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Thứ ba, chúng tôi đề xuất các thiết kế nghiên cứu thay thế để xác định các cơ chế nguyên nhân dưới các giả định yếu hơn. Cách tiếp cận được đề xuất được minh họa thông qua các thí nghiệm định hình truyền thông và các nghiên cứu về lợi thế đương nhiệm.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Identifying causal mechanisms is a fundamental goal of social science. Researchers seek to study not only whether one variable affects another but also how such a causal relationship arises. Yet commonly used statistical methods for identifying causal mechanisms rely upon untestable assumptions and are often inappropriate even under those assumptions. Randomizing treatment and intermediate variables is also insufficient. Despite these difficulties, the study of causal mechanisms is too important to abandon. We make three contributions to improve research on causal mechanisms. First, we present a minimum set of assumptions required under standard designs of experimental and observational studies and develop a general algorithm for estimating causal mediation effects. Second, we provide a method for assessing the sensitivity of conclusions to potential violations of a key assumption. Third, we offer alternative research designs for identifying causal mechanisms under weaker assumptions. 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N.d. “The Causal Mediation Formula: A Guide to the Assessment of Pathways and Mechanisms.” Prevention Science. Forthcoming.",{},{"id":24,"text":862,"url":24,"identifiers":863},"10.1037\u002Fa0020761",{"doi":862},{"id":24,"text":865,"url":24,"identifiers":866},"Druckman, 2005, Media Matter: How Newspapers and Television News Cover Campaigns and Influence Voters, American Political Science Review, 22, 463",{},{"id":24,"text":868,"url":24,"identifiers":869},"10.1037\u002F0022-3514.51.6.1173",{"doi":868},{"id":24,"text":871,"url":24,"identifiers":872},"Pearl, 2001, Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, 411",{},{"id":24,"text":874,"url":24,"identifiers":875},"Imai K. , Keele L. , Tingley D. , and Yamamoto T. . 2011. “Replication Data for: Unpacking the Black Box of Causality: Learning about Causal Mechanisms from Experimental and Observational Studies.” The Dataverse Network. hdl:1902.1\u002F16467 (accessed September 1, 2011).",{},{"id":877,"createTime":878,"updateTime":879,"relativeEntities":880,"slug":881,"properties":882,"entityType":111,"verifyStatus":112,"verifyTime":878,"verifyNote":113,"languages":896,"translateLanguages":897,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":898,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":899,"publicationType":155,"publisherRelationship":919,"citationCount":968,"citationInfo":969,"publishDate":981,"publishYear":970,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":982,"openAccess":24,"references":983,"isForceReanalyzing":226},"eff47a65-0637-43b2-a0f3-118078ea97e0","2024-10-06T23:04:57.398+00:00","2025-02-04T12:04:31.354+00:00",[],"The-Silent-Revolution-in-Europe-Intergenerational-Change-in-Post-Industrial-Societies",{"openalex":883,"mag":885,"abstract":887,"title":890,"keywords":893,"doi":894},{"VOID":884},"W2154914877",{"VOID":886},"2154914877",{"VI":888,"EN":889},"\u003Cjats:p>Có thể đang diễn ra một sự biến đổi trong những ưu tiên chính trị cơ bản ở Tây Âu. Tôi giả định rằng: (1) con người có nhiều loại nhu cầu mà được ưu tiên cao hoặc thấp tùy thuộc vào mức độ thỏa mãn của chúng: con người hành động vì nhu cầu chưa được thỏa mãn quan trọng nhất của mình, ít tập trung vào những nhu cầu đã được thỏa mãn—trừ khi (2) con người có xu hướng giữ lại các ưu tiên giá trị được áp dụng từ những năm tháng hình thành trong suốt cuộc sống trưởng thành. Ở Tây Âu hiện nay, nhu cầu về an toàn thể chất và an ninh kinh tế được thỏa mãn tương đối tốt cho một tỷ lệ lớn chưa từng thấy của dân cư. Các nhóm trẻ hơn và có thu nhập cao hơn đã được hình thành hoàn toàn dưới những điều kiện này, và có vẻ như có khả năng tương đối cao để ưu tiên hàng đầu vào việc thỏa mãn những nhu cầu còn lại thứ yếu so với đa số dân cư lớn tuổi và có thu nhập thấp hơn. Nhu cầu về sự thuộc về và tự thỏa mãn trí thức cùng thẩm mỹ (được định nghĩa là giá trị “hậu tiểu tư sản”) có thể sẽ được ưu tiên hàng đầu trong nhóm này. Dữ liệu khảo sát từ sáu quốc gia cho thấy rằng ưu tiên giá trị của nhóm hậu chiến có thu nhập cao hơn tương phản với những nhóm được nuôi dưỡng dưới điều kiện an ninh kinh tế và thể chất thấp hơn. Ngoài ra, các mô hình ưu tiên giá trị quốc gia tương ứng với lịch sử kinh tế của quốc gia đó, cho thấy rằng sự khác biệt giữa các nhóm tuổi phản ánh tính bền vững của những trải nghiệm trước tuổi trưởng thành, chứ không phải là hiệu ứng chu kỳ đời sống. Các ưu tiên giá trị đặc biệt này ám chỉ hành vi chính trị đặc biệt—có mối liên hệ thực nghiệm với sở thích về các vấn đề chính trị và các đảng phái chính trị cụ thể theo cách có thể dự đoán. Nếu các nhóm tuổi tương ứng giữ nguyên ưu tiên giá trị hiện tại của họ, chúng tôi dự đoán sẽ có những biến chuyển dài hạn trong các mục tiêu chính trị và mô hình đảng phái chính trị đang diễn ra trong các xã hội này.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>A transformation of basic political priorities may be taking place in Western Europe. I hypothesize: (1) that people have a variety of needs which are given high or low priority according to their degree of fulfillment: people act on behalf of their most important unsatisfied need, giving relatively little attention to needs already satisfied—except that (2) people tend to retain the value priorities adopted in their formative years throughout adult life. In contemporary Western Europe, needs for physical safety and economic security are relatively well satisfied for an unprecedentedly large share of the population. Younger, more affluent groups have been formed entirely under these conditions, and seem relatively likely to give top priority to fulfillment of needs which remain secondary to the older and less affluent majority of the population. Needs for belonging and intellectual and esthetic self-fulfillment (characterized as “post-bourgeois” values) may take top priorities among the former group. Survey data from six countries indicate that the value priorities of the more affluent postwar group do contrast with those of groups raised under conditions of lesser economic and physical security. National patterns of value priorities correspond to the given nation's economic history, moreover, suggesting that the age-group differences reflect the persistence of preadult experiences, rather than life cycle effects. The distinctive value priorities imply distinctive political behavior—being empirically linked with preferences for specific political issues and political parties in a predictable fashion. If the respective age cohorts retain their present value priorities, we would expect long-term shifts in the political goals and patterns of political partisanship prevailing in these societies.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":891,"VI":892},"The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Societies","Cách mạng Im lặng ở châu Âu: Sự thay đổi giữa các thế hệ trong các xã hội hậu công nghiệp",{"VI":486},{"VOID":895},"10.2307\u002F1953494",[115],[117],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002Fidentifier\u002FS0003055400137426\u002Ftype\u002Fjournal_article",[900],{"id":901,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":902,"affiliations":903,"properties":912,"displayName":916,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"5673ef57-e997-4599-b324-f740ebb9bc1e",[],[904],{"id":905,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":906,"properties":24},"80f5b727-8576-48ac-8372-93e2fdc0dea9",{"id":905,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":907,"slug":24,"properties":908,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":911,"statistic":24},[],{"title":909},{"EN":910},"University of Michigan and University of Geneva",[],{"orcid":913,"title":915,"openalex":917},{"VOID":914},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-5620-3363",{"EN":916},"Ronald Inglehart",{"VOID":918},"A5032884966",{"url":24,"publisher":920,"properties":962},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":921,"slug":10,"properties":922,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"subjectFields":927,"manageAffiliations":936,"indexDatabases":947,"url":90,"thumbnailPath":24,"statistic":24,"gsStatistic":24,"type":24,"analyzePriority":24},[],{"country":923,"eissn":924,"issn":925,"title":926},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"VOID":17},{"EN":19},[928,932],{"id":28,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":929,"label":930,"description":931,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":31},{},{"id":34,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":933,"label":934,"description":935,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":37},{},[937,942],{"id":41,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":938,"slug":24,"properties":939,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":941,"statistic":24},[],{"title":940},{"EN":45},[],{"id":48,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":943,"slug":24,"properties":944,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":946,"statistic":24},[],{"title":945},{"EN":52},[],[948,955],{"id":73,"indexDatabase":949,"url":84,"indexYears":85,"academicFieldIds":954,"indexDatabaseRanking":89},{"id":75,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":950,"label":951,"description":952,"key":81,"publicationTags":953,"standard":24},[],{"EN":78,"VI":78},{"EN":78,"VI":80},[83],[87,88],{"id":56,"indexDatabase":956,"url":69,"indexYears":24,"academicFieldIds":961,"indexDatabaseRanking":24},{"id":58,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":957,"label":958,"description":959,"key":65,"publicationTags":960,"standard":24},[],{"EN":61,"VI":61},{"EN":63,"VI":64},[67,68],[71],{"issue":963,"pages":964,"volume":966},{"VOID":616},{"VOID":965},"991-1017",{"VOID":967},"65",1584,{"total":968,"publishYear":970,"statisticByYear":971},1971,{"2012":342,"2013":624,"2014":972,"2015":973,"2016":336,"2017":974,"2018":975,"2019":338,"2020":976,"2021":977,"2022":978,"2023":979,"2024":980},57,62,59,101,70,79,90,64,58,"1971-12-01",[67,89],[984,987,990,993,996,999,1002,1005,1008,1011,1014,1017,1020,1023,1026,1029,1032,1035,1038,1041,1044,1047,1050,1053,1056,1059,1062,1065,1068,1071,1074,1077,1080,1083],{"id":24,"text":985,"url":24,"identifiers":986},"10.2307\u002F1955512",{"doi":985},{"id":24,"text":988,"url":24,"identifiers":989},"Adorno, 1950, The Authoritarian Personality",{},{"id":24,"text":991,"url":24,"identifiers":992},"Lane, 1970, Political Thinking and Consciousness",{},{"id":24,"text":994,"url":24,"identifiers":995},"Converse, 1966, Elections and the Political Order",{},{"id":24,"text":997,"url":24,"identifiers":998},"Campbell, 1960, The American Voter",{},{"id":24,"text":1000,"url":24,"identifiers":1001},"1971, Changing Value Priorities and European Integration, Journal of Common Market Studies",{},{"id":24,"text":1003,"url":24,"identifiers":1004},"10.1111\u002Fj.1540-4560.1967.tb00586.x",{"doi":1003},{"id":24,"text":1006,"url":24,"identifiers":1007},"Davies, 1963, Human Nature and Politics, 13",{},{"id":24,"text":1009,"url":24,"identifiers":1010},"Inglehart, 1971, Révolutionnarisme Post-Bourgeois en France, en Allemagne et aux États-Unis, Il Politico, 36, 209",{},{"id":24,"text":1012,"url":24,"identifiers":1013},"Shirer, 1969, The Collapse of the Third Republic, 201",{},{"id":24,"text":1015,"url":24,"identifiers":1016},"Lipset's, 1960, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics",{},{"id":24,"text":1018,"url":24,"identifiers":1019},"10.1017\u002FS0020818300017446",{"doi":1018},{"id":24,"text":1021,"url":24,"identifiers":1022},"10.1177\u002F001041407000300206",{"doi":1021},{"id":24,"text":1024,"url":24,"identifiers":1025},"Veblen, 1934, The Theory of the Leisure Class",{},{"id":24,"text":1027,"url":24,"identifiers":1028},"1970, The Greening of America",{},{"id":24,"text":1030,"url":24,"identifiers":1031},"Schumpeter, 1942, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy",{},{"id":24,"text":1033,"url":24,"identifiers":1034},"10.1177\u002F001041406900200201",{"doi":1033},{"id":24,"text":1036,"url":24,"identifiers":1037},"Pierce, 1970, Basic Cleavages in French Politics and the Disorders of May and June, 1968",{},{"id":24,"text":1039,"url":24,"identifiers":1040},"Sonquist, 1970, Multivariate Model Building: the Validation of a Search Strategy",{},{"id":24,"text":1042,"url":24,"identifiers":1043},"Gaudet, 1970, The Polls: Freedom of Speech, Public Opinion Quarterly, 34",{},{"id":24,"text":1045,"url":24,"identifiers":1046},"Lipset, 1967, A New Europe",{},{"id":24,"text":1048,"url":24,"identifiers":1049},"Butler, 1969, Political Change in Britain: Forces Shaping Electoral Choice",{},{"id":24,"text":1051,"url":24,"identifiers":1052},"Stouffer, 1955, Communism, Conformity and Civil Liberties, 89",{},{"id":24,"text":1054,"url":24,"identifiers":1055},"10.1177\u002F001041407100300404",{"doi":1054},{"id":24,"text":1057,"url":24,"identifiers":1058},"10.1017\u002FS0003055400115709",{"doi":1057},{"id":24,"text":1060,"url":24,"identifiers":1061},"Alford, 1962, Party and Society",{},{"id":24,"text":1063,"url":24,"identifiers":1064},"Abramson, 1971, Comparative Political Studies",{},{"id":24,"text":1066,"url":24,"identifiers":1067},"Christie, 1954, Studies in the Scope and Method of “The Authoritarian Personality”",{},{"id":24,"text":1069,"url":24,"identifiers":1070},"Lipset, 1967, Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, 50",{},{"id":24,"text":1072,"url":24,"identifiers":1073},"Lipset, 1968, Revolution and Counter-Revolution: Change and Persistence in Social Structure, 274",{},{"id":24,"text":1075,"url":24,"identifiers":1076},"Goldthorpe, 1968, The Affluent Worker: Political Attitudes and Behavior",{},{"id":24,"text":1078,"url":24,"identifiers":1079},"10.1515\u002F9781400886265",{"doi":1078},{"id":24,"text":1081,"url":24,"identifiers":1082},"Maslow, 1954, Motivation and Personality",{},{"id":24,"text":1084,"url":24,"identifiers":1085},"1967, The Year 2000: A Framework for Speculation on the Next Thirty-Three Years, 7",{},{"id":1087,"createTime":1088,"updateTime":1089,"relativeEntities":1090,"slug":1091,"properties":1092,"entityType":111,"verifyStatus":112,"verifyTime":1106,"verifyNote":113,"languages":1107,"translateLanguages":1108,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1109,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1110,"publicationType":155,"publisherRelationship":1130,"citationCount":1179,"citationInfo":1180,"publishDate":1185,"publishYear":1181,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1186,"openAccess":24,"references":1187,"isForceReanalyzing":226},"c5e7e007-0416-4542-8af5-4acb17451aa3","2024-09-11T17:02:33.954+00:00","2025-02-04T12:03:32.339+00:00",[],"The-Limits-of-the-State-Beyond-Statist-Approaches-and-their-Critics",{"openalex":1093,"mag":1095,"abstract":1097,"title":1100,"keywords":1103,"doi":1104},{"VOID":1094},"W1994410690",{"VOID":1096},"1994410690",{"VI":1098,"EN":1099},"\u003Cjats:p>Khái niệm\u003Cjats:italic>nhà nước\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>luôn khó xác định. Ranh giới của nó với xã hội dường như mờ nhạt, dễ thấm và di động. Tôi cho rằng sự mờ nhạt này không nên được khắc phục bằng các định nghĩa sắc nét hơn, mà nên được khám phá như là một manh mối về bản chất của nhà nước. Phân tích tài liệu cho thấy rằng việc phủ nhận nhà nước để ủng hộ những khái niệm như hệ thống chính trị, hoặc \"đưa nhà nước trở lại\", đều không giải quyết được vấn đề ranh giới này. Cách tiếp cận trước đã vấp phải vấn đề này, trong khi cách tiếp cận sau lại lẩn tránh nó bằng một chủ nghĩa lý tưởng hẹp hòi, coi sự phân biệt giữa nhà nước và xã hội như là một mối quan hệ bên ngoài giữa các thực thể chủ quan và khách quan. Một cách tiếp cận thứ ba, được trình bày ở đây, có thể giải thích cho cả sự nổi bật của nhà nước và sự mờ nhạt của nó. Phân tích lại bằng chứng do các nhà lý luận gần đây cung cấp cho thấy rằng ranh giới giữa nhà nước và xã hội thực chất là những sự phân biệt được thiết lập bên trong, như là một khía cạnh của các mối quan hệ quyền lực phức tạp hơn. Sự xuất hiện của chúng có thể được truy nguyên lịch sử đến những đổi mới kỹ thuật của trật tự xã hội hiện đại, nơi mà các phương pháp tổ chức và kiểm soát bên trong các quá trình xã hội mà chúng quản lý tạo ra hiệu ứng của một cấu trúc nhà nước bên ngoài những quá trình này.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>The\u003Cjats:italic>state\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>has always been difficult to define. Its boundary with society appears elusive, porous, and mobile. I argue that this elusiveness should not be overcome by sharper definitions, but explored as a clue to the state's nature. Analysis of the literature shows that neither rejecting the state in favor of such concepts as the political system, nor “bringing it back in,” has dealt with this boundary problem. The former approach founders on it, the latter avoids it by a narrow idealism that construes the state-society distinction as an external relation between subjective and objective entities. A third approach, presented here, can account for both the salience of the state and its elusiveness. Reanalyzing evidence presented by recent theorists, state-society boundaries are shown to be distinctions erected internally, as an aspect of more complex power relations. Their appearance can be historically traced to technical innovations of the modern social order, whereby methods of organization and control internal to the social processes they govern create the\u003Cjats:italic>effect\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>of a state structure external to those processes.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1101,"VI":1102},"The Limits of the State: Beyond Statist Approaches and their Critics","Giới Hạn của Nhà Nước: Vượt qua Các Cách Tiếp Cận Nhà Nước và Những Nhà Phê Bình của Nó",{"VI":486},{"VOID":1105},"10.1017\u002Fs0003055400271451","2024-09-11T17:02:33.953+00:00",[115],[117],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002Fidentifier\u002FS0003055400271451\u002Ftype\u002Fjournal_article",[1111],{"id":1112,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1113,"affiliations":1114,"properties":1123,"displayName":1127,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"c6448bbb-7b55-4af5-90ca-d7310cae4b33",[],[1115],{"id":1116,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1117,"properties":24},"00b749ab-fc3d-4062-84d6-ddde536bf17f",{"id":1116,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1118,"slug":24,"properties":1119,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1122,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1120},{"VI":1121},"New York University",[],{"orcid":1124,"title":1126,"openalex":1128},{"VOID":1125},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0001-5834-8286",{"EN":1127},"Timothy 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của những gì có thể là nỗ lực quy mô lớn nhất để kiểm duyệt có chọn lọc diễn ngôn của con người từng được thực hiện. Để làm điều này, chúng tôi đã phát triển một hệ thống để xác định, tải xuống và phân tích nội dung của hàng triệu bài đăng trên mạng xã hội xuất phát từ gần 1.400 dịch vụ mạng xã hội khác nhau trên khắp Trung Quốc trước khi chính phủ Trung Quốc có thể phát hiện, đánh giá và kiểm duyệt (tức là loại bỏ khỏi Internet) tập hợp nội dung mà họ coi là không thể chấp nhận. Bằng cách sử dụng các phương pháp phân tích văn bản hỗ trợ bởi máy tính hiện đại mà chúng tôi điều chỉnh và xác nhận trong tiếng Trung, chúng tôi so sánh nội dung trọng yếu của các bài đăng bị kiểm duyệt với các bài đăng không bị kiểm duyệt theo thời gian trong mỗi 85 lĩnh vực chủ đề. Ngược lại với những hiểu biết trước đây, các bài đăng có chỉ trích tiêu cực, thậm chí gay gắt, đối với nhà nước, các nhà lãnh đạo của nó và chính sách của nó không có nhiều khả năng bị kiểm duyệt hơn. Thay vào đó, chúng tôi chỉ ra rằng chương trình kiểm duyệt nhắm đến việc hạn chế hành động tập thể bằng cách làm im lặng những bình luận đại diện, củng cố hoặc kích thích sự mobilization xã hội, bất kể nội dung. Việc kiểm duyệt được định hướng nhằm cố gắng ngăn chặn các hoạt động tập thể đang diễn ra hiện nay hoặc có thể xảy ra trong tương lai - và, như vậy, dường như rõ ràng phơi bày ý định của chính phủ.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>We offer the first large scale, multiple source analysis of the outcome of what may be the most extensive effort to selectively censor human expression ever implemented. To do this, we have devised a system to locate, download, and analyze the content of millions of social media posts originating from nearly 1,400 different social media services all over China before the Chinese government is able to find, evaluate, and censor (i.e., remove from the Internet) the subset they deem objectionable. Using modern computer-assisted text analytic methods that we adapt to and validate in the Chinese language, we compare the substantive content of posts censored to those not censored over time in each of 85 topic areas. Contrary to previous understandings, posts with negative, even vitriolic, criticism of the state, its leaders, and its policies are not more likely to be censored. Instead, we show that the censorship program is aimed at curtailing collective action by silencing comments that represent, reinforce, or spur social mobilization, regardless of content. 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Justin Grimmer , Gary King , Brandon Stewart , and the Consilience Development Team. 2012. “Consilience: Software for Understanding Large Volumes of Unstructured Text.”",{},{"id":24,"text":1664,"url":24,"identifiers":1665},"MacFarquhar, 1974, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution Volume 1: Contradictions Among the People 1956–1957",{},{"id":24,"text":1667,"url":24,"identifiers":1668},"Chen, 2011, Online Society in China: Creating, Celebrating, and Instrumentalising the Online Carnival, 40",{},{"id":24,"text":1670,"url":24,"identifiers":1671},"Whyte, 2010, Myth of the Social Volcano: Perceptions of Inequality and Distributive Injustice in Contemporary China, 10.1515\u002F9780804774185",{"doi":1672},"10.1515\u002F9780804774185",{"id":24,"text":1674,"url":24,"identifiers":1675},"10.2307\u002F2950679",{"doi":1674},{"id":24,"text":1677,"url":24,"identifiers":1678},"Esarey, 2011, Digital Communication and Political Change in China, International Journal of Communication, 5, 298",{},{"id":24,"text":1680,"url":24,"identifiers":1681},"10.1353\u002Fjod.2003.0019",{"doi":1680},{"id":24,"text":1683,"url":24,"identifiers":1684},"Perry, 2010, China Today, China Tomorrow: Domestic Politics, Economy, and Society, 11",{},{"id":24,"text":1686,"url":24,"identifiers":1687},"10.1017\u002FS0003055409990219",{"doi":1686},{"id":24,"text":1689,"url":24,"identifiers":1690},"Herold, 2011, Online Society in China: Creating, Celebrating, and Instrumentalising the Online Carnival, 127, 10.4324\u002F9780203828519",{"doi":1691},"10.4324\u002F9780203828519",{"id":1693,"createTime":1694,"updateTime":1695,"relativeEntities":1696,"slug":1697,"properties":1698,"entityType":111,"verifyStatus":112,"verifyTime":1694,"verifyNote":113,"languages":1712,"translateLanguages":1713,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1714,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1715,"publicationType":155,"publisherRelationship":1746,"citationCount":1796,"citationInfo":1797,"publishDate":1807,"publishYear":1798,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1808,"openAccess":24,"references":1809,"isForceReanalyzing":226},"3fbdeb2d-f3e8-4317-b3e0-48ab1ebfa37a","2024-09-17T13:29:58.535+00:00","2025-02-04T12:01:34.074+00:00",[],"A-Method-for-Evaluating-the-Distribution-of-Power-in-a-Committee-System",{"openalex":1699,"mag":1701,"abstract":1703,"title":1706,"keywords":1709,"doi":1710},{"VOID":1700},"W2002616065",{"VOID":1702},"2002616065",{"VI":1704,"EN":1705},"\u003Cjats:p>Trong bài báo này, chúng tôi cung cấp một phương pháp để đánh giá \u003Cjats:italic>a priori\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> về sự phân chia quyền lực giữa các cơ quan và thành viên khác nhau của một cơ quan lập pháp hoặc hệ thống ủy ban. Phương pháp này dựa trên một kỹ thuật của lý thuyết trò chơi toán học, áp dụng vào những hiện tượng được gọi là “trò chơi đơn giản” và “trò chơi đa số có trọng số.” Chúng tôi áp dụng phương pháp này vào một số trường hợp minh họa, bao gồm Quốc hội Hoa Kỳ, và thảo luận về một số thuộc tính hình thức của nó.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>Quá trình thiết kế kích thước và loại hình của một cơ quan lập pháp có thể kéo dài nhiều năm, với nhiều lần sửa đổi và điều chỉnh nhằm phản ánh sự thay đổi trong cấu trúc xã hội của đất nước; một ví dụ điển hình là vai trò của Thượng viện Anh. Tác động của một lần sửa đổi thường không thể đo lường trước, ngoại trừ theo những cách sơ lược nhất; rất dễ xảy ra là cấu trúc toán học của một hệ thống bỏ phiếu che giấu sự thiên lệch trong phân bố quyền lực mà các tác giả của lần sửa đổi không hề nghi ngờ và không mong muốn. Làm thế nào, ví dụ, để dự đoán mức độ bảo vệ mà một hệ thống đề xuất dành cho những lợi ích thiểu số? Có thể tìm thấy một tiêu chí nhất quán cho “đại diện công bằng” không? Thật khó khăn để \u003Cjats:italic>mô tả\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> hiệu ứng ròng của một hệ thống đại diện kép như trong Quốc hội Hoa Kỳ (tức là, bởi các tiểu bang và theo dân số), mà không cố gắng suy diễn nó \u003Cjats:italic>a priori\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. Phương pháp đo lường “quyền lực” mà chúng tôi trình bày trong bài báo này được xem như là một bước đầu tiên trong việc giải quyết những vấn đề này.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>In the following paper we offer a method for the \u003Cjats:italic>a priori\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> evaluation of the division of power among the various bodies and members of a legislature or committee system. The method is based on a technique of the mathematical theory of games, applied to what are known there as “simple games” and “weighted majority games.” We apply it here to a number of illustrative cases, including the United States Congress, and discuss some of its formal properties.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>The designing of the size and type of a legislative body is a process that may continue for many years, with frequent revisions and modifications aimed at reflecting changes in the social structure of the country; we may cite the role of the House of Lords in England as an example. The effect of a revision usually cannot be gauged in advance except in the roughest terms; it can easily happen that the mathematical structure of a voting system conceals a bias in power distribution unsuspected and unintended by the authors of the revision. How, for example, is one to predict the degree of protection which a proposed system affords to minority interests? Can a consistent criterion for “fair representation” be found? It is difficult even to \u003Cjats:italic>describe\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> the net effect of a double representation system such as is found in the U. S. Congress (i.e., by states and by population), without attempting to deduce it \u003Cjats:italic>a priori\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. The method of measuring “power” which we present in this paper is intended as a first step in the attack on these problems.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1707,"VI":1708},"A Method for Evaluating the Distribution of Power in a Committee System","Một Phương Pháp Để Đánh Giá Phân Bố Quyền Lực Trong Một Hệ Thống Ủy Ban",{"VI":486},{"VOID":1711},"10.2307\u002F1951053",[115],[117],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002Fidentifier\u002FS0003055400000095\u002Ftype\u002Fjournal_article",[1716,1731],{"id":1717,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1718,"affiliations":1719,"properties":1726,"displayName":1728,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"ca97d1ba-2140-4680-8e74-31742a5aee36",[],[1720],{"id":499,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1721,"properties":24},{"id":499,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1722,"slug":24,"properties":1723,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1725,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1724},{"EN":504},[],{"title":1727,"openalex":1729},{"EN":1728},"Lloyd S. Shapley",{"VOID":1730},"A5016437768",{"id":1732,"sortIndex":139,"researcher":24,"roles":1733,"affiliations":1734,"properties":1741,"displayName":1743,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"864ea18a-e806-4172-96d2-76d225e5bd17",[],[1735],{"id":499,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1736,"properties":24},{"id":499,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1737,"slug":24,"properties":1738,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1740,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1739},{"EN":504},[],{"title":1742,"openalex":1744},{"EN":1743},"Martín Shubik",{"VOID":1745},"A5019258756",{"url":24,"publisher":1747,"properties":1789},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":1748,"slug":10,"properties":1749,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"subjectFields":1754,"manageAffiliations":1763,"indexDatabases":1774,"url":90,"thumbnailPath":24,"statistic":24,"gsStatistic":24,"type":24,"analyzePriority":24},[],{"country":1750,"eissn":1751,"issn":1752,"title":1753},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"VOID":17},{"EN":19},[1755,1759],{"id":28,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1756,"label":1757,"description":1758,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":31},{},{"id":34,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1760,"label":1761,"description":1762,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":37},{},[1764,1769],{"id":41,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1765,"slug":24,"properties":1766,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1768,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1767},{"EN":45},[],{"id":48,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1770,"slug":24,"properties":1771,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1773,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1772},{"EN":52},[],[1775,1782],{"id":73,"indexDatabase":1776,"url":84,"indexYears":85,"academicFieldIds":1781,"indexDatabaseRanking":89},{"id":75,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1777,"label":1778,"description":1779,"key":81,"publicationTags":1780,"standard":24},[],{"EN":78,"VI":78},{"EN":78,"VI":80},[83],[87,88],{"id":56,"indexDatabase":1783,"url":69,"indexYears":24,"academicFieldIds":1788,"indexDatabaseRanking":24},{"id":58,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1784,"label":1785,"description":1786,"key":65,"publicationTags":1787,"standard":24},[],{"EN":61,"VI":61},{"EN":63,"VI":64},[67,68],[71],{"issue":1790,"pages":1792,"volume":1794},{"VOID":1791},"3",{"VOID":1793},"787-792",{"VOID":1795},"48",2099,{"total":1796,"publishYear":1798,"statisticByYear":1799},1954,{"2012":1800,"2013":1801,"2014":626,"2015":1802,"2016":1800,"2017":338,"2018":1803,"2019":1802,"2020":974,"2021":1804,"2022":1805,"2023":973,"2024":1806},81,116,63,130,77,60,21,"1954-09-01",[67,89],[1810,1813,1816,1819],{"id":24,"text":1811,"url":24,"identifiers":1812},"von Neumann, 1944, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, 420",{},{"id":24,"text":1814,"url":24,"identifiers":1815},"Arrow, 1951, Social Choice and Individual Values, 7",{},{"id":24,"text":1817,"url":24,"identifiers":1818},"Shapley, 1953, Annals of Mathematics Study No. 28, 307",{},{"id":24,"text":1820,"url":24,"identifiers":1821},"Gothman, 1948, Corporate Financial Policy, 56",{},{"id":1823,"createTime":1824,"updateTime":1825,"relativeEntities":1826,"slug":1827,"properties":1828,"entityType":111,"verifyStatus":112,"verifyTime":1824,"verifyNote":113,"languages":1843,"translateLanguages":1844,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1845,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1846,"publicationType":155,"publisherRelationship":1864,"citationCount":1913,"citationInfo":1914,"publishDate":1928,"publishYear":1915,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1929,"openAccess":24,"references":1930,"isForceReanalyzing":226},"8912967e-1286-4fcf-9374-8c87d025506f","2024-09-05T18:41:34.416+00:00","2025-02-04T12:00:34.768+00:00",[],"A-Behavioral-Approach-to-the-Rational-Choice-Theory-of-Collective-Action-Presidential-Address-American-Political-Science-Association-1997",{"openalex":1829,"mag":1831,"abstract":1833,"title":1836,"keywords":1839,"doi":1841},{"VOID":1830},"W2031868933",{"VOID":1832},"2031868933",{"VI":1834,"EN":1835},"\u003Cjats:p>Chứng cứ thực nghiệm phong phú và những phát triển lý thuyết trong nhiều lĩnh vực kích thích nhu cầu mở rộng phạm vi các mô hình lựa chọn hợp lý được sử dụng làm nền tảng cho nghiên cứu các tình huống xã hội khó khăn và hành động tập thể. Sau phần giới thiệu về vấn đề vượt qua các tình huống xã hội khó khăn thông qua hành động tập thể, nội dung còn lại của bài viết này được chia thành sáu phần. Phần đầu tiên điểm qua những dự đoán lý thuyết của lý thuyết lựa chọn hợp lý hiện hành liên quan đến các tình huống xã hội khó khăn. Phần thứ hai tóm tắt những thách thức đối với việc dựa hoàn toàn vào một mô hình đầy đủ của sự hợp lý mà các nghiên cứu thực nghiệm phong phú đã đưa ra. Trong phần thứ ba, tôi thảo luận hai phát hiện thực nghiệm chính cho thấy cách mà các cá nhân đạt được kết quả \"tốt hơn cả sự hợp lý\" bằng cách xây dựng các điều kiện mà sự tương hỗ, danh tiếng và niềm tin có thể giúp vượt qua những cám dỗ mạnh mẽ của lợi ích tự thân ngắn hạn. Phần thứ tư nêu ra khả năng phát triển các mô hình lựa chọn hợp lý thế hệ thứ hai, phần thứ năm phát triển một kịch bản lý thuyết ban đầu, và phần cuối cùng kết luận bằng việc kiểm tra những hệ quả của việc đặt sự tương hỗ, danh tiếng và niềm tin vào trung tâm của một lý thuyết hành vi về hành động tập thể được kiểm nghiệm thực nghiệm.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Extensive empirical evidence and theoretical developments in multiple disciplines stimulate a need to expand the range of rational choice models to be used as a foundation for the study of social dilemmas and collective action. After an introduction to the problem of overcoming social dilemmas through collective action, the remainder of this article is divided into six sections. The first briefly reviews the theoretical predictions of currently accepted rational choice theory related to social dilemmas. The second section summarizes the challenges to the sole reliance on a complete model of rationality presented by extensive experimental research. In the third section, I discuss two major empirical findings that begin to show how individuals achieve results that are “better than rational” by building conditions where reciprocity, reputation, and trust can help to overcome the strong temptations of short-run self-interest. The fourth section raises the possibility of developing second-generation models of rationality, the fifth section develops an initial theoretical scenario, and the final section concludes by examining the implications of placing reciprocity, reputation, and trust at the core of an empirically tested, behavioral theory of collective action.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1837,"VI":1838},"A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action: Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1997","Một cách tiếp cận hành vi đối với lý thuyết lựa chọn hợp lý trong hành động tập thể: Bài phát biểu của Chủ tịch, Hiệp hội Khoa học Chính trị Hoa Kỳ, 1997",{"VI":1840},"lý thuyết lựa chọn hợp lý, hành động tập thể, sự tương hỗ, danh tiếng, niềm tin, các tình huống xã hội khó khăn, nghiên cứu thực nghiệm, lý thuyết hành vi",{"VOID":1842},"10.2307\u002F2585925",[115],[117],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002Fidentifier\u002FS0003055400209088\u002Ftype\u002Fjournal_article",[1847],{"id":1848,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1849,"affiliations":1850,"properties":1859,"displayName":1861,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"690eca3a-bc65-4a46-a52a-5bda412c2641",[],[1851],{"id":1852,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1853,"properties":24},"69af78b2-5309-4115-a2d0-b9e7008dff24",{"id":1852,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1854,"slug":24,"properties":1855,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1858,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1856},{"VI":1857},"Indiana University, \n                  ",[],{"title":1860,"openalex":1862},{"EN":1861},"Элинор 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Perspectives on Individuals and Groups, 143",{},{"id":24,"text":2490,"url":24,"identifiers":2491},"Bullock, 1977, Managing the Commons, 182",{},{"id":24,"text":2493,"url":24,"identifiers":2494},"Olson, 1965, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups",{},{"id":24,"text":2496,"url":24,"identifiers":2497},"Selten, 1990, Bounded Rationality, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 146, 649",{},{"id":24,"text":2499,"url":24,"identifiers":2500},"Hackett, 1995, Local Commons and Global Interdependence: Heterogeneity and Cooperation in Two Domains, 93",{},{"id":24,"text":2502,"url":24,"identifiers":2503},"10.2307\u002F2171752",{"doi":2502},{"id":24,"text":2505,"url":24,"identifiers":2506},"Scharpf, 1997, Games Real Actors Play: Actor Centered Institutionalism in Policy Research",{},{"id":24,"text":2508,"url":24,"identifiers":2509},"10.1086\u002F227168",{"doi":2508},{"id":24,"text":2511,"url":24,"identifiers":2512},"Schlager Edella . 1990. “Model Specification and Policy Analysis: The Governance of Coastal Fisheries.” Ph.D. diss., Indiana University.",{},{"id":24,"text":2514,"url":24,"identifiers":2515},"10.1037\u002F0022-3514.47.1.94",{"doi":2514},{"id":24,"text":2517,"url":24,"identifiers":2518},"Roth, 1991, Bargaining and Market Behavior in Jerusalem, Ljubljana, Pittsburgh, and Tokyo: An Experimental Study, American Economic Review, 81, 1068",{},{"id":24,"text":2520,"url":24,"identifiers":2521},"Brennan, 1985, The Reason of Rules",{},{"id":24,"text":2523,"url":24,"identifiers":2524},"10.1016\u002F0167-2681(82)90011-7",{"doi":2523},{"id":24,"text":2526,"url":24,"identifiers":2527},"10.1016\u002F0305-750X(96)00064-2",{"doi":2526},{"id":24,"text":2529,"url":24,"identifiers":2530},"Rutte, 1984, Social Dilemmas and Leadership, European Journal of Social Psychology, 14, 105, 10.1002\u002Fejsp.2420140109",{"doi":2531},"10.1002\u002Fejsp.2420140109",{"id":24,"text":2533,"url":24,"identifiers":2534},"Roth, 1995, Handbook of Experimental Economics",{},{"id":24,"text":2536,"url":24,"identifiers":2537},"Ostrom, 1987, The Political Theory of a Compound Republic: Designing the American Experiment",{},{"id":24,"text":2539,"url":24,"identifiers":2540},"10.3998\u002Fmpub.13808",{"doi":2539},{"id":24,"text":2542,"url":24,"identifiers":2543},"Hoffman, 1996, Behavioral Foundations of Reciprocity: Experimental Economics and Evolutionary Psychology",{},{"id":24,"text":2545,"url":24,"identifiers":2546},"Yamagishi, 1992, Social Dilemmas: Theoretical Issues and Research Findings, 267",{},{"id":24,"text":2548,"url":24,"identifiers":2549},"10.1111\u002Fj.1465-7295.1988.tb01519.x",{"doi":2548},{"id":24,"text":2551,"url":24,"identifiers":2552},"Dasgupta, 1997, Economic Development and the Idea of Social Capital",{},{"id":24,"text":2554,"url":24,"identifiers":2555},"10.2307\u002F2095950",{"doi":2554},{"id":24,"text":2557,"url":24,"identifiers":2558},"Blomquist, 1992, Dividing the Waters: Governing Groundwater in Southern California",{},{"id":24,"text":2560,"url":24,"identifiers":2561},"Scholz, Trust and Governance",{},{"id":24,"text":2563,"url":24,"identifiers":2564},"10.1016\u002F0022-1031(88)90051-0",{"doi":2563},{"id":24,"text":2566,"url":24,"identifiers":2567},"McCay, 1987, The Question of the Commons: The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources",{},{"id":24,"text":2569,"url":24,"identifiers":2570},"10.1017\u002FS0003055400185053",{"doi":2569},{"id":24,"text":2572,"url":24,"identifiers":2573},"10.1017\u002FCBO9780511609336",{"doi":2572},{"id":24,"text":2575,"url":24,"identifiers":2576},"Moir, 1995, The Effects of Costly Monitoring and Sanctioning upon Common Property Resource Appropriation",{},{"id":24,"text":2578,"url":24,"identifiers":2579},"Emerson, 1972, Sociological Theories in Progress, 2, 38",{},{"id":24,"text":2581,"url":24,"identifiers":2582},"Alchian, 1972, Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization, American Economic Review, 62, 777",{},{"id":24,"text":2584,"url":24,"identifiers":2585},"10.2307\u002F2095951",{"doi":2584},{"id":24,"text":2587,"url":24,"identifiers":2588},"Smith, 1982, Microeconomic Systems as an Experimental Science, American Economic Review, 72, 923",{},{"id":24,"text":2590,"url":24,"identifiers":2591},"Güth, 1992, Explaining Process and Change. Approaches to Evolutionary Economics, 23",{},{"id":24,"text":2593,"url":24,"identifiers":2594},"Harsanyi, 1988, A General Theory of Equilibrium Selection in Games",{},{"id":24,"text":2596,"url":24,"identifiers":2597},"Walker, 1997, Voting on Allocation Rules in a Commons: Predictive Theories and Experimental Results",{},{"id":24,"text":2599,"url":24,"identifiers":2600},"10.1016\u002F0167-2681(89)90078-4",{"doi":2599},{"id":24,"text":2602,"url":24,"identifiers":2603},"Baland, 1996, Halting Degradation of Natural Resources. Is There a Role for Rural Communities",{},{"id":24,"text":2605,"url":24,"identifiers":2606},"10.3998\u002Fmpub.13970",{"doi":2605},{"id":24,"text":2608,"url":24,"identifiers":2609},"10.1037\u002F0022-3514.35.1.1",{"doi":2608},{"id":24,"text":2611,"url":24,"identifiers":2612},"10.1017\u002FCBO9780511609404",{"doi":2611},{"id":24,"text":2614,"url":24,"identifiers":2615},"Taylor, 1987, The Possibility of Cooperation",{},{"id":2617,"createTime":2618,"updateTime":2619,"relativeEntities":2620,"slug":2621,"properties":2622,"entityType":111,"verifyStatus":112,"verifyTime":2618,"verifyNote":113,"languages":2636,"translateLanguages":2637,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":2638,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":2639,"publicationType":155,"publisherRelationship":2655,"citationCount":1913,"citationInfo":2704,"publishDate":2714,"publishYear":2705,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":2715,"openAccess":24,"references":2716,"isForceReanalyzing":226},"be172931-5515-4689-8dba-9215879051d2","2024-09-30T02:48:05.174+00:00","2025-02-04T11:59:37.543+00:00",[],"Political-Parties-and-Macroeconomic-Policy",{"openalex":2623,"mag":2625,"abstract":2627,"title":2630,"keywords":2633,"doi":2634},{"VOID":2624},"W2030172216",{"VOID":2626},"2030172216",{"VI":2628,"EN":2629},"\u003Cjats:p>Nghiên cứu này xem xét các mô hình chính sách kinh tế vĩ mô và kết quả sau chiến tranh liên quan đến các chính phủ cánh tả và cánh hữu trong các nền dân chủ tư bản. Nghiên cứu lập luận rằng các lợi ích kinh tế khách quan cũng như các ưu tiên chủ quan của các nhóm thu nhập và địa vị nghề nghiệp thấp nhất sẽ được phục vụ tốt nhất bởi một cấu hình kinh tế vĩ mô với tỷ lệ thất nghiệp tương đối thấp và lạm phát cao, trong khi đó một cấu hình kinh tế vĩ mô với tỷ lệ thất nghiệp tương đối cao và lạm phát thấp lại tương thích với lợi ích và ưu tiên của các nhóm thu nhập và địa vị nghề nghiệp cao. Dữ liệu tổng hợp cao về kết quả thất nghiệp và lạm phát liên quan đến định hướng chính trị của các chính phủ ở 12 quốc gia Tây Âu và Bắc Mỹ đã được phân tích, cho thấy một cấu hình với tỷ lệ thất nghiệp thấp và lạm phát cao ở những quốc gia thường xuyên được quản lý bởi các đảng cánh tả và một mô hình với tỷ lệ thất nghiệp cao và lạm phát thấp ở các hệ thống chính trị được thống trị bởi các đảng trung tâm và cánh hữu. Cuối cùng, các phân tích chuỗi thời gian về dữ liệu thất nghiệp theo quý sau chiến tranh đối với Hoa Kỳ và Vương quốc Anh cho thấy tỷ lệ thất nghiệp đã được các chính quyền Dân chủ và Lao động đẩy xuống thấp và tăng lên bởi các chính phủ Cộng hòa và Bảo thủ. Kết luận chung là các chính phủ theo đuổi các chính sách kinh tế vĩ mô chủ yếu phù hợp với các lợi ích kinh tế khách quan và các ưu tiên chủ quan của các constituencies chính trị cốt lõi được xác định theo lớp xã hội của họ.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>This study examines postwar patterns in macroeconomic policies and outcomes associated with left-and right-wing governments in capitalist democracies. It argues that the objective economic interests as well as the subjective preferences of lower income and occupational status groups are best served by a relatively low unemployment-high inflation macroeconomic configuration, whereas a comparatively high unemployment-low inflation configuration is compatible with the interests and preferences of upper income and occupational status groups. Highly aggregated data on unemployment and inflation outcomes in relation to the political orientation of governments in 12 West European and North American nations are analyzed revealing a low unemployment-high inflation configuration in nations regularly governed by the Left and a high unemployment-low inflation pattern in political systems dominated by center and rightist parties. Finally, time-series analyses of quarterly postwar unemployment data for the United States and Great Britain suggests that the unemployment rate has been driven downward by Democratic and Labour administrations and upward by Republican and Conservative governments. The general conclusion is that governments pursue macroeconomic policies broadly in accordance with the objective economic interests and subjective preferences of their class-defined core political constituencies.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":2631,"VI":2632},"Political Parties and Macroeconomic Policy","Các Đảng Chính Trị và Chính Sách Kinh Tế Vĩ Mô",{"VI":486},{"VOID":2635},"10.1017\u002Fs0003055400269712",[115],[117],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002Fidentifier\u002FS0003055400269712\u002Ftype\u002Fjournal_article",[2640],{"id":2641,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":2642,"affiliations":2643,"properties":2650,"displayName":2652,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"bb8273c6-e33c-4d53-b8fe-c025924b0d2d",[],[2644],{"id":557,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2645,"properties":24},{"id":557,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2646,"slug":24,"properties":2647,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2649,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2648},{"EN":562},[],{"title":2651,"openalex":2653},{"EN":2652},"Douglas A. Hibbs",{"VOID":2654},"A5039444817",{"url":24,"publisher":2656,"properties":2698},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":2657,"slug":10,"properties":2658,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"subjectFields":2663,"manageAffiliations":2672,"indexDatabases":2683,"url":90,"thumbnailPath":24,"statistic":24,"gsStatistic":24,"type":24,"analyzePriority":24},[],{"country":2659,"eissn":2660,"issn":2661,"title":2662},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"VOID":17},{"EN":19},[2664,2668],{"id":28,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2665,"label":2666,"description":2667,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":31},{},{"id":34,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2669,"label":2670,"description":2671,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":37},{},[2673,2678],{"id":41,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2674,"slug":24,"properties":2675,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2677,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2676},{"EN":45},[],{"id":48,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2679,"slug":24,"properties":2680,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2682,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2681},{"EN":52},[],[2684,2691],{"id":73,"indexDatabase":2685,"url":84,"indexYears":85,"academicFieldIds":2690,"indexDatabaseRanking":89},{"id":75,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2686,"label":2687,"description":2688,"key":81,"publicationTags":2689,"standard":24},[],{"EN":78,"VI":78},{"EN":78,"VI":80},[83],[87,88],{"id":56,"indexDatabase":2692,"url":69,"indexYears":24,"academicFieldIds":2697,"indexDatabaseRanking":24},{"id":58,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2693,"label":2694,"description":2695,"key":65,"publicationTags":2696,"standard":24},[],{"EN":61,"VI":61},{"EN":63,"VI":64},[67,68],[71],{"issue":2699,"pages":2700,"volume":2702},{"VOID":616},{"VOID":2701},"1467-1487",{"VOID":2703},"71",{"total":1913,"publishYear":2705,"statisticByYear":2706},1977,{"2012":1921,"2013":2707,"2014":1488,"2015":2708,"2016":1926,"2017":625,"2018":626,"2019":2709,"2020":2710,"2021":2711,"2022":2712,"2023":1806,"2024":2713},132,102,99,106,100,41,15,"1977-12-01",[67,89],[2717,2720,2723,2726,2729,2732,2735,2738,2741,2744,2747,2750,2753,2756,2759,2762,2765,2768,2771,2774,2778,2781,2784,2787,2790,2793,2796,2799,2802,2805,2808,2811,2814,2817,2820,2823,2826,2829,2832,2835,2838,2841,2844,2847,2850,2853,2856,2859,2862,2865,2868,2871,2874,2877,2880],{"id":24,"text":2718,"url":24,"identifiers":2719},"Eisenhower, 1965, Waging Peace, 1956–61, 462",{},{"id":24,"text":2721,"url":24,"identifiers":2722},"Lewis, 1962, Federal Fiscal Policy in the Postwar Recessions",{},{"id":24,"text":2724,"url":24,"identifiers":2725},"Stein, 1969, The Fiscal Revolution in America",{},{"id":24,"text":2727,"url":24,"identifiers":2728},"Nordhaus, Elections and Economics: Macroeconomics Under Conditions of Political Competition",{},{"id":24,"text":2730,"url":24,"identifiers":2731},"10.3386\u002Fw0077",{"doi":2730},{"id":24,"text":2733,"url":24,"identifiers":2734},"Feldstein, 1973, The Economics of the New Unemployment, Public Interest, 33, 3",{},{"id":24,"text":2736,"url":24,"identifiers":2737},"10.2307\u002F2231305",{"doi":2736},{"id":24,"text":2739,"url":24,"identifiers":2740},"Bowers, 1970, National Institute Economic Review, 44",{},{"id":24,"text":2742,"url":24,"identifiers":2743},"1970, Manpower Policy in the United Kingdom",{},{"id":24,"text":2745,"url":24,"identifiers":2746},"10.1080\u002F01621459.1975.10480264",{"doi":2745},{"id":24,"text":2748,"url":24,"identifiers":2749},"Box, 1970, Time Series Analysis; Forecasting and Control",{},{"id":24,"text":2751,"url":24,"identifiers":2752},"Greenstone, 1969, Labor in American Politics",{},{"id":24,"text":2754,"url":24,"identifiers":2755},"Alford, 1963, Party and Society",{},{"id":24,"text":2757,"url":24,"identifiers":2758},"Flanagan, 1973, The U.S. Phillips Curve and International Unemployment Rate Differentials, American Economic Review, 63, 114",{},{"id":24,"text":2760,"url":24,"identifiers":2761},"10.2307\u002F2551971",{"doi":2760},{"id":24,"text":2763,"url":24,"identifiers":2764},"Kirschen, 1964, Economic Policy In Our Time, I",{},{"id":24,"text":2766,"url":24,"identifiers":2767},"Silk, 1977, Profits and Principles: The Social and Political Thinking of American Businessmen",{},{"id":24,"text":2769,"url":24,"identifiers":2770},"Goldfinger, 1972, Full Employment: The Neglected Policy?, The American Federationist, 79",{},{"id":24,"text":2772,"url":24,"identifiers":2773},"Survey of Consumer Finances",{},{"id":24,"text":2775,"url":24,"identifiers":2776},"Katona, 1971, Aspirations and Affluence, 10.1002\u002Ftie.5060130201",{"doi":2777},"10.1002\u002Ftie.5060130201",{"id":24,"text":2779,"url":24,"identifiers":2780},"Katona, 1974, New York Times",{},{"id":24,"text":2782,"url":24,"identifiers":2783},"1970, Inflation, The Present Problem",{},{"id":24,"text":2785,"url":24,"identifiers":2786},"Hultgren, 1965, Costs, Prices, and Profits: Their Cyclical Relations",{},{"id":24,"text":2788,"url":24,"identifiers":2789},"Burger, 1973, Relative Movements in Wages and Profits, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 55, 8",{},{"id":24,"text":2791,"url":24,"identifiers":2792},"10.1177\u002F048661347500700101",{"doi":2791},{"id":24,"text":2794,"url":24,"identifiers":2795},"Bach, 1974, Inflation and the Redistribution of Wealth, Review of Economics and Statistics, 61, 1",{},{"id":24,"text":2797,"url":24,"identifiers":2798},"10.2307\u002F133479",{"doi":2797},{"id":24,"text":2800,"url":24,"identifiers":2801},"10.2307\u002F1926533",{"doi":2800},{"id":24,"text":2803,"url":24,"identifiers":2804},"Weintraub, 1958, An Approach to the Theory of Income Distribution",{},{"id":24,"text":2806,"url":24,"identifiers":2807},"Keynes, 1936, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money",{},{"id":24,"text":2809,"url":24,"identifiers":2810},"Hansen, 1925, Factors Affecting the Trend of Real Wages, American Economic Review, 15, 27",{},{"id":24,"text":2812,"url":24,"identifiers":2813},"10.1017\u002FS0022050700055777",{"doi":2812},{"id":24,"text":2815,"url":24,"identifiers":2816},"Metcalf, 1972, An Econometric Model of the Income Distribution",{},{"id":24,"text":2818,"url":24,"identifiers":2819},"Hollister, 1972, Redistribution to the Rich and the Poor, 240",{},{"id":24,"text":2821,"url":24,"identifiers":2822},"Blinder, 1976, Macroeconomic Activity and Income Distribution in the Postwar U.S.",{},{"id":24,"text":2824,"url":24,"identifiers":2825},"Smyth, 1971, Unemployment and Inflation: A Cross-Country Analysis of the Phillips Curve, American Economic Review, 61, 426",{},{"id":24,"text":2827,"url":24,"identifiers":2828},"Martin, 1973, The Politics of Economic Policy in the U.S.: A Tentative View from a Comparative Perspective",{},{"id":24,"text":2830,"url":24,"identifiers":2831},"10.1007\u002FBF01322891",{"doi":2830},{"id":24,"text":2833,"url":24,"identifiers":2834},"Schultz, 1969, Six Papers on the Size Distribution of Wealth and Income, 75",{},{"id":24,"text":2836,"url":24,"identifiers":2837},"Hibbs, Economic Interest, 24",{},{"id":24,"text":2839,"url":24,"identifiers":2840},"10.2307\u002F2296528",{"doi":2839},{"id":24,"text":2842,"url":24,"identifiers":2843},"Weintraub, … only entrepreneurs and the actual unemployed have an unequivocal stake in maximum employment, while rentiers and the employed find their interests better served at lower levels of activity, 60",{},{"id":24,"text":2845,"url":24,"identifiers":2846},"Bodkin, 1967, Price Stability and High Employment: The Options for Canadian Economic Policy",{},{"id":24,"text":2848,"url":24,"identifiers":2849},"Maclennan, 1968, Economic Planning and Policies in Britain, France and Germany",{},{"id":24,"text":2851,"url":24,"identifiers":2852},"Rueff, 1951, Revue d Economie Politique, 761",{},{"id":24,"text":2854,"url":24,"identifiers":2855},"Dulles, 1966, Labor in America, 394",{},{"id":24,"text":2857,"url":24,"identifiers":2858},"Golden, 1975, New York Times, 46",{},{"id":24,"text":2860,"url":24,"identifiers":2861},"Lindbeck, 1974, Swedish Economic Policy",{},{"id":24,"text":2863,"url":24,"identifiers":2864},"Thurow, 1970, Analyzing the American Income Distribution, American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 60, 261",{},{"id":24,"text":2866,"url":24,"identifiers":2867},"Meyers, 1963, Measuring Employment and Unemployment",{},{"id":24,"text":2869,"url":24,"identifiers":2870},"1976, Economic Interest and the Politics of Macroeconomic Policy",{},{"id":24,"text":2872,"url":24,"identifiers":2873},"Hibbs, 1977, Sociological Methodology 1977, 137",{},{"id":24,"text":2875,"url":24,"identifiers":2876},"1972, American Economic Review, 902",{},{"id":24,"text":2878,"url":24,"identifiers":2879},"Kuh, 1965, Brookings Quarterly Econometric Model of the United States, 227",{},{"id":24,"text":2881,"url":24,"identifiers":2882},"Eckstein, 1964, Economic Policy in Our Time, II, 1",{},{"id":2884,"createTime":2885,"updateTime":2886,"relativeEntities":2887,"slug":2888,"properties":2889,"entityType":111,"verifyStatus":112,"verifyTime":2903,"verifyNote":113,"languages":2904,"translateLanguages":2905,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":2906,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":2907,"publicationType":155,"publisherRelationship":2940,"citationCount":2989,"citationInfo":2990,"publishDate":3000,"publishYear":2991,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":3001,"openAccess":24,"references":3002,"isForceReanalyzing":226},"4a231966-9775-4a99-b48c-385ac3002f2d","2024-10-06T21:48:15.316+00:00","2025-02-04T11:58:40.932+00:00",[],"Two-Faces-of-Power",{"openalex":2890,"mag":2892,"abstract":2894,"title":2897,"keywords":2900,"doi":2901},{"VOID":2891},"W2138099467",{"VOID":2893},"2138099467",{"VI":2895,"EN":2896},"Khái niệm quyền lực vẫn còn mơ hồ mặc dù gần đây có nhiều nghiên cứu điển hình về quyền lực trong cộng đồng. Sự mơ hồ này được thể hiện rõ ràng qua sự không đồng thuận thường xuyên về vị trí của quyền lực cộng đồng giữa các nhà xã hội học và các nhà khoa học chính trị. Các nhà nghiên cứu có định hướng xã hội học thường phát hiện rằng quyền lực là rất tập trung, trong khi các học giả được đào tạo trong lĩnh vực khoa học chính trị lại thường kết luận rằng trong \"cộng đồng\" của họ, quyền lực được phân bổ rộng rãi. Có lẽ điều này giải thích tại sao nhóm sau tự gọi mình là \"đa nguyên\", trong khi nhóm trước được gọi là \"ưu tú\". \n\nKhông còn nghi ngờ gì nữa rằng những phát hiện đối lập rõ rệt của hai nhóm này không phải là sản phẩm của sự trùng hợp ngẫu nhiên, mà là kết quả của những khác biệt cơ bản trong cả giả định cơ bản và phương pháp nghiên cứu của họ. Các nhà khoa học chính trị đã lập luận rằng những sự khác biệt trong phát hiện có thể được giải thích bởi cách tiếp cận sai lầm và những giả định của các nhà xã hội học. Chúng tôi cho rằng trong bài viết này, chính những người theo trường phái đa nguyên cũng không nắm bắt được toàn bộ sự thật của vấn đề; rằng mặc dù những chỉ trích của họ đối với các nhà ưu tú là chính xác, họ, giống như các nhà ưu tú, cũng sử dụng một cách tiếp cận và những giả định mà đã xác định trước kết luận của họ. Lập luận của chúng tôi được đặt trong khung của luận điểm trung tâm của chúng tôi: rằng có hai mặt của quyền lực, mà không có mặt nào mà các nhà xã hội học thấy và chỉ có một mặt mà các nhà khoa học chính trị thấy.","\u003Cjats:p>The concept of power remains elusive despite the recent and prolific outpourings of case studies on community power. Its elusiveness is dramatically demonstrated by the regularity of disagreement as to the locus of community power between the sociologists and the political scientists. Sociologically oriented researchers have consistently found that power is highly centralized, while scholars trained in political science have just as regularly concluded that in “their” communities power is widely diffused. Presumably, this explains why the latter group styles itself “pluralist,” its counterpart “elitist.”\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>There seems no room for doubt that the sharply divergent findings of the two groups are the product, not of sheer coincidence, but of fundamental differences in both their underlying assumptions and research methodology. The political scientists have contended that these differences in findings can be explained by the faulty approach and presuppositions of the sociologists. We contend in this paper that the pluralists themselves have not grasped the whole truth of the matter; that while their criticisms of the elitists are sound, they, like the elitists, utilize an approach and assumptions which predetermine their conclusions. Our argument is cast within the frame of our central thesis: that there are two faces of power, neither of which the sociologists see and only one of which the political scientists see.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":2898,"VI":2899},"Two Faces of Power","Hai mặt của quyền lực",{"VI":486},{"VOID":2902},"10.2307\u002F1952796","2024-10-06T21:48:15.315+00:00",[115],[117],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002Fidentifier\u002FS0003055400000046\u002Ftype\u002Fjournal_article",[2908,2925],{"id":2909,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":2910,"affiliations":2911,"properties":2920,"displayName":2922,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"ca6d4eb6-c503-4e05-998b-a0d79ea0dfe0",[],[2912],{"id":2913,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2914,"properties":24},"ebabad6e-2e56-426f-b8a4-8ed7a873667f",{"id":2913,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2915,"slug":24,"properties":2916,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2919,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2917},{"VI":2918},"Bryn Mawr College",[],{"title":2921,"openalex":2923},{"EN":2922},"Peter Bachrach",{"VOID":2924},"A5004589195",{"id":2926,"sortIndex":139,"researcher":24,"roles":2927,"affiliations":2928,"properties":2935,"displayName":2937,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"a2e590e8-fc9b-49e5-941c-addde6b2835b",[],[2929],{"id":2913,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2930,"properties":24},{"id":2913,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2931,"slug":24,"properties":2932,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2934,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2933},{"VI":2918},[],{"title":2936,"openalex":2938},{"EN":2937},"Morton S. Baratz",{"VOID":2939},"A5004112870",{"url":24,"publisher":2941,"properties":2983},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":2942,"slug":10,"properties":2943,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"subjectFields":2948,"manageAffiliations":2957,"indexDatabases":2968,"url":90,"thumbnailPath":24,"statistic":24,"gsStatistic":24,"type":24,"analyzePriority":24},[],{"country":2944,"eissn":2945,"issn":2946,"title":2947},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"VOID":17},{"EN":19},[2949,2953],{"id":28,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2950,"label":2951,"description":2952,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":31},{},{"id":34,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2954,"label":2955,"description":2956,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":37},{},[2958,2963],{"id":41,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2959,"slug":24,"properties":2960,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2962,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2961},{"EN":45},[],{"id":48,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2964,"slug":24,"properties":2965,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2967,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2966},{"EN":52},[],[2969,2976],{"id":73,"indexDatabase":2970,"url":84,"indexYears":85,"academicFieldIds":2975,"indexDatabaseRanking":89},{"id":75,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2971,"label":2972,"description":2973,"key":81,"publicationTags":2974,"standard":24},[],{"EN":78,"VI":78},{"EN":78,"VI":80},[83],[87,88],{"id":56,"indexDatabase":2977,"url":69,"indexYears":24,"academicFieldIds":2982,"indexDatabaseRanking":24},{"id":58,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2978,"label":2979,"description":2980,"key":65,"publicationTags":2981,"standard":24},[],{"EN":61,"VI":61},{"EN":63,"VI":64},[67,68],[71],{"issue":2984,"pages":2985,"volume":2987},{"VOID":616},{"VOID":2986},"947-952",{"VOID":2988},"56",3092,{"total":2989,"publishYear":2991,"statisticByYear":2992},1962,{"2012":2993,"2013":1488,"2014":2707,"2015":2994,"2016":341,"2017":2995,"2018":2996,"2019":1924,"2020":2997,"2021":1801,"2022":626,"2023":2998,"2024":2999},126,137,112,164,169,84,53,"1962-12-01",[67,89],[3003,3006,3009,3012,3015,3018,3021,3023,3026,3029,3032,3035,3038,3041,3044],{"id":24,"text":3004,"url":24,"identifiers":3005},"Dahl, 1961, Who Governs?",{},{"id":24,"text":3007,"url":24,"identifiers":3008},"Long, 1956, A Research Program on Leadership and Decision-Making in Metropolitan Areas",{},{"id":24,"text":3010,"url":24,"identifiers":3011},"10.1086\u002F221799",{"doi":3010},{"id":24,"text":3013,"url":24,"identifiers":3014},"Dahl, 1958, A Critique of the Ruling-Elite Model, Review, 52, 463",{},{"id":24,"text":3016,"url":24,"identifiers":3017},"Vidich, 1958, Small Town in Mass Society",{},{"id":24,"text":3019,"url":24,"identifiers":3020},"10.2307\u002F972597",{"doi":3019},{"id":24,"text":3004,"url":24,"identifiers":3022},{},{"id":24,"text":3024,"url":24,"identifiers":3025},"Herson, 1961, In the Footsteps of Community Power, Review, 55, 817",{},{"id":24,"text":3027,"url":24,"identifiers":3028},"Hunter, 1953, Community Power Structure",{},{"id":24,"text":3030,"url":24,"identifiers":3031},"Bentley, 1908, The Process of Government, 202",{},{"id":24,"text":3033,"url":24,"identifiers":3034},"10.2307\u002F2088617",{"doi":3033},{"id":24,"text":3036,"url":24,"identifiers":3037},"Sayre, 1960, Governing New York City",{},{"id":24,"text":3039,"url":24,"identifiers":3040},"Lasswell, 1950, Power and Society, 75",{},{"id":24,"text":3042,"url":24,"identifiers":3043},"10.2307\u002F2126892",{"doi":3042},{"id":24,"text":3045,"url":24,"identifiers":3046},"Schattschneider, 1960, The Semi-Sovereign People, 71",{}]