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Abstract  Carotenoids represent one of the most widely distributed and structurally diverse classes of natural pigments, with important functions in photosynthesis, nutrition, and protection against photooxidative damage. In the eubacterial community, yellow, orange, and red carotenoids are produced by anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and certain species of nonphotosynthetic bacteria. Many eukaryotes, including all algae and plants, as well as some fungi, also synthesize these pigments. In noncarotenogenic organisms, such as mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, crustaceans, and insects, dietary carotenoids and their metabolites also serve important biological roles. Within the last decade, major advances have been made in the elucidation of the molecular genetics, the biochemistry, and the regulation of eubacterial carotenoid biosynthesis. These developments have important implications for eukaryotes, and they make increasingly attractive the genetic manipulation of carotenoid content for biotechnological purposes.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":861},"GENETICS OF EUBACTERIAL CAROTENOID BIOSYNTHESIS: A Colorful Tale",{"VOID":863},"9343362",{"VOID":865},"10.1146\u002Fannurev.micro.51.1.629","2025-02-02T12:29:28.242+00:00",[220],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev.micro.51.1.629",[870],{"id":871,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":872,"affiliations":873,"properties":882,"displayName":884,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"6542bb28-dd58-4e80-b974-4ba35568f7d7",[],[874],{"id":875,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":876,"properties":24},"a6ef424f-b861-4074-9ed3-15fc8a05d798",{"id":875,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":877,"slug":24,"properties":878,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":881,"statistic":24},[],{"title":879},{"EN":880},"Institute for Plant Sciences, Plant Genetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland;",[],{"title":883,"openalex":885},{"EN":884},"Gregory A. 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These systems consist of a secretion apparatus, made of ∼25 proteins, and an array of proteins released by this apparatus. Some of these released proteins are “effectors,” which are delivered into the cytosol of the target cell, whereas the others are “translocators,” which help the effectors to cross the membrane of the eukaryotic cell. Most of the effectors act on the cytoskeleton or on intracellular-signaling cascades. A protein injected by the enteropathogenic E. coli serves as a membrane receptor for the docking of the bacterium itself at the surface of the cell. Type III secretion systems also occur in plant pathogens where they are involved both in causing disease in susceptible hosts and in eliciting the so-called hypersensitive response in resistant or nonhost plants. They consist of 15–20 Hrp proteins building a secretion apparatus and two groups of effectors: harpins and avirulence proteins. Harpins are presumably secreted in the extracellular compartment, whereas avirulence proteins are thought to be targeted into plant cells. Although a coherent picture is clearly emerging, basic questions remain to be answered. In particular, little is known about how the type III apparatus fits together to deliver proteins in animal cells. It is even more mysterious for plant cells where a thick wall has to be crossed. 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We also summarize salient features of the increasingly studied effector translocator systems of mammalian pathogens. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p> Các hệ thống tiết ra loại IV (T4S) có mối quan hệ tổ tiên với các máy conjugation của vi khuẩn. Những hệ thống này lắp ráp như một kênh chuyển vị, và thường cũng như một sợi bề mặt hoặc protein bám dính, tại màng của vi khuẩn Gram âm và Gram dương. Những bào quan này trung gian cho việc chuyển DNA và các chất nền protein đến các tế bào mục tiêu prokaryotic và eukaryotic có nguồn gốc phân loại khác nhau. Nhiều đặc điểm cơ bản của T4S đã được biết đến, bao gồm cấu trúc của các đơn vị máy, các bước lắp ráp máy, các chất nền và cơ chế nhận diện chất nền, cũng như hậu quả của việc chuyển vị chất nền. Một thành tựu gần đây cũng đã cho phép xác định lộ trình chuyển vị cho một chất nền DNA thông qua một hệ thống T4S của một vi khuẩn Gram âm. Bài đánh giá này nhấn mạnh động lực của việc lắp ráp và chức năng của các hệ thống conjugation mẫu cũng như hệ thống T4S VirB\u002FD4 của Agrobacterium tumefaciens. 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The filamentous fungus Magnaporthe grisea can cause disease on many species of the grass (Poaceae) family. The disease on rice, Rice Blast, is of enormous economic importance and biological interest. The mechanism used by this pathogen for breaching the formidable host surface barriers has been studied cytologically and genetically as a model for plant pathology, and represents a remarkably sophisticated achievment of nature. The single-celled appressorium of M. grisea acts as a vessel for the generation and application of perhaps the highest turgor pressures known. The fungus requires and utilizes melanin-derived, osmotically generated pressures estimated at 80 bars to drive an actin-rich cellular protuberance through the surface of a rice leaf or plastic coverslip. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p> ▪ Tóm tắt  Các tác nhân gây bệnh nấm trên thực vật đã phát triển những cơ chế đa dạng để xâm nhập vào mô của cây chủ, từ việc vào qua các lỗ tự nhiên của cây đến nhiều cơ chế xâm nhập trực tiếp qua bề mặt bên ngoài. Nấm sợi Magnaporthe grisea có khả năng gây bệnh cho nhiều loài thuộc họ cỏ (Poaceae). Bệnh trên lúa, Bệnh Vàng Lúa, có tầm quan trọng kinh tế lớn và thu hút nhiều sự quan tâm về mặt sinh học. Cơ chế mà tác nhân này sử dụng để phá vỡ các rào cản bảo vệ đáng kể của cây chủ đã được nghiên cứu từ góc độ tế bào và di truyền như một mô hình trong bệnh lý thực vật, và đại diện cho một thành tựu tinh vi một cách đáng kinh ngạc của tự nhiên. Appressorium đơn bào của M. grisea hoạt động như một thiết bị tạo ra và áp dụng có thể là những áp lực giãn nở cao nhất được biết đến. Nấm yêu cầu và sử dụng áp lực được tạo ra từ melanin, ước tính khoảng 80 bar, để điều khiển một sự nhô ra giàu actin qua bề mặt lá lúa hoặc vỏ plastic.",{"EN":4122,"VI":4123},"BREAKING AND ENTERING: Host Penetration by the Fungal Rice Blast Pathogen \u003Ci>Magnaporthe grisea\u003C\u002Fi>","PHÁ VỠ VÀ XÂM NHẬP: Sự Xâm Nhập Vào Chủ Nguyên Nhân Bệnh Nấm Gây Hại Lúa \u003Ci>Magnaporthe grisea\u003C\u002Fi>",{"VOID":4125},"8905089",{"VOID":4127},"10.1146\u002Fannurev.micro.50.1.491",[220],[222],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev.micro.50.1.491",[4132,4151],{"id":4133,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":4134,"affiliations":4135,"properties":4144,"displayName":4148,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"7f01da38-0ab5-4c03-85eb-43df00c5def5",[],[4136],{"id":4137,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":4138,"properties":24},"22548f82-7b70-4421-a8d9-793de7c81c66",{"id":4137,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":4139,"slug":24,"properties":4140,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":4143,"statistic":24},[],{"title":4141},{"VI":4142},"DuPont Company, Central Research and Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware, 19880-0402",[],{"orcid":4145,"title":4147,"openalex":4149},{"VOID":4146},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-1360-5696",{"EN":4148},"Richard J. 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A Scanning Electron Microscope Survey.",{},{"id":24,"text":4529,"url":24,"identifiers":4530},"Zeigler RS, 1994, Rice Blast Disease.",{},{"id":24,"text":4532,"url":24,"identifiers":4533},"10.1126\u002Fscience.1716786",{"doi":4532},{"id":4535,"createTime":4536,"updateTime":4537,"relativeEntities":4538,"slug":4539,"properties":4540,"entityType":215,"verifyStatus":216,"verifyTime":4536,"verifyNote":218,"languages":4557,"translateLanguages":4558,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":4559,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":4560,"publicationType":259,"publisherRelationship":4605,"citationCount":4659,"citationInfo":4660,"publishDate":4664,"publishYear":4661,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":4665,"openAccess":24,"references":4666,"isForceReanalyzing":744},"9e897020-93d3-4480-8f0e-3025ae5415d7","2024-12-31T14:02:59.713+00:00","2025-01-18T17:09:29.361+00:00",[],"Riboswitch-Mediated-Gene-Regulation-Novel-RNA-Architectures-Dictate-Gene-Expression-Responses",{"mag":4541,"keywords":4543,"openalex":4545,"abstract":4547,"title":4550,"pm":4553,"doi":4555},{"VOID":4542},"2311696366",{"VI":4544},"riboswitch, RNA, gene regulation, gene expression, cellular metabolites, signaling, structural biology",{"VOID":4546},"W2311696366",{"EN":4548,"VI":4549},"\u003Cjats:p> Riboswitches are RNA elements that act on the mRNA with which they are cotranscribed to modulate expression of that mRNA. These elements are widely found in bacteria, where they have a broad impact on gene expression. The defining feature of riboswitches is that they directly recognize a physiological signal, and the resulting shift in RNA structure affects gene regulation. The majority of riboswitches respond to cellular metabolites, often in a feedback loop to repress synthesis of the enzymes used to produce the metabolite. Related elements respond to the aminoacylation status of a specific tRNA or to a physical parameter, such as temperature or pH. Recent studies have identified new classes of riboswitches and have revealed new insights into the molecular mechanisms of signal recognition and gene regulation. Application of structural and biophysical approaches has complemented previous genetic and biochemical studies, yielding new information about how different riboswitches operate. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p> Riboswitch là các yếu tố RNA tác động lên mRNA mà chúng cùng được phiên mã, nhằm điều chỉnh biểu hiện của mRNA đó. Các yếu tố này được tìm thấy rộng rãi trong vi khuẩn, nơi chúng có tác động lớn đến biểu hiện gene. Đặc điểm nổi bật của riboswitch là khả năng nhận diện trực tiếp một tín hiệu sinh lý, và sự thay đổi cấu trúc RNA dẫn đến điều chỉnh gene. Phần lớn riboswitch phản ứng với các metabolite tế bào, thường theo cơ chế phản hồi để ức chế tổng hợp các enzyme được sử dụng để sản xuất metabolite. Các yếu tố liên quan phản ứng với trạng thái aminoacyl hóa của một tRNA cụ thể hoặc với một tham số vật lý, như nhiệt độ hoặc pH. Các nghiên cứu gần đây đã xác định các lớp riboswitch mới và đã tiết lộ những hiểu biết mới về các cơ chế phân tử của việc nhận diện tín hiệu và điều chỉnh gene. 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