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This predicate has played a central role in the debate on the special composition question and on related metaphysical issues concerning the mereological structure of objects. In this note we show that the customary characterization is nonetheless inadequate. We do so by constructing a mereological model where everything qualifies as composed of atoms even though some elements in the domain are gunky, i.e., can be divided indefinitely into smaller and smaller proper parts.",{"EN":247},"Atoms, Gunk, and the Limits of ‘Composition’",{"VOID":249},"[\"11147619608047851174\"]",{"VOID":251},"Cotnoir, A. J. (2013). Beyond atomism. Thought, 2, 67–72.\nLeonard, H. S., & Goodman, N. (1940). The calculus of individuals and its uses. Journal of Symbolic Logic, 5, 45–55.\nLeśniewski, S., (1927–1931). O podstawach matematyki, Przegląd Filozoficzny, 30: 164–206; 31: 261–291; 32: 60–101; 33: 77–105; 34: 142–170; On the foundations of mathematics (D. I. Barnett, Eng. Trans.). In S. Leśniewski, S. J. Surma et al. (Eds.). Collected works, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1992, Vol. 1, pp. 174–382.\nShiver, A. (2015). How do you say “everything is ultimately composed of atoms”? Philosophical Studies, 172, 607–614.\nSimons, P. M. (1987). Parts. A study in ontology. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nvan Inwagen, P. (1990). Material beings. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press.\nVarzi, A. C. (2015). Mereology. In E. Zalta (Ed.). 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Davidson and J. Hintikka, D.Reidel, Dordrecht, 158–174.\nDavidson, D.: 1980, Actions and Events, Oxford University Press, Oxford.\nDavis, M.: 1974, ‘Some Further Thoughts on the Minimax Principle’, Management Science 20, 1305–1310.\nFerejohn, J.A. and Fiorina, M.P.: 1975, ‘Closeness Counts Only in Horseshoes and Dancing’, American Political Science Review 69, 920–928.\nFøllesdal, D.: 1967, ‘Knowledge, Identity and Existence’, Theoria 33, 1–27.\nFøllesdal, D.: 1975, ‘Quine on Modality’, Words and Objections, ed. by D. Davidson and J. Hintikka, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 175–185.\nFrege, G.: 1970, ‘Begriffsschrift’, Frege and Gödel, ed. by J. van Heijenoort, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1–82.\nFriedman, M.: 1953, Essays in Positive Economics, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.\nGrafstein, R.: 1981, ‘The Problem of Choosing Your Alternatives: A Revision of the Public Choice Theory of Constitutions’, Social Science Quarterly 62, 199–212.\nGrafstein, R.: 1982, ‘Structure and Structuralism’, Social Science Quarterly 63, 617–633.\nGranger, G.G.: 1955, Méthodologie Économique, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.\nHoward, N.: 1971, Paradoxes of Rationality, MIT Press, Cambridge.\nKarlin, S.: 1959, Mathematical Methods and Theory in Games, Programming and Economics I, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.\nKuhn, H.W.: 1953, ‘Extensive Games and the Problem of Information’, Contributions to the Theory of Games II, ed. by H.W. Kuhn and A.W. Tucker, Princeton University, Princeton, 193–216.\nKuratowski, C.: 1921, ‘Sur la notion de l'ordre dans la théorie des ensembles’, Fundamenta Mathematicae 2, 161–171.\nLewis, D.K.: 1969, Convention: A Philosophical Study, Harvard University Press, Cambridge\nLuce, R.D. and Raiffa, H.: 1957, Games and Decisions, John Wiley, New York.\nMcKelvey, R. and Ordeshook, P.: 1976, ‘Symmetric Spatial Games Without Majority Rule Equilibria’, American Political Science Review 70, 1172–1184.\nNagel, E.: 1963, ‘Assumptions in Economic theory’, American Economic Review 53, 211–219.\nNeumann, J. von and Morgenstern, O.: 1953, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, John Wiley, New York.\nOwen, G.: 1974, ‘A Discussion of Minimax’, Management Science 20, 1316–1317.\nPeleg, B.: 1966, ‘The Independence of Game Theory of Utility Theory’, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 72, 995–999.\nQuine, W.V.: 1951, Mathematical Logic, Harper & Row, New York.\nQuine, W.V.: 1960, Word and Object, MIT Press, Cambridge.\nQuine, W.V.: 1969a, Ontological Relativity, Columbia University Press, New York.\nQuine, W.V.: 1969b, Set Theory and Its Logic, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.\nQuine, W.V.: 1971a, ‘Reference and Modality’, Reference and Modality, ed. by L. 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argue that the term “intuition”, as it is used in metaphilosophy, is ambiguous between at least four different senses. In philosophy of language, the relevant “intuitions” are either the outputs of our competence to interpret and produce linguistic expressions, or the speakers’ or hearers’ own reports of these outputs. The semantic facts that philosophers of language are interested in are determined by the outputs of our competence. Hence, philosophers of language should be interested in investigating these, and they do this by testing what we would say or understand in hypothetical communication situations. In the final section of the paper we suggest some methods for investigating these outputs which are independent of whether subjects report them, and hence which might be used as an alternative to the standard use of hypothetical cases.",{"EN":457},"Intuitions in Philosophical Semantics",{"VOID":459},"[\"5476395527220941642\"]",{"VOID":461},"Alexander, J. (2012). Experimental philosophy: An introduction. Cambridge: Polity.\nBaillargeon, R. (2004). Infant’s physical world. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 89–94.\nBealer, G. (1996). A priori knowledge and the scope of philosophy. Philosophical Studies, 81, 121–142.\nCappelen, H. (2012). Philosophy without intuitions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nCohnitz, D. (2006). Gedankenexperimente in der Philosophie. Paderborn: Mentis.\nCohnitz, D. (2014). Experimentelle sprachphilosophie. In T. Grundmann, J. Horvath & J. Kipper (Eds.), Die Experimentelle Philosophie in der Diskussion (pp. 235–258). Berlin: Suhrkamp.\nCohnitz, D., & Haukioja, J. (2013). Meta-externalism vs meta-internalism in the study of reference. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 91, 475–500.\nCohnitz, D., & Häggqvist, S. (2009). The role of intuitions in philosophy. Studia Philosophica Estonica, 2(2), 1–14.\nDevitt, M. (2006). Ignorance of language. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nDevitt, M. (2011a). Whither experimental semantics? Theoria, 72, 5–36.\nDevitt, M. (2011b). Experimental semantics. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 10, 418–435.\nDevitt, M. (2012a). The role of intuitions in the philosophy of language. In G. Russell & D. G. Fara (Eds.), Routledge companion to the philosophy of language (pp. 554–565). New York: Routledge.\nDevitt, M. (2012b). Semantic epistemology: Response to machery. Theoria, 74, 229–233.\nGoldman, A. (2007). Philosophical intuitions: Their target, their source, and their epistemic status. Grazer Philosophische Studien, 74, 1–26.\nJackman, H. (2009). Semantic intuitions, conceptual analysis, and cross-cultural variation. Philosophical Studies, 146, 159–177.\nLudwig, K. (2007). The epistemology of thought experiments: First-person approach vs. third-person approach. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 31, 128–159.\nMachery, E. (2011). Expertise and intuitions about reference. Theoria, 72, 37–54.\nMachery, E., Mallon, R., Nichols, S., & Stich, S. P. (2004). Semantics, cross-cultural style. Cognition, 92, B1–B12.\nMachery, E., Oliviola, C. Y., & de Blanc, M. (2009). Linguistic and metalinguistic intuitions in the philosophy of language. Analysis, 69, 689–694.\nMallon, R., Machery, E., Nichols, S., & Stich, S. P. (2009). Against arguments from reference. Philosophy and Phenomenological Review, LXXIX, 332–356.\nMartí, G. (2009). Against semantic multi-culturalism. Analysis, 69, 42–48.\nMartí, G. (2014). Reference and experimental semantics. In E. Machery & E. O’Neill (Eds.), Current controversies in experimental philosophy (pp. 17–26). London: Routledge.\nNagel, J. (2012). Intuitions and experiments: A defense of the case method in epistemology. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LXXXV, 495–527.\nReed, N., McLeod, P., & Dienes, Z. (2010). Implicit knowledge and motor skill: What people who know how to catch don’t know. Consciousness and Cognition, 19, 63–76.\nSchütze, C. T. (1996). The empirical base of linguistics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.\nSmith, B. C. (2006). Publicity, externalism and inner states. In T. Marvan (Ed.), What determines content? The internalism\u002Fexternalism dispute. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press.\nSytsma, J., & Livengood, J. (2011). A new perspective concerning experiments on semantic intuitions. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 89, 315–332.\nTanenhaus, M. K. & Spivey-Knowlton, M. J. (1996). Eye-tracking. In F. Grosjean & U. Frauenfelder (Eds.), Language and cognitive processes: A guide to spoken word recognition paradigms (Vol. 11, pp. 583–588). Hove: Psychology Press.\nTextor, M. (2009). Devitt on the epistemic authority of linguistic intuitions. Erkenntnis, 71, 395–405.\nWeinberg, J. (2007). How to challenge intuitions empirically without risking scepticism. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 11, 318–343.\nWeinberg, J., Nichols, S., & Stich, S. (2001). Normativity and epistemic intuitions. Philosophical Topics, 29, 429–460.\nWikipedia. (2012). http:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVegetarian_hot_dog.\nWilliamson, T. (2007). The philosophy of philosophy. 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I claim that the two issues are orthogonal. For definiteness, I consider Cartwright's argument that causal explanations secure belief in theoretical entities. In Section I, van Fraassen's anti-realism is reviewed; I argue that this anti-realism is, prima facie, consistent with a causal account of explanation. Section II reviews Cartwright's arguments. In Section III, it is argued that causal explanations do not license the sort of inferences to theoretical entities that would embarass the anti-realist. Section IV examines the epistemic commitments involved in accepting a causal explanation. Section V presents my conclusions: contra Cartwright, the anti-realist may incorporate a causal account of explanation into his vision of science in an entirely natural way.",{"EN":569},"Causal explanation and scientific realism",{"VOID":571},"[\"3662440389483434026\"]",{"VOID":573},"10.1007\u002FBF00209320","2024-05-02T14:58:18.661+00:00","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002FBF00209320",[577],{"id":578,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":579,"affiliations":580,"properties":589,"displayName":591,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"58442a21-1ed3-400c-9aa8-c0b1e68c5015",[263],[581],{"id":582,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":583,"properties":22},"1f5b93f2-c164-4b92-8262-33aa0011fbbe",{"id":582,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":584,"slug":22,"properties":585,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":588,"statistic":22},[],{"title":586},{"VI":587},"Dept. of 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G. Shugart (eds.): 1981, After Einstein, Memphis State University Press, Memphis.",{},{"id":658,"text":659,"url":660,"identifiers":661},"4c68646b-0035-4279-8000-0006b275d4fa","Bogen J. and J. Woodward: 1988, ‘Saving the Phenomena’, Philosophical Review 97, 303–352.","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10440-022-00541-7",{"doi":662},"10.1007\u002Fs10440-022-00541-7",{"id":658,"text":664,"url":660,"identifiers":665},"Bohr N.: 1935a, ‘Quantum Mechanics and Physical Reality’, Letter to Nature 135, 65. Reprinted in Wheeler and Zurek (1983).",{"doi":662},{"id":667,"text":668,"url":669,"identifiers":670},"5b67a6d0-7190-4997-bb7c-b3c3f67ac3a5","Bohr N.: 1935b, ‘Can Quantum Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?’, Physical Review 48, 696–702. Reprinted in Wheeler and Zurek (1983).","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS187605030870375X",{"doi":671},"10.1016\u002Fs1876-0503(08)70375-x",{"id":658,"text":673,"url":660,"identifiers":674},"Bohr, N.: 1949, ‘Discussion with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics’, in Schilpp (1949), pp. 200–41. Reprinted in Wheeler and Zurek (1983).",{"doi":662},{"id":676,"text":677,"url":678,"identifiers":679},"8c557ccf-3bd2-4276-b371-13c333316e6d","Cartwright N.: 1983, How the Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford University Press, Oxford.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.goodreads.com\u002Fbook\u002Fshow\u002F288715.How_the_Laws_of_Physics_Lie",{"isbn":680,"isbn13":681},"0198247044","9780198247043",{"id":658,"text":683,"url":660,"identifiers":684},"Cartwright N.: 1989a, Nature's Capacities and Their Measurement, Oxford University Press, Oxford.",{"doi":662},{"id":658,"text":686,"url":660,"identifiers":687},"Cartwright, N.: 1989b, ‘Capacities and Abstractions’, in Kitcher and Salmon (1989), pp. 349–356.",{"doi":662},{"id":22,"text":689,"url":22,"identifiers":690},"Churchland P. and C. Hooker (eds.): 1985, Images of Science, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.",{},{"id":692,"text":693,"url":694,"identifiers":695},"7ea2edff-359c-442f-9319-7fc783e0c357","Einstein A., B. Podolski, and N. Rosen: 1935, ‘Can Quantum Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?’, Physical Review 47, 777–80. Reprinted in Wheeler and Zurek (1983).","https:\u002F\u002Flink.aps.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1103\u002FPhysRev.47.777",{"doi":696},"10.1103\u002Fphysrev.47.777",{"id":22,"text":698,"url":22,"identifiers":699},"Fine, A.: 1981, ‘Einstein's Critique of Quantum Theory: The Roots and Significance of EPR’, in Barker and Shugart (1981), pp. 147–58.",{},{"id":22,"text":701,"url":22,"identifiers":702},"Fine A. and P. Machamer (eds.): 1986, PSA 1986, Philosophy of Science Association, East Lansing, Mich.",{},{"id":22,"text":704,"url":22,"identifiers":705},"Gasiorowicz S.: 1974, Quantum Physics, Wiley and Sons, New York.",{},{"id":22,"text":707,"url":22,"identifiers":708},"Glymour C.: 1980, Theory and Evidence, Princeton University Press, Princeton.",{},{"id":658,"text":710,"url":660,"identifiers":711},"Glymour, C.: 1984, ‘Explanation and Realism’, in Leplin (1984), pp. 173–92.",{"doi":662},{"id":658,"text":713,"url":660,"identifiers":714},"Harman G.: 1965, ‘The Inference to the Best Explanation’, Philosophical Review 74, 88–95.",{"doi":662},{"id":658,"text":716,"url":660,"identifiers":717},"Harman G.: 1968, ‘Knowledge, Inference, and Explanation’, American Philosophical Quarterly 5, 164–73.",{"doi":662},{"id":22,"text":719,"url":22,"identifiers":720},"Humphreys P.: 1989a, The Chances of Explanation, Princeton University Press, Princeton.",{},{"id":658,"text":722,"url":660,"identifiers":723},"Humphreys, P.: 1989b, ‘Scientific Explanation: The Causes, Some of the Causes, and Nothing But the Causes’, in Kitcher and Salmon (1989), pp. 283–306.",{"doi":662},{"id":658,"text":725,"url":660,"identifiers":726},"Kitcher, P.: 1989, ‘Explanatory Unification and the Causal Structure of the World’, in Kitcher and Salmon (1989), pp. 410–506.",{"doi":662},{"id":22,"text":728,"url":22,"identifiers":729},"Kitcher P. and W. C. Salmon (eds.): 1989, Scientific Explanation, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.",{},{"id":658,"text":731,"url":660,"identifiers":732},"Kochen S. and E. P. Specker: 1967, ‘The Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics’, Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics 17, 59–87.",{"doi":662},{"id":22,"text":734,"url":22,"identifiers":735},"Leplin J. (ed.): 1984, Scientific Realism, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.",{},{"id":737,"text":738,"url":739,"identifiers":740},"ace2bf40-dc47-4d44-98bd-c479331e3dcc","Locke J.: 1975, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, (first published in 1689) edited by P. H.Nidditch, Oxford University Press, Oxford.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.goodreads.com\u002Fbook\u002Fshow\u002F1003890.An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding",{"isbn":741,"isbn13":742},"087220216X","9780872202160",{"id":658,"text":744,"url":660,"identifiers":745},"Mayo, D.: 1986, ‘Cartwright, Causality, and Coincidence’ in Fine and Machamer (1986).",{"doi":662},{"id":22,"text":747,"url":22,"identifiers":748},"Perrin J.: 1923, Atoms, translation of Les Atomes (1912), translated by D. L. Hammick, Van Nostrand, New York.",{},{"id":658,"text":750,"url":660,"identifiers":751},"Railton, P.: 1989, ‘Explanation and Metaphysical Controversy’, in Kitcher and Salmon (1989), pp. 220–252.",{"doi":662},{"id":22,"text":753,"url":22,"identifiers":754},"Salmon W.: 1984, Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World, Princeton University Press, Princeton.",{},{"id":658,"text":756,"url":660,"identifiers":757},"Salmon, W.: 1989, ‘Four Decades of Scientific Explanation’, in Kitcher and Salmon (1989), pp. 3–219.",{"doi":662},{"id":22,"text":759,"url":22,"identifiers":760},"Schilpp P. A., (ed.): 1949, Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, The Library of Living Philosophers, Evanston IL.",{},{"id":22,"text":762,"url":22,"identifiers":763},"VanFraassen B. C.: 1980, The Scientific Image, Oxford University Press, Oxford.",{},{"id":22,"text":765,"url":22,"identifiers":766},"VanFraassen B. C.: 1984, ‘Belief and the Will’, Journal of Philosophy 81, 235–56.",{},{"id":22,"text":768,"url":22,"identifiers":769},"Van Fraassen, B. C.: 1985, ‘Empiricism in the Philosophy of Science’, in Churchland and Hooker (1985), pp. 245–308.",{},{"id":22,"text":771,"url":22,"identifiers":772},"Van Fraassen B. C.: 1989, Laws and Symmetry, Oxford University Press, Oxford.",{},{"id":22,"text":774,"url":22,"identifiers":775},"Wheeler J. A. and W. H. Zurek (eds.): 1983, Quantum Theory and Measurement, Princeton University Press, Princeton.",{},{"id":777,"createTime":778,"updateTime":779,"relativeEntities":780,"slug":781,"properties":782,"entityType":254,"verifyStatus":255,"verifyTime":793,"verifyNote":257,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":794,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":795,"publicationType":296,"publisherRelationship":811,"citationCount":120,"citationInfo":863,"publishDate":867,"publishYear":864,"citationAnalyzeStatus":650,"lastCitationAnalyze":868,"indexDatabases":869,"openAccess":22,"references":22,"isForceReanalyzing":356},"e97b708e-1180-4496-8156-9aecdace146b","2023-12-02T22:00:42.964+00:00","2026-07-28T17:57:47.636+00:00",[],"Naturalizing-the-Human-or-Humanizing-Nature-Science-Nature-and-the-Supernatural",{"abstract":783,"title":785,"gsPaper":787,"references":789,"doi":791},{"EN":784},"The present paper challenges the narrow scientistic conception of Nature that underlies current projects of “naturalization” involving, say, evaluative or intentional discourse. It is more plausible to hold that science provides only a partial characterization of the natural world. I consider McDowell's articulation of a more liberal naturalism, one which recognizes autonomous normative facts about reasons, meanings and values, as genuine constituents of Nature on a more liberal conception of it. Several critics have claimed that this account is vitiated by the threat of supernaturalism. Responsiveness to normative facts is, I argue, a phenomenological datum that we have good reason to take at face value. I trace the source of the supernaturalist objection to a misreading of McDowell's perceptual analogy with respect to value and a related failing to clearly distinguish physical and logical notions of an object.",{"EN":786},"Naturalizing the Human or Humanizing Nature: Science, Nature and the Supernatural",{"VOID":788},"[\"14471477001711138559\"]",{"VOID":790},"Armstrong, David: 1980, 'Naturalism, Materialism and First Philosophy', The Nature of Mind & Other Essays, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia.\nBlackburn, Simon: 1984, Spreading the Word, Clarendon, Oxford.\nBurge, Tyler: 1998, 'Reason and the First Person', in MacDonald, Cynthia, Barry Smith, and Crispin Wright (eds), Knowing Our Own Minds, Clarendon, Oxford.\nCavell, Stanley: 1969, 'Must We Mean What We Say?', in Must We Mean What We Say? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.\nCavell, Stanley: 1979, 'Excursus on Wittgenstein's Vision of Language', in The Claim of Reason, Oxford University Press, Oxford.\nDanto, Arthur: 1967, 'Naturalism', in Edwards, Paul (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, Macmillan, New York.\nDe Caro, Mario and David MacArthur (eds): 2004, Naturalism in Question, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.\nDewey, John: 1944, 'Anti-Naturalism In Extremis', in Krikorian, Y. H. (ed.), Naturalism and the Human Spirit, Columbia University Press, New York.\nDiamond, Cara: 1996, 'Wittgenstein, Mathematics, and Ethics: Resisting the Attractions of Nealism', in Sluga, Hans, and David Stern (eds) The Cambridge Companion to Wittgenstein, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.\nDupré, John: 1993, The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundation of the Disunity of Science, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.\nFodor, Jerry: 1986, 'Special Sciences', in Representations: Philosophical Essays on the Foundations of Cognitive Science, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.\nFodor, Jerry: 1995, 'Encounters with Trees', London Review of Books 17(8), 10–11.\nHaugeland, John: 1998, Having Thought, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.\nHook, Sidney: 1944, 'Naturalism and Democracy', in Krikorian, Y. H. (ed.), Naturalism and the Human Spirit, Columbia University Press, New York.\nHutchison, Ketih: 1983, 'Supernaturalism and the Mechanical Philosophy', History of Science 21, 297–333.\nKim, Jaegwon: 1993, Supervenience andMind, CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge.\nKitcher, Philip: 1992, 'The Naturalists Return', Philosophical Review 101, 53–114.\nLovibond, Sabina: 1983, Realism and Imagination in Ethics, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.\nMackie, John: 1977, Ethics: Inventing Right & Wrong, Penguin, New York.\nMcDowell, John: 1979, 'Virtue & Reason', The Monist 62, 331–350.\nMcDowell, John: 1981, 'Anti-Realism and the Epistemology of Understanding', in Parrett, Herman and Jacques Bouveresse (eds), Meaning and Understanding, De Guyter, Berlin.\nMcDowell, John: 1983, 'Aesthetic Value, Objectivity and the Fabric of the World', in Schaper, Eva (ed.), Pleasure, Preference & Value, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.\nMcDowell, John: 1988, 'Values and Secondary Qualities', in Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey (ed.) Essays on Moral Realism, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.\nMcDowell, John: 1994, Mind & World, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.\nMcDowell, John: 1995, 'Two Sorts of Naturalism', in Hursthouse, Rosalind, Gavin Lawrence, and Warren Quinn (eds), Virtues and Reasons: Philippa Foot & Moral Theory, Clarendon Press, Oxford.\nMcDowell, John: 1998, Mind, Value and Reality, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.\nMenzies, Peter: 2003, 'Difference-Making in Context', in Collins, John et al. (eds), Counterfactuals and Causation, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.\nPapineau, David: 1996, 'Précis of Philosophical Naturalism', Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 56, 657–665.\nPapineau, David: 1999. 'Normativity and Judgment', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 73, 17–43.\nPippin, Robert: 2002, 'Leaving Nature Behind or Two Cheers for 'Subjectivism'', in Smith, Nicolas (ed.), Reading McDowell on Mind & World, Routledge, London.\nPrice, Huw: 1988, Facts and the Function of Truth, Blackwell, Oxford.\nPrice, Huw: 1992. 'Metaphysical Pluralism', Journal of Philosophy 89, 387–409.\nPrice, Huw: 2002, 'Carnap, Quine and the Fate of Metaphysics', The Electronic Journal of Analytic Philosophy [online].\nPrice, Huw: 2004, 'Naturalism Without Representationalism', in De Caro, Mario and David MacArthur (eds), Naturalism in Question, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.\nPutnam, Hilary: 1994, in Conant, James (ed.), Words and Life, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.\nPutnam, Hilary: 2004, 'The Content and Appeal of Naturalism,' in De Caro, Mario and David MacArthur (eds.) (2004).\nQuine, W. V.: 1964, 'On What There Is', in From a Logical Point of View, Harvard University Press, 2nd edn, Cambridge, Mass.\nQuine, W. V.: 1981, Theories and Things, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.\nRailton, Peter: 1989, 'Naturalism and Prescriptivity', Social Philosophy & Policy 7, 151–174.\nRailton, Peter: 1993, 'Reply to David Wiggins', in Haldane, John and Crispin Wright (eds), Reality, Representation & Projection, Oxford University Press, Oxford.\nRyle, Gilbert: 1949, The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson, London.\nScanlon, Thomas: 1998, What We Owe to Each Other, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.\nSellars, Wilfred: 1956, 'Empiricism & The Philosophy of Mind', in Science, Perception & Reality, Routledge, London.\nSklar, Lawrence: 2001, 'Naturalism and the Interpretation of Theories', Proceedings & Addresses of the APA 75 [online]\nSmart, J. J. C.: 1970, 'Ryle in Relation to Modern Science', in Wood, O. P. and George Pitcher (eds), Ryle: A Collection of Critical Essays, Macmillan, London.\nStitch, Stephen: 1996, Deconstructing the Mind, Oxford University Press, Oxford.\nStroud, Barry: 1996, 'The Charm of Naturalism', Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 70, 43–55.\nTanney, Julia: 1998, 'How to Resist Mental Representations', International Journal of Philosophical Studies 6, 264–278.\nTanney, Julia: 1999, 'Normativity and Judgment', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 73, 44–61.\nTaylor, Charles: 1989, Sources of the Self, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.\nWiggins, David: 1991, Needs, Values, Truth, Blackwell, 2nd edn, Oxford.\nWittgenstein, Ludwig: 1958, Philosophical Investigations, Blackwell, Oxford.\nWright, Crispin: 1988. 'Moral Values, Projection and Secondary Qualities', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 62, 1–26.\nWright, Crispin: 1992, Truth and Objectivity, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.\nWright, Crispin: 1996, 'Human Nature', European Journal of Philosophy 4, 235–253.",{"VOID":792},"10.1023\u002FB:ERKE.0000037533.27509.c0","2024-06-25T02:05:06.613+00:00","http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1023\u002FB:ERKE.0000037533.27509.c0",[796],{"id":797,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":798,"affiliations":799,"properties":808,"displayName":810,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"1f1deea6-cc57-4cea-a60a-c2a219b58c58",[263],[800],{"id":801,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":802,"properties":22},"22b552dc-ea28-4821-a825-88bb80697503",{"id":801,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":803,"slug":22,"properties":804,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":807,"statistic":22},[],{"title":805},{"VI":806},"The Department of Philosophy, Main Quad, A14, The University of Sydney, Australia",[],{"title":809},{"VI":810},"David 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widely supposed that unification is an epistemic virtue: the degree to which a theory is unified contributes to its overall confirmation. However, this supposition has consequences which haven't been noted, and which undermine the leading accounts of unification. For, given Hempel's equivalence condition, any epistemic virtue must be such that logically equivalent theories must equally well unify any body of evidence, and logically equivalent bodies of evidence must be equally well unified by any theory. Yet the leading accounts of unification in Bayesian terms, or those in terms of argument patterns, cannot satisfy these constraints conditions. The reason for this runs deep: these accounts of unification make unity depend on factors that vary between equivalent theories: the probabilistic relations of their components, or their relations to argument patterns. The solution is to abandon such accounts and instead adopt an account of unity based on worldly relations such as causation, rather than inferential relations. Such an account effortlessly satisfies the equivalence conditions, and so may describe the epistemic virtue of unity.",{"EN":880},"Unity As An Epistemic Virtue",{"VOID":882},"[\"70585402547146746\"]",{"VOID":884},"Andreason, D. L. (2003). Plate tectonics; the general theory: Complex earth is simpler than you think. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 2006(413), 29–38.\nCamp, V. E. & Ross, M. E. (2004). Radiating volcanic migrations: An example from the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, 2156–2202.\nDavidson, D. (1967). The logical form of action sentences. In N. Rescher (Ed.), The logic of decision and action (pp. 81–95). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.\nDay, T., & Kincaid, H. (1994). Putting inference to the best explanation in its place. Synthese, 98(2), 271–295.\nFitelson, B. (2008). Goodman’s “new riddle”. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 376, 613–643.\nForster, M. R. (1995). Bayes and bust: Simplicity as a problem for a probabilist’s approach to confirmation. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 463, 399–424.\nFoulger, G. R. (2010). Plates vs plumes: A geological controversy. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.\nFrench, S. (2013). The structure of theories. In M. Curd & S. Psillos (Eds.), The Routledge companion to philosophy of science. Abingdon: Routledge.\nFriedman, M. (1974). Explanation and scientific understanding. The Journal of Philosophy, 711, 5–19.\nGarber, D. (1983). Old evidence and logical omniscience in Bayesian confirmation theory. Testing Scientific Theories, 10, 99–133.\nGlymour, C. (1980). Why i am not a Bayesian. In his theory and evidence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.\nHanen, M. (1967). Goodman, Wallace, and the equivalence condition. The Journal of Philosophy, 649, 271–280.\nHempel, C. G. (1945a). Studies in the logic of confirmation. Mind, 54213, 1–26.\nHempel, C. G. (1945b). Studies in the logic of confirmation (I). Mind, 54(213), 1–26.\nHumphreys, P. (1993). Greater unification equals greater understanding? Analysis, 533, 183–188.\nJones, T. (1995). Reductionism and the unification theory of explanation. Philosophy of Science, 62, 21–30.\nKim, J. (1976). Events as property exemplifications. In M. A. S. Feldnian, E. Sosa & E. Wierenga (Eds.), Action theory (pp. 159–177). Dordrecht: Reidel.\nKitcher, P. (1981). Explanatory unification. Philosophy of Science, 48, 507–531.\nKitcher, P. (1989). Explanatory unification and the causal structure of the world. In P. Kitcher & W. C. Salmon (Eds.), Scientific explanation: Volume 13 of Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science (pp. 410–505). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.\nLange, M. (2004). Bayesianism and unification: A reply to Wayne Myrvold. Philosophy of Science, 71(2), 205–215.\nLipton, P. (2004). Inference to the best explanation (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.\nMäki, U., & Marchionni, C. (2009). On the structure of explanatory unification: The case of geographical economics. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 402, 185–195.\nMcGrew, T. (2003). Confirmation, heuristics, and explanatory reasoning. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 544, 553–567.\nMiller, D. (1972). The truth-likeness of truthlikeness. Analysis, 332, 50–55.\nMorgenbesser, S. (1962). Goodman on the ravens. The Journal of Philosophy, 5918, 493–495.\nMyrvold, W. C. (2003). A Bayesian account of the virtue of unification. Philosophy of Science, 702, 399–423.\nNovack, G. (2007). Does evidential variety depend on how the evidence is described? Philosophy of Science, 74(5), 701–711.\nOkasha, S. (2000). Van Fraassen′s critique of inference to the best explanation. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 31(4), 691–710.\nRoland, J. W. (2008). Kitcher and the obsessive unifier. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 772, 493–506.\nSchupbach, J. N. (2005). On a Bayesian analysis of the virtue of unification. Philosophy of Science, 724, 594–607.\nSchurz, G. (1999). Explanation as unification. Synthese, 1201, 95–114.\nSkipper, R. A, Jr. (1999). Selection and the extent of explanatory unification. Philosophy of Science, 66, S196–S209.\nSkipper, R. A, Jr., & Millstein, R. L. (2005). Thinking about evolutionary mechanisms: Natural selection. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 362, 327–347.\nSteel, D. (1998). Warfare and western manufactures: A case study of explanation in anthropology. Philosophy of Science, 65, 649–671.\nStrevens, M. (2004). The causal and unification approaches to explanation unified—Causally. Noûs, 38(1), 154–176.\nSwinburne, R. G. (1971). The paradoxes of confirmation: A survey. American Philosophical Quarterly, 84, 318–330.\nTentori, K., Crupi, V., Bonini, N., & Osherson, D. (2007). Comparison of confirmation measures. Cognition, 103(1), 107–119.\nThagard, P. R. (1978). The best explanation: Criteria for theory choice. The Journal of Philosophy, 75, 76–92.\nTichý, P. (1974). On Popper’s definitions of verisimilitude. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 252, 155–160.\nWoodward, J. (2005). Making things happen: A theory of causal explanation. New York: Oxford University Press.",{"VOID":886},"10.1007\u002Fs10670-017-9923-1","2024-08-30T23:31:01.402+00:00","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10670-017-9923-1",[890],{"id":891,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":892,"affiliations":893,"properties":902,"displayName":904,"givenName":22,"familyName":22},"4d64dfe9-ba0a-48b5-87e5-b129a6ad75f5",[263],[894],{"id":895,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":896,"properties":22},"cef9a327-758d-443b-909f-d4c0c916beb9",{"id":895,"createTime":22,"updateTime":22,"relativeEntities":897,"slug":22,"properties":898,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":22,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":22,"url":22,"parentIds":901,"statistic":22},[],{"title":899},{"VI":900},"Department of Philosophy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK",[],{"title":903},{"VI":904},"Kit 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phenomenon of mutual support presents a specific challenge to the foundationalist epistemologist: Is it possible to model mutual support accurately without using circles of evidential support? We argue that the appearance of loops of support arises from a failure to distinguish different synchronic lines of evidential force. The ban on loops should be clarified to exclude loops within any such line, and basing should be understood as taking place within lines of evidence. Uncertain propositions involved in mutual support relations are conduits to each other of independent evidence originating ultimately in the foundations. We examine several putative examples of benign loops of support and show that, given the distinctions noted, they can be accurately modeled in a foundationalist fashion. We define an evidential “tangle,” a relation among three propositions that appears to require a loop for modeling, and prove that all such tangles are trivial in a sense that precludes modeling them with an evidential circle.",{"EN":972},"Foundationalism, Probability, and Mutual Support",{"VOID":974},"[\"6113304066667326807\"]",{"VOID":976},"Dancy, J. (2003). A defense of coherentism. In L. Pojman (Ed.), The theory of knowledge: Classical and contemporary readings (pp. 206–215). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.\nHaack, S. (1993). Evidence and inquiry. Oxford: Blackwell.\nHawthorne, J. (2004). Three models of sequential belief updating on uncertain evidence. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 33, 89–123.\nJeffrey, R. (1990). The logic of decision. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\nJeffrey, R. (1992). Conditioning, kinematics, and exchangeability. In Probability and the art of judgment (pp. 117–153). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nMcGrew, T. (1995). The foundations of knowledge. Lanham, MD: Littlefield Adams Books.\nMcGrew, T. (1999). How foundationalists do crossword puzzles. Philosophical Studies, 96, 333–350.\nMcGrew, T., & McGrew, L. (2000). Foundationalism, transitivity, and confirmation. Journal of Philosphical Research, 25, 47–66.\nMcGrew, T., & McGrew, L. (2007). Internalism and epistemology: The architecture of reason. London: Routledge.\nPearl, J. (1988). Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems: Networks of plausible inference. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.\nPost, J. (1996). Epistemology. In D Weissman (Ed.), Discourse on the method and meditations on first philosophy (pp. 236–271). New Haven: Yale University Press.\nPost, J., & Turner, D. (2000). Sic transitivity: Reply to McGrew and McGrew. The Journal of Philosophical Research, 25, 67–82.\nShogenji, T. (2003). A condition for transitivity in probabilistic support. 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