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We present the first detailed description of flower anatomy and development in \u003Cjats:italic>Posidonia\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, the sole genus of the seagrass family Posidoniaceae. Existing accounts provide conflicting interpretations of floral and inflorescence structure, so this investigation is important in clarifying morphological evolution within this early‐divergent monocot order.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Methods:\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> We investigated two species of \u003Cjats:italic>Posidonia\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Our observations are interpreted in the framework of a recent molecular phylogeny.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Key results:\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> Partial inflorescences are bracteate spikes, which are arranged into a botryoid or a panicle. The flowers are perianthless. The gynoecium is monomerous with the ventral carpel side oriented abaxially. The carpel contains a single pendent bitegmic ovule with a nucellus and long chalaza, both extending along the carpel wall. The ovule develops an integumentary outgrowth. Each flower is supplied by a vascular bundle, whereas the flower‐subtending bracts are nonvascularized.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Conclusions:\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> Our data support a racemose interpretation for the partial inflorescence of \u003Cjats:italic>Posidonia\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> and the presence of flower‐subtending bracts. In common with some other Alismatales, \u003Cjats:italic>Posidonia\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> has simultaneous development of the flower and its subtending bract and loss of the bract vascular supply accompanied by innervation of the flower by a single vascular strand. The unusual carpel orientation could be an evolutionary reduction of a formerly tricarpellate gynoecium. The ovule of \u003Cjats:italic>Posidonia\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> is campylotropous and unusual within Alismatales in possessing an integumentary outgrowth.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Cơ sở của nghiên cứu:\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> Bộ Alismatales chủ yếu sống dưới nước thể hiện một kế hoạch hoa rất đa dạng liên quan đến nhiều mô hình phát triển khác nhau. Chúng tôi trình bày mô tả chi tiết đầu tiên về cấu trúc và phát triển của hoa trong \u003Cjats:italic>Posidonia\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, chi duy nhất của họ cỏ biển Posidoniaceae. Các tài liệu hiện có đưa ra các diễn giải mâu thuẫn về cấu trúc hoa và cụm hoa, vì vậy nghiên cứu này rất quan trọng trong việc làm rõ sự tiến hóa hình thái bên trong bộ monocot phân nhánh sớm này.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Phương pháp:\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> Chúng tôi đã nghiên cứu hai loài \u003Cjats:italic>Posidonia\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> bằng cách sử dụng kính hiển vi quang học và kính hiển vi điện tử quét. Các quan sát của chúng tôi được giải thích trong khuôn khổ một hệ sinh thái phân tử gần đây.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Kết quả chính:\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> Các cụm hoa từng phần là các chùm hoa có lá bắc, được sắp xếp thành dạng chùm nho hoặc dạng chùy. Hoa không có bì hoa. Gynoecium có một thùy với phía vách của lá noãn hướng ra ngoài. Lá noãn chứa một noãn bính thụ phấn đơn có một nuclê và chalaza dài, cả hai đều kéo dài dọc theo thành lá noãn. Noãn phát triển một phần mở rộng của lớp bao. Mỗi hoa được cung cấp bởi một bó mạch, trong khi các lá bắc dưới hoa không có mạch máu.",{"EN":119,"VI":120},"Flowers and inflorescences of the seagrass \u003Ci>Posidonia\u003C\u002Fi> (Posidoniaceae, Alismatales)","Hoa và cụm hoa của cỏ biển \u003Ci>Posidonia\u003C\u002Fi> (Posidoniaceae, Alismatales)",{"VOID":122},"23032814",{"VOID":124},"10.3732\u002Fajb.1200227","PUBLICATION","VERIFIED","Auto Verify",[129],"EN",[131],"VI","https:\u002F\u002Fbsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.3732\u002Fajb.1200227",[134,153,173,193,211],{"id":135,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":136,"affiliations":137,"properties":146,"displayName":150,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"6bf3f3c1-eb33-4d7d-bad6-caed9c5b8f72",[],[138],{"id":139,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":140,"properties":24},"5b1ef58a-c034-42dd-a77f-61d8c547eb24",{"id":139,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":141,"slug":24,"properties":142,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":145,"statistic":24},[],{"title":143},{"EN":144},"Department of Higher Plants, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia;",[],{"orcid":147,"title":149,"openalex":151},{"VOID":148},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-9896-5083",{"EN":150},"Margarita V. 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V., 2005, Morphology and development of flower and shoot system in Tofieldia pusilla (Tofieldiaceae), Botanichesky Zhurnal (St. Petersburg), 90, 840",{},{"id":24,"text":548,"url":24,"identifiers":549},"10.5642\u002Faliso.20062201.13",{"doi":548},{"id":24,"text":551,"url":24,"identifiers":552},"10.3417\u002F2009142",{"doi":551},{"id":24,"text":554,"url":24,"identifiers":555},"M. V. Remizowa D. D. Sokoloff P. J. Rudall",{},{"id":24,"text":557,"url":24,"identifiers":558},"L. P. Ronse de Craene E. F. Smets 1995",{},{"id":24,"text":560,"url":24,"identifiers":561},"10.1002\u002Fj.1537-2197.1965.tb06754.x",{"doi":560},{"id":24,"text":563,"url":24,"identifiers":564},"10.1139\u002Fb73-314",{"doi":563},{"id":24,"text":566,"url":24,"identifiers":567},"10.1002\u002Fj.1537-2197.1985.tb08421.x",{"doi":566},{"id":24,"text":569,"url":24,"identifiers":570},"10.1086\u002F297001",{"doi":569},{"id":24,"text":572,"url":24,"identifiers":573},"Shamrov I. 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Kadereit 2010",{},{"id":24,"text":640,"url":24,"identifiers":641},"10.1111\u002Fj.1744-7909.2007.00526.x",{"doi":640},false,{"id":644,"createTime":645,"updateTime":646,"relativeEntities":647,"slug":648,"properties":649,"entityType":125,"verifyStatus":126,"verifyTime":645,"verifyNote":127,"languages":666,"translateLanguages":667,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":668,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":669,"publicationType":231,"publisherRelationship":712,"citationCount":766,"citationInfo":767,"publishDate":778,"publishYear":768,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":779,"openAccess":24,"references":780,"isForceReanalyzing":642},"e3f15c3d-a280-47b3-8cd1-620084388233","2025-01-29T15:18:39.475+00:00","2025-02-17T22:09:17.538+00:00",[],"Algal-switching-among-lichen-symbioses",{"mag":650,"keywords":652,"openalex":654,"abstract":656,"title":659,"pm":662,"doi":664},{"VOID":651},"2135073448",{"VI":653},"địa y, cộng sinh, tảo, nấm, đồng tiến hóa, phát sinh nhánh, sự chuyển đổi kiểu gen",{"VOID":655},"W2135073448",{"EN":657,"VI":658},"\u003Cjats:p>Lichens are intimate and long‐term symbioses of algae and fungi. Such intimate associations are often hypothesized to have undergone long periods of symbiotic interdependence and coevolution. However, coevolution has not been rigorously tested for lichen associations. In the present study we compared the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) phylogenies of algal and fungal partners from 33 natural lichen associations to test two aspects of coevolution, cospeciation and parallel cladogenesis. Since statistically significant incongruence between symbiont phylogenies rejected parallel cladogenesis and minimized cospeciation events, we conclude that switching of highly selected algal genotypes occurs repeatedly among these symbiotic lichen associations.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Các địa y là những sự cộng sinh mật thiết và lâu dài giữa tảo và nấm. Các mối quan hệ mật thiết như vậy thường được giả thuyết là đã trải qua những giai đoạn dài của sự phụ thuộc lẫn nhau và đồng tiến hóa. Tuy nhiên, sự đồng tiến hóa chưa được thử nghiệm một cách nghiêm ngặt đối với các mối quan hệ địa y. Trong nghiên cứu hiện tại, chúng tôi đã so sánh hệ thống phân loại gen nội bộ (ITS) của các đối tác tảo và nấm từ 33 mối quan hệ địa y tự nhiên để kiểm tra hai khía cạnh của đồng tiến hóa, sự đồng phát sinh và sự phát sinh nhánh song song. Vì sự không phù hợp có ý nghĩa thống kê giữa các hệ thống phân loại sinh vật ký sinh đã bác bỏ sự phát sinh nhánh song song và tối thiểu hóa các sự kiện đồng phát sinh, chúng tôi kết luận rằng sự chuyển đổi giữa các kiểu gen tảo được chọn lọc cao xảy ra liên tục trong các mối quan hệ địa y cộng sinh này.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":660,"VI":661},"Algal switching among lichen symbioses","Sự chuyển đổi tảo trong các hội sinh vật địa y",{"VOID":663},"21669682",{"VOID":665},"10.2307\u002F3558457",[129],[131],"https:\u002F\u002Fbsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.2307\u002F3558457",[670,695],{"id":671,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":672,"affiliations":673,"properties":690,"displayName":692,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"1cfd5716-75a4-4c38-85ab-b5f9c6a6d632",[],[674,682],{"id":675,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":676,"properties":24},"110ba71f-4f55-4cd0-b14a-3dbf89878a30",{"id":675,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":677,"slug":24,"properties":678,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":681,"statistic":24},[],{"title":679},{"EN":680},"Author for reprint requests, current address: 525 Buller Building, Department of Botany, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 Canada.",[],{"id":683,"sortIndex":155,"affiliation":684,"properties":24},"c21861ee-70bb-408f-b4bc-9056d7590d00",{"id":683,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":685,"slug":24,"properties":686,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":689,"statistic":24},[],{"title":687},{"EN":688},"Department of Botany, MRC 166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560–0166 USA",[],{"title":691,"openalex":693},{"EN":692},"Michele D. 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J., 1990, PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications, 315",{},{"id":954,"createTime":955,"updateTime":956,"relativeEntities":957,"slug":958,"properties":959,"entityType":125,"verifyStatus":126,"verifyTime":955,"verifyNote":127,"languages":975,"translateLanguages":976,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":977,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":978,"publicationType":231,"publisherRelationship":1086,"citationCount":774,"citationInfo":1138,"publishDate":1141,"publishYear":1139,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1142,"openAccess":24,"references":1143,"isForceReanalyzing":642},"064c476c-ccaa-4007-95c5-7bbfd24262eb","2025-02-01T01:16:24.632+00:00","2025-02-17T22:08:21.833+00:00",[],"-b-Development-of-microsatellite-markers-for-i-Aulonemia-aristulata-i-Poaceae-and-cross-amplification-in-other-bamboo-species-b-",{"mag":960,"keywords":962,"openalex":963,"abstract":965,"title":968,"pm":971,"doi":973},{"VOID":961},"2080992297",{"VI":112},{"VOID":964},"W2080992297",{"EN":966,"VI":967},"\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Premise of the study\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: Microsatellite primers were developed for \u003Cjats:italic>Aulonemia aristulata\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, an endangered species of economic interest, to further describe its genetic variability and population structure. We also tested cross‐amplification in 18 other bamboo species.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Methods and Results\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: Using an enrichment genomic library, 13 microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized in \u003Cjats:italic>A. aristulata\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. Seven of these loci were polymorphic. Twelve markers were cross‐amplified in at least ten of the tested bamboo species.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Conclusions\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: These markers will be useful for studies on the genetic diversity and structure of \u003Cjats:italic>A. aristulata\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, which are important for future conservation, management and breeding programs of this species.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Giả thuyết nghiên cứu\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: Các mồi vi vệ tinh đã được phát triển cho \u003Cjats:italic>Aulonemia aristulata\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, một loài có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng và có giá trị kinh tế, để mô tả thêm về biến đổi di truyền và cấu trúc quần thể của nó. Chúng tôi cũng đã thử nghiệm khả năng khuếch đại chéo ở 18 loài tre khác.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Phương pháp và Kết quả\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: Sử dụng một thư viện gen làm giàu, 13 loci vi vệ tinh đã được cô lập và xác định trên \u003Cjats:italic>A. aristulata\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. Bảy trong số các loci này là đa hình. Mười hai dấu hiệu đã được khuếch đại chéo ở ít nhất mười trong số các loài tre được thử nghiệm.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Kết luận\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: Những dấu hiệu này sẽ hữu ích cho các nghiên cứu về đa dạng di truyền và cấu trúc của \u003Cjats:italic>A. aristulata\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, điều này rất quan trọng cho việc bảo tồn, quản lý và các chương trình nhân giống trong tương lai của loài này.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":969,"VI":970},"\u003Cb>Development of microsatellite markers for \u003Ci>Aulonemia aristulata\u003C\u002Fi> (Poaceae) and cross‐amplification in other bamboo species\u003C\u002Fb>","\u003Cb>Phát triển các dấu hiệu vi vệ tinh cho \u003Ci>Aulonemia aristulata\u003C\u002Fi> (Poaceae) và khả năng khuếch đại chéo trong các loài tre khác\u003C\u002Fb>",{"VOID":972},"21613156",{"VOID":974},"10.3732\u002Fajb.1000511",[129],[131],"https:\u002F\u002Fbsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.3732\u002Fajb.1000511",[979,998,1017,1032,1051,1068],{"id":980,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":981,"affiliations":982,"properties":991,"displayName":995,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"5f1b41cb-dd8a-490f-a700-ace4a2116390",[],[983],{"id":984,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":985,"properties":24},"c22af059-772b-4cd6-ab36-419477810414",{"id":984,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":986,"slug":24,"properties":987,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":990,"statistic":24},[],{"title":988},{"EN":989},"APTA Pólo Centro-Sul, Rodovia SP 127, km 30, CP 28, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil 13400-970",[],{"orcid":992,"title":994,"openalex":996},{"VOID":993},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-2765-3741",{"EN":995},"A. 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Pádua Dias, 11, CP 83, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil 13400‐970",[],{"orcid":1045,"title":1047,"openalex":1049},{"VOID":1046},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-1294-2081",{"EN":1048},"José Baldin Pinheiro",{"VOID":1050},"A5058914099",{"id":1052,"sortIndex":213,"researcher":24,"roles":1053,"affiliations":1054,"properties":1063,"displayName":1065,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"acfb94cb-5a55-4e1c-86f5-ad7134f159ac",[],[1055],{"id":1056,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1057,"properties":24},"ed306f96-ab34-412d-938a-01e9293c0e6a",{"id":1056,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1058,"slug":24,"properties":1059,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1062,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1060},{"EN":1061},"Instituto Agronômico, Avenida Barão de Itapura, 1481, CP 28, Campinas, SP, Brazil 13020-902",[],{"title":1064,"openalex":1066},{"EN":1065},"Antônio Fernando Caetano Tombolato",{"VOID":1067},"A5110292454",{"id":1069,"sortIndex":1070,"researcher":24,"roles":1071,"affiliations":1072,"properties":1079,"displayName":1083,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"0f2bcbc2-5faf-4809-9612-ffaf6483485a",5,[],[1073],{"id":984,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1074,"properties":24},{"id":984,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1075,"slug":24,"properties":1076,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1078,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1077},{"EN":989},[],{"orcid":1080,"title":1082,"openalex":1084},{"VOID":1081},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-4863-1843",{"EN":1083},"Maria Imaculada Zucchi",{"VOID":1085},"A5014040892",{"url":24,"publisher":1087,"properties":1133},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":1088,"slug":10,"properties":1089,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"subjectFields":1094,"manageAffiliations":1107,"indexDatabases":1118,"url":97,"thumbnailPath":24,"statistic":24,"gsStatistic":24,"type":24,"analyzePriority":24},[],{"country":1090,"eissn":1091,"issn":1092,"title":1093},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"VOID":17},{"EN":19},[1095,1099,1103],{"id":28,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1096,"label":1097,"description":1098,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":31},{},{"id":34,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1100,"label":1101,"description":1102,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":37},{},{"id":40,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1104,"label":1105,"description":1106,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":43},{},[1108,1113],{"id":47,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1109,"slug":24,"properties":1110,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1112,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1111},{"EN":51},[],{"id":54,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1114,"slug":24,"properties":1115,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1117,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1116},{"EN":58},[],[1119,1126],{"id":62,"indexDatabase":1120,"url":73,"indexYears":74,"academicFieldIds":1125,"indexDatabaseRanking":79},{"id":64,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1121,"label":1122,"description":1123,"key":70,"publicationTags":1124,"standard":24},[],{"EN":67,"VI":67},{"EN":67,"VI":69},[72],[76,77,78],{"id":81,"indexDatabase":1127,"url":94,"indexYears":24,"academicFieldIds":1132,"indexDatabaseRanking":24},{"id":83,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1128,"label":1129,"description":1130,"key":90,"publicationTags":1131,"standard":24},[],{"EN":86,"VI":86},{"EN":88,"VI":89},[92,93],[96],{"issue":1134,"volume":1136},{"VOID":1135},"4",{"VOID":1137},"98",{"total":774,"publishYear":1139,"statisticByYear":1140},2011,{"2014":155,"2019":175,"2020":175,"2021":175,"2022":155,"2023":195,"2024":175},"2011-04-01",[92,79],[1144,1147,1150,1153,1156,1159,1162,1165,1168,1171],{"id":24,"text":1145,"url":24,"identifiers":1146},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.90.17.7915",{"doi":1145},{"id":24,"text":1148,"url":24,"identifiers":1149},"Belkhir K. P.Borsa L.Chikhi N.Raufaste andF.Bonhomme.1996–2004.GENETIX 4.05 logiciel sous Windows TM pour la génétique des populations. Laboratoire Génome Populations Interactions CNRS UMR 5000 Université de Montpellier II Montpellier (France). Computer program and documentation distributed by the author website:http:\u002F\u002Fwww.genetix.univ‐montp2.fr\u002Fgenetix\u002Fgenetix.htm\u002F[accessed 9 Sept 2010].",{},{"id":24,"text":1151,"url":24,"identifiers":1152},"Billotte N., 1999, Microsatellite‐enriched libraries: Applied methodology for the development of SSR markers in tropical crops, Fruits, 54, 277",{},{"id":24,"text":1154,"url":24,"identifiers":1155},"Doyle J. J., 1990, Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue, Focus (San Francisco, Calif.), 12, 13",{},{"id":24,"text":1157,"url":24,"identifiers":1158},"Grombone‐Guaratini M. T., 2009, Allelopathic potential of extract and fractions of Aulonemia aristulata (Döll) MacClure, a native bamboo of Atlantic rain forest, Allelophatic Journal, 24, 183",{},{"id":24,"text":1160,"url":24,"identifiers":1161},"Guerra P. M., 2001, Farmacognosia: Da planta ao medicamento, 3–26",{},{"id":24,"text":1163,"url":24,"identifiers":1164},"Judziewicz E. J., 1999, American bamboos",{},{"id":24,"text":1166,"url":24,"identifiers":1167},"10.6026\u002F97320630003282",{"doi":1166},{"id":24,"text":1169,"url":24,"identifiers":1170},"10.1007\u002FBF02977689",{"doi":1169},{"id":24,"text":1172,"url":24,"identifiers":1173},"10.1002\u002Fptr.1965",{"doi":1172},{"id":1175,"createTime":1176,"updateTime":1177,"relativeEntities":1178,"slug":1179,"properties":1180,"entityType":125,"verifyStatus":126,"verifyTime":1176,"verifyNote":127,"languages":1196,"translateLanguages":1197,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1198,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1199,"publicationType":231,"publisherRelationship":1234,"citationCount":1287,"citationInfo":1288,"publishDate":1297,"publishYear":288,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1298,"openAccess":24,"references":1299,"isForceReanalyzing":642},"d13ccbbf-6a2e-42f0-b3ed-ebb94cee6b92","2025-02-05T06:11:33.152+00:00","2025-02-17T22:07:25.149+00:00",[],"The-insect-pathogenic-fungus-i-Metarhizium-robertsii-i-Clavicipitaceae-is-also-an-endophyte-that-stimulates-plant-root-development",{"mag":1181,"keywords":1183,"openalex":1184,"abstract":1186,"title":1189,"pm":1192,"doi":1194},{"VOID":1182},"2148100443",{"VI":112},{"VOID":1185},"W2148100443",{"EN":1187,"VI":1188},"\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Premise of the study:\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> The soil\u003Cjats:italic>‐\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>inhabiting insect‐pathogenic fungus \u003Cjats:italic>Metarhizium robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> also colonizes plant roots endophytically, thus showing potential as a plant symbiont. \u003Cjats:italic>Metarhizium robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> is not randomly distributed in soils but preferentially associates with the plant rhizosphere when applied in agricultural settings. Root surface and endophytic colonization of switchgrass (\u003Cjats:italic>Panicum virgatum)\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> and haricot beans (\u003Cjats:italic>Phaseolus vulgaris)\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> by \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> were examined after inoculation with fungal conidia.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Methods:\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> We used light and confocal microscopy to ascertain the plant endophytic association with GFP‐expressing \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. Root lengths, root hair density, and lateral roots emerged were also observed.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Key results:\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> Initially, \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> conidia adhered to, germinated on, and colonized roots. Furthermore, plant roots treated with \u003Cjats:italic>Metarhizium\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> grew faster and the density of plant root hairs increased when compared with control plants. The onset of plant root hair proliferation was initiated before germination of \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> on the root (within 1–2 d). Plants inoculated with \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> Δ\u003Cjats:italic>MAD2\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> (plant adhesin gene) took significantly longer to show root hair proliferation than the wild type. Cell free extracts of \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> did not stimulate root hair proliferation. Longer‐term (60 d) associations showed that \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> endophytically colonized cortical cells within bean roots. \u003Cjats:italic>Metarhizium\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> appeared as a mycelial aggregate within root cortical cells as well as between the intercellular spaces with no apparent damage to the plant.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Conclusions:\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> These results suggest that \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> is not only rhizosphere competent but also displays a beneficial endophytic association with plant roots that results in the proliferation of root hairs.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Tiền đề của nghiên cứu:\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> Nấm gây bệnh cho côn trùng sống trong đất \u003Cjats:italic>Metarhizium robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> cũng xâm nhập vào rễ cây theo dạng nội sinh, do đó cho thấy tiềm năng như một đồng sinh với cây trồng. \u003Cjats:italic>Metarhizium robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> không được phân bố ngẫu nhiên trong đất mà có xu hướng liên kết với vùng rễ của cây khi được áp dụng trong các bối cảnh nông nghiệp. Sự bám dính vào bề mặt rễ và sự xâm nhập nội sinh của cỏ switchgrass (\u003Cjats:italic>Panicum virgatum\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>) và đậu haricot (\u003Cjats:italic>Phaseolus vulgaris\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>) bởi \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> đã được nghiên cứu sau khi được tiêm nhiễm bằng bào tử nấm.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Phương pháp:\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> Chúng tôi đã sử dụng kính hiển vi ánh sáng và kính hiển vi huỳnh quang để xác định sự liên kết nội sinh của cây trồng với \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> có biểu hiện GFP. Độ dài rễ, mật độ lông rễ và sự xuất hiện của các rễ bên cũng được quan sát.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Kết quả chính:\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> Ban đầu, bào tử \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> bám dính vào, nảy mầm trên và xâm nhập vào rễ cây. Hơn nữa, rễ cây được xử lý bằng \u003Cjats:italic>Metarhizium\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> phát triển nhanh hơn và mật độ lông rễ tăng cao hơn khi so với cây đối chứng. Sự gia tăng lông rễ của cây được khởi động trước khi bào tử \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> nảy mầm trên rễ (trong khoảng 1–2 ngày). Các cây được tiêm nhiễm bằng \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> Δ\u003Cjats:italic>MAD2\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> (gen kết dính cây) đã mất nhiều thời gian hơn để thể hiện sự gia tăng lông rễ so với thể hoang dã. Các chiết xuất không có tế bào từ \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> không kích thích sự gia tăng lông rễ. Các mối quan hệ dài hạn (60 ngày) cho thấy \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> đã xâm nhập nội sinh vào các tế bào vỏ trong rễ đậu. \u003Cjats:italic>Metarhizium\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> xuất hiện như một khối tản lạc trong các tế bào vỏ rễ cũng như giữa các khoảng không gian tế bào với không có thiệt hại rõ rệt nào đối với cây.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Kết luận:\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> Những kết quả này cho thấy rằng \u003Cjats:italic>M. robertsii\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> không chỉ có khả năng cạnh tranh tại vùng rễ mà còn thể hiện một mối liên kết nội sinh có lợi với rễ cây dẫn đến sự phát triển của lông rễ.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1190,"VI":1191},"The insect‐pathogenic fungus \u003Ci>Metarhizium robertsii\u003C\u002Fi> (Clavicipitaceae) is also an endophyte that stimulates plant root development","Nấm gây bệnh cho côn trùng \u003Ci>Metarhizium robertsii\u003C\u002Fi> (Clavicipitaceae) cũng là một sinh vật nội sinh kích thích sự phát triển 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M., 2001, Aerial treatment of the Australian plague locust, Chortiocetes terminifera (Orthoptera: Acrididae), with Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) in Australia, Bulletin of Entomological Research, 91, 93, 10.1079\u002FBER200080",{"doi":1346},"10.1079\u002FBER200080",{"id":24,"text":1348,"url":24,"identifiers":1349},"10.1017\u002FS0953756298007333",{"doi":1348},{"id":24,"text":1351,"url":24,"identifiers":1352},"10.2134\u002Fagronj2007.0017N",{"doi":1351},{"id":24,"text":1354,"url":24,"identifiers":1355},"10.1007\u002FBF00193562",{"doi":1354},{"id":24,"text":1357,"url":24,"identifiers":1358},"10.1146\u002Fannurev.ento.46.1.667",{"doi":1357},{"id":24,"text":1360,"url":24,"identifiers":1361},"10.1128\u002FAEM.67.7.3046-3052.2001",{"doi":1360},{"id":24,"text":1363,"url":24,"identifiers":1364},"Milner R. 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J., 2001, Pyrenomycetes—Fungi with perithecia, 10.1007\u002F978-3-662-10376-0_11",{"doi":1383},"10.1007\u002F978-3-662-10376-0_11",{"id":24,"text":1385,"url":24,"identifiers":1386},"10.4141\u002FP06-136",{"doi":1385},{"id":24,"text":1388,"url":24,"identifiers":1389},"10.1016\u002F0960-8524(95)00176-X",{"doi":1388},{"id":24,"text":1391,"url":24,"identifiers":1392},"10.2307\u002F3760674",{"doi":1391},{"id":24,"text":1394,"url":24,"identifiers":1395},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-294X.2007.03225.x",{"doi":1394},{"id":24,"text":1397,"url":24,"identifiers":1398},"10.1128\u002FAEM.65.6.2741-2744.1999",{"doi":1397},{"id":24,"text":1400,"url":24,"identifiers":1401},"10.1016\u002Fj.jip.2008.01.008",{"doi":1400},{"id":24,"text":1403,"url":24,"identifiers":1404},"10.1016\u002Fj.funeco.2009.05.001",{"doi":1403},{"id":24,"text":1406,"url":24,"identifiers":1407},"10.1016\u002Fj.fgb.2005.04.006",{"doi":1406},{"id":24,"text":1409,"url":24,"identifiers":1410},"10.1128\u002FEC.00409-06",{"doi":1409},{"id":24,"text":1412,"url":24,"identifiers":1413},"10.1007\u002Fs00572-009-0268-8",{"doi":1412},{"id":24,"text":1415,"url":24,"identifiers":1416},"10.1099\u002Fmic.0.051102-0",{"doi":1415},{"id":1418,"createTime":1419,"updateTime":1420,"relativeEntities":1421,"slug":1422,"properties":1423,"entityType":125,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":1419,"verifyNote":1439,"languages":1440,"translateLanguages":1441,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1442,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1443,"publicationType":231,"publisherRelationship":1483,"citationCount":1536,"citationInfo":1537,"publishDate":1544,"publishYear":768,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1545,"openAccess":24,"references":1546,"isForceReanalyzing":642},"682d45c5-8f02-4751-aa34-6a535597f0c5","2024-09-24T06:14:10.453+00:00","2025-02-14T21:09:24.397+00:00",[],"Estimating-near-infrared-leaf-reflectance-from-leaf-structural-characteristics",{"mag":1424,"keywords":1426,"openalex":1427,"abstract":1429,"title":1432,"pm":1435,"doi":1437},{"VOID":1425},"2122755621",{"VI":112},{"VOID":1428},"W2122755621",{"EN":1430,"VI":1431},"\u003Cjats:p>The relationship between near‐infrared reflectance at 800 nm (NIRR) from leaves and characteristics of leaf structure known to affect photosynthesis was investigated in 48 species of alpine angiosperms. This wavelength was selected to discriminate the effects of leaf structure vs. chemical or water content on leaf reflectance. A quantitative model was first constructed correlating NIRR with leaf structural characteristics for six species, and then validated using all 48 species. Among the structural characteristics tested in the reflectance model were leaf trichome density, the presence or absence of both leaf bicoloration and a thick leaf cuticle (>1 μm), leaf thickness, the ratio of palisade mesophyll to spongy mesophyll thickness (PM\u002FSM), the proportion of the mesophyll occupied by intercellular air spaces (%IAS), and the ratio of mesophyll cell surface area exposed to IAS (\u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sub>mes\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>) per unit leaf surface area (\u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>), or \u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sub>mes\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>\u002F\u003Cjats:italic>A.\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> Multiple regression analysis showed that measured NIRR was highly correlated with \u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sub>mes\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>\u002F\u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, leaf bicoloration, and the presence of a thick leaf cuticle (\u003Cjats:italic>r\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sup>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> = 0.93). In contrast, correlations between NIRR and leaf trichome density, leaf thickness, the PM\u002FSM ratio, or %IAS were relatively weak (\u003Cjats:italic>r\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sup>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> < 0.25). A model incorporating \u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sub>mes\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>\u002F\u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, leaf bicoloration, and cuticle thickness predicted NIRR accurately for 48 species (\u003Cjats:italic>r\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sup>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> = 0.43; \u003Cjats:italic>P\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> < 0.01) and may be useful for linking remotely sensed data to plant structure and function.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Mối quan hệ giữa độ phản xạ bức xạ hồng ngoại gần ở bước sóng 800 nm (NIRR) từ lá và các đặc điểm cấu trúc của lá được biết là ảnh hưởng đến quang hợp đã được điều tra trong 48 loài thực vật hạt kín núi cao. Bước sóng này được chọn để phân biệt ảnh hưởng của cấu trúc lá so với thành phần hóa học hoặc hàm lượng nước trong độ phản xạ của lá. Đầu tiên, một mô hình định lượng đã được xây dựng để tương quan NIRR với các đặc trưng cấu trúc của lá cho sáu loài, và sau đó được xác thực bằng cách sử dụng tất cả 48 loài. Trong số các đặc điểm cấu trúc được kiểm tra trong mô hình phản xạ có mật độ lông lá, sự hiện diện hoặc vắng mặt của màu sắc hai lá và một lớp cuticle lá dày (>1 μm), độ dày của lá, tỷ lệ độ dày của mô palisade so với mô xốp (PM\u002FSM), tỷ lệ phần trăm mô bị không gian khí giữa các tế bào (%IAS), và tỷ lệ diện tích bề mặt tế bào mô tiếp xúc với không gian khí giữa các tế bào (\u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sub>mes\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>) trên một đơn vị diện tích bề mặt lá (\u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>), hoặc \u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sub>mes\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>\u002F\u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. Phân tích hồi quy đa biến cho thấy NIRR được đo có tương quan cao với \u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sub>mes\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>\u002F\u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, sự chuyển màu của lá, và sự hiện diện của lớp cuticle lá dày (\u003Cjats:italic>r\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sup>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> = 0.93). Ngược lại, các mối tương quan giữa NIRR và mật độ lông lá, độ dày lá, tỷ lệ PM\u002FSM, hoặc %IAS tương đối yếu (\u003Cjats:italic>r\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sup>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> \u003C 0.25). Một mô hình kết hợp \u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sub>mes\u003C\u002Fjats:sub>\u002F\u003Cjats:italic>A\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, sự chuyển màu của lá, và độ dày cuticle đã dự đoán NIRR chính xác cho 48 loài (\u003Cjats:italic>r\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>\u003Cjats:sup>2\u003C\u002Fjats:sup> = 0.43; \u003Cjats:italic>P\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> \u003C 0.01) và có thể hữu ích trong việc liên kết dữ liệu cảm biến từ xa với cấu trúc và chức năng của thực vật.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1433,"VI":1434},"Estimating near‐infrared leaf reflectance from leaf structural characteristics","Ước lượng độ phản xạ bức xạ hồng ngoại gần từ các đặc trưng cấu trúc của lá",{"VOID":1436},"11222250",{"VOID":1438},"10.2307\u002F2657019","Author affiliation is blank",[129],[131],"https:\u002F\u002Fbsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.2307\u002F2657019",[1444,1461,1472],{"id":1445,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1446,"affiliations":1447,"properties":1456,"displayName":1458,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"580b4587-1ad3-4300-9bc4-bed65b82e5a2",[],[1448],{"id":1449,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1450,"properties":24},"068c08af-cd58-427f-9721-814365d2684e",{"id":1449,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1451,"slug":24,"properties":1452,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1455,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1453},{"EN":1454},"Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3165 USA;",[],{"title":1457,"openalex":1459},{"EN":1458},"Michèle R. Slaton",{"VOID":1460},"A5078335124",{"id":1462,"sortIndex":155,"researcher":24,"roles":1463,"affiliations":1464,"properties":1465,"displayName":1469,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"24fe5cae-62f6-431b-b81e-3ad5a6adfa02",[],[],{"orcid":1466,"title":1468,"openalex":1470},{"VOID":1467},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-5795-1769",{"EN":1469},"E. Raymond Hunt",{"VOID":1471},"A5043478942",{"id":1473,"sortIndex":175,"researcher":24,"roles":1474,"affiliations":1475,"properties":1476,"displayName":1480,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"b4be233a-2a7f-4ca0-b386-b68b612e6808",[],[],{"orcid":1477,"title":1479,"openalex":1481},{"VOID":1478},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0001-5534-3850",{"EN":1480},"William K. Smith",{"VOID":1482},"A5091046953",{"url":24,"publisher":1484,"properties":1530},{"id":6,"createTime":7,"updateTime":8,"relativeEntities":1485,"slug":10,"properties":1486,"entityType":22,"verifyStatus":23,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":25,"subjectFields":1491,"manageAffiliations":1504,"indexDatabases":1515,"url":97,"thumbnailPath":24,"statistic":24,"gsStatistic":24,"type":24,"analyzePriority":24},[],{"country":1487,"eissn":1488,"issn":1489,"title":1490},{"VOID":13},{"VOID":15},{"VOID":17},{"EN":19},[1492,1496,1500],{"id":28,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1493,"label":1494,"description":1495,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":31},{},{"id":34,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1497,"label":1498,"description":1499,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":37},{},{"id":40,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1501,"label":1502,"description":1503,"parentId":24,"standard":24,"scholarHubFieldId":24},[],{"EN":43},{},[1505,1510],{"id":47,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1506,"slug":24,"properties":1507,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1509,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1508},{"EN":51},[],{"id":54,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1511,"slug":24,"properties":1512,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1514,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1513},{"EN":58},[],[1516,1523],{"id":62,"indexDatabase":1517,"url":73,"indexYears":74,"academicFieldIds":1522,"indexDatabaseRanking":79},{"id":64,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1518,"label":1519,"description":1520,"key":70,"publicationTags":1521,"standard":24},[],{"EN":67,"VI":67},{"EN":67,"VI":69},[72],[76,77,78],{"id":81,"indexDatabase":1524,"url":94,"indexYears":24,"academicFieldIds":1529,"indexDatabaseRanking":24},{"id":83,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1525,"label":1526,"description":1527,"key":90,"publicationTags":1528,"standard":24},[],{"EN":86,"VI":86},{"EN":88,"VI":89},[92,93],[96],{"issue":1531,"pages":1533,"volume":1535},{"VOID":1532},"2",{"VOID":1534},"278-284",{"VOID":765},391,{"total":1536,"publishYear":768,"statisticByYear":1538},{"2012":775,"2013":1539,"2014":775,"2015":1295,"2016":1295,"2017":1291,"2018":1540,"2019":1541,"2020":1542,"2021":1296,"2022":1543,"2023":1292,"2024":1291},19,30,54,16,31,"2001-02-01",[92,79],[1547,1550,1553,1556,1559,1562,1565,1568,1571,1574,1577,1580,1583,1586,1589,1592,1595,1598,1601,1604,1607,1610,1613,1616,1619,1622,1625,1628,1631,1634,1637,1640,1643,1646,1649,1652,1655,1658],{"id":24,"text":1548,"url":24,"identifiers":1549},"10.1002\u002Fj.1537-2197.1993.tb13796.x",{"doi":1548},{"id":24,"text":1551,"url":24,"identifiers":1552},"10.1007\u002FBF00345535",{"doi":1551},{"id":24,"text":1554,"url":24,"identifiers":1555},"10.1016\u002F0034-4257(92)90133-5",{"doi":1554},{"id":24,"text":1557,"url":24,"identifiers":1558},"Delucia E. H., 1993, Contribution of internal reflectance to light absorption and photosynthesis of shade leaves, Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 74, 211",{},{"id":24,"text":1560,"url":24,"identifiers":1561},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3040.1996.tb00237.x",{"doi":1560},{"id":24,"text":1563,"url":24,"identifiers":1564},"10.1007\u002FBF00347600",{"doi":1563},{"id":24,"text":1566,"url":24,"identifiers":1567},"10.1007\u002FBF00344990",{"doi":1566},{"id":24,"text":1569,"url":24,"identifiers":1570},"Fukshansky L., 1981, Plant and daylight spectrum, 21",{},{"id":24,"text":1572,"url":24,"identifiers":1573},"Gates D. M., 1970, National Research Council, Committee on Remote Sensing for Agricultural Purposes, Remote sensing with special reference to agriculture and forestry, 224",{},{"id":24,"text":1575,"url":24,"identifiers":1576},"Gates D. M., 1976, Ecological studies, 137",{},{"id":24,"text":1578,"url":24,"identifiers":1579},"10.1364\u002FAO.4.000011",{"doi":1578},{"id":24,"text":1581,"url":24,"identifiers":1582},"10.1016\u002FS0034-4257(69)90055-8",{"doi":1581},{"id":24,"text":1584,"url":24,"identifiers":1585},"Gausman H. W. W. A.Allen andR.Cardenas C. L.Wigand D. E.Escobar R. R.Rodriguez andA. J.Richardson.1973.The leaf mesophylls of twenty crops their light spectra and optical and geometrical parameters.U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1465.",{},{"id":24,"text":1587,"url":24,"identifiers":1588},"10.1016\u002FS0176-1617(96)80285-9",{"doi":1587},{"id":24,"text":1590,"url":24,"identifiers":1591},"10.1016\u002F0034-4257(89)90046-1",{"doi":1590},{"id":24,"text":1593,"url":24,"identifiers":1594},"10.1016\u002F0034-4257(87)90094-0",{"doi":1593},{"id":24,"text":1596,"url":24,"identifiers":1597},"10.2307\u002F2656937",{"doi":1596},{"id":24,"text":1599,"url":24,"identifiers":1600},"10.2307\u002F2446360",{"doi":1599},{"id":24,"text":1602,"url":24,"identifiers":1603},"10.1016\u002FS0034-4257(70)80021-9",{"doi":1602},{"id":24,"text":1605,"url":24,"identifiers":1606},"10.1111\u002Fj.1399-3054.1983.tb06576.x",{"doi":1605},{"id":24,"text":1608,"url":24,"identifiers":1609},"10.1002\u002Fj.1537-2197.1985.tb05340.x",{"doi":1608},{"id":24,"text":1611,"url":24,"identifiers":1612},"10.1111\u002Fj.1399-3054.1980.tb03293.x",{"doi":1611},{"id":24,"text":1614,"url":24,"identifiers":1615},"10.1080\u002F01431169108955186",{"doi":1614},{"id":24,"text":1617,"url":24,"identifiers":1618},"10.1007\u002FBF00345193",{"doi":1617},{"id":24,"text":1620,"url":24,"identifiers":1621},"Nobel P. S., 1980, Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress, 43",{},{"id":24,"text":1623,"url":24,"identifiers":1624},"Nobel P. S., 1985, Photosynthetic mechanisms and the environment, 501",{},{"id":24,"text":1626,"url":24,"identifiers":1627},"10.1104\u002Fpp.55.6.1067",{"doi":1626},{"id":24,"text":1629,"url":24,"identifiers":1630},"10.1046\u002Fj.1469-8137.1999.00456.x",{"doi":1629},{"id":24,"text":1632,"url":24,"identifiers":1633},"10.1104\u002Fpp.62.1.101",{"doi":1632},{"id":24,"text":1635,"url":24,"identifiers":1636},"Sinclair T. R., 1977, Mesophyll resistance and CO2 compensation concentration in leaf photosynthesis models, Photosynthetica, 11, 56",{},{"id":24,"text":1638,"url":24,"identifiers":1639},"10.2307\u002F1936923",{"doi":1638},{"id":24,"text":1641,"url":24,"identifiers":1642},"10.2307\u002F1313100",{"doi":1641},{"id":24,"text":1644,"url":24,"identifiers":1645},"10.1093\u002Foxfordjournals.pcp.a076672",{"doi":1644},{"id":24,"text":1647,"url":24,"identifiers":1648},"Turrell F. M., 1965, Humidity and moisture: measurement and control in science and industry, 39",{},{"id":24,"text":1650,"url":24,"identifiers":1651},"10.1080\u002F01431169308953986",{"doi":1650},{"id":24,"text":1653,"url":24,"identifiers":1654},"10.1146\u002Fannurev.pp.44.060193.001311",{"doi":1653},{"id":24,"text":1656,"url":24,"identifiers":1657},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3040.1993.tb00845.x",{"doi":1656},{"id":24,"text":1659,"url":24,"identifiers":1660},"Willstätter R, 1913, Untersuchungen über die Assimilation der Kohlensäure",{},{"id":1662,"createTime":1663,"updateTime":1664,"relativeEntities":1665,"slug":1666,"properties":1667,"entityType":125,"verifyStatus":126,"verifyTime":1663,"verifyNote":127,"languages":1684,"translateLanguages":1685,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":1686,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":1687,"publicationType":231,"publisherRelationship":1766,"citationCount":1819,"citationInfo":1820,"publishDate":1825,"publishYear":1821,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":1826,"openAccess":24,"references":1827,"isForceReanalyzing":642},"e6d891f6-11e8-4eb0-9f30-29a767707721","2025-01-06T01:46:13.915+00:00","2025-02-14T21:08:23.751+00:00",[],"Dinoflagellates-a-remarkable-evolutionary-experiment",{"mag":1668,"keywords":1670,"openalex":1672,"abstract":1674,"title":1677,"pm":1680,"doi":1682},{"VOID":1669},"2145913874",{"VI":1671},"Cá tảo độc, sinh thái học, độc tố, hồ sơ hóa thạch, phân tích phylogenetic phân tử, gene, plastid.",{"VOID":1673},"W2145913874",{"EN":1675,"VI":1676},"\u003Cjats:p>In this paper, we focus on dinoflagellate ecology, toxin production, fossil record, and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of hosts and plastids. Of ecological interest are the swimming and feeding behavior, bioluminescence, and symbioses of dinoflagellates with corals. The many varieties of dinoflagellate toxins, their biological effects, and current knowledge of their origin are discussed. Knowledge of dinoflagellate evolution is aided by a rich fossil record that can be used to document their emergence and diversification. However, recent biogeochemical studies indicate that dinoflagellates may be much older than previously believed. A remarkable feature of dinoflagellates is their unique genome structure and gene regulation. The nuclear genomes of these algae are of enormous size, lack nucleosomes, and have permanently condensed chromosomes. This chapter reviews the current knowledge of gene regulation and transcription in dinoflagellates with regard to the unique aspects of the nuclear genome. Previous work shows the plastid genome of typical dinoflagellates to have been reduced to single‐gene minicircles that encode only a small number of proteins. Recent studies have demonstrated that the majority of the plastid genome has been transferred to the nucleus, which makes the dinoflagellates the only eukaryotes to encode the majority of typical plastid genes in the nucleus. The evolution of the dinoflagellate plastid and the implications of these results for understanding organellar genome evolution are discussed.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Trong bài báo này, chúng tôi tập trung vào sinh thái học của cá tảo độc, sự sản xuất độc tố, hồ sơ hóa thạch và phân tích hệ gen phân tử của các vật chủ và plastid. Những vấn đề sinh thái đáng quan tâm là hành vi bơi lội và ăn uống, hiện tượng phát quang sinh học và sự hợp sinh của cá tảo độc với san hô. Nhiều loại độc tố của cá tảo độc, ảnh hưởng sinh học của chúng và kiến thức hiện tại về nguồn gốc của chúng được thảo luận. Kiến thức về tiến hóa của cá tảo độc được hỗ trợ bởi một hồ sơ hóa thạch phong phú có thể được sử dụng để ghi chép sự xuất hiện và đa dạng hóa của chúng. Tuy nhiên, các nghiên cứu sinh hóa sinh học gần đây cho thấy cá tảo độc có thể cổ xưa hơn nhiều so với suy nghĩ trước đây. Một đặc điểm đáng chú ý của cá tảo độc là cấu trúc gen độc đáo và sự điều hòa gen của chúng. Bộ gen hạt nhân của tảo thuộc nhóm này có kích thước khổng lồ, thiếu nucleosome và có nhiễm sắc thể vĩnh viễn bị ngưng tụ. Chương này tổng hợp kiến thức hiện tại về sự điều hòa gen và phiên mã ở cá tảo độc liên quan đến những khía cạnh độc đáo của bộ gen hạt nhân. Các công trình trước đây cho thấy bộ gen plastid của cá tảo độc điển hình đã được giảm xuống thành các vòng nhỏ chứa một gen duy nhất chỉ mã hóa một số lượng nhỏ protein. Các nghiên cứu gần đây đã chứng minh rằng phần lớn bộ gen plastid đã được chuyển đến hạt nhân, làm cho cá tảo độc trở thành nhóm eukaryote duy nhất mã hóa phần lớn các gen plastid điển hình trong hạt nhân. Sự tiến hóa của plastid ở cá tảo độc và ý nghĩa của những kết quả này đối với việc hiểu sự tiến hóa của bộ gen ti thể được thảo luận.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":1678,"VI":1679},"Dinoflagellates: a remarkable evolutionary experiment","Cá tảo độc: Một thí nghiệm tiến hóa đáng chú ý",{"VOID":1681},"21652307",{"VOID":1683},"10.3732\u002Fajb.91.10.1523",[129],[131],"https:\u002F\u002Fbsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.3732\u002Fajb.91.10.1523",[1688,1705,1724,1741],{"id":1689,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":1690,"affiliations":1691,"properties":1700,"displayName":1702,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"b45b63da-f007-43e0-8e94-fca02d923be3",[],[1692],{"id":1693,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1694,"properties":24},"348963c8-2fd4-485b-8e50-e92762c5a02d",{"id":1693,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1695,"slug":24,"properties":1696,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1699,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1697},{"EN":1698},"2Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Comparative Genomics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA",[],{"title":1701,"openalex":1703},{"EN":1702},"Jeremiah D. Hackett",{"VOID":1704},"A5108832386",{"id":1706,"sortIndex":155,"researcher":24,"roles":1707,"affiliations":1708,"properties":1717,"displayName":1721,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"c56e6917-08d0-45e0-b304-4885f023e1e1",[],[1709],{"id":1710,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":1711,"properties":24},"111c8486-0c6e-4e83-99b2-7bf7dd883c85",{"id":1710,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":1712,"slug":24,"properties":1713,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":1716,"statistic":24},[],{"title":1714},{"EN":1715},"3Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 USA",[],{"orcid":1718,"title":1720,"openalex":1722},{"VOID":1719},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-3983-6388",{"EN":1721},"Donald M. 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L., 1993, Characterization of two full‐length cDNA sequences encoding for apoproteins of peridinin‐chlorophyll a‐protein (PCP) complexes., Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 2, 246",{},{"id":24,"text":2205,"url":24,"identifiers":2206},"10.1002\u002Fnt.2620020503",{"doi":2205},{"id":24,"text":2208,"url":24,"identifiers":2209},"10.1007\u002FPL00006266",{"doi":2208},{"id":24,"text":2211,"url":24,"identifiers":2212},"10.1289\u002Fehp.00108s1133",{"doi":2211},{"id":24,"text":2214,"url":24,"identifiers":2215},"Vasquez M., 2001, Detection and characterization of toxigenic bacteria associated with Alexandrium catenella and Aulacomya ater contaminated with PSP., Journal of Shellfish Research, 20, 1245",{},{"id":24,"text":2217,"url":24,"identifiers":2218},"10.1016\u002F0167-4781(90)90068-D",{"doi":2217},{"id":24,"text":2220,"url":24,"identifiers":2221},"10.2216\u002Fi0031-8884-35-3-234.1",{"doi":2220},{"id":24,"text":2223,"url":24,"identifiers":2224},"10.1016\u002F0146-6380(90)90094-G",{"doi":2223},{"id":24,"text":2226,"url":24,"identifiers":2227},"10.1126\u002Fscience.1083647",{"doi":2226},{"id":24,"text":2229,"url":24,"identifiers":2230},"10.1111\u002Fj.1529-8817.1987.tb04148.x",{"doi":2229},{"id":24,"text":2232,"url":24,"identifiers":2233},"Watanabe M. M., 1991, Major carotenoid composition of an endosymbiont is a green dinoflagellate, Lepidodinium viride., Journal of Phycology, 27, 75",{},{"id":24,"text":2235,"url":24,"identifiers":2236},"10.1098\u002Frspb.1995.0040",{"doi":2235},{"id":24,"text":2238,"url":24,"identifiers":2239},"Withers N., 1983, The biology of dinoflagellates,, 316",{},{"id":24,"text":2241,"url":24,"identifiers":2242},"10.1111\u002Fj.1529-8817.1977.tb02941.x",{"doi":2241},{"id":24,"text":2244,"url":24,"identifiers":2245},"Yen C. S., 1978, Chromatin structure in a dinoflagellate as revealed by electron microscopy of DNA cross‐linked in vivo with trimethylpsoralen., Journal of Cell Biology, 79, 120a",{},{"id":24,"text":2247,"url":24,"identifiers":2248},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.172234799",{"doi":2247},{"id":24,"text":2250,"url":24,"identifiers":2251},"10.1093\u002Fmolbev\u002Fmsh075",{"doi":2250},{"id":24,"text":2253,"url":24,"identifiers":2254},"10.1038\u002F22099",{"doi":2253},{"id":24,"text":2256,"url":24,"identifiers":2257},"10.1093\u002Foxfordjournals.molbev.a004104",{"doi":2256},{"id":2259,"createTime":2260,"updateTime":2261,"relativeEntities":2262,"slug":2263,"properties":2264,"entityType":125,"verifyStatus":126,"verifyTime":2260,"verifyNote":127,"languages":2280,"translateLanguages":2281,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":2282,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":2283,"publicationType":231,"publisherRelationship":2318,"citationCount":2372,"citationInfo":2373,"publishDate":2377,"publishYear":2374,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":2378,"openAccess":24,"references":2379,"isForceReanalyzing":642},"153c76fa-8c7c-4329-a084-50a00b3bb2d6","2024-09-20T20:15:36.684+00:00","2025-02-14T21:07:24.752+00:00",[],"Interspecific-variation-in-plant-responses-to-mycorrhizal-colonization-in-tallgrass-prairie",{"mag":2265,"keywords":2267,"openalex":2268,"abstract":2270,"title":2273,"pm":2276,"doi":2278},{"VOID":2266},"2054987373",{"VI":112},{"VOID":2269},"W2054987373",{"EN":2271,"VI":2272},"\u003Cjats:p>Symbiotic associations between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are ubiquitous and ecologically important in many grasslands. Differences in species responses to mycorrhizal colonization can have a significant influence on plant community structure. The growth responses of 36 species of warm‐ and cool‐season tallgrass prairie grasses and 59 tallgrass prairie forbs to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization were assessed in greenhouse studies to examine the extent of interspecific variation in host‐plant benefit from the symbiosis and patterns of mycorrhizal dependence among host plant life history (e.g., annual, perennial) and taxonomic (e.g., grass, forb, legume, nonlegume) groups and phenological guilds. There was a strong and significant relationship between phenology of prairie grasses and mycorrhizal responsiveness, however this relationship was less apparent in forbs. Perennial warm‐season C\u003Cjats:sub>4\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> grasses and forbs generally benefited significantly from the mycorrhizal symbiosis, whereas biomass production of the cool‐season C\u003Cjats:sub>3\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> grasses was not affected. The root systems of the cool‐season grasses were also less highly colonized by the AM fungi, as compared to the warm‐season grasses or forbs. Unlike the native perennials, annuals were generally not responsive to mycorrhizal colonization and were lower in percentage root colonization than the perennial species. Plant growth responsiveness and AM root colonization were positively correlated for the nonleguminous species, with this relationship being strongest for the cool‐season grasses. In contrast, root colonization of prairie legumes showed a significant, but negative, relationship to mycorrhizal growth responsiveness.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Các liên kết hợp sinh giữa cây trồng và nấm mycorrhiza arbuscular rất phổ biến và có tầm quan trọng sinh thái ở nhiều vùng thảo nguyên. Những khác biệt trong phản ứng của các loài đối với sự thực dân mycorrhiza có thể ảnh hưởng đáng kể đến cấu trúc cộng đồng thực vật. Phản ứng sinh trưởng của 36 loài cỏ thảo nguyên mùa nóng và mùa mát cùng với 59 loài cây hoa thảo nguyên đã được đánh giá trong các nghiên cứu trong nhà kính nhằm kiểm tra mức độ biến thiên giữa các loài về lợi ích từ sự cộng sinh cũng như các mô hình phụ thuộc vào mycorrhiza giữa các nhóm thực vật chủ theo lịch sử sống (ví dụ: hàng năm, lâu năm) và phân loại (ví dụ: cỏ, cây hoa, đậu, không phải đậu) cùng với các nhóm phenology. Có mối quan hệ mạnh mẽ và đáng kể giữa hiện tượng phenology của cỏ thảo nguyên và khả năng phản ứng với mycorrhiza, tuy nhiên mối quan hệ này ít rõ ràng hơn ở các loài cây hoa. Các loài cỏ C\u003Cjats:sub>4\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> mùa nóng lâu năm và cây hoa thường được hưởng lợi đáng kể từ sự cộng sinh mycorrhiza, trong khi sản lượng sinh khối của các loài cỏ C\u003Cjats:sub>3\u003C\u002Fjats:sub> mùa mát không bị ảnh hưởng. Hệ rễ của các loài cỏ mùa mát cũng bị thực dân ít hơn bởi nấm AM, so với các loài cỏ mùa nóng hoặc cây hoa. Khác với các loài lâu năm bản địa, các loài hàng năm thường không phản ứng với sự thực dân mycorrhiza và có tỷ lệ thực dân rễ thấp hơn so với các loài lâu năm. Phản ứng sinh trưởng của cây và sự thực dân rễ AM có mối tương quan tích cực với nhau ở các loài không phải đậu, trong đó mối quan hệ này mạnh nhất ở các loài cỏ mùa mát. Ngược lại, sự thực dân rễ của các loài đậu thảo nguyên cho thấy mối quan hệ đáng kể nhưng tiêu cực với khả năng phản ứng sinh trưởng của mycorrhiza.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":2274,"VI":2275},"Interspecific variation in plant responses to mycorrhizal colonization in tallgrass prairie","Sự biến thiên giữa các loài trong phản ứng của thực vật đối với sự thực dân mycorrhiza trong thảo nguyên cỏ cao",{"VOID":2277},"21680333",{"VOID":2279},"10.2307\u002F2446507",[129],[131],"https:\u002F\u002Fbsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.2307\u002F2446507",[2284,2303],{"id":2285,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":2286,"affiliations":2287,"properties":2296,"displayName":2300,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"efc57967-7924-4cbf-b811-c8a3c4eaca6a",[],[2288],{"id":2289,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2290,"properties":24},"c2067815-ff4f-4e06-8dfe-0706e83a476a",{"id":2289,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2291,"slug":24,"properties":2292,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2295,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2293},{"EN":2294},"3Division of Biology, 232 Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506‐5502",[],{"orcid":2297,"title":2299,"openalex":2301},{"VOID":2298},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-1396-6480",{"EN":2300},"Gail W. 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R., 1990, Perspectives on plant competition, 367",{},{"id":24,"text":2387,"url":24,"identifiers":2388},"Allen M. F., 1985, Proceedings of the Sixth North American Conference on Mycorrhizae, 158",{},{"id":24,"text":2390,"url":24,"identifiers":2391},"Azcon‐Aguilar C, 1992, Mycorrhizal functioning, an integrative plant‐fungal process, 163",{},{"id":24,"text":2393,"url":24,"identifiers":2394},"Baylis G. T. S., 1975, Endomycorrhizas, 373",{},{"id":24,"text":2396,"url":24,"identifiers":2397},"10.1016\u002FS0065-2113(08)60351-X",{"doi":2396},{"id":24,"text":2399,"url":24,"identifiers":2400},"10.1146\u002Fannurev.es.16.110185.002051",{"doi":2399},{"id":24,"text":2402,"url":24,"identifiers":2403},"10.1139\u002Fb88-166",{"doi":2402},{"id":24,"text":2405,"url":24,"identifiers":2406},"10.1111\u002Fj.1469-8137.1981.tb02319.x",{"doi":2405},{"id":24,"text":2408,"url":24,"identifiers":2409},"Skipper H. 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M., 1987, Ectophysiology of VA mycorrhizal plants, 135",{},{"id":24,"text":2486,"url":24,"identifiers":2487},"Millikin G. A., 1984, Analysis of messy data",{},{"id":24,"text":2489,"url":24,"identifiers":2490},"Munns D. N., 1980, Advances in legume science, 115",{},{"id":24,"text":2492,"url":24,"identifiers":2493},"10.1016\u002FS0169-5347(00)89157-0",{"doi":2492},{"id":24,"text":2495,"url":24,"identifiers":2496},"10.2307\u002F2261180",{"doi":2495},{"id":24,"text":2498,"url":24,"identifiers":2499},"10.2307\u002F2390007",{"doi":2498},{"id":24,"text":2501,"url":24,"identifiers":2502},"10.1007\u002FBF02370104",{"doi":2501},{"id":24,"text":2504,"url":24,"identifiers":2505},"10.1016\u002FS0007-1536(70)80110-3",{"doi":2504},{"id":24,"text":2507,"url":24,"identifiers":2508},"Read D. J., 1991, Frontiers in mycology, 101",{},{"id":24,"text":2510,"url":24,"identifiers":2511},"10.1071\u002FPP9810427",{"doi":2510},{"id":24,"text":2513,"url":24,"identifiers":2514},"Rock H. W., 1977, Prairie propagation handbook",{},{"id":24,"text":2516,"url":24,"identifiers":2517},"Salisbury F. B., 1985, Plant physiology",{},{"id":24,"text":2519,"url":24,"identifiers":2520},"SAS, 1988, SAS user's guide: statistics, version 6 edition",{},{"id":24,"text":2522,"url":24,"identifiers":2523},"Schenk N. C., 1990, Manual for the identification of VA mycorrhizal fungi",{},{"id":24,"text":2525,"url":24,"identifiers":2526},"10.1016\u002FS0065-2296(08)60055-5",{"doi":2525},{"id":24,"text":2528,"url":24,"identifiers":2529},"10.2307\u002F2960650",{"doi":2528},{"id":24,"text":2531,"url":24,"identifiers":2532},"Trappe J. M., 1987, Ecophysiology of VA Mycorrhizalplants, 5",{},{"id":24,"text":2534,"url":24,"identifiers":2535},"Weaver J. E., 1954, North American Prairie",{},{"id":24,"text":2537,"url":24,"identifiers":2538},"Whitson T. D., 1992, Weeds of the West",{},{"id":24,"text":2540,"url":24,"identifiers":2541},"10.2307\u002F2446024",{"doi":2540},{"id":24,"text":2543,"url":24,"identifiers":2544},"10.1007\u002FBF02812100",{"doi":2543},{"id":24,"text":2546,"url":24,"identifiers":2547},"10.2307\u002F3545818",{"doi":2546},{"id":2549,"createTime":2550,"updateTime":2551,"relativeEntities":2552,"slug":2553,"properties":2554,"entityType":125,"verifyStatus":126,"verifyTime":2569,"verifyNote":127,"languages":2570,"translateLanguages":2571,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":2572,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":2573,"publicationType":231,"publisherRelationship":2624,"citationCount":2678,"citationInfo":2679,"publishDate":2684,"publishYear":2680,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":2685,"openAccess":24,"references":2686,"isForceReanalyzing":642},"4656f5cf-0e63-41e1-8c27-add42f2bf761","2024-09-28T15:14:34.291+00:00","2025-02-14T21:06:26.362+00:00",[],"Chloroplast-DNA-systematics-a-review-of-methods-and-data-analysis",{"openalex":2555,"mag":2557,"abstract":2559,"title":2562,"keywords":2565,"doi":2567},{"VOID":2556},"W2069010522",{"VOID":2558},"2069010522",{"EN":2560,"VI":2561},"\u003Cjats:p>The field of plant molecular systematics is expanding rapidly, and with it new and refined methods are coming into use. This paper reviews recent advances in experimental methods and data analysis, as applied to the chloroplast genome. Restriction site mapping of the chloroplast genome has been used widely, but is limited in the range of taxonomic levels to which it can be applied. The upper limits (i.e., greatest divergence) of its application are being explored by mapping of the chloroplast inverted repeat region, where rates of nucleotide substitution are low. The lower limits of divergence amenable to restriction site study are being examined using restriction enzymes with 4‐base recognition sites to analyze polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐amplified portions of the chloroplast genome that evolve rapidly. The comparison of DNA sequences is the area of molecular systematics in which the greatest advances are being made. PCR and methods for direct sequencing of PCR products have resulted in a mushrooming of sequence data. In theory, any degree of divergence is amenable to comparative sequencing studies. In practice, plant systematists have focused on two slowly evolving sequences (\u003Cjats:italic>rbc\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>L and rRNA genes). More rapidly evolving DNA sequences, including rapidly changing chloroplast genes, chloroplast introns, and intergenic spacers, and the noncoding portions of the nuclear ribosomal RNA repeat, also are being investigated for comparative purposes. The relative advantages and disadvantages of comparative restriction site mapping and DNA sequencing are reviewed. For both methods, the analysis of resulting data requires sufficient taxon and character sampling to achieve the best possible estimate of phylogenetic relationships. Parsimony analysis is particularly sensitive to the issue of taxon sampling due to the problem of long branches attracting on a tree. However, data sets with many taxa present serious computational difficulties that may result in the inability to achieve maximum parsimony or to find all shortest trees.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Lĩnh vực hệ thống phân loại phân tử thực vật đang mở rộng nhanh chóng, đi kèm với đó là sự xuất hiện của các phương pháp mới và cải tiến. Bài báo này tổng hợp những tiến bộ gần đây trong các phương pháp thí nghiệm và phân tích dữ liệu, ứng dụng cho bộ gen lạp thể. Việc lập bản đồ vị trí cắt của bộ gen lạp thể đã được sử dụng rộng rãi, nhưng bị hạn chế về mức độ phân loại mà nó có thể áp dụng. Các giới hạn trên (tức là, độ phân ly lớn nhất) của ứng dụng này đang được khám phá bằng cách lập bản đồ vùng đảo ngược của lạp thể, nơi mà tỷ lệ thay thế nucleotide khá thấp. Các giới hạn dưới của độ phân ly có thể nghiên cứu bằng vị trí cắt đang được kiểm tra bằng cách sử dụng các enzym cắt có vị trí nhận diện 4 base để phân tích các phần của bộ gen lạp thể được khuếch đại qua phản ứng chuỗi polymerase (PCR) có tốc độ tiến hóa nhanh. So sánh các trình tự DNA là lĩnh vực hệ thống phân loại phân tử đang có những tiến bộ lớn nhất. PCR và các phương pháp trực tiếp phân tích trình tự các sản phẩm PCR đã dẫn đến việc dữ liệu trình tự gia tăng mạnh mẽ. Về lý thuyết, bất kỳ mức độ phân ly nào đều có thể áp dụng cho các nghiên cứu trình tự so sánh. Trong thực tế, các nhà hệ thống phân loại thực vật đã tập trung vào hai trình tự tiến hóa chậm (\u003Cjats:italic>rbc\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>L và các gen rRNA). Các trình tự DNA tiến hóa nhanh hơn, bao gồm các gen lạp thể thay đổi nhanh chóng, các intron trong lạp thể, và các khoảng không gian giữa các gen, cũng như các phần không mã hóa của lặp ribosomal RNA hạt nhân, cũng đang được nghiên cứu cho mục đích so sánh. Những lợi thế và bất lợi tương đối của việc lập bản đồ vị trí cắt so sánh và phân tích trình tự DNA được đánh giá. Đối với cả hai phương pháp, phân tích dữ liệu thu được yêu cầu đủ mẫu phân loại và đặc điểm để đạt được ước lượng tốt nhất có thể về mối quan hệ phát sinh loài. Phân tích parsimony đặc biệt nhạy cảm với vấn đề lấy mẫu phân loại do sự cố gắng của các nhánh dài trên một cây. Tuy nhiên, các tập dữ liệu với nhiều loài có thể gây ra những khó khăn tính toán nghiêm trọng mà có thể dẫn đến việc không thể đạt được tối đa tính parsimony hoặc tìm ra tất cả các cây ngắn nhất.",{"EN":2563,"VI":2564},"Chloroplast DNA systematics: a review of methods and data analysis","Hệ thống phân loại DNA lạp thể: một cái nhìn tổng quan về các phương pháp và phân tích dữ liệu",{"VI":2566},"hệ thống phân loại phân tử, bộ gen lạp thể, PCR, trình tự DNA, phân tích parsimony",{"VOID":2568},"10.1002\u002Fj.1537-2197.1994.tb15615.x","2024-09-28T15:14:34.290+00:00",[129],[131],"https:\u002F\u002Fbsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Fj.1537-2197.1994.tb15615.x",[2574,2601],{"id":2575,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":2576,"affiliations":2577,"properties":2594,"displayName":2598,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"6d4430a6-d70b-447d-ac56-7dcc14fe8005",[],[2578,2586],{"id":2579,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2580,"properties":24},"ee2fdda3-9215-4c8e-8dac-d99082af16b6",{"id":2579,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2581,"slug":24,"properties":2582,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2585,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2583},{"VI":2584},"Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405",[],{"id":2587,"sortIndex":155,"affiliation":2588,"properties":24},"29d77f1a-cf05-4c93-8c5f-30dfe0c1f684",{"id":2587,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2589,"slug":24,"properties":2590,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2593,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2591},{"EN":2592},"Department of EPO Biology University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309",[],{"orcid":2595,"title":2597,"openalex":2599},{"VOID":2596},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0001-7660-4159",{"EN":2598},"Richard G. Olmstead",{"VOID":2600},"A5043625675",{"id":2602,"sortIndex":155,"researcher":24,"roles":2603,"affiliations":2604,"properties":2617,"displayName":2621,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"8efef2cb-b003-4b9f-b367-925e983e31d8",[],[2605,2611],{"id":2579,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":2606,"properties":24},{"id":2579,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2607,"slug":24,"properties":2608,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2610,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2609},{"VI":2584},[],{"id":2587,"sortIndex":155,"affiliation":2612,"properties":24},{"id":2587,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":2613,"slug":24,"properties":2614,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":2616,"statistic":24},[],{"title":2615},{"EN":2592},[],{"orcid":2618,"title":2620,"openalex":2622},{"VOID":2619},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-4626-2220",{"EN":2621},"Jeffrey D. 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N., 1983, Evolution of genes and proteins, 38",{},{"id":24,"text":2697,"url":24,"identifiers":2698},"10.1111\u002Fj.1558-5646.1990.tb03842.x",{"doi":2697},{"id":24,"text":2700,"url":24,"identifiers":2701},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.88.4.1398",{"doi":2700},{"id":24,"text":2703,"url":24,"identifiers":2704},"10.1146\u002Fannurev.ge.25.120191.000401",{"doi":2703},{"id":24,"text":2706,"url":24,"identifiers":2707},"10.1007\u002F978-1-4615-2381-9",{"doi":2706},{"id":24,"text":2709,"url":24,"identifiers":2710},"10.1146\u002Fannurev.es.18.110187.002421",{"doi":2709},{"id":24,"text":2712,"url":24,"identifiers":2713},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.87.14.5317",{"doi":2712},{"id":24,"text":2715,"url":24,"identifiers":2716},"10.1038\u002F344262a0",{"doi":2715},{"id":24,"text":2718,"url":24,"identifiers":2719},"10.1016\u002F1055-7903(92)90030-K",{"doi":2718},{"id":24,"text":2721,"url":24,"identifiers":2722},"10.1002\u002Fj.1537-2197.1993.tb13792.x",{"doi":2721},{"id":24,"text":2724,"url":24,"identifiers":2725},"10.1080\u002F07352689209382325",{"doi":2724},{"id":24,"text":2727,"url":24,"identifiers":2728},"10.1007\u002FBF00942144",{"doi":2727},{"id":24,"text":2730,"url":24,"identifiers":2731},"10.1002\u002Fj.1537-2197.1991.tb15747.x",{"doi":2730},{"id":24,"text":2733,"url":24,"identifiers":2734},"10.1111\u002Fj.1558-5646.1988.tb02497.x",{"doi":2733},{"id":24,"text":2736,"url":24,"identifiers":2737},"Brown W. 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H., 1991, The photosynthetic apparatus: molecular biology and operation, vol. 7B, Cell culture and somatic cell genetics in plants, 467, 10.1016\u002FB978-0-12-715010-9.50022-0",{"doi":3224},"10.1016\u002FB978-0-12-715010-9.50022-0",{"id":24,"text":3226,"url":24,"identifiers":3227},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.84.24.9054",{"doi":3226},{"id":24,"text":3229,"url":24,"identifiers":3230},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.89.22.10648",{"doi":3229},{"id":24,"text":3232,"url":24,"identifiers":3233},"10.1016\u002F0378-1119(88)90358-7",{"doi":3232},{"id":24,"text":3235,"url":24,"identifiers":3236},"10.1016\u002FS0959-437X(05)80116-9",{"doi":3235},{"id":24,"text":3238,"url":24,"identifiers":3239},"10.1073\u002Fpnas.77.4.2158",{"doi":3238},{"id":3241,"createTime":3242,"updateTime":3243,"relativeEntities":3244,"slug":3245,"properties":3246,"entityType":125,"verifyStatus":126,"verifyTime":3262,"verifyNote":127,"languages":3263,"translateLanguages":3264,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":3265,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":3266,"publicationType":231,"publisherRelationship":3340,"citationCount":3393,"citationInfo":3394,"publishDate":3403,"publishYear":3395,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":3404,"openAccess":24,"references":3405,"isForceReanalyzing":642},"269fb9f1-fddf-41cc-b237-774b8acfbe14","2024-09-11T06:45:17.373+00:00","2025-02-14T21:05:24.024+00:00",[],"Size-and-function-in-conifer-tracheids-and-angiosperm-vessels",{"mag":3247,"keywords":3249,"openalex":3250,"abstract":3252,"title":3255,"pm":3258,"doi":3260},{"VOID":3248},"2150830640",{"VI":112},{"VOID":3251},"W2150830640",{"EN":3253,"VI":3254},"\u003Cjats:p>The wide size range of conifer tracheids and angiosperm vessels has important consequences for function. In both conduit types, bigger is better for conducting efficiency. The gain in efficiency with size is maximized by the control of conduit shape, which balances end‐wall and lumen resistances. Although vessels are an order of magnitude longer than tracheids of the same diameter, they are not necessarily more efficient because they lack the low end‐wall resistance of tracheids with torus‐margo pits. Instead, vessels gain conducting efficiency over tracheids by achieving wider maximum diameters. End‐walls contributed 56–64% to total xylem resistance in both conduit types, indicating that length limits conducting efficiency. Tracheid dimensions may be more limited by unicellularity and the need to supply strength to homoxylous wood than by the need to protect against cavitation. In contrast, the greater size of the multicellular vessel is facilitated by fibers that strengthen heteroxylous wood. Vessel dimensions may be most limited by the need to restrict intervessel pitting and cavitation by air‐seeding. Stressful habitats that promote narrow vessels should favor coexistence of conifers and angiosperms. The evolution of vessels in angiosperm wood may have required early angiosperms to survive a phase of mechanic and hydraulic instability.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Phạm vi kích thước rộng rãi của tracheids ở thực vật hạt đứng và mạch của thực vật hạt kín có những hệ quả quan trọng cho chức năng. Trong cả hai loại ống dẫn, kích thước lớn hơn đem lại hiệu quả dẫn truyền tốt hơn. Lợi ích về hiệu quả khi tăng kích thước được tối đa hóa thông qua việc kiểm soát hình dạng của ống dẫn, giúp cân bằng giữa sức cản của tường cuối và lòng ống. Mặc dù mạch dài hơn một bậc so với tracheids cùng đường kính, chúng không nhất thiết phải hiệu quả hơn vì thiếu sức cản tường cuối thấp như ở các tracheids có lỗ torus-margo. Thay vào đó, mạch đạt được hiệu quả dẫn truyền cao hơn so với tracheids thông qua việc đạt được đường kính tối đa rộng hơn. Tường cuối đóng góp từ 56-64% vào tổng sức cản của xylem trong cả hai loại ống dẫn, cho thấy chiều dài giới hạn hiệu quả dẫn truyền. Kích thước của tracheid có thể bị giới hạn nhiều hơn bởi tính đơn bào và nhu cầu cung cấp độ bền cho gỗ đồng cấu hơn là bởi nhu cầu bảo vệ chống lại hiện tượng thủng khí. Ngược lại, kích thước lớn hơn của mạch đa bào được hỗ trợ bởi các sợi tăng cường độ bền cho gỗ dị cấu. Kích thước của mạch có thể bị giới hạn nhiều nhất bởi nhu cầu kiềm chế việc tạo lỗ và hiện tượng thủng khí. Những môi trường khắc nghiệt thúc đẩy sự hình thành mạch hẹp có thể ủng hộ sự đồng tồn tại của thực vật hạt đứng và thực vật hạt kín. Sự tiến hóa của mạch trong gỗ thực vật hạt kín có thể yêu cầu các cây hạt kín sớm phải sống sót qua một giai đoạn không ổn định về cơ học và thủy lực.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":3256,"VI":3257},"Size and function in conifer tracheids and angiosperm vessels","Kích thước và chức năng của tracheids ở thực vật hạt đứng và mạch ở thực vật hạt kín",{"VOID":3259},"21642096",{"VOID":3261},"10.3732\u002Fajb.93.10.1490","2024-09-11T06:45:17.371+00:00",[129],[131],"https:\u002F\u002Fbsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.3732\u002Fajb.93.10.1490",[3267,3294,3317],{"id":3268,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":3269,"affiliations":3270,"properties":3287,"displayName":3291,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"fcf82e37-da6d-46d7-a0bb-20bc8b7e94d3",[],[3271,3279],{"id":3272,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":3273,"properties":24},"cfabca8a-7b96-4b49-9b29-ff3dc3788291",{"id":3272,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":3274,"slug":24,"properties":3275,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":3278,"statistic":24},[],{"title":3276},{"EN":3277},"Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257S 1400E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA",[],{"id":3280,"sortIndex":155,"affiliation":3281,"properties":24},"3356b44f-0efe-4f69-b8ce-ff80b26fe39e",{"id":3280,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":3282,"slug":24,"properties":3283,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":3286,"statistic":24},[],{"title":3284},{"EN":3285},"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 4007 Valley Life Sciences, Berkeley, California 94720 USA",[],{"orcid":3288,"title":3290,"openalex":3292},{"VOID":3289},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0001-7881-7393",{"EN":3291},"John S. 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F. V., 1991, Biomechanics and evolution, 21",{},{"id":24,"text":3601,"url":24,"identifiers":3602},"10.1163\u002F22941932-90000400",{"doi":3601},{"id":24,"text":3604,"url":24,"identifiers":3605},"10.1111\u002Fj.1365-3040.2005.01330.x",{"doi":3604},{"id":24,"text":3607,"url":24,"identifiers":3608},"10.1007\u002F978-3-662-22627-8",{"doi":3607},{"id":24,"text":3610,"url":24,"identifiers":3611},"10.1139\u002Fb81-248",{"doi":3610},{"id":24,"text":3613,"url":24,"identifiers":3614},"10.1093\u002Fjexbot\u002F52.355.257",{"doi":3613},{"id":3616,"createTime":3617,"updateTime":3618,"relativeEntities":3619,"slug":3620,"properties":3621,"entityType":125,"verifyStatus":126,"verifyTime":3617,"verifyNote":127,"languages":3637,"translateLanguages":3638,"viewCount":25,"primaryUrl":3639,"fullTextUrl":24,"authors":3640,"publicationType":231,"publisherRelationship":4142,"citationCount":4194,"citationInfo":4195,"publishDate":1141,"publishYear":1139,"citationAnalyzeStatus":23,"lastCitationAnalyze":24,"indexDatabases":4206,"openAccess":24,"references":4207,"isForceReanalyzing":642},"678f2d97-e377-47f2-98d1-a847e1efbe91","2024-10-10T08:41:22.697+00:00","2025-02-14T21:04:26.724+00:00",[],"Angiosperm-phylogeny-17-genes-640-taxa",{"mag":3622,"keywords":3624,"openalex":3625,"abstract":3627,"title":3630,"pm":3633,"doi":3635},{"VOID":3623},"2123023543",{"VI":112},{"VOID":3626},"W2123023543",{"EN":3628,"VI":3629},"\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Premise of the study\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: Recent analyses employing up to five genes have provided numerous insights into angiosperm phylogeny, but many relationships have remained unresolved or poorly supported. In the hope of improving our understanding of angiosperm phylogeny, we expanded sampling of taxa and genes beyond previous analyses.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Methods\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: We conducted two primary analyses based on 640 species representing 330 families. The first included 25260 aligned base pairs (bp) from 17 genes (representing all three plant genomes, i.e., nucleus, plastid, and mitochondrion). The second included 19846 aligned bp from 13 genes (representing only the nucleus and plastid).\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Key results\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: Many important questions of deep‐level relationships in the nonmonocot angiosperms have now been resolved with strong support. Amborellaceae, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales are successive sisters to the remaining angiosperms (\u003Cjats:italic>Mesangiospermae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>), which are resolved into Chloranthales + \u003Cjats:italic>Magnoliidae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> as sister to \u003Cjats:italic>Monocotyledoneae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> + [Ceratophyllaceae + \u003Cjats:italic>Eudicotyledoneae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>]. \u003Cjats:italic>Eudicotyledoneae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> contains a basal grade subtending \u003Cjats:italic>Gunneridae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. Within \u003Cjats:italic>Gunneridae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, Gunnerales are sister to the remainder (\u003Cjats:italic>Pentapetalae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>), which comprises (1) \u003Cjats:italic>Superrosidae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, consisting of \u003Cjats:italic>Rosidae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> (including Vitaceae) and Saxifragales; and (2) \u003Cjats:italic>Superasteridae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, comprising Berberidopsidales, Santalales, \u003Cjats:italic>Caryophyllales\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, \u003Cjats:italic>Asteridae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, and, based on this study, Dilleniaceae (although other recent analyses disagree with this placement). Within the major subclades of \u003Cjats:italic>Pentapetalae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, most deep‐level relationships are resolved with strong support.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Conclusions\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: Our analyses confirm that with large amounts of sequence data, most deep‐level relationships within the angiosperms can be resolved. We anticipate that this well‐resolved angiosperm tree will be of broad utility for many areas of biology, including physiology, ecology, paleobiology, and genomics.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Đặt vấn đề nghiên cứu\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: Những phân tích gần đây sử dụng tối đa năm gen đã cung cấp nhiều hiểu biết về hệ phả hệ của thực vật hạt kín, nhưng nhiều mối quan hệ vẫn chưa được làm rõ hoặc hỗ trợ yếu. Với hy vọng cải thiện hiểu biết của chúng tôi về hệ phả hệ thực vật hạt kín, chúng tôi đã mở rộng mẫu vật và gen vượt ra ngoài những phân tích trước đây.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Phương pháp\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: Chúng tôi đã thực hiện hai phân tích chính dựa trên 640 loài đại diện cho 330 họ. Phân tích đầu tiên bao gồm 25260 cặp căn cứ đã căn chỉnh (bp) từ 17 gen (đại diện cho cả ba hệ gen thực vật, tức là nhân, plastid và ti thể). Phân tích thứ hai bao gồm 19846 bp đã căn chỉnh từ 13 gen (chỉ đại diện cho nhân và plastid).\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Kết quả chính\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: Nhiều câu hỏi quan trọng về các mối quan hệ ở cấp độ sâu trong thực vật hạt kín không đơn lá đã được giải quyết với sự hỗ trợ mạnh mẽ. Amborellaceae, Nymphaeales và Austrobaileyales là các chi chị em liên tiếp với các thực vật hạt kín còn lại (\u003Cjats:italic>Mesangiospermae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>), được phân thành Chloranthales + \u003Cjats:italic>Magnoliidae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> như là chi chị em với \u003Cjats:italic>Monocotyledoneae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> + [Ceratophyllaceae + \u003Cjats:italic>Eudicotyledoneae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>]. \u003Cjats:italic>Eudicotyledoneae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> chứa một nhánh cơ bản hỗ trợ \u003Cjats:italic>Gunneridae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>. Trong \u003Cjats:italic>Gunneridae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, Gunnerales là chị em với phần còn lại (\u003Cjats:italic>Pentapetalae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>), bao gồm (1) \u003Cjats:italic>Superrosidae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, bao gồm \u003Cjats:italic>Rosidae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic> (bao gồm Vitaceae) và Saxifragales; và (2) \u003Cjats:italic>Superasteridae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, bao gồm Berberidopsidales, Santalales, \u003Cjats:italic>Caryophyllales\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, \u003Cjats:italic>Asteridae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, và, dựa trên nghiên cứu này, Dilleniaceae (mặc dù các phân tích gần đây khác không đồng ý với vị trí này). Trong các nhánh chính của \u003Cjats:italic>Pentapetalae\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>, hầu hết các mối quan hệ cấp độ sâu đã được giải quyết với sự hỗ trợ mạnh mẽ.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>\u003Cjats:p>• \u003Cjats:italic>Kết luận\u003C\u002Fjats:italic>: Các phân tích của chúng tôi xác nhận rằng với một lượng lớn dữ liệu trình tự, hầu hết các mối quan hệ cấp độ sâu trong các thực vật hạt kín có thể được giải quyết. Chúng tôi dự kiến rằng cây phả hệ được làm rõ tốt về thực vật hạt kín này sẽ có tính hữu dụng rộng rãi cho nhiều lĩnh vực sinh học, bao gồm sinh lý học, sinh thái học, cổ sinh vật học và gen học.\u003C\u002Fjats:p>",{"EN":3631,"VI":3632},"Angiosperm phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa","Hệ phả hệ của thực vật hạt kín: 17 gen, 640 thu loại",{"VOID":3634},"21613169",{"VOID":3636},"10.3732\u002Fajb.1000404",[129],[131],"https:\u002F\u002Fbsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.3732\u002Fajb.1000404",[3641,3660,3679,3698,3717,3734,3753,3772,3789,3808,3827,3846,3869,3886,3904,3929,3948,3965,3988,4005,4024,4041,4058,4077,4092,4106,4123],{"id":3642,"sortIndex":25,"researcher":24,"roles":3643,"affiliations":3644,"properties":3653,"displayName":3657,"givenName":24,"familyName":24},"d2b5841c-dfd9-45d1-8501-2606903e6104",[],[3645],{"id":3646,"sortIndex":25,"affiliation":3647,"properties":24},"e71ed117-dd45-4ba0-8f2a-d895984567ca",{"id":3646,"createTime":24,"updateTime":24,"relativeEntities":3648,"slug":24,"properties":3649,"entityType":24,"verifyStatus":24,"verifyTime":24,"verifyNote":24,"languages":24,"translateLanguages":24,"viewCount":24,"url":24,"parentIds":3652,"statistic":24},[],{"title":3650},{"EN":3651},"Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8525 USA",[],{"orcid":3654,"title":3656,"openalex":3658},{"VOID":3655},"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0001-9310-8659",{"EN":3657},"Pamela S. 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