 of the 1954 Constitution had required citizens not only to uphold labour discipline but also to abide by the constitution and the law, keep public order and respect social ethics.",{},{"id":24,"text":648,"url":24,"identifiers":649},"Cohen, 1978, Will China have a formal legal system?, American Bar Association Journal, 64",{},{"id":24,"text":651,"url":24,"identifiers":652},"Preamble (1978 Constitution).",{},{"id":24,"text":654,"url":24,"identifiers":655},"See Hazard , “A soviet model for Marxian socialist constitutions,” p. 991, and",{},{"id":24,"text":657,"url":24,"identifiers":658},"Berman , supra, note 49, p. 90.",{},{"id":24,"text":660,"url":24,"identifiers":661},"Chien-ying Yeh , “Report on the revision of the constitution,” pp. 200–201.",{},{"id":24,"text":663,"url":24,"identifiers":664},"Compare Article 18 of the 1978 Constitution with Article 14 of the 1975 version and Article 19 of the 1954 version (the English translations of the same Chinese phrase in the two latter documents vary slightly – the quotation is from 1954).",{},{"id":24,"text":666,"url":24,"identifiers":667},"Chien-ying Yeh , “Report on the revision of the constitution,” p. 201.",{},{"id":24,"text":669,"url":24,"identifiers":670},"Article 90 (1954 Constitution).",{"doi":671},"10.5465\u002Fambpp.1954.5068008",{"id":24,"text":673,"url":24,"identifiers":674},"Compare Article 90 of the 1954 Constitution with Article 28 of the 1975 version and Article 45 of 1978.",{},{"id":24,"text":676,"url":24,"identifiers":677},"Compare Article 88 of the 1954 version with Article 28 of 1975 and Article 46 of 1978. The latter version is similar to Article 52 of the 1977 U.S.S.R. Constitution and its 1936 predecessor.",{},{"id":24,"text":679,"url":24,"identifiers":680},"Article 87 (1954 Constitution); Article 28 (1975 Constitution); Article 45 (1978 Constitution).",{},{"id":24,"text":682,"url":24,"identifiers":683},"Ch'un-ch'iao Chang , “Report on the revision of the constitution,” pp. 39–40.",{},{"id":24,"text":685,"url":24,"identifiers":686},"1969, Long Live Mao Tse-tung's Thought, 93",{},{"id":24,"text":688,"url":24,"identifiers":689},"Article 57 (1978 Constitution). Article 101 of the 1954 Constitution had established the duty of every citizen to protect public property.",{},{"id":24,"text":691,"url":24,"identifiers":692},"Chien-ying Yeh , “Report on the revision of the constitution,” p. 191.",{},{"id":24,"text":694,"url":24,"identifiers":695},"Chang, 1958, Smash permanent rules, go 1,000 li in one day, Political-Legal Research, 60",{},{"id":24,"text":697,"url":24,"identifiers":698},"Chien-ying Yeh , “Report on the revision of the constitution,” p. 216.",{},{"id":24,"text":700,"url":24,"identifiers":701},"Chiang Hua , “To implement the new constitution,”",{},{"id":24,"text":485,"url":24,"identifiers":703},{},{"id":24,"text":705,"url":24,"identifiers":706},"Communist China 1955–1959, p. 279.",{},{"id":24,"text":708,"url":24,"identifiers":709},"Article 52.",{},{"id":24,"text":711,"url":24,"identifiers":712},"Chien-ying Yeh , “Report on the revision of the constitution,” pp. 211–12.",{},{"id":24,"text":714,"url":24,"identifiers":715},"Loewenstein, Reflections on the value of constitutions in our revolutionary age",{},{"id":24,"text":717,"url":24,"identifiers":718},"1977, Constitution of the Communist Party of China, Peking Review, 16",{},{"id":24,"text":720,"url":24,"identifiers":721},"1978, Peking wall posters appeal cases to authorities, Paris AFP, F19",{},{"id":24,"text":723,"url":24,"identifiers":724},"Cohen, 1978, The China Difference, D2",{},{"id":24,"text":726,"url":24,"identifiers":727},"Hsia, 1975, The 1975 Revised Constitution of the People's Republic of China, 2",{},{"id":24,"text":729,"url":24,"identifiers":730},"1978, Kyodo: former jurist, first secretaries reinstated, Tokyo Kyodo, D3",{},{"id":24,"text":732,"url":24,"identifiers":733},"Ch'eng-wen, 1958, Absorb experience and teaching, impel a great leap forward in procuratorial work, Cheng-fa yen-chiu, 34",{},{"id":24,"text":735,"url":24,"identifiers":736},"Article 28 of the 1975 Constitution established the right to strike.",{},{"id":24,"text":738,"url":24,"identifiers":739},"Article 3.",{},{"id":24,"text":741,"url":24,"identifiers":742},"Article 5.",{},{"id":24,"text":744,"url":24,"identifiers":745},"Nathan, 1976, Peking Politics 1918–23, Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism",{},{"id":24,"text":747,"url":24,"identifiers":748},"1978, Party to drop charges against 100,000 right-wingers, Tokyo Kyodo, E18",{},{"id":24,"text":750,"url":24,"identifiers":751},"Supra, note 122.",{},{"id":24,"text":753,"url":24,"identifiers":754},"10.3998\u002Fmpub.20021",{"doi":753},{"id":24,"text":756,"url":24,"identifiers":757},"For an interesting discussion of this document by Dean Roscoe Pound, who served as adviser to the Chinese Ministry of Justice, see “The Chinese constitution,” New York University Law Quarterly Review, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1948), pp. 194–232.",{},{"id":24,"text":276,"url":24,"identifiers":759},{},{"id":24,"text":761,"url":24,"identifiers":762},"Article 75.",{},{"id":24,"text":764,"url":24,"identifiers":765},"For translation of the relevant passage of Mao's speech, see Communist China 1955–1959, p. 290.",{},false,{"id":768,"createTime":769,"updateTime":769,"relativeEntities":770,"slug":771,"properties":772,"entityType":118,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":781,"verifyNote":120,"languages":782,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":783,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":784,"publicationType":134,"publisherRelationship":794,"citationCount":846,"citationInfo":847,"publishDate":862,"publishYear":848,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":863,"openAccess":24,"references":864,"isForceReanalyzing":766},"94fe2d39-9acb-4e6b-8800-4736f7e6a07c","2025-01-01T14:14:30.011+00:00",[],"A-Factionalism-Model-for-CCP-Politics",{"openalex":773,"abstract":775,"title":777,"doi":779},{"VOID":774},"W4250291582",{"EN":776},"\u003Cjats:p>Until the Cultural Revolution, the predominant western view of\n                        contemporary Chinese elite conflict was that it consisted of “discussion”\n                            (\u003Cjats:italic>t'ao-lun\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>) within a basically consensual\n                        Politburo among shifting “opinion groups” with no “organized force” behind\n                        them. The purges and accusations which began in 1965 and apparently still\n                        continue, have shaken this interpretation, and a number of scholars have\n                        advanced new analyses - sometimes explicit, sometimes implicit, sometimes of\n                        general application, sometimes applied only to a particular time span or\n                        segment of the political system. Of these new views, perhaps the most\n                        systematic - and at the same time the one which represents the least change\n                        from the pre-Cultural Revolution “opinion group” model - is the “policy\n                        making under Mao” interpretation, which sees conflict as essentially a\n                        bureaucratic decision-making process dominated by Mao.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":778},"A Factionalism Model for CCP Politics",{"VOID":780},"10.1017\u002Fs0305741000500022","2025-01-01T14:14:30.010+00:00",[122],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002Fidentifier\u002FS0305741000500022\u002Ftype\u002Fjournal_article",[785],{"id":786,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":787,"affiliations":788,"properties":789,"displayName":791,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"a1c1e881-a087-48e5-8d67-a43329731735",[],[],{"title":790,"openalex":792},{"EN":791},"Andrew J. Nathan",{"VOID":793},"A5065536356",{"url":24,"publisher":795,"properties":841},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":796,"slug":10,"properties":797,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"subjectFields":802,"manageAffiliations":815,"indexDatabases":826,"url":97,"thumbnailPath":24,"statistic":24,"gsStatistic":24,"type":24,"analyzePriority":24},[],{"country":798,"eissn":799,"issn":800,"title":801},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"VOID":17},{"EN":19},[803,807,811],{"id":28,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":804,"label":805,"description":806,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":31},{},{"id":34,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":808,"label":809,"description":810,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":37},{},{"id":40,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":812,"label":813,"description":814,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":43},{},[816,821],{"id":47,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":817,"slug":24,"properties":818,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":820,"statistic":24},[],{"title":819},{"EN":51},[],{"id":54,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":822,"slug":24,"properties":823,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":825,"statistic":24},[],{"title":824},{"EN":58},[],[827,834],{"id":62,"indexDatabase":828,"url":75,"indexYears":24,"academicFieldIds":833,"indexDatabaseRanking":24},{"id":64,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":829,"label":830,"description":831,"key":71,"publicationTags":832,"standard":24},[],{"EN":67,"VI":67},{"EN":69,"VI":70},[73,74],[77],{"id":79,"indexDatabase":835,"url":90,"indexYears":91,"academicFieldIds":840,"indexDatabaseRanking":96},{"id":81,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":836,"label":837,"description":838,"key":87,"publicationTags":839,"standard":24},[],{"EN":84,"VI":84},{"EN":84,"VI":86},[89],[93,94,95],{"pages":842,"volume":844},{"VOID":843},"34-66",{"VOID":845},"53",297,{"total":846,"publishYear":848,"statisticByYear":849},1973,{"2012":850,"2013":851,"2014":851,"2015":852,"2016":853,"2017":854,"2018":855,"2019":856,"2020":857,"2021":858,"2022":859,"2023":860,"2024":861},7,10,3,11,9,14,36,31,12,25,32,5,"1973-03-01",[73,96],[],{"id":866,"createTime":867,"updateTime":867,"relativeEntities":868,"slug":869,"properties":870,"entityType":118,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":867,"verifyNote":120,"languages":881,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":882,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":883,"publicationType":134,"publisherRelationship":893,"citationCount":945,"citationInfo":946,"publishDate":950,"publishYear":947,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":951,"openAccess":24,"references":952,"isForceReanalyzing":766},"6014f808-3290-4883-83e6-fec6b49a02ed","2025-01-01T14:14:23.804+00:00",[],"From-Rubber-Stamps-to-Iron-Stamps-The-Emergence-of-Chinese-Local-People-s-Congresses-as-Supervisory-Powerhouses",{"openalex":871,"mag":873,"abstract":875,"title":877,"doi":879},{"VOID":872},"W2139104551",{"VOID":874},"2139104551",{"EN":876},"\u003Cjats:p>This article analyses Chinese local people's congresses' supervision of governments in order to see whether people's congresses have played a meaningful role in the reform era. The article will show that the main strategies of people's congresses have been to gain the support of the Chinese Communist Party and to co-operate with governments, rather than to use confrontation, in an effort to overcome their lower political status. But after primarily achieving these goals by the early 1990s, people's congresses have also started to employ the confrontation strategy towards governments. At the same time, people's congresses have actively pioneered new supervisory measures so that they overcome current problematic legal and legislative systems. As a result, legislative supervision began to influence governments and officials significantly in the early 1990s. So people's congresses, along with the Party and governments, have become important political actors in local politics, even though they are not as influential as the other two institutions.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":878},"From “Rubber Stamps” to “Iron Stamps”: The Emergence of Chinese \nLocal People's Congresses as Supervisory Powerhouses",{"VOID":880},"10.1017\u002Fs000944390200044x",[122],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002Fidentifier\u002FS000944390200044X\u002Ftype\u002Fjournal_article",[884],{"id":885,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":886,"affiliations":887,"properties":888,"displayName":890,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"47e7d628-12bd-4290-a3e8-20cdece52abc",[],[],{"title":889,"openalex":891},{"EN":890},"Young Nam Cho",{"VOID":892},"A5015829469",{"url":24,"publisher":894,"properties":940},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":895,"slug":10,"properties":896,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"subjectFields":901,"manageAffiliations":914,"indexDatabases":925,"url":97,"thumbnailPath":24,"statistic":24,"gsStatistic":24,"type":24,"analyzePriority":24},[],{"country":897,"eissn":898,"issn":899,"title":900},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"VOID":17},{"EN":19},[902,906,910],{"id":28,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":903,"label":904,"description":905,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":31},{},{"id":34,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":907,"label":908,"description":909,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":37},{},{"id":40,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":911,"label":912,"description":913,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":43},{},[915,920],{"id":47,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":916,"slug":24,"properties":917,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":919,"statistic":24},[],{"title":918},{"EN":51},[],{"id":54,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":921,"slug":24,"properties":922,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":924,"statistic":24},[],{"title":923},{"EN":58},[],[926,933],{"id":62,"indexDatabase":927,"url":75,"indexYears":24,"academicFieldIds":932,"indexDatabaseRanking":24},{"id":64,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":928,"label":929,"description":930,"key":71,"publicationTags":931,"standard":24},[],{"EN":67,"VI":67},{"EN":69,"VI":70},[73,74],[77],{"id":79,"indexDatabase":934,"url":90,"indexYears":91,"academicFieldIds":939,"indexDatabaseRanking":96},{"id":81,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":935,"label":936,"description":937,"key":87,"publicationTags":938,"standard":24},[],{"EN":84,"VI":84},{"EN":84,"VI":86},[89],[93,94,95],{"pages":941,"volume":943},{"VOID":942},"724-740",{"VOID":944},"171",39,{"total":945,"publishYear":947,"statisticByYear":948},2002,{"2013":192,"2014":192,"2015":852,"2016":192,"2017":191,"2019":191,"2020":949,"2021":852,"2022":191,"2023":852},4,"2002-09-01",[73,96],[],{"id":954,"createTime":955,"updateTime":955,"relativeEntities":956,"slug":957,"properties":958,"entityType":118,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":955,"verifyNote":120,"languages":969,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":970,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":971,"publicationType":134,"publisherRelationship":992,"citationCount":1044,"citationInfo":1045,"publishDate":1049,"publishYear":1046,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1050,"openAccess":24,"references":1051,"isForceReanalyzing":766},"18194c42-d6aa-44ab-9934-7ede058db930","2024-12-29T03:10:45.702+00:00",[],"Privatizing-Rural-China-Insider-Privatization-Innovative-Contracts-and-the-Performance-of-Township-Enterprises",{"openalex":959,"mag":961,"abstract":963,"title":965,"doi":967},{"VOID":960},"W2110996625",{"VOID":962},"2110996625",{"EN":964},"\u003Cjats:p>This article examines the privatization of China's township enterprises. According to our survey of 670 firms in 15 randomly selected counties in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, more than half of the firms owned by local government were completely privatized by 1999. The privatization process is striking for two reasons. First, local governments almost always sold firms to insiders, while in the rest of the world privatization largely involves outsiders. Secondly, unlike the predictions of some academics and policy makers, many privatized firms have experienced an increase in performance. Drawing on firm-level survey data and extensive interviews with government leaders and managers, we found that leaders devised a way to elicit information from the buyer at the time of the sale about the firm's future profitability that enabled them to execute privatization successfully. Our analysis shows that the performance of firms with new owners that paid a price for the firm that exceeded the book value of its assets is on par with the performance of private firms after privatization since they also received strong incentives.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":966},"Privatizing Rural China: Insider Privatization, Innovative Contracts and the Performance of Township Enterprises",{"VOID":968},"10.1017\u002Fs0305741003000584",[122],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002Fidentifier\u002FS0305741003000584\u002Ftype\u002Fjournal_article",[972,983],{"id":973,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":974,"affiliations":975,"properties":976,"displayName":980,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"26a3a16a-4c66-42ce-941d-91c4cb098e62",[],[],{"orcid":977,"title":979,"openalex":981},{"VOID":978},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0001-5350-7540",{"EN":980},"Hongbin Li",{"VOID":982},"A5005782164",{"id":984,"sortIndex":191,"researcher":24,"roles":985,"affiliations":986,"properties":987,"displayName":989,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"69ad3ddc-20cb-46bf-adbc-f89ae0a847a4",[],[],{"title":988,"openalex":990},{"EN":989},"Scott Rozelle",{"VOID":991},"A5111881720",{"url":24,"publisher":993,"properties":1039},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":994,"slug":10,"properties":995,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"subjectFields":1000,"manageAffiliations":1013,"indexDatabases":1024,"url":97,"thumbnailPath":24,"statistic":24,"gsStatistic":24,"type":24,"analyzePriority":24},[],{"country":996,"eissn":997,"issn":998,"title":999},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"VOID":17},{"EN":19},[1001,1005,1009],{"id":28,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1002,"label":1003,"description":1004,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":31},{},{"id":34,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1006,"label":1007,"description":1008,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":37},{},{"id":40,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1010,"label":1011,"description":1012,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":43},{},[1014,1019],{"id":47,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1015,"slug":24,"properties":1016,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1018,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1017},{"EN":51},[],{"id":54,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1020,"slug":24,"properties":1021,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1023,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1022},{"EN":58},[],[1025,1032],{"id":62,"indexDatabase":1026,"url":75,"indexYears":24,"academicFieldIds":1031,"indexDatabaseRanking":24},{"id":64,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1027,"label":1028,"description":1029,"key":71,"publicationTags":1030,"standard":24},[],{"EN":67,"VI":67},{"EN":69,"VI":70},[73,74],[77],{"id":79,"indexDatabase":1033,"url":90,"indexYears":91,"academicFieldIds":1038,"indexDatabaseRanking":96},{"id":81,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1034,"label":1035,"description":1036,"key":87,"publicationTags":1037,"standard":24},[],{"EN":84,"VI":84},{"EN":84,"VI":86},[89],[93,94,95],{"pages":1040,"volume":1042},{"VOID":1041},"981-1005",{"VOID":1043},"176",127,{"total":1044,"publishYear":1046,"statisticByYear":1047},2003,{"2012":853,"2013":861,"2014":850,"2015":861,"2016":949,"2017":1048,"2018":1048,"2019":852,"2020":191,"2021":949,"2022":192,"2023":191},6,"2003-12-01",[73,96],[],{"id":1053,"createTime":1054,"updateTime":1054,"relativeEntities":1055,"slug":1056,"properties":1057,"entityType":118,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":1054,"verifyNote":120,"languages":1068,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1069,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1070,"publicationType":134,"publisherRelationship":1080,"citationCount":1132,"citationInfo":1133,"publishDate":1145,"publishYear":1134,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1146,"openAccess":24,"references":1147,"isForceReanalyzing":766},"a9b5fb81-01cc-42ea-b73d-c2a6c85a4168","2024-12-29T03:10:38.612+00:00",[],"The-Role-of-the-Local-State-in-China-s-Transitional-Economy",{"openalex":1058,"mag":1060,"abstract":1062,"title":1064,"doi":1066},{"VOID":1059},"W2156627586",{"VOID":1061},"2156627586",{"EN":1063},"\u003Cjats:p>All states have a role in development, but this varies widely. The spectrum is defined at one end by the\u003Cjats:italic>laissez faire\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>minimalist state whose role is limited to ensuring a stable and secure environment so that contracts, property rights and other institutions of the market can be honoured. At the opposite end are the centrally planned Leninist states that directly replace the market with bureaucratic allocation and planning. Between these two extremes are the capitalist developmental states of Japan and the East Asian Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) that are neither Communist nor\u003Cjats:italic>laissez faire\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, but exhibit characteristics of both. The state plays an activist, rather than a minimalist, role; there is planning, but it is geared toward creating maximum competitive and comparative advantage for manufacturers within a market economy.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1065},"The Role of the Local State in China's Transitional Economy",{"VOID":1067},"10.1017\u002Fs0305741000004768",[122],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002Fidentifier\u002FS0305741000004768\u002Ftype\u002Fjournal_article",[1071],{"id":1072,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1073,"affiliations":1074,"properties":1075,"displayName":1077,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"aae82adb-7771-4348-974e-c97f172eb855",[],[],{"title":1076,"openalex":1078},{"EN":1077},"Jean C. 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At the forefront of the renaissance of large hydropower dams are Chinese companies, as the builders of the world's largest dams at home and abroad, opening up opportunities for low- and middle-income countries. However, large hydropower dams, despite their possible developmental and carbon reduction contributions, are accompanied by huge economic costs, profound negative environmental changes and social impacts. Using fieldwork data from four hydropower projects in Ghana, Nigeria, Cambodia and Malaysia, this paper evaluates the behaviour of Chinese stakeholders engaged in large hydropower projects in Asia and Africa. We do this by first exploring the interests of the different Chinese stakeholders and then by investigating the wider implications of these Chinese dams on the local, national and international contexts. The paper concludes that hydropower dams will continue to play a prominent role in future efforts to increase energy security and reduce energy poverty worldwide, therefore the planning, building and mitigation strategies need to be implemented in a more sustainable way that takes into account national development priorities, the needs of local people and the impacts on natural habitats.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1505},"Evaluating the Behaviour of Chinese Stakeholders Engaged in Large Hydropower Projects in Asia and Africa",{"VOID":1507},"10.1017\u002Fs0305741016001041","VERIFIED","Auto 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Accessed 1 April 2016.",{},{"id":24,"text":1646,"url":24,"identifiers":1647},"UN and WCED. 1987. “Our common future: the Bruntland Report,” https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FOur_Common_Future. 1. Accessed 9 February 2017",{},{"id":24,"text":1649,"url":24,"identifiers":1650},"Schiffer, 2007, The Power Mapping Tool: A Method for the Empirical Research of Power Relations",{},{"id":24,"text":1652,"url":24,"identifiers":1653},"10.1002\u002Fsd.1590",{"doi":1652},{"id":24,"text":1655,"url":24,"identifiers":1656},"10.2307\u002F3316532",{"doi":1655},{"id":24,"text":1658,"url":24,"identifiers":1659},"SASAC. 2008. “Guidelines to the state-owned enterprises directly under the central government on fulfilling corporate social responsibilities,” http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bsr.org\u002Freports\u002Fbsrchina\u002FBSR_China-CSR-Guidelines.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2012.",{},{"id":24,"text":1661,"url":24,"identifiers":1662},"10.1016\u002Fj.enpol.2015.03.009",{"doi":1661},{"id":24,"text":1664,"url":24,"identifiers":1665},"10.1111\u002Fj.1475-4762.2005.00608.x",{"doi":1664},{"id":24,"text":1667,"url":24,"identifiers":1668},"10.1111\u002Fj.1467-6486.2010.00950.x",{"doi":1667},{"id":24,"text":1670,"url":24,"identifiers":1671},"2015, Adoption of the Paris Agreement",{},{"id":24,"text":1673,"url":24,"identifiers":1674},"Bryant, 1997, Third World Political Ecology",{},{"id":24,"text":1676,"url":24,"identifiers":1677},"Zadek Simon , Xiaohong Chen , Zhaoxi Li , Tao Jia , Yan Zhou , Kelly Yu and Maya Forstater . 2009. “Responsible business in Africa: Chinese business leaders’ perspectives on performance and enhancement opportunities.” Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative Working Paper No. 54, Harvard Kennedy School.",{},{"id":24,"text":1679,"url":24,"identifiers":1680},"Bosshard, 2010, China's overseas dam builders: from rogue players to responsible actors?, Japan Focus, 8",{},{"id":24,"text":1682,"url":24,"identifiers":1683},"Billington, 2006, Big Dams of the New Deal Era: A Confluence of Engineering and Politics",{},{"id":24,"text":1685,"url":24,"identifiers":1686},"10.1007\u002Fs10668-012-9409-x",{"doi":1685},{"id":24,"text":1688,"url":24,"identifiers":1689},"10.1016\u002Fj.jenvman.2008.07.023",{"doi":1688},{"id":24,"text":1691,"url":24,"identifiers":1692},"10.1002\u002Fapp5.103",{"doi":1691},{"id":24,"text":1694,"url":24,"identifiers":1695},"Baah, 2009, Chinese Investments in Africa: A Labour Perspective",{},{"id":24,"text":1697,"url":24,"identifiers":1698},"10.3362\u002F1756-3488.2016.005",{"doi":1697},{"id":24,"text":1700,"url":24,"identifiers":1701},"Fu, 2007, Environmental Problems and Challenges in China",{},{"id":24,"text":1703,"url":24,"identifiers":1704},"10.1016\u002Fj.gloenvcha.2011.03.015",{"doi":1703},{"id":24,"text":1706,"url":24,"identifiers":1707},"10.1007\u002Fs10668-012-9415-z",{"doi":1706},{"id":24,"text":1709,"url":24,"identifiers":1710},"Blaikie, 1985, The Political Economy of Soil Erosion in Developing Countries",{},{"id":24,"text":1712,"url":24,"identifiers":1713},"10.1057\u002Fpalgrave.development.1100403",{"doi":1712},{"id":24,"text":1715,"url":24,"identifiers":1716},"Yin, 2009, Case Study Research: Design and Methods",{},{"id":24,"text":1718,"url":24,"identifiers":1719},"Bryant, 1996, Politics and Environment in Southeast Asia: Resources and Resistance, 107",{},{"id":24,"text":1721,"url":24,"identifiers":1722},"10.1111\u002Fj.1475-4762.1997.tb00003.x",{"doi":1721},{"id":24,"text":1724,"url":24,"identifiers":1725},"Bosshard Peter . 2014. “China dialogue. Is the world's largest biggest dam builder willing to change?” 16 December, https:\u002F\u002Fwww.chinadialogue.net\u002Fblog\u002F7605-Is-the-world-s-biggest-dam-builder-willing-to-change-\u002Fen. Accessed 1 March 2016.",{},{"id":24,"text":1727,"url":24,"identifiers":1728},"10.1525\u002Fcalifornia\u002F9780520073777.001.0001",{"doi":1727},{"id":24,"text":1730,"url":24,"identifiers":1731},"10.1016\u002F0962-6298(92)90017-N",{"doi":1730},{"id":24,"text":1733,"url":24,"identifiers":1734},"2013, The Kamchay Hydropower Dam: An Assessment of the Dam's Impacts on Local Communities and the Environment",{},{"id":24,"text":1736,"url":24,"identifiers":1737},"Ni, 2011, Wind of change: corporate social responsibility in China., Ivey Business Journal",{},{"id":24,"text":1739,"url":24,"identifiers":1740},"McDonald-Wilmsen, 2010, Dams and displacement: raising the standards and broadening the research agenda, Water Alternatives, 3, 142",{},{"id":24,"text":1742,"url":24,"identifiers":1743},"Walker Beth , and Liu Qin . 2015. “The hidden costs of China's shift to hydropower,” The Diplomat, 29 July, http:\u002F\u002Fthediplomat.com\u002F2015\u002F07\u002Fthe-hidden-costs-of-chinas-shift-to-hydropower\u002F. 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Accessed 1 May 2016.",{},{"id":24,"text":1748,"url":24,"identifiers":1749},"2015, 2015 Report on Sustainable Development of Chinese Enterprise Overseas: Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation",{},{"id":24,"text":1751,"url":24,"identifiers":1752},"Sutcliffe Claire . 2009. “Interviews with people to be affected by Bui Dam: a field report.” Unpublished paper.",{},{"id":24,"text":1754,"url":24,"identifiers":1755},"2012, The New Great Walls: A Guide to China's Overseas Dam Industry",{},{"id":24,"text":1757,"url":24,"identifiers":1758},"Bosshard, 2008, China's environmental footprint in Africa, China in Africa Policy Briefing, 3, 1",{},{"id":24,"text":1760,"url":24,"identifiers":1761},"Bu Yongxiang , Zhu Hongmei , Wu Chaoming , Chen Yingmei and Wu Zhi . 2009. “Towards sustainable development: the role of China's financial sector.” World Wildlife Fund for Nature and the People's Bank of China, http:\u002F\u002Fd2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net\u002Fdownloads\u002Fpboc_report__en.pdf. Accessed 19 July 2016.",{},{"id":24,"text":1763,"url":24,"identifiers":1764},"Middleton, 2008, Cambodia's Hydropower Development and China's Involvement",{},{"id":24,"text":1766,"url":24,"identifiers":1767},"2000, Dams and Development: A Report to the World Commission on Dams",{},{"id":24,"text":1769,"url":24,"identifiers":1770},"Mertha, 2008, China's Water Warriors: Citizen Action and Policy Change",{},{"id":24,"text":1772,"url":24,"identifiers":1773},"10.1080\u002F09512748.2015.1012107",{"doi":1772},{"id":24,"text":1775,"url":24,"identifiers":1776},"Wolcott, 1990, Writing Up Qualitative Research (Qualitative Research Methods)",{},{"id":24,"text":1778,"url":24,"identifiers":1779},"10.1016\u002Fj.enpol.2011.06.035",{"doi":1778},{"id":24,"text":1781,"url":24,"identifiers":1782},"Sautman, 2015, Chinese neo-colonialism in Africa: a bien-pensant political ploy,, The China Policy Institute Blog",{},{"id":24,"text":1784,"url":24,"identifiers":1785},"Scott, 2012, Do Chinese extraction (mining, oil and gas) activities in Africa overlap with areas of conservation value? Environmental perspectives on Chinese global engagement, African East-Asian Affairs – The China Monitor, 68, 11",{},{"id":24,"text":1787,"url":24,"identifiers":1788},"10.1111\u002Fj.1467-9493.2007.00314.x",{"doi":1787},{"id":24,"text":1790,"url":24,"identifiers":1791},"2015, Benchmarking the Environmental and Social Policies and Practices of International Hydropower Companies: Stage One: Chinese Overseas Hydropower Companies, Part One Methodology and Analysis",{},{"id":1793,"createTime":1794,"updateTime":1794,"relativeEntities":1795,"slug":1796,"properties":1797,"entityType":118,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":1794,"verifyNote":120,"languages":1808,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1809,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1810,"publicationType":134,"publisherRelationship":1822,"citationCount":1874,"citationInfo":1875,"publishDate":1878,"publishYear":1876,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1879,"openAccess":24,"references":1880,"isForceReanalyzing":766},"6d077c23-3bda-41d7-87fd-960c49fe4622","2024-10-09T22:59:13.789+00:00",[],"The-Political-Ecology-of-Pollution-Enforcement-in-China-A-Case-from-Sichuan-s-Rural-Industrial-Sector",{"openalex":1798,"mag":1800,"abstract":1802,"title":1804,"doi":1806},{"VOID":1799},"W2159885071",{"VOID":1801},"2159885071",{"EN":1803},"\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>This article uses a case study approach to examine the processes and consequences of pollution enforcement in an industrial township in rural Sichuan. China's national pollution emissions standards are relatively strict, but enforcement is the responsibility of some 2,500 Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPBs) within municipal and county governments. EPB officials exercise considerable discretion in prioritizing and carrying out enforcement activities, but exactly what factors influence regulatory behaviour within EPBs is poorly understood. Data for the article are drawn from interviews with EBP officials, township government officials, industrial managers and local residents, as well as a review of township and district financial records and pollution enforcement records. In this case study, EPB enforcement priorities and actions were guided by State Council directives and State Environmental Protection Administration policy, but citizen complaints and media exposure regarding polluting factories also played a key role, and action culminated in the forced closure of township factories. The article uses political ecology as an analytical framework for understanding how pollution enforcement is shaped by the competing values, goals and priorities within the EPB and the administrative unit in which it operates. This is crucial in China, where the decentralized nature of environmental oversight requires an examination of both policy formulation and implementation. The implications of pollution enforcement on rural enterprises for ecological health, fiscal revenue and rural development are also discussed.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1805},"The Political Ecology of Pollution Enforcement in China: A Case from Sichuan's Rural Industrial Sector",{"VOID":1807},"10.1017\u002Fs0305741007002093",[122],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002Fidentifier\u002FS0305741007002093\u002Ftype\u002Fjournal_article",[1811],{"id":1812,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1813,"affiliations":1814,"properties":1815,"displayName":1819,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"6e7c5add-d142-4cab-84ea-5da6de6748fe",[],[],{"orcid":1816,"title":1818,"openalex":1820},{"VOID":1817},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-7031-932X",{"EN":1819},"Bryan Tilt",{"VOID":1821},"A5091376858",{"url":24,"publisher":1823,"properties":1869},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":1824,"slug":10,"properties":1825,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"subjectFields":1830,"manageAffiliations":1843,"indexDatabases":1854,"url":97,"thumbnailPath":24,"statistic":24,"gsStatistic":24,"type":24,"analyzePriority":24},[],{"country":1826,"eissn":1827,"issn":1828,"title":1829},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"VOID":17},{"EN":19},[1831,1835,1839],{"id":28,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1832,"label":1833,"description":1834,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":31},{},{"id":34,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1836,"label":1837,"description":1838,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":37},{},{"id":40,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1840,"label":1841,"description":1842,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":43},{},[1844,1849],{"id":47,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1845,"slug":24,"properties":1846,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1848,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1847},{"EN":51},[],{"id":54,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1850,"slug":24,"properties":1851,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1853,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1852},{"EN":58},[],[1855,1862],{"id":62,"indexDatabase":1856,"url":75,"indexYears":24,"academicFieldIds":1861,"indexDatabaseRanking":24},{"id":64,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1857,"label":1858,"description":1859,"key":71,"publicationTags":1860,"standard":24},[],{"EN":67,"VI":67},{"EN":69,"VI":70},[73,74],[77],{"id":79,"indexDatabase":1863,"url":90,"indexYears":91,"academicFieldIds":1868,"indexDatabaseRanking":96},{"id":81,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1864,"label":1865,"description":1866,"key":87,"publicationTags":1867,"standard":24},[],{"EN":84,"VI":84},{"EN":84,"VI":86},[89],[93,94,95],{"pages":1870,"volume":1872},{"VOID":1871},"915-932",{"VOID":1873},"192",99,{"total":1874,"publishYear":1876,"statisticByYear":1877},2007,{"2012":854,"2013":854,"2014":861,"2015":1048,"2016":850,"2017":1488,"2018":861,"2019":850,"2020":1488,"2021":1048,"2022":949,"2023":1048,"2024":191},"2007-12-01",[73,96],[],{"id":1882,"createTime":1883,"updateTime":1883,"relativeEntities":1884,"slug":1885,"properties":1886,"entityType":118,"verifyStatus":1508,"verifyTime":1897,"verifyNote":1509,"languages":1898,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1899,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1900,"publicationType":134,"publisherRelationship":1920,"citationCount":1972,"citationInfo":1973,"publishDate":1979,"publishYear":1974,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1980,"openAccess":24,"references":1981,"isForceReanalyzing":766},"e51eea33-74f9-4ee1-b422-2141f08bc51e","2024-10-05T08:25:47.858+00:00",[],"Promoting-City-Leaders-The-Structure-of-Political-Incentives-in-China",{"openalex":1887,"mag":1889,"abstract":1891,"title":1893,"doi":1895},{"VOID":1888},"W2416807307",{"VOID":1890},"2416807307",{"EN":1892},"\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C\u002Fjats:title>\u003Cjats:p>The shift in Beijing's priorities to more balanced and people-oriented development has led some localities to make more efforts in developing social policy areas. By investigating the personnel institution, a political incentive mechanism, this article aims to shed light on the structure of political incentives in China and why local political leaders improve public welfare in a non-democratic setting. A content analysis of 69 regulations that cover one-third of all municipal leaders shows that the formal evaluation rules for leaders in some localities have become more welfare-oriented to reflect Beijing's new focus on social policy areas. A statistical analysis further reveals that different political incentives operate for municipal Party leaders and mayors, and that political incentives to develop social policy vary across geographic regions. The statistical analysis exploits an original dataset I compiled from an online archive and statistical yearbooks, and contains biographic and career history data on municipal leaders between 2003 and 2010.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1894},"Promoting City Leaders: The Structure of Political Incentives in China",{"VOID":1896},"10.1017\u002Fs0305741015001289","2024-10-05T08:25:47.857+00:00",[122],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002Fidentifier\u002FS0305741015001289\u002Ftype\u002Fjournal_article",[1901],{"id":1902,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1903,"affiliations":1904,"properties":1913,"displayName":1917,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"a9853484-dff3-45a9-b4d3-5fd3743af36d",[],[1905],{"id":1906,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1907,"properties":24},"c06a59e1-d0fa-4b11-abe9-ab47d78f15f3",{"id":1906,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1908,"slug":24,"properties":1909,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1912,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1910},{"EN":1911},"School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 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