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In this review, the mechanisms of corrosion and hydrogen pickup and the role of alloy selection in minimizing both phenomena are considered on the basis of two principal characteristics: the pretransition kinetics and the loss of oxide protectiveness at transition. In zirconium alloys, very small changes in composition or microstructure can cause significant corrosion differences so that corrosion performance is strongly alloy dependent. The alloys show different, but reproducible, subparabolic pretransition kinetics and transition thicknesses. A mechanism for oxide growth and breakup based on a detailed study of the oxide structure can explain these results. 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Các hợp kim cho thấy động học tiền chuyển tiếp dưới dạng parabol khác nhau nhưng có thể tái sản xuất và độ dày chuyển tiếp khác nhau. Một cơ chế cho sự phát triển và phá vỡ oxit dựa trên nghiên cứu chi tiết về cấu trúc oxit có thể giải thích các kết quả này. Thông qua việc sử dụng mô hình bù điện tích dòng điện đã được phát triển gần đây về động học ăn mòn và sự hấp thụ hydro, động học dưới dạng parabol và phần trăm hydro có thể được lý giải: Sự hấp thụ hydro tăng lên khi sự vận chuyển electron giảm xuống, yêu cầu sự xâm nhập của hydro để đóng phản ứng.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":147,"VI":148},"Corrosion of Zirconium Alloys Used for Nuclear Fuel Cladding","Ăn mòn của các hợp kim Zirconium được sử dụng cho lớp vỏ nhiên liệu hạt nhân",{"VI":150},"ăn mòn, hợp kim zirconium, nhiên liệu hạt nhân, hấp thụ hydro, động học ăn mòn",{"VOID":152},"10.1146\u002Fannurev-matsci-070214-020951","PUBLICATION","VERIFIED","Auto Verify",[157],"EN",[159],"VI","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-matsci-070214-020951",[162,181,198],{"id":163,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":164,"affiliations":165,"properties":174,"displayName":178,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"1a82f133-e51c-4671-863f-f5a2807ef0c1",[],[166],{"id":167,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":168,"properties":24},"c3eb3775-f34f-4593-bed0-42f2dc84573e",{"id":167,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":169,"slug":24,"properties":170,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":173,"statistic":24},[],{"title":171},{"EN":172},"Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;",[],{"orcid":175,"title":177,"openalex":179},{"VOID":176},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0001-5735-1491",{"EN":178},"Arthur T. 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Nucl. Energy Ser. NF-T-2.1, IAEA",{},{"id":24,"text":285,"url":24,"identifiers":286},"2. Lustman B. 1979. Zirconium technology—twenty years of evolution. In4th International Symposium on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry, ASTM STP 681, pp. 5–18. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM Int.",{"doi":287},"10.1520\u002FSTP36669S",{"id":24,"text":289,"url":24,"identifiers":290},"3. Rickover HG, Geiger LD, Lustman B. 1975.History of the development of zirconium alloys for use in nuclear reactors. Rep., Energy Res. Dev. Admin.\u002FDiv. Naval React., Washington, DC",{"doi":291},"10.2172\u002F4240391",{"id":24,"text":293,"url":24,"identifiers":294},"4. Hillner E. 1977. Corrosion of zirconium base alloys—an overview. In3rd International Symposium on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry, ASTM STP 633, pp. 211–35. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM Int.",{"doi":295},"10.1520\u002FSTP35573S",{"id":24,"text":297,"url":24,"identifiers":298},"Kass S, 1964, Symposium on Corrosion of Zirconium Alloys (1963), 3, 10.1520\u002FSTP47070S",{"doi":299},"10.1520\u002FSTP47070S",{"id":24,"text":301,"url":24,"identifiers":302},"6. Sabol GP. 2005. ZIRLO: an alloy development success. In14th International Symposium on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry, ASTM STP 1467, pp. 3–24. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM Int.",{"doi":303},"10.1520\u002FSTP37500S",{"id":24,"text":305,"url":24,"identifiers":306},"7. Sabol GP, Kilp GR, Balfour MG, Roberts E. 1989. Development of a cladding alloy for high burnup. In8th International Symposium on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry, ASTM STP 1023. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM Int.",{"doi":307},"10.1520\u002FSTP18868S",{"id":24,"text":309,"url":24,"identifiers":310},"8. Mardon JP, Charquet D, Senevat J. 2000. Influence of composition and fabrication process on out-of-pile and in-pile properties of M5 alloy. In12th International Symposium on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry, ASTM STP 1354, pp. 505–24. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM Int.",{"doi":311},"10.1520\u002FSTP14314S",{"id":24,"text":313,"url":24,"identifiers":314},"9. Armijo JS, Coffin L, Rosenbaun H. 1995. Development of zirconium–barrier fuel cladding. In11th International Symposium on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry, ASTM STP 1245, pp. 3–18. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM Int.",{"doi":315},"10.1520\u002FSTP15181S",{"id":24,"text":317,"url":24,"identifiers":318},"Cox B, 2003, J. Corros. Sci. Eng., 6, 14",{},{"id":24,"text":320,"url":24,"identifiers":321},"10.1016\u002Fj.jnucmat.2004.09.029",{"doi":320},{"id":24,"text":323,"url":24,"identifiers":324},"12. IAEA. 1993.Corrosion of zirconium alloys in nuclear power plants. IAEA-TECDOC-684, IAEA",{},{"id":24,"text":326,"url":24,"identifiers":327},"13. IAEA. 1998. Waterside corrosion of zirconium alloys in nuclear power plants. IAEA-TECDOC-996, IAEA",{},{"id":24,"text":329,"url":24,"identifiers":330},"10.1016\u002FB978-0-08-056033-5.00063-X",{"doi":329},{"id":24,"text":332,"url":24,"identifiers":333},"Motta AT, 2011, J. Met., 63, 59",{},{"id":24,"text":335,"url":24,"identifiers":336},"16. Sabol GP, Comstock RJ, Weiner RA, Larouere P, Stanutz RN. 1994. In-reactor corrosion performance of ZIRLO and Zircaloy-4. In10th International Symposium on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry, ASTM STP 1245, pp. 724–44. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM Int.",{"doi":337},"10.1520\u002FSTP15217S",{"id":24,"text":339,"url":24,"identifiers":340},"17. Leech WJ, Yueh K. 2001. The fuel duty index, a method to assess fuel performance. InProceedings of International Conference on Light Water Reactor Fuel Performance(Top Fuel 2001), pp. 2–16. La Grange Park, IL: ANS",{},{"id":24,"text":342,"url":24,"identifiers":343},"18. Mardon JP, Charquet D, Senevat J. 1994. Development of new zirconium alloys for PWR fuel rod cladding. InProceedings of International Conference on Light Water Reactor Fuel Performance(Top Fuel 1994), pp. 643–49. La Grange Park, IL: ANS",{},{"id":24,"text":345,"url":24,"identifiers":346},"19. Mardon JP, Garner G, Beslu P, Charquet D, Senevat J. 1997. Update on the development of advanced zirconium alloys for PWR fuel rod claddings. InProceedings of International Conference on Light Water Reactor Fuel Performance(Top Fuel 1997), pp. 405–12. La Grange Park, IL: ANS",{},{"id":24,"text":348,"url":24,"identifiers":349},"20. Pan G, Garde AM, Atwood AR, Kallstrom R, Jadernas D. 2013. High burnup Optimized ZIRLO cladding performance. InProceedings of International Conference on Light Water Reactor Fuel Performance(Top Fuel 2013), pp. 1–8. La Grange Park, IL: ANS",{},{"id":24,"text":351,"url":24,"identifiers":352},"21. Mitchell D, Garde A, Davis D. 2010. Optimized ZIRLO fuel performance in Westinghouse PWRs. 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La Grange Park, IL: ANS",{},{"id":24,"text":363,"url":24,"identifiers":364},"25. Mardon JP, Garner GL, Hoffmann PB. 2010. M5® a breakthrough in Zr alloy. InProceedings of International Conference on Light Water Reactor Fuel Performance(Top Fuel 2010), Pap. 069. La Grange Park, IL: ANS",{},{"id":24,"text":366,"url":24,"identifiers":367},"26. Motta AT, Yilmazbayhan A, Comstock RJ, Partezana J, Sabol GP, et al. 2005. Microstructure and growth mechanism of oxide layers formed on Zr alloys studied with micro-beam synchrotron radiation. In14th International Symposium on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry, ASTM STP 1467, pp. 205–32. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM Int.",{"doi":368},"10.1520\u002FSTP37508S",{"id":24,"text":370,"url":24,"identifiers":371},"10.1016\u002FS0022-3115(98)00069-5",{"doi":370},{"id":24,"text":373,"url":24,"identifiers":374},"Fuketa T, 1996, Nucl. Saf., 37, 328",{},{"id":24,"text":376,"url":24,"identifiers":377},"29. Couet A, Motta AT, Comstock RJ. 2013. 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West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM Int.",{"doi":686},"10.1520\u002FSTP37522S",false,{"id":689,"createTime":690,"updateTime":691,"relativeEntities":692,"slug":693,"properties":694,"entityType":153,"verifyStatus":154,"verifyTime":690,"verifyNote":155,"languages":709,"translateLanguages":710,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":711,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":712,"publicationType":215,"publisherRelationship":766,"citationCount":816,"citationInfo":817,"publishDate":830,"publishYear":818,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":831,"openAccess":24,"references":832,"isForceReanalyzing":687},"53c07f79-548c-41f3-bbdf-79a0dd1b8413","2024-11-25T20:28:36.827+00:00","2025-02-10T23:31:46.292+00:00",[],"Oxide-Electronics-Utilizing-Ultrafast-Metal-Insulator-Transitions",{"openalex":695,"mag":697,"abstract":699,"title":702,"keywords":705,"doi":707},{"VOID":696},"W2126176903",{"VOID":698},"2126176903",{"EN":700,"VI":701},"\u003Cjats:p> Although phase transitions have long been a centerpiece of condensed matter materials science studies, a number of recent efforts focus on potentially exploiting the resulting functional property changes in novel electronics and photonics as well as understanding emergent phenomena. This is quite timely, given a grand challenge in twenty-first-century physical sciences is related to enabling continued advances in information processing and storage beyond conventional CMOS scaling. In this brief review, we discuss synthesis of strongly correlated oxides, mechanisms of metal-insulator transitions, and exploratory electron devices that are being studied. Particular emphasis is placed on vanadium dioxide, which undergoes a sharp metal-insulator transition near room temperature at ultrafast timescales. The article begins with an introduction to metal-insulator transition in oxides, followed by a brief discussion on the mechanisms leading to the phase transition. The role of materials synthesis in influencing functional properties is discussed briefly. Recent efforts on realizing novel devices such as field effect switches, optical detectors, nonlinear circuit components, and solid-state sensors are reviewed. The article concludes with a brief discussion on future research directions that may be worth consideration. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p> Mặc dù các chuyển tiếp pha đã từ lâu là trung tâm của các nghiên cứu về khoa học vật liệu ngưng tụ, một số nỗ lực gần đây tập trung vào việc khai thác tiềm năng thay đổi tính chất chức năng trong điện tử và quang học mới cũng như hiểu biết về các hiện tượng phát sinh. Điều này vô cùng kịp thời, khi một thách thức lớn trong khoa học vật lý thế kỷ XXI liên quan đến việc tạo điều kiện cho những tiến bộ tiếp theo trong xử lý và lưu trữ thông tin vượt ra ngoài sự thu nhỏ CMOS thông thường. Trong bài tổng quan ngắn này, chúng tôi thảo luận về việc tổng hợp các oxit có tương tác mạnh, cơ chế của các chuyển tiếp kim loại-bất định, và các thiết bị electron thăm dò đang được nghiên cứu. Chúng tôi đặc biệt nhấn mạnh vào đi-ô-xít vanadi, một vật liệu trải qua chuyển tiếp kim loại-bất định sắc nét gần nhiệt độ phòng tại các thang thời gian siêu nhanh. Bài viết bắt đầu với phần giới thiệu về chuyển tiếp kim loại-bất định trong các oxit, tiếp theo là một thảo luận ngắn về các cơ chế dẫn đến chuyển tiếp pha. Vai trò của việc tổng hợp vật liệu trong việc ảnh hưởng đến các tính chất chức năng được thảo luận ngắn gọn. Những nỗ lực gần đây trong việc hiện thực hóa các thiết bị mới như công tắc hiệu ứng trường, cảm biến quang, các thành phần mạch phi tuyến, và cảm biến rắn được xem xét. Bài viết kết thúc với một thảo luận ngắn về các hướng nghiên cứu tương lai có thể đáng được xem xét. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":703,"VI":704},"Oxide Electronics Utilizing Ultrafast Metal-Insulator Transitions","Điện tử oxit sử dụng chuyển tiếp kim loại-bất định 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Proposed fusion and advanced (Generation IV) fission energy systems require high-performance materials capable of satisfactory operation up to neutron damage levels approaching 200 atomic displacements per atom with large amounts of transmutant hydrogen and helium isotopes. After a brief overview of fusion reactor concepts and radiation effects phenomena in structural and functional (nonstructural) materials, three fundamental options for designing radiation resistance are outlined: Utilize matrix phases with inherent radiation tolerance, select materials in which vacancies are immobile at the design operating temperatures, or engineer materials with high sink densities for point defect recombination. Environmental and safety considerations impose several additional restrictions on potential materials systems, but reduced-activation ferritic\u002Fmartensitic steels (including thermomechanically treated and oxide dispersion–strengthened options) and silicon carbide ceramic composites emerge as robust structural materials options. Materials modeling (including computational thermodynamics) and advanced manufacturing methods are poised to exert a major impact in the next ten years. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p> Các hệ thống năng lượng hợp hạch và phân hạch tiên tiến (Thế hệ IV) đề xuất yêu cầu các vật liệu hiệu suất cao có khả năng hoạt động thỏa đáng cho đến mức độ tổn thương neutron gần 200 dịch chuyển nguyên tử mỗi nguyên tử, cùng với một lượng lớn đồng vị hydro và heli chuyển thể. Sau một cái nhìn tổng quan ngắn gọn về các khái niệm lò phản ứng hợp hạch và hiện tượng tác động của bức xạ trong các vật liệu kết cấu và chức năng (phi kết cấu), ba lựa chọn cơ bản cho việc thiết kế khả năng chống bức xạ được phác thảo: Sử dụng các pha ma trận có khả năng chịu bức xạ tự nhiên, lựa chọn các vật liệu mà trong đó khoảng trống không di chuyển ở nhiệt độ hoạt động thiết kế, hoặc thiết kế các vật liệu có mật độ bẫy cao để tái kết hợp các khuyết tật điểm. Các yếu tố môi trường và an toàn đặt ra một số hạn chế bổ sung đối với các hệ thống vật liệu tiềm năng, nhưng các loại thép ferritic\u002Fmartensitic giảm hoạt hóa (bao gồm các tùy chọn xử lý nhiệt cơ học và tăng cường phân tán oxit) và các hợp chất gốm silicon carbide nổi lên như là các lựa chọn vật liệu kết cấu mạnh mẽ. Mô hình hóa vật liệu (bao gồm cả nhiệt động lực học tính toán) và các phương pháp chế tạo tiên tiến đang chuẩn bị tạo ra tác động lớn trong mười năm tới. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1311,"VI":1312},"Designing Radiation Resistance in Materials for Fusion Energy","Thiết kế khả năng chống bức xạ trong vật liệu cho năng lượng hợp hạch",{"VI":706},{"VOID":1315},"10.1146\u002Fannurev-matsci-070813-113627",[157],[159],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-matsci-070813-113627",[1320,1347],{"id":1321,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1322,"affiliations":1323,"properties":1340,"displayName":1344,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"157dc0c2-7d5d-458a-adf3-1c63a8201dec",[],[1324,1332],{"id":1325,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1326,"properties":24},"0d9fd0f1-7fd5-4a73-8155-c360505446d6",{"id":1325,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1327,"slug":24,"properties":1328,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1331,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1329},{"EN":1330},"Department of Nuclear Engineering and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996;",[],{"id":1333,"sortIndex":97,"affiliation":1334,"properties":24},"e67aceb4-0cfb-4410-a9be-a8888a77cca4",{"id":1333,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1335,"slug":24,"properties":1336,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1339,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1337},{"EN":1338}," Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831",[],{"orcid":1341,"title":1343,"openalex":1345},{"VOID":1342},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-2890-6915",{"EN":1344},"S.J. 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Recent analysis of key plasma wall interactions issues for ITER. J. Nucl. Mater. 390–391:1–9",{"doi":1872},"10.1016\u002Fj.jnucmat.2009.01.037",{"id":24,"text":1874,"url":24,"identifiers":1875},"10.1016\u002Fj.jnucmat.2013.06.005",{"doi":1874},{"id":24,"text":1877,"url":24,"identifiers":1878},"10.1088\u002F0953-8984\u002F24\u002F26\u002F265402",{"doi":1877},{"id":24,"text":1880,"url":24,"identifiers":1881},"10.1016\u002Fj.jnucmat.2013.01.270",{"doi":1880},{"id":24,"text":1883,"url":24,"identifiers":1884},"10.1088\u002F0741-3335\u002F50\u002F10\u002F103001",{"doi":1883},{"id":24,"text":1886,"url":24,"identifiers":1887},"Konings RJM, 2012, Comprehensive Nuclear Materials, 1",{},{"id":24,"text":1889,"url":24,"identifiers":1890},"Bleiberg ML, 1977, Radiation Effects in Breeder Reactor Structural Materials",{},{"id":24,"text":1892,"url":24,"identifiers":1893},"10.1016\u002Fj.jnucmat.2012.10.014",{"doi":1892},{"id":24,"text":1895,"url":24,"identifiers":1896},"10.1016\u002Fj.jnucmat.2005.04.001",{"doi":1895},{"id":24,"text":1898,"url":24,"identifiers":1899},"10.1016\u002Fj.fusengdes.2009.01.078",{"doi":1898},{"id":1901,"createTime":1902,"updateTime":1903,"relativeEntities":1904,"slug":1905,"properties":1906,"entityType":153,"verifyStatus":154,"verifyTime":1902,"verifyNote":155,"languages":1918,"translateLanguages":1919,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1920,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1921,"publicationType":215,"publisherRelationship":1939,"citationCount":1988,"citationInfo":1989,"publishDate":830,"publishYear":818,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1998,"openAccess":24,"references":1999,"isForceReanalyzing":687},"2707ceba-6b5d-45b4-8ab4-8c1437042124","2024-11-27T11:56:53.893+00:00","2025-02-10T23:29:53.758+00:00",[],"Electrochromic-Materials",{"openalex":1907,"abstract":1909,"title":1912,"keywords":1915,"doi":1916},{"VOID":1908},"W4246357815",{"EN":1910,"VI":1911},"\u003Cjats:p>Electrochromic materials have the property of a change, evocation, or bleaching of color as effected either by an electron-transfer (redox) process or by a sufficient electrochemical potential. The main classes of electrochromic materials are surveyed here, with descriptions of representative examples from the metal oxides, viologens (in solution and as adsorbed or polymeric films), conjugated conducting polymers, metal coordination complexes (as polymeric, evaporated, or sublimed films), and metal hexacyanometallates. Examples of the applications of such electrochromic materials are included. Other materials aspects important for the construction of electrochromic devices include optically transparent electrodes, electrolyte layers, and device encapsulation. Commercial successes, current trends, and future challenges in electrochromic materials research and development are summarized.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Vật liệu điện sắc có đặc tính thay đổi, kích hoạt hoặc làm nhạt màu xảy ra do quá trình chuyển electron (quá trình redox) hoặc do điện hóa đủ lớn. Các lớp vật liệu điện sắc chính được khảo sát tại đây, với mô tả về các ví dụ tiêu biểu từ oxit kim loại, viologen (trong dung dịch và dưới dạng phim hấp thụ hoặc polymer), polymer dẫn điện liên hợp, phức hợp phối trí kim loại (dưới dạng phim polymer, bay hơi hoặc thăng hoa), và hexacianometalat kim loại. Các ví dụ về ứng dụng của những vật liệu điện sắc này cũng được đưa vào. Các khía cạnh vật liệu khác quan trọng cho việc xây dựng các thiết bị điện sắc bao gồm các điện cực trong suốt quang học, lớp điện phân, và bao bọc thiết bị. Những thành công thương mại, xu hướng hiện tại và thách thức trong tương lai trong nghiên cứu và phát triển vật liệu điện sắc được tóm tắt.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1913,"VI":1914},"Electrochromic Materials","Vật liệu Điện Sắc",{"VI":706},{"VOID":1917},"10.1146\u002Fannurev-matsci-062910-100344",[157],[159],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-matsci-062910-100344",[1922],{"id":1923,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1924,"affiliations":1925,"properties":1934,"displayName":1936,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"6e30cf48-d305-4c04-8e4d-5b985eddef04",[],[1926],{"id":1927,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1928,"properties":24},"11363522-d093-4bb7-bb41-b3868d84eb7b",{"id":1927,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1929,"slug":24,"properties":1930,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1933,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1931},{"VI":1932},"Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom",[],{"title":1935,"openalex":1937},{"EN":1936},"Roger J. 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The atomic structure; electronic structure; and vibrational, optical, mechanical, and thermal properties are discussed, with reference made to nanotube junctions, nanotube filling, and double-wall nanotubes (DWNTs). Special attention is given to resonance Raman spectroscopy at the single nanotube level. The status of current research in this field is assessed and opportunities for future research are identified. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p> ▪ Tóm tắt  Cấu trúc và tính chất khác thường của ống nano cacbon được trình bày, với sự tham khảo đặc biệt đến ống nano đơn (SWNTs) và những tính chất của ống nano khác với những vật liệu ở trạng thái khối. Cấu trúc nguyên tử; cấu trúc điện tử; và các tính chất giao động, quang học, cơ học, và nhiệt được thảo luận, với những tham chiếu đến các giao điểm của ống nano, sự lấp đầy ống nano, và ống nano đôi (DWNTs). Sự chú ý đặc biệt được dành cho quang phổ Raman cộng hưởng ở cấp độ ống nano đơn. Tình trạng nghiên cứu hiện tại trong lĩnh vực này được đánh giá và các cơ hội cho nghiên cứu trong tương lai được xác định. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":2475,"VI":2476},"UNUSUAL PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF CARBON NANOTUBES","TÍNH CHẤT VÀ CẤU TRÚC KHÁC THÔNG THƯỜNG CỦA ỐNG NANO CACBON",{"VI":2478},"ống nano cacbon, tính chất vật liệu, ống nano đơn, ống nano đôi, cấu trúc nguyên tử, quang phổ Raman cộng hưởng",{"VOID":2480},"10.1146\u002Fannurev.matsci.34.040203.114607","2024-11-29T12:11:33.542+00:00",[157],[159],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev.matsci.34.040203.114607",[2486,2503,2520],{"id":2487,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":2488,"affiliations":2489,"properties":2498,"displayName":2500,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"b0cb15fe-4c18-4257-92ad-31b736c37e2e",[],[2490],{"id":2491,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2492,"properties":24},"99c18666-0fba-4deb-818b-09124f841774",{"id":2491,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2493,"slug":24,"properties":2494,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2497,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2495},{"EN":2496},"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307;",[],{"title":2499,"openalex":2501},{"EN":2500},"M. 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Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, ranging from a million to 1.5 billion atoms, are performed on massively parallel computers using highly efficient multiresolution algorithms. These simulations shed new light on (a) branching, deflection, and arrest of cracks; (b) growth of nanoscale pores ahead of the crack and how pores coalesce with the crack to cause fracture; and (c) the influence of these mechanisms on the morphology of fracture surfaces. Recent advances in novel multiscale simulation schemes combining quantum mechanical, molecular dynamics, and finite-element approaches and the use of these hybrid approaches in the study of crack propagation are also discussed. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p> ▪ Tóm tắt  Các khía cạnh nguyên tử của sự nứt động trong nhiều loại vật liệu tinh thể giòn, vô định hình, nano và nano-composite được xem xét. Các mô phỏng động học phân tử (MD), dao động từ một triệu đến 1.5 tỷ nguyên tử, được thực hiện trên các máy tính song song quy mô lớn sử dụng các thuật toán đa phân giải hiệu quả cao. Những mô phỏng này làm sáng tỏ (a) sự phân nhánh, cơ chế lệch và dừng của các vết nứt; (b) sự phát triển của các lỗ nano phía trước vết nứt và cách mà các lỗ này hợp nhất với vết nứt để gây ra sự nứt; và (c) ảnh hưởng của những cơ chế này đến hình thái của bề mặt nứt. Những tiến bộ gần đây trong các sơ đồ mô phỏng đa quy mô mới kết hợp giữa cơ học lượng tử, động học phân tử và phương pháp phần tử hữu hạn, cùng với việc sử dụng các phương pháp hybrid này trong nghiên cứu sự lan truyền của vết nứt cũng được thảo luận.",{"EN":2998,"VI":2999},"Atomistic Aspects of Crack Propagation in Brittle Materials: Multimillion Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations","Các Khía Cạnh Nguyên Tử Của Sự Lan Tràn Nứt Trong Các Vật Liệu Giòn: Mô Phỏng Động Học Phân Tử Nhiều Triệu Nguyên Tử",{"VI":706},{"VOID":3002},"10.1146\u002Fannurev.matsci.32.111201.142017",[157],[159],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev.matsci.32.111201.142017",[3007,3026,3043,3060,3077,3095],{"id":3008,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":3009,"affiliations":3010,"properties":3019,"displayName":3023,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"db928177-7a91-4556-acfa-a48b8d6b2848",[],[3011],{"id":3012,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":3013,"properties":24},"315997ea-3e9d-4c41-b9b5-ed2531d87f86",{"id":3012,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":3014,"slug":24,"properties":3015,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":3018,"statistic":24},[],{"title":3016},{"EN":3017},"Concurrent Computing Laboratory for Materials Simulations, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-4001; e-mails:",[],{"orcid":3020,"title":3022,"openalex":3024},{"VOID":3021},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-4349-7064",{"EN":3023},"Cindy L. 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Res. Symp. Proc., 653, Z9.3",{},{"id":24,"text":3465,"url":24,"identifiers":3466},"10.1016\u002FS0010-4655(01)00203-X",{"doi":3465},{"id":3468,"createTime":3469,"updateTime":3470,"relativeEntities":3471,"slug":3472,"properties":3473,"entityType":153,"verifyStatus":154,"verifyTime":3469,"verifyNote":155,"languages":3488,"translateLanguages":3489,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":3490,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":3491,"publicationType":215,"publisherRelationship":3528,"citationCount":3578,"citationInfo":3579,"publishDate":3583,"publishYear":3580,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":3584,"openAccess":24,"references":3585,"isForceReanalyzing":687},"56b5dacf-61cd-4f88-b951-f802d82d9158","2024-12-11T03:43:15.469+00:00","2025-02-10T23:27:04.269+00:00",[],"Composite-Membranes-for-Medium-Temperature-PEM-Fuel-Cells",{"openalex":3474,"mag":3476,"abstract":3478,"title":3481,"keywords":3484,"doi":3486},{"VOID":3475},"W2127531540",{"VOID":3477},"2127531540",{"EN":3479,"VI":3480},"\u003Cjats:p> ▪ Abstract  The main obstacles to greater commercialization of polymer electrolyte fuel cells are mostly related to the low-proton conductivity at low-relative humidity of the known ionomeric membranes, to their high methanol permeability and poor mechanical properties above ∼130°C. A possible solution for these problems has been found in the development of composite membranes, where particles of suitable fillers are dispersed in the ionomer matrix. The preparation methods for obtaining composite membranes are described, and recent work dealing with composite ionomeric membranes containing silica, heteropolyacids, layered metal phosphates, and phosphonates is reviewed. Finally, new strategies for the preparation of nano-composite membranes and for the filling of porous polymeric membranes with highly conductive zirconium phosphonates are described. The expected influence of size and orientation of these particles on membrane properties, such as conductivity and permeability to methanol, is also discussed. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p> ▪ Tóm tắt Các trở ngại chính đối với việc thương mại hóa cao hơn của pin nhiên liệu điện phân polymer chủ yếu liên quan đến độ dẫn proton thấp tại độ ẩm tương đối thấp của các màng ionomer đã biết, đến tính thấm methanol cao và các tính chất cơ học kém trên 130°C. Một giải pháp khả thi cho những vấn đề này đã được tìm thấy trong sự phát triển của các màng composite, nơi các hạt chất độn phù hợp được phân tán trong ma trận ionomer. Các phương pháp chuẩn bị để thu được các màng composite được mô tả, và công việc gần đây liên quan đến các màng ionomer composite chứa silica, axit heteropoly, phốt phát kim loại lớp, và phosphonat được xem xét. Cuối cùng, các chiến lược mới cho việc chuẩn bị các màng nano-composite và việc làm đầy các màng polymer có xốp bằng phosphonat zirconium dẫn điện cao được mô tả. Ảnh hưởng dự kiến của kích thước và sự định hướng của những hạt này đối với các tính chất của màng, như độ dẫn điện và độ thấm methanol, cũng được thảo luận.",{"EN":3482,"VI":3483},"Composite Membranes for Medium-Temperature PEM Fuel Cells","Màng Composite cho Pin Nhiên Liệu PEM Nhiệt Độ Trung Bình",{"VI":3485},"màng composite, pin nhiên liệu điện phân polymer, độ dẫn proton, tính thấm methanol, zirconium 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Advanced fission and future fusion energy will require new high-performance structural alloys with outstanding properties that are sustained under long-term service in ultrasevere environments, including neutron damage producing up to 200 atomic displacements per atom and, for fusion, 2000 appm of He. Following a brief description of irradiation damage and damage resistance, we focus on an emerging class of nanostructured ferritic alloys (NFAs) that show promise for meeting these challenges. NFAs contain an ultrahigh density of Y-Ti-O-enriched dispersion-strengthening nanofeatures (NFs) that, along with fine grains and high dislocation densities, provide remarkably high tensile, creep, and fatigue strength. The NFs are stable under irradiation up to 800°C and trap He in fine-scale bubbles, suppressing void swelling and fast fracture embrittlement at lower temperatures and creep rupture embrittlement at high temperatures. The current state of the development and understanding of NFAs is described, along with some significant outstanding challenges. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p> Năng lượng phân hạch tiên tiến và năng lượng tổng hợp trong tương lai sẽ yêu cầu những hợp kim cấu trúc hiệu suất cao mới với các đặc tính vượt trội được duy trì trong điều kiện phục vụ lâu dài trong môi trường siêu khắc nghiệt, bao gồm tổn thương neutron gây ra tới 200 sự dịch chuyển nguyên tử mỗi nguyên tử và, đối với tổng hợp, 2000 appm He. Sau khi mô tả ngắn gọn về tổn thương do tia xạ và khả năng kháng tổn thương, chúng tôi tập trung vào một lớp hợp kim ferritic nano cấu trúc mới nổi (NFAs) cho thấy triển vọng trong việc đáp ứng những thách thức này. NFAs chứa mật độ cực cao của các đặc điểm gia cố phân tán giàu Y-Ti-O (NFs) mà, cùng với các hạt tinh và mật độ đứt gãy cao, cung cấp độ bền kéo, độ bền chảy và độ bền mỏi cực kỳ cao. Các NFs ổn định dưới ảnh hưởng của tia xạ lên tới 800°C và giữ He trong các bọt quy mô nhỏ, ngăn chặn sự phồng lên của khoảng trống và làm giòn nhanh ở nhiệt độ thấp, cũng như làm giòn do đứt gãy do chảy trong môi trường nhiệt độ cao. Trạng thái hiện tại của sự phát triển và hiểu biết về NFAs được mô tả, cùng với một số thách thức đáng kể còn lại.",{"EN":4056,"VI":4057},"Recent Developments in Irradiation-Resistant Steels","Những Phát Triển Gần Đây Trong Thép Chịu Được Tia Xạ",{"VI":4059},"thép chịu tia xạ, hợp kim ferritic nano, tổn thương neutron, năng lượng phân hạch, năng lượng tổng hợp",{"VOID":1471},[157],[159],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev.matsci.38.060407.130315",[4065,4084,4101],{"id":4066,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":4067,"affiliations":4068,"properties":4077,"displayName":4081,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"dc1bcbf2-86c8-475f-ac60-0d8afeeca4da",[],[4069],{"id":4070,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":4071,"properties":24},"fb46f3df-97c3-4a77-a864-b32c95472c16",{"id":4070,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":4072,"slug":24,"properties":4073,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":4076,"statistic":24},[],{"title":4074},{"EN":4075},"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106;",[],{"orcid":4078,"title":4080,"openalex":4082},{"VOID":4079},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-7700-9391",{"EN":4081},"G.R. 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ANS, 98",{},{"id":4624,"createTime":4625,"updateTime":4626,"relativeEntities":4627,"slug":4628,"properties":4629,"entityType":153,"verifyStatus":154,"verifyTime":4625,"verifyNote":155,"languages":4643,"translateLanguages":4644,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":4645,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":4646,"publicationType":215,"publisherRelationship":4785,"citationCount":4834,"citationInfo":4835,"publishDate":3888,"publishYear":3883,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":4846,"openAccess":24,"references":4847,"isForceReanalyzing":687},"be41fa2e-4661-4917-ab5e-3bed2e8b3c04","2024-09-02T03:39:16.468+00:00","2025-02-07T07:17:37.532+00:00",[],"Self-Healing-Polymers-and-Composites",{"openalex":4630,"mag":4632,"abstract":4634,"title":4637,"keywords":4640,"doi":4641},{"VOID":4631},"W3149377315",{"VOID":4633},"3149377315",{"EN":4635,"VI":4636},"\u003Cjats:p> Self-healing polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites possess the ability to heal in response to damage wherever and whenever it occurs in the material. This phenomenal material behavior is inspired by biological systems in which self-healing is commonplace. To date, self-healing has been demonstrated by three conceptual approaches: capsule-based healing systems, vascular healing systems, and intrinsic healing polymers. Self-healing can be autonomic—automatic without human intervention—or may require some external energy or pressure. All classes of polymers, from thermosets to thermoplastics to elastomers, have potential for self-healing. The majority of research to date has focused on the recovery of mechanical integrity following quasi-static fracture. This article also reviews self-healing during fatigue and in response to impact damage, puncture, and corrosion. The concepts embodied by current self-healing polymers offer a new route toward safer, longer-lasting, fault-tolerant products and components across a broad cross section of industries including coatings, electronics, transportation, and energy. \u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p> Các polyme tự lành và composite polyme gia cường bằng sợi có khả năng tự phục hồi khi bị hư hỏng bất kể lúc nào và ở đâu trên vật liệu. Hành vi vật liệu phi thường này được lấy cảm hứng từ các hệ sinh học, nơi mà khả năng tự lành là điều bình thường. Đến nay, đã có ba phương pháp lý thuyết về tự lành được trình bày: hệ thống tự lành dựa trên viên nang, hệ thống tự lành có mạch máu, và các polyme tự lành bên trong. Quá trình tự lành có thể là tự động—tự động mà không cần can thiệp của con người—hoặc có thể yêu cầu năng lượng hoặc áp suất bên ngoài. Tất cả các loại polyme, từ thermoset đến thermoplastic đến elastomer, đều có tiềm năng tự lành. Phần lớn các nghiên cứu tính đến thời điểm hiện tại tập trung vào việc khôi phục độ toàn vẹn cơ học sau khi xảy ra gãy tĩnh. Bài viết này cũng xem xét khả năng tự lành trong quá trình mỏi và phản ứng với hư hỏng do va chạm, thủng và ăn mòn. 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