Dissecting the Heterogeneous Cortical Anatomy of Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Normative Models

Mariam Zabihi1,2, Marianne Oldehinkel1,2, Thomas Wolfers3,2, Vincent Frouin4, David Goyard4, Eva Loth5, Tony Charman6, Julian Tillmann6,7, Tobias Banaschewski8, Guillaume Dumas9, Rosemary Holt10, Simon Baron-Cohen10, Sarah Durston11, Sven Bölte12,13, Declan Murphy5,14, Christine Ecker5,15, Jan K. Buitelaar1,2,16, Christian F. Beckmann1,2,17, Andre F. Marquand1,2,18
1Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
2Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
3Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
4Neurospin, Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, CEA–Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
5Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
6Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
7Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
8Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
9Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
10Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
11Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
12Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Stockholm, Sweden
13Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychiatry Research, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
14Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
15Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
16Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
17Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
18Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

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