Some conservative interventions are more effective than others for people with chronic non-specific neck pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Safiri, 2020, Global, regional, and national burden of neck pain in the general population, 1990–2017: systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, BMJ, 368, m791, 10.1136/bmj.m791 2020, Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, Lancet, 396, 1204, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9 Cieza, 2020, Global estimates of the need for rehabilitation based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, Lancet, 396, 2006, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32340-0 Malchaire, 2001, Musculoskeletal complaints, functional capacity, personality and psychosocial factors, Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 74, 549, 10.1007/s004200100264 Hogg-Johnson, 2008, The burden and determinants of neck pain in the general population: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000–2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 33, S39, 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31816454c8 Hush, 2011, Prognosis of acute idiopathic neck pain is poor: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 92, 824, 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.12.025 Dieleman, 2020, US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996–2016, JAMA, 323, 863, 10.1001/jama.2020.0734 Treede, 2019, Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), Pain, 160, 19, 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001384 Cohen, 2017, Advances in the diagnosis and management of neck pain, BMJ, 358, j3221, 10.1136/bmj.j3221 Emdin, 2015, Association between randomised trial evidence and global burden of disease: cross sectional study (Epidemiological Study of Randomized Trials--ESORT), BMJ, 350, h117, 10.1136/bmj.h117 Kjellman, 1999, A critical analysis of randomised clinical trials on neck pain and treatment efficacy. A review of the literature, Scand J Rehabil Med, 31, 139, 10.1080/003655099444489 Rubinstein, 2014, The risk of bias and sample size of trials of spinal manipulative therapy for low back and neck pain: analysis and recommendations, J Manip Physiol Ther, 37, 523, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.07.007 Lin, 2020, What does best practice care for musculoskeletal pain look like? Eleven consistent recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines: systematic review, Br J Sports Med, 54, 79, 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099878 Driessen, 2012, Cost-effectiveness of conservative treatments for neck pain: a systematic review on economic evaluations, Eur Spine J, 21, 1441, 10.1007/s00586-012-2272-5 Miller, 2010, Manual therapy and exercise for neck pain: a systematic review, Man Ther, 15, 334, 10.1016/j.math.2010.02.007 Gross, 2010, Manipulation or mobilisation for neck pain: a Cochrane Review, Man Ther, 15, 315, 10.1016/j.math.2010.04.002 Gross, 2012, Patient education for neck pain, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD005106 Monticone, 2015, CD010664 Tough, 2009, Acupuncture and dry needling in the management of myofascial trigger point pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Eur J Pain, 13, 3, 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.02.006 Machado, 2017, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ann Rheum Dis, 76, 1269, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210597 Parikh, 2019, Comparison of CPG's for the diagnosis, prognosis and management of non-specific neck pain: a systematic review, BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 20, 81, 10.1186/s12891-019-2441-3 Corp, 2020, Evidence-based treatment recommendations for neck and low back pain across Europe: A systematic review of guidelines, Eur J Pain, 25, 275, 10.1002/ejp.1679 Pillastrini, 2019, Comparative effectiveness of conservative and pharmacological interventions for chronic non-specific neck pain: Protocol of a systematic review and network meta-analysis, Medicine, 98, 10.1097/MD.0000000000016762 Hutton, 2015, The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations, Ann Intern Med, 162, 777, 10.7326/M14-2385 Chaimani, 2017, Additional considerations are required when preparing a protocol for a systematic review with multiple interventions, J Clin Epidemiol, 83, 65, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.11.015 InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. What can you do about non-specific neck pain? 2015 Dec 2 [Updated 2019 Feb 14]. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK338118/ van Tulder, 2006, Chapter 3. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care, Eur Spine J, 15, S169, 10.1007/s00586-006-1071-2 Higgins JPT TJ, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Available from https://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/chapter_16/16_5_4_how_to_include_multiple_groups_from_one_study.htm. McKenzie JE, Brennan SE, Ryan RE, Thomson HJ, Johnston RV. Chapter 9: Summarizing study characteristics and preparing for synthesis. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook [accessed 12 December 2020]. 2013 Ouzzani, 2016, Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews, Syst Rev, 5, 210, 10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4 Furlan, 2015, 2015 Updated Method Guideline for Systematic Reviews in the Cochrane Back and Neck Group, Spine, 40, 1660, 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001061 Higgins J, Deeks J, Altman D. Chapter 16: Special topics in statistics. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). Cochrane Collaboration. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org. 2011. Li T HJ, Deeks JJ (editors). Chapter 5: Collecting data. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook. DerSimonian, 1986, Meta-analysis in clinical trials, Control Clin Trials, 7, 177, 10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 Higgins, 2003, Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses, BMJ, 327, 557, 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 Deeks JJ HJ, Altman DG (editors). Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. James, 2018, Node-making process in network meta-analysis of nonpharmacological treatment are poorly reported, J Clin Epidemiol, 97, 95, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.11.018 White, 2012, Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: model estimation using multivariate meta-regression, Res Synth Methods, 3, 111, 10.1002/jrsm.1045 Veroniki, 2013, Evaluation of inconsistency in networks of interventions, Int J Epidemiol, 42, 332, 10.1093/ije/dys222 Jansen, 2013, Is network meta-analysis as valid as standard pairwise meta-analysis? It all depends on the distribution of effect modifiers, BMC Med, 11, 159, 10.1186/1741-7015-11-159 Artus, 2017, Generic prognostic factors for musculoskeletal pain in primary care: a systematic review, BMJ Open, 7, 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012901 Chaimani, 2015, Visualizing assumptions and results in network meta-analysis: The network graphs package, Stata J, 15, 905, 10.1177/1536867X1501500402 Salanti, 2012, Indirect and mixed-treatment comparison, network, or multiple-treatments meta-analysis: many names, many benefits, many concerns for the next generation evidence synthesis tool, Res Synth Methods, 3, 80, 10.1002/jrsm.1037 Miladinovic, 2014, Indirect treatment comparison, Stata J, 14, 76, 10.1177/1536867X1401400106 Jackson, 2014, A design-by-treatment interaction model for network meta-analysis with random inconsistency effects, Stat Med, 33, 3639, 10.1002/sim.6188 Sharp S. Meta-analysis regression. Stata Technical Bulletin 42:16–22. Reprinted in Stata Tech Bull Reprints. College Station, TX: Stata Press;1998. p. 148–155. White, 2011, Multivariate random-effects meta-regression: updates to mvmeta, Stata J, 11, 255, 10.1177/1536867X1101100206 Schünemann HJ OA, Vist GE, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Glasziou P, et al (editors). Chapter 12: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. In: Higgins JPT, Churchill R, Chandler J, Cumpston MS (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017). Cochrane, 2017. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v5.2. Murad, 2019, When continuous outcomes are measured using different scales: guide for meta-analysis and interpretation, BMJ, 364, k4817, 10.1136/bmj.k4817 Faraone, 2008, Interpreting estimates of treatment effects: implications for managed care, P T, 33, 700 Higgins, 2012, Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: concepts and models for multi-arm studies, Res Synth Methods, 3, 98, 10.1002/jrsm.1044 White, 2012, Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: model estimation using multivariate meta-regression, Res Synth Methods, 3, 111, 10.1002/jrsm.1045 Cleland, 2008, Psychometric properties of the Neck Disability Index and Numeric Pain Rating Scale in patients with mechanical neck pain, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 89, 69, 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.08.126 Young, 2009, Responsiveness of the Neck Disability Index in patients with mechanical neck disorders, Spine J, 9, 802, 10.1016/j.spinee.2009.06.002 Young, 2010, Reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness of the neck disability index, patient-specific functional scale, and numeric pain rating scale in patients with cervical radiculopathy, Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 89, 831, 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181ec98e6 Man-Son-Hing, 2002, Determination of the clinical importance of study results, J Gen Intern Med, 17, 469, 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.11111.x Salanti, 2011, Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial, J Clin Epidemiol, 64, 163, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.03.016 Chaimani, 2013, Graphical tools for network meta-analysis in STATA, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0076654 White IR. Network meta-analysis. Stata J. 2015;15:951–985. Puhan, 2014, A GRADE Working Group approach for rating the quality of treatment effect estimates from network meta-analysis, BMJ, 349, g5630, 10.1136/bmj.g5630 Yepes-Nunez, 2019, Development of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Summary of Findings (SoF) Table for Network Meta-analysis, J Clin Epidemiol, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.04.018 Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editors. GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Updated October 2013. The GRADE Working Group, 2013. Available from guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook. Salanti, 2014, Evaluating the quality of evidence from a network meta-analysis, PLoS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0099682 Nikolakopoulou, 2020, CINeMA: An approach for assessing confidence in the results of a network meta-analysis, PLoS Med, 17, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003082 Corp, 2021, Evidence-based treatment recommendations for neck and low back pain across Europe: A systematic review of guidelines, Eur J Pain, 25, 275, 10.1002/ejp.1679 Kanters, 2016, Use of network meta-analysis in clinical guidelines, Bull World Health Organ, 94, 782, 10.2471/BLT.16.174326 de Zoete, 2020, The comparative effectiveness of physical exercise interventions in individuals with chronic non-specific neck pain: protocol for a network meta-analysis, BMJ Open, 10, 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034846 Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG (editors). Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.handbook.cochrane.org. Accessed December 12, 2020. Page, 2019, Investigation of Risk Of Bias due to Unreported and SelecTively included results in meta-analyses of nutrition research: the ROBUST study protocol, F1000 Res, 8, 1760, 10.12688/f1000research.20726.1 Yordanov, 2018, Avoidable waste of research related to outcome planning and reporting in clinical trials, BMC Med, 16, 87, 10.1186/s12916-018-1083-x Mavridis, 2015, Allowing for uncertainty due to missing continuous outcome data in pairwise and network meta-analysis, Stat Med, 34, 721, 10.1002/sim.6365 Bagg, 2018, Comparing interventions with network meta-analysis, J Physiother, 64, 128 Wilhelmus Strijkers, 2021, Effectiveness of placebo interventions for patients with non-specific low back pain: a systematic review, Pain, 162, 2792, 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002272 May, 2018, Centralization and directional preference: An updated systematic review with synthesis of previous evidence, Musculoskelet Sci Pract, 38, 53, 10.1016/j.msksp.2018.09.006 MacPherson, 2017, The persistence of the effects of acupuncture after a course of treatment: a meta-analysis of patients with chronic pain, Pain, 158, 784, 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000747 Hoffmann, 2014, Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide, BMJ, 348, g1687, 10.1136/bmj.g1687 Spineli, 2021, Continuous(ly) missing outcome data in network meta-analysis: A one-stage pattern-mixture model approach, Stat Methods Med Res, 30, 958, 10.1177/0962280220983544 Chiocchia, 2021, ROB-MEN: a tool to assess risk of bias due to missing evidence in network meta-analysis, BMC Med, 19, 304, 10.1186/s12916-021-02166-3 Schulz, 2010, CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials, BMJ, 340, c332, 10.1136/bmj.c332 Chiarotto, 2018, Core outcome measurement instruments for clinical trials in nonspecific low back pain, Pain, 159, 481, 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001117 Chiarotto, 2015, Core outcome domains for clinical trials in non-specific low back pain, Eur Spine J, 24, 1127, 10.1007/s00586-015-3892-3